 Inferior View (Netter 8 and 10)

o Incisive fossa
o Greater palatine foramina

o
o Lesser palatine foramina

o
o Zygomatic process

o
o Hamulus
o
o Medial plate of pterygoid

o
o Lateral plate of pterygoid
o Greater wing of sphenoid

o
o Foramen rotundum
o
o Foramen ovale

o
o Foramen spinosum

o
o Foramen lacerum
o
o Articular process of the temporal bone
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o Mandibular fossa

o
o Styloid process
o
o Petrotympanic fissure

o
o Carotid canal

o
o External acoustic meatus
o

o
o Mastoid process

o
o Stylomastoid foramen
o
o Mastoid notch for the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
o Jugular fossa
o Hypoglossal canal

o
o Occipital condyle

o
o Pharyngeal tubercle
o
o Foramen magnum

o
o Inferior nuchal line
o Superior nuchal line

o
o External protuberance
o
o Vomer bone

o
 o
 Superior view (Netter 9 and 11)
o Frontal crest
o Foramen cecum
o Anterior ethmoidal foramen
o Posterior ethmoidal foramen
o Crista galli

o
o Cribriform plate

o
o Optic canal
o
o Superior orbital fissure

o
o Lesser wing of the sphenoid

o
o Anterior clinoid process
o
o Greater wing of the sphenoid

o
o Groove for the middle meningeal artery and vein

o
o
o Body of the sphenoid bone

o
o Prechiasmatic groove
o Sella turcica

o
o Tuberculum sellae
o Hypophyseal fossa
o Dorsum sellae
o Posterior clinoid process
o
o Groove for internal carotid artery

o
o Carotid canal

o
o Squamous portion of the temporal bone
o
o Hiatus and groove for the lesser petrosal nerve

o
o Hiatus and groove for the greater petrosal nerve

o
o Internal acoustic meatus
 o
o Groove for superior petrosal sinus

o
o Groove for sigmoid sinus

o
 Bones and Cartilages:
o Body of the hyoid bone
o
o Greater horn of the hyoid bone
o Lesser horn of the hyoid bone
o Thyroid cartilage

o
o
o Cricoid cartilage

o
 o

o
o Tracheal cartilages

o
o Vertebra C1 to C7
 Fasciae and Membranes
o Enveloping layer of the deep cervical fascia
o Carotid sheath
o Pretracheal fascia
o Prevertebral fascia
 o
 Muscles
o Platysma

o
o Sternocleidomastoid
o

o
o Trapezius

o
o
o Superior and inferior bellies of the omohyoid

o
o Sternohyoid
o
o Sternothyroid

o
o Thyrohyoid
o

o
o Stylohyoid

o
o Anterior belly of the digastric
o

o
o Posterior belly of the digastric

o
o
o Intermediate tendon of the digastric

o
o Levator scapulae

o
o Anterior scalene
 o

o
o Middle scalene

o
o Posterior scalene
 Nerves
o Lesser occipital
o
o Great auricular

o
o Transverse cervical

o
o Supraclavicular
o

o
o Phrenic
o

o
o

o
o Superior root of the ansa cervicalis

o
o Inferior root of the ansa cervicalis
o
o Nerve to the thyrohyoid

o
o Vagus (CN X)

o
o
o Spinal accessory (CN XI)

o
o Hypoglossal (CN XII)

o
 o
o Ventral primary ramus of C2 – C4
 Arteries
o Subclavian

o
o
o Thyrocervical

o
o Inferior thyroid

o
o Transverse cervical
o
o Suprascapular

o
o Vertebral

o
o Internal thoracic
 o
o Costocervical trunk
 Veins
o Internal jugular

o
o
o External jugular

o
o

o
o Subclavian
o

o
o Brachiocephalic

o
 o thy
o Superior thyroid
o Middle thyroid
o Inferior thyroid
 Glands and Organs
o Thyroid gland

o
o Trachea
 o
o Esophagus

o
 Nerves:
o Olfactory
o

o
o

o
o
o Optic

o
o

o
o Oculomotor

o
o

o
o Trochlear

o
o
o Trigeminal

o
o
o Ophthalmic (V1)

o
o Maxillary (V2)
o
o Mandibular (V3)
 Trigeminal ganglion


 Abducent
 Facial
o Vestibulocochlear
o

o
o Glossopharyngeal

o
o
o Spinal accessory

o
 o

o
o Hypoglossal

o
 Ganglia
o Ciliary
o
o Pterygopalatine

o
o Otic

o
o Superior cervical sympathetic
o

o
o Middle cervical sympathetic

o
o Inferior cervical sympathetic
o Stellate
 o
o Stellate
 Nerves:
o Olfactory
o Optic
o Oculomotor
o Trochlear
o Trigeminal
 Ophthalmic (V1)
 Maxillary (V2)
 Mandibular (V3)
o Trigeminal ganglion
o Abducent
o Facial
o Vestibulocochlear
o Glossopharyngeal
o Vagus
o Spinal accessory
o Hypoglossal
 Meninges
o Dura mater
o
 Meningeal layer
 Endosteal layer
 Falx cerebri
 Falx cerebelli
 Tentorium cerebelli
 Diaphragma sellae
o Arachnoid mater

o
 o
 Subarachnoid mater
 Arachnoid villi
o Pia mater

o
 Dural Venous Sinuses
o Superior sagittal sinus

o
o Inferior sagittal sinus
o
o Straight sinus

o
o Cavernous sinus

o
o Superior petrosal sinus
o
o Inferior petrosal sinus
o Transverse sinus

o
o Sigmoid sinus
 o
 Arteries
o Internal carotid

o
o Middle meningeal

o
 Glands
o Pituitary
 o
 Muscles:
o Levator palpebrae superioris

o
o

o
o Superior rectus

o
o

o
o Superior oblique
o

o
o Medial rectus
o

o
o Lateral rectus
o

o
o Inferior rectus
o

o
o Inferior oblique
o

o
 o
 Nerves
o Ophthalmic
o Frontal

o
o Nasociliary

o
o Supraorbital
o
o Supratrochlear

o
o Lacrimal

o
o

o
o Oculomotor
o Superior division
o Inferior division
o Optic
o Trochlear
o Abducent

o
 o
 Arteries and Veins
o Ophthalmic

o
o Superior ophthalmic vein
 Glands
o Lacrimal

o
 Muscles:
 Masseter
o Temporalis
o Lateral pterygoid
 o Medial pterygoid
 Nerves
o Posterior superior alveolar
o Auriculotemporal
o Deep temporal
o Lingual
o Chorda tympani
o Inferior alveolar
o Buccal branch of V3
o Nerve to the mylohyoid
 Arteries
o External carotid
o Superficial temporal
o Maxillary
o Inferior alveolar
o Middle meningeal
o Deep temporal
o Buccal
o Posterior superior alveolar
o Infraorbital
o Descending palatine
o Sphenopalatine
 Veins
o Maxillary
o Superficial temporal
o Retromandibular
 Fasciae, ligaments and disc
o Temporomandibular joint capsule
o Temporomandibular ligament
o Sphenomandibular ligament
o Stylomandibular ligament
 Articular disc of TMJ
 Bones and Cartilages
o Septal cartilage
o Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
o Vomer
o Inferior concha
o Middle concha
o Superior concha
o Arteries
o Descending palatine
o Greater palatine
o Lesser palatine
o Infraorbital
o Sphenopalatine
 Spaces and Openings
o Nasal cavity
o Vestibule of the nasal cavity
o Sphenoethmoidal recess
o Choanae
o Superior meatus
o Middle meatus
o Inferior meatus
 o Hiatus semilunaris
o Opening of the nasolacrimal duct
o Maxillary foramen
o Opening of middle ethmoidal cells
 Mucosal Elevations
o Superior concha
o Middle concha
o Inferior concha
o Bulla ethmoidalis (ethmoidal bulla)
 Paranasal Sinuses
o Frontal sinus

o
o Maxillary sinus

o
o Ethmoidal sinuses
o Sphenoid sinus
 o
 Nerves
o Maxillary

o
o Infraorbital

o
o Greater palatine
 o
o Lesser palatine

o
o Nasopalatine

o
o Pterygopalatine ganglion
 Glands
o Submandibular gland
o
o Sublingual gland

o
o Submandibular duct

o
o Sublingual caruncle
o Sublingual fold
o Opening of the parotid duct
 o
 Muscles
o Mylohyoid

o
o Geniohyoid

o
o Hyoglossus
o
o Genioglossus

o
o Styloglossus

o
o Stylohyoid
o Palatoglossus
 o
o Stylopharyngeus
o Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

o
 Nerves
o Lingual

o
o
o Chorda tympani

o
o
o Glossopharyngeal

o
o Hypoglossal

o
o ty
o Inferior alveolar nerve

o
o Nerve to the mylohyoid
 o

o
o Submandibular ganglion
 Arteries
o Facial
o Lingual
o Nasopalatine
o Descending palatine artery
o Greater palatine artery
o Lesser palatine artery
 Lymph Nodes
o Submental
o Submandibular
o Jugulodigastric
 Bones
o Malleus
 o
o Incus
o Stapes
 Muscles
o Stapedius
o Tensor tympani
 Nerves
o CN IX
o CN X
o Lesser petrosal nerve
o Tympanic plexus
o Internal carotid plexus
 Ear structures
o Auricle
o External acoustic meatus
o Tympanic membrane
o Auditory tube
o Cochlea
 Muscles
o Orbicularis oculi
o Orbicularis oris
o Platysma
o Masseter
o Zygomaticus major
o Buccinator
 Nerves
o Temporal branches of the facial
o

o
o Zygomatic branches of the facial

o
o Buccal branches of the facial
o
o Mandibular branches of the facial

o
o Cervical branches of the facial

o
o Supraorbital nerve
o Infraorbital nerve
o
o Mental nerve

o
o Buccal branch of V3

o
 o

o
o Auriculotemporal nerve

o
o Great auricular nerve
 Arteries
o Facial
o External carotid
o Maxillary
o Superficial temporal
o Transverse facial
 o Supraorbital
o Infraorbital
o Buccal
o Mental
 Veins
o Facial
o Common facial
o Superficial temporal
o Retromandibular
o External jugular
 Glands and Associated Structures
o Parotid duct
o Parotid gland
o Submandibular gland
 Muscles:
o Superior pharyngeal constrictor
o Middle pharyngeal constrictor
o Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
o Levator veli palatini
o Tensor veli palatini
o Stylopharyngeus

o
o Salpingopharyngeus
o Palatopharyngeus
o Palatoglossus
 Mucosal Folds and Elevations
o Tubal elevation (torus tubarius)
o Salpingopharyngeal fold
 o
o Palatoglossal fold
o Soft palate
o Uvula
o Epiglottis
 Spaces and Openings
o Choanae
o Opening of the auditory (Eustachian) tube
o Pharyngeal recess
o Piriform fossa
o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx
o Pharyngeal isthmus
o Tonsillar sinus
 Tonsils
o Pharyngeal

o
o Palatine
o Lingual
 Nerves
o Glossopharyngeal
o Internal branch of superior laryngeal
 Bones, Cartilages and Joints:
o Hyoid bone
 o Thyroid cartilage
o Superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
o Inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
o Lamina of the thyroid cartilage
o Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage
o Cricoid cartilage
o Epiglottic cartilage
o Arytenoid cartilage
o Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
o Vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
o Cricothyroid joint
o Cricoarytenoid joint
 Muscles
o Cricothyroid
o Posterior cricoarytenoid
o Lateral cricoarytenoid
o Transverse arytenoid
o Oblique arytenoid
o Thyroarytenoid
o Vocalis
o Aryepiglottic
 Nerves
o Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

o
 o External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
o Recurrent laryngeal
 Mucosal Folds
o Aryepiglottic

o
o Vestibular fold (false vocal cord)

o
o Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

o
 Spaces and Openings
o Aditus (laryngeal inlet)
o Vestibule (supraglottic cavity)
 o
o Ventricle
o Rima glottidis
o Infraglottic cavity
 Membranes and Ligaments
o Thyrohyoid membrane

o
o Cricothyroid ligament

o
o Quadrangular membrane
o Conus elasticus
o Vocal ligament
o