Name: Carldiv Obeso

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION

Kinship, Marriage and the Household

KINSHIP

The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in group.

According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system includes socially recognized relationships
based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social
interaction and recognized by society.

Affinal Kinship Relationships based upon marriage or cohabitation between collaterals (people treated
as the same generation)

Consanguineous Kinship Connections between people that are traced by blood Types of Kinship

Kinship by Blood

Descent Systems Kinship is reckoned in a number of different ways around the world, resulting in a
variety of types of descent patterns and kin groups. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate
kinship relationships to make them more understandable.

In kinship diagrams, one individual is usually labeled as ego. This is the person to whom all kinship
relationships are referred. In the case below on the right, ego has a brother (Br), sister (Si), father (Fa),
and mother (Mo). Note also that ego is shown as being gender nonspecific--that is, either male or
female.

Unilineal Descent

This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female.
Both males and females are members of a unilineal family, but descent links
are only recognized through relatives of one gender. The two basic forms of
unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and matrilineal.

Patrilineal Descent

Both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not their
mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity to their children.
A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal line. The red
people in the diagram below are related to each other patrilineally.

Matrilineal Descent
The form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. When using this
pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace descent through females to
the same female ancestor. While both male and female children are members
of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only daughters can pass on the
family line to their offspring. The green people below are related to each
other matrilineally.

Bilineal Descent

 When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent principles are combined

B.

Kinship by Marriage

Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life. Edward
Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till
after the birth of offspring. Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond
between permissible mates. Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for
the production and maintenance of children. According to Lundberg Marriage
consists of the rules and regulations that define the rights, duties and
privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.

MONOGAMY

Monogamy is the practice of having only one spouse at one time. In some
cases, monogamy means having only one spouse for an entire life span. Out
of the different types of marriages, monogamy is the only one that is legal in
the United States and in most industrial nations.

Social monogamy: Two persons/creatures that live together, have sex with
one another, and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food,
clothes, and money.

Sexual monogamy: Two persons/creatures that remain sexually exclusive

with one another and have no outside sex partners.

Genetic monogamy: Two partners that only have offspring with one
another.Marital monogamy: Marriages of only two people.

Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One person has only one partner
at a time, and then moves on to another partner after severing the
relationship with the first.
Polygamy

is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage". It is a

marriage pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at
a time.

Ex: Tiwi (North Australia) Two different types of Polygamy:

 Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual
partner at a time. Ex: Mormonism

 Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry

there are many variations on the marriage style.

fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet and Nepal) secondary marriage (Ex: Northern
Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)

Residence Pattern Four major residence patterns:

Neolocal Residence is most common with North American couples. This is

where the couple finds their own house, independent from all family
members.

Patrilocal Residenceis most commonly used with herding and farming

societies. It’s where the married couple lives with the husband’s father’s
family. By living with the husband’s family, it lets all the men, (the father,
brothers, and sons) continue to work together on the land.

Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural groups. It’s where

the couple moves to live where the wife grew up; usually found with
matrilineal kinship systems.

Avunculocal Residenceis also related in matrilineal societies however in this

case the couple moves to live with the husband’s mother’s brother. They live
with the most significant man, his uncle, because it’s who they will later
inherit everything from.

C.

Ritual KinshipCompadrazgo

 Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood

 Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism, confirmation,

and marriage. The godparents were then tied to the parents as coparents.
 Ideally co-parents should be a married couple; they were preferred because
their unions were typically more stable and they were more likely to be able
to provide a home for the child should the need arise. In most communities,
however, there were not enough couples to serve as godparents for all
children, so single women of good reputation were frequently chosen. It was
important that the person asked should be of proper character and good
standing in the community.

D.

Family and The Household

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children.

 The main issue for children is to help them under- stand that their two-
parent, heterosexual family is a fine family, and is one kind among many
other kinds of families

Extended Family

A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play major roles in the
children’s upbringing. This may or may not include those relatives living with
the children. These family members may be in addition to the child’s parents
or instead of the child’s parents.

Conditionally Separated Families

 A family member is separated from the rest of the family. This may be due
to employment far away; military service; incarceration; hospitalization. They
remain significant members of the family.

Transnational family

 These families live in more than one country. They may spend part of each
year in their country of origin returning to the U.S. on a regular basis. The
child may spend time being cared for by different family members in each
country

E.

Politics of Kinship

Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world

where kin genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal
leadership. It is the traditional pattern of bequeathing political power family
members.
Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle: blood is
thicker than water. It asserts that power should be distributed among family
members.

For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who
have kinship connections and must be circulated only among those who are
tied by blood.Political dynasties have long been present in the Philippine
political structure.

Political dynasties started emerging after the Philippine Revolution when

the First Republic of the Philippines was established. Over the years, newer
dynasties emerged as some of the initial ones became inactive. Majority of
the positions in the Philippine government are currently held by members of
political dynasties. Notable Philippine political dynasties include the Aquino
and Marcos families.

2.POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

Transcript of Political and Leadership Structures. The government or the political institution
is another institution that is universal. Political institution is defined as the system of norms,
values, and roles responsible for maintaining social order.

Political and Leadership Structures

Politics Of all the elected presidents of the Philippines, Who might be your
ideal leader?Politic s Power Authority

Political Organizations Political organization involves issues like allocation of

political roles, levels of political integration, concentrations of power and
authority, mechanisms of social control and resolving conflicts.

Types of Political Organizations

BAND

Band It is usually a very small, oftentimes nomadic group that is connected

by family ties and is politically independent.

Band Egalitarian Nomadic Family Ties

TRIBE

Tribe It is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups, linked by a

common culture, that usually act as one.
. Tribe Egalitarian Settle in Villages The oldest decide

CHIEFDOM

Chiefdom A political unit headed by a chief, who holds power over more than
one community group.

Chiefdom Society Densely Populated Practice Redistribution Has a Social

Ranking System

Social Ranking System

STATE

State It is a political unit that has sovereignty – the legitimate and ultimate
authority of the state – over an area of territory and the people within it.

What is the difference of State from Nation?

Nation It is consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a

common culture, history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within
a

State • Political Concept Nation • Ethnic Concept

talk to the President of the Philippines, what will you say to him? Activity:

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

Traditional Authority Based on ancient customs or traditions or conventions.

For example, Brunei Sultanate (the eldest will be the Sultan), Britain,
Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. Traditional authority is thus closely tied
up with hereditary systems of power and privilege.

Charismatic Authority Refers to people’s following a leader because they

believe that he or she has extraordinary personal qualities that command
their obedience. For example, political leaders like Mussolini, Hitler and Mao
Zedong.

Legal-rational Authority Based upon acceptance of publicly articulated,

society-wide rules and regulations issued by duly authorized public officials.
Hold any position according to the legal procedures. The emphasis is upon
the “official processes” and the necessity of going through “proper channels”
rather than governing according to the personal desire to leaders
3.ECONOMIC INSTITUTION

Economic Institutions • A company or an organization that deals with money

or with managing the distribution of money, goods, and services in an
economy. • Examples are banks, government organizations, and investment
funds

Reciprocity

• In social psychology, reciprocity is a social rule that says people should

repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them; that is, people
give back (reciprocate) the kind of treatment they have received from
another. • By virtue of the rule of reciprocity, people are obligated to repay
favors, gifts, invitations, etc. in the future

Transfer

• 1. Banking: Moving funds among two or more accounts held by the same or
different entities.

• 2.Real estate: Conveyance of title to a property from the seller to the buyer
through a deed of transfer, following payment of the price.

• 3.Securities trading: Delivery of a stock (share) certificate by the seller's

broker to the buyer's broker followed by conveyance of the title by recording
the change in the stock (share) register.

Redistribution

• In Economics the theory, policy, or practice of lessening or reducing

inequalities in income for example through such measures like progressive
taxation and anti poverty programs.

Market Transactions

• The exchange of goods and services through a market. The set of market
transactions taking place in the economy is most important in terms of
measuring gross domestic product (GDP).

• Market transactions provide the basic data used at the Bureau of Economic
Analysis to begin the estimation of GDP.
 Market Transactions • However, these data don't just want to measure
market transactions, their goal is to measure economic production. • As
such, they eliminate some market transactions that do not involve economic
production, • then add economic production that do not involve market
transactions.

State-market relations

• call for a holistic view of the relationship between the material and
relational dynamics of society, • on the one hand, and between these
dynamics and institutional dynamics on the other.

State-market relations • the state contains mechanisms that are essential to

the existence of markets themselves, and these mechanisms are not
“natural” given. • Economies are actually institutional production systems
wherein the material density of the state both as organization and
administration is of relevance.

4.NON STATE INSTITUTION

Non-state Institutions • These are institutions that are not controlled by the
government or by the State. • Examples are banks, corporations, private
institutions.

Cooperatives • Firm owned, controlled, and operated by a group of users for

their own benefit. • Each member contributes equity capital, and shares in
the control of the firm on the basis of one-member, one-vote principle (and
not in proportion to his or her equity contribution).

Trade Unions • It refers to a voluntary association of either employees or

employer or independent workers to protect their interest and becomes an
instrument of defense against exploitation and maltreatment.

Transnational Advocacy Groups • They are free flowing and open

relationships among knowledgeable and committed actors (individuals and
organizations). • international organizations such as the UN, and actors from
the corporate/business world. Transnational Advocacy Groups • These
networks are united by a commitment to some practical, usually "trans-
sovereign" issue (an issue that transcends across multiple countries) • ex:
women's representation, environmental sustainability, human rights, etc.
Development Agencies • These are local or international groups committed to
pursuing specific developmental agendas of the state.Examples of
Development agencies • African Development Bank (AfDB) • Development
Bank of Latin America (CAF) • Asian Development Bank (ADB) • Caribbean
Development Bank (CDB) • European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD • Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) •
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; part of the
World Bank Group)

International Organizations • These are groups that promote voluntary

cooperation among its members.

5. EDUCATION

Essay about The Function of Education. Education is an aspect of socialisation which involves
the acquisition of knowledge and learning of skills. ... Education is said be an integral function of
society, as it provides a contributory characteristic which helps to maintain and adapt society
and it's values.
* Non formal education is usually administered by social organizations, private companies,
government offices, livelihood training centers, and other institutions.
*. Formal educationmay be run by state, by private individuals, or corporations, or by
religious groups. ... To serve as a source of social and culturalinnovation.

 Maslow was a psychologist who studied the lives and activities of

individuals that he found considered them to be “successful and productive”.
Motivate the people to utilize their all abilities to do something is called
Self- Actualization.

Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in theelementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. ... Education shall be directed
to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms.

6.RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM

ANIMISM  Belief that the natural world, as a whole or in parts, has a soul or
spirit. As a whole = World Spirit, Mother Earth, Gaia In parts = rocks, trees,
springs, and animals.  Natural phenomena and environmental destructions
are understood as repercussions of the interaction between humans and
spirits.

ANIMISM In animism, Spirits can be in either good or bad form which can
make interactions and influences on humans in various ways and forms *Bad
spirits = negative energies, possessions, demonic disturbances and cases of
insanity. *Good spirits = attributes that aid humans in acquiring their needs
and addressing their issues.  Native Americans try to gain favors through
festivals, ceremonies, and prayers. Ex: Lakota Sioux War Dance - performed
by the Lakota Sioux.

POLYTHEISM Belief in more than one deity which is characterized by the

worship of many deities that illustrate the ways of life including beliefs,
practices and traditions.  Rooted from the words: poly, which means “many”,
and theism which means “god”.  Polytheistic deities consist of variants such
as: Sky god, Death deity , Mother goddess , Love goddess, Creator deity,
Trickster deity , Life- death-rebirth deity, Culture hero

POLYTHEISM David Hume in The Natural History of Religion (1755) argued

that polytheism was the earliest form of religion among several societies.
The ideas of religion are said to be rooted in the “events of life including
hopes and fears which actuate the human mind.” (Launay, 2005) Ex:
Polytheistic societies ( Greeks, Romans, Indians , Aztecs) Hinduism

POLYTHEISM Hinduism Considered as the world's oldest religion still being

practiced today. There is only one supreme god in Hinduism, Brahma, and all
other deities are his aspects and reflections. Since Brahma is too immense a
concept for the human mind to comprehend, he presents himself in the many
different versions of himself which people recognize as deities such as
Vishnu, Shiva, and the many others.

POLYTHEISM Ganesh (Ganapati) *One of the Hindu gods - an elephant-headed

god.*god of wisdom and learning, as well as the remover of obstacles, and
consequently the sign of auspiciousness. *said to have written down the
Mahabharata from the dictation of Vyasa. He is the lord (Isa) of the Ganas or
troops of inferior deities, but more well-known as the son of Shiva and
Parvati. *in the most common representations of Ganesh, he appears as a
pot-bellied figure, usually but not always yellow in color. In his four hands, he
holds a shell, a discus, a club, and a water lily; his elephant head has only
one tusk

MONOTHEISM Belief in one god, which is accountable for all the things
happening in the world including the world’s creation and existence.
Scholars argue that as human societies affiliate with a few of the gods in the
pantheon, they have come to practice exclusive worship of several deities
that was promoted with the ascension of a singular chosen deity to
supremacy.

MONOTHEISM Hume (2015) believed that the differences between

polytheism and monotheism led to the changes of the human mind, wherein
rationality is more associated with monotheism while tolerance is to
polytheism.  Ex: Christians and Muslims

INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGIONAlso called as Organized Religion, is religion

in which belief systems and rituals are systematically arranged and formally
established.

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE The 1987 Philippine Constitution

Article III Section 6 states that “The separation of Church and state shall be
inviolable” Article III Section 5: No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall
be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.  However, despite
such provisions, the religious culture of the Filipinos have oftentimes
empower the religious sectors to influence the political affairs of the country.

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE  *In ancient Societies, the church and
state are synonymous as the leaders of the church are also the political elite
which, also referred to as Theocracy or the rule of divine. Ex: Japanese
society believed that their emperor was the direct descendant of a god.
*Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians regarded their pharaohs and kings as god-
kings, as they were believed to be earthly incarnations of the divine.  As
states developed into more complex political units, the church is regarded as
a separate entity from the state.

7.HEALTH

Culture specific illnesses are defined as syndromes which are caused by

unique combinations of environmental and cultural factors. They are limited
in their occurrences globally, and are difficult to define precisely. Some of
these syndromes cause relatively minor health issues, and others are very
serious and can even be fatal. Generally these illnesses do not meet the
criteria for disorders recognized by Western cultures.
8.SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

a.social desirable is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic

strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or
derived power.

* Wealth- includes property such as buildings, lands, farms, houses, factories

and as well as other assets- economic situation.

* Prestige- the respect with which a person or status position is regarded by

others- status situation.

* Power- the ability of people or group to achieve their goals despite

opposition from others- parties.

b. Social mobility system- is the movement of individual, family, households

or other categories of people within or between social strata in society. It is
a change in social status relative to others social location within a given
society.

9.CULTURAL , SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE

Acculturation is the process of social, psychological, and cultural change

that stems from blending between cultures. The effects of acculturation can
be seen at multiple levels in both the original (native) and newly adopted
(host) cultures.

10.ADAPTION AND SOCIAL CHANGE

“Climate change” and “global warming” are often used interchangeably but
have distinct meanings. Similarly, the terms "weather" and "climate" are
sometimes confused, though they refer to events with broadly different
spatial- and timescales.

Increasing interconnections between nation-states across borders have rendered the transnational a key
tool for understanding our world. It has made particularly strong contributions to immigration studies
and holds great promise for deepening insights into international migration.
This is the first book to provide an accessible yet rigorous overview of transnational migration, as
experienced by family and kinship groups, networks of entrepreneurs, diasporas and immigrant
associations. As well as defining the core concept, it explores the implications of transnational migration
for immigrant integration and its relationship to assimilation. By examining its political, economic, social,
and cultural dimensions, the authors capture the distinctive features of the new immigrant communities
that have reshaped the ethno-cultural mix of receiving nations, including the US and Western Europe.
Importantly, the book also examines the effects of transnationality on sending communities, viewing
migrants as agents of political and economic development.

11.RESPONDING TO SOCIAL,POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE

Globalisation and neo-liberalism have seen the rise of new international

powers, increasingly interlinked economies, and mass urbanisation. The
internet, mobile communications and mass migration have transformed lives
around the planet. For some, this has been positive and liberating, but it has
also been destructive of settled communities and ways of living, ecologies,
economies and livelihoods, cultural values, political programmes and
identities. This edited volume uses the concept of waste to explore and
critique the destructive impact of globalisation and neo-liberalism.

By bringing to bear the distinct perspectives of sociologists of class, religion

and culture; anthropologists concerned with infrastructures, material waste
and energy; and analysts from accounting and finance exploring
financialization and supply chains, this collection explores how creative
responses to the wastelands of globalisation can establish alternative, at
times fragile, narratives of hope. Responding to the tendency in
contemporary public and academic discourse to resort to a language of the
‘laid to waste’ or ‘left behind’ to make sense of social and cultural change,
the authors of this volume focus on the practices and rhetorics of waste in a
range of different empirical settings to reveal the spaces for political action
and social imagination that are emerging even in times of polarisation,
uncertainty and disillusionment.