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Article history: The mechanical and thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded ceramic–metal plates is presented
Available online 13 March 2009 in this study. The first-order shear deformation plate theory, in conjunction with the element-free kp-Ritz
method, is employed in the current formulation. It is assumed that the material property of each plate
Keywords: varies exponentially through the thickness. The displacement field is approximated in terms of a set of
Functionally graded materials mesh-free kernel particle functions. The bending stiffness is evaluated using a stabilized conforming
Thermal and buckling analysis nodal integration technique, and the shear and membrane terms are computed using a direct nodal inte-
Functionally graded plates
gration method to eliminate the shear locking effects of very thin plates. The mechanical and thermal
Element-free Ritz method
buckling behaviour of functionally graded plates with arbitrary geometry, including plates that contain
square and circular holes at the centre, are investigated, as are the influence of the volume fraction
exponent, boundary conditions, hole geometry, and hole size on the buckling strengths of these plates.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0263-8223/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.03.005
162 X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171
z/h
condition on the buckling strength of these plates is also examined. n=1
-0.1
n = 0.5
2. Functionally graded plates -0.2
n = 0.3
Fig. 1 shows a FGP that measures a b h. A coordinate system -0.3
n = 0.1
(x, y, z) is established on the middle plane of the plate, and the -0.4
material properties are assumed to vary through the thickness
according to the power law: -0.5
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
PðzÞ ¼ ðP c Pm ÞV c þ Pm ; ð1aÞ Vc
n
1 z
Vc ¼ þ ðn P 0Þ; ð1bÞ Fig. 2. Volume fraction versus thickness.
2 h
where P represents one of the effective material properties, such as uðx; y; zÞ ¼ u0 ðx; yÞ þ z/x ðx; yÞ;
Young’s modulus E, density q, Poisson’s ratio m, thermal conductiv- v ðx; y; zÞ ¼ v 0 ðx; yÞ þ z/y ðx; yÞ; ð3Þ
ity k, or thermal expansion a; the subscripts c and m represent the wðx; y; zÞ ¼ w0 ðx; yÞ;
ceramic and metal, respectively; Vc is the volume fraction of the
ceramic; and n is the volume fraction exponent. Fig. 2 illustrates where u0, v0, and w0 denote the displacements at the mid-plane of
the variation of the volume fraction through the thickness with dif- the plate along the x, y, and z directions, and /x and /y represent the
ferent volume fraction exponents. For temperature-dependent transverse normal rotations about the y and x axes, respectively.
materials, the corresponding properties are given by [25] The linear strain–displacement relationship is given by
8 9
P ¼ P0 ðP 1 T 1 þ 1 þ P1 T þ P2 T 2 þ P3 T 3 Þ; ð2Þ < exx >
> =
cyz
eyy ¼ e0 þ zj; ¼ c0 ; ð4Þ
where P0, P1, P1, P2, and P3 are the temperature coefficients. The :c >
> ; cxz
xy
material properties are computed at standard room temperature
(T = 300K) unless otherwise specified. where
8 @u 9 8 @/x 9
>
>
0
>
> >
> @x >
> ( )
3. Theoretical formulation < @x = < @/ = /y þ @w 0
@v 0 y @y
e0 ¼ @y ; j¼ @y ; c0 ¼ : ð5Þ
> > > > /x þ @w
: @u0 þ @ v 0 >
> > @/y >
0
According to the first-order shear deformation plate theory [26], Thus, the constitutive relations are expressed as
8 9 2 308 9 8 9 1
the displacement field can be expressed as >
> rxx >
> Q 11 Q 12 0 0 0 >
> exx >
> >
> 1>>
>
> >
> 6 7B>> >
> >
> >
> C
> > 0 7B> > eyy > >1>
< ryy >
> = 6 Q 12
6
Q 11 0 0
7B< = >
> < > = C
C
rxy ¼ 6
60 0 Q 66 0 0 7 B C
7B> cxy > > 0 >aDT C;
>
> >
> > > >> >
> r > 6 7B> >
cyz > > C
>
> yz >
> 40 0 0 Q 44 0 5@> > > >0>
> > A
> > > ; >
> : > ;
b :
rxz ; 0 0 0 0 Q 55
:
cxz 0
ð6Þ
where
E
Q 11 ¼ ; Q 12 ¼ mQ 11 ; Q 22 ¼ Q 11 ;
1 m2
E
Q 44 ¼ Q 55 ¼ Q 66 ¼ ; ð7Þ
2ð1 mÞ
and DT is the temperature change from a stress-free state (T = 0 °C).
a Note that the effective properties of the plate vary along the thick-
ness direction according to Eq. (1), and thus elastic coefficient Qij is
a function of z. The total in-plane force resultants, total moment
resultants, and transverse force resultants are given by
8 9 8 9
h/2 < N xx >
> < rxx >
= Z h=2 > =
N ¼ Nyy ¼ ryy dz;
>
: >
; h=2 >
: >
h/2 Nxy rxy ;
8 9 8 9
< M xx >
> = Z h=2 >< rxx >
=
M ¼ M yy ¼ ryy zdz; and ð8a;bÞ
>
: >
; >
h=2 : >
Fig. 1. Functionally graded plate.
M xy rxy ;
X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171 163
Z
Qy h=2
ryz X
NP
Qs ¼ ¼ dz: ð9Þ uh ¼ wI ðxÞuI ; ð20Þ
Qx h=2 rxz I¼1
In matrix form, the relation between the stress resultants and the where wI(x) and uI are the shape function and the nodal value. The
strains can be written as subscript I represents the node number. A two-dimensional shape
" # ( ) function is defined as
N A B e0 NT
¼ ; Q s ¼ As c0 ; ð10a;bÞ
M B D j MT wI ðxÞ ¼ CðxÞUa ðx xI Þ; ð21Þ
where Ua(x xI) is termed the kernel function and C(x) is termed
where
the correction function and used to satisfy reproducing condition
Z h=2
X
NP
NT ¼ ½1 1 0T ðQ 11 þ Q 12 ÞaDTdz; ð11aÞ wI ðxÞxm n m n
h=2 I yI ¼ x y for m þ n ¼ 0; 1; 2: ð22Þ
Z h=2
I¼1
2 3 ð24aÞ
D11 D12 D16
6 7 A44 A45
D ¼ 4 D12 D22 D26 5; As ¼ ; ð13c;dÞ HT ðx xI Þ ¼ ½1; x xI ; y yI ; ðx xI Þðy yI Þ; ðx xI Þ2 ; ðy yI Þ2 ;
A45 A55
D16 D26 D66 ð24bÞ
where H is a vector of quadratic basis and b(x) is a coefficient vector
and NT and MT represent the thermal force and moment resultant,
to be determined. The shape function can now be written as
respectively. Aij, Bij, Dij, and Asij are given by
Z Z T
h=2 h=2 wI ðxÞ ¼ b ðxÞHðx xI ÞUa ðx xI Þ: ð25Þ
ðAij ; Bij ; Dij Þ ¼ 2
Q ij ð1; z; z Þdz; Asij ¼K Q ij dz; ð14a;bÞ
h=2 h=2 The coefficient b(x) can be solved by substituting Eq. (25) into Eq.
(22), as follows:
where Aij, Bij, and Dij are defined for i, j = 1, 2, 6, and is defined for Asij
i, j = 4, 5. K denotes the transverse shear correction coefficient and is bðxÞ ¼ M1 ðxÞHð0Þ; ð26Þ
given by [6]
where M is termed a moment matrix and H(0) is a constant vector.
5 The expressions for M and H(0) are given by
K¼ ; ð15Þ
6 ðv 1 V 1 þ v 2 V 2 Þ
X
NP
where V1 and V2 represent the volume fractions of two different MðxÞ ¼ Hðx xI ÞHT ðx xI ÞUa ðx xI Þ and ð27aÞ
I¼1
components, and m1 and m2 are the Poisson ratios of the two
constituents. Hð0Þ ¼ ½1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0T : ð27bÞ
The strain energy of the plate is expressed as
The kernel function Ua(x xI) is defined as
Z
1 ~T
Ue ¼ N edX; ð16Þ Ua ðx xI Þ ¼ Ua ðxÞ Ua ðyÞ; ð28Þ
2 X
in which
~ and e are defined as
where N x x
I
8 9 8 9 Ua ðxÞ ¼ u ; ð29Þ
<N >
> = < e0 >
> = a
~¼ M ;
N e¼ j : ð17a;bÞ where u(x) is a weight function and given by
>
: >
; : >
> ; 8 9
Qs c0 2 2 3
0 6 jzI j 6 12 >
< 3 4zI þ 4zI
> for =
The potential energy due to in-plane loading is given by uz ðzI Þ ¼ 3 4zI þ 4zI 43 z3I
4 2
for 1
< jzI j 6 1 ; ð30Þ
>
:
2 >
;
Z " # 0 otherwise
@w @w Nx Nxy @w
@x
Wg ¼ @w dX: ð18Þ where zI ¼ ðxx IÞ
; dI is the size of the support and given by
X @x @y Nxy Ny @y
dI
dI ¼ dmax cI ; ð31Þ
The total potential energy functional for the plate can therefore be
expressed as where dmax is a scaling factor, and the distance cI is chosen so that
there are sufficient nodes to avoid any singularity in matrix M.
Ps ¼ U e W g : ð19Þ
Finally, the shape function is written as
In this section, based on the kernel particle concept [17,27], the As the shape function wI(x) possesses no Kronecker delta properties,
shape functions are developed and briefly introduced. Consider a the boundary conditions cannot be directly imposed. Several meth-
domain X that is discretized by a set of scattered nodes xI, ods, such as the transformation method [17] Lagrange multipliers
I = 1, . . . , NP, and the approximation of the function u(x) is denoted [28], and the penalty method, can be used to enforce the essential
by uh and expressed in the discrete form boundary conditions.
164 X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171
3.3. Nodal integration atives of the shape functions are required in this integration. As
two-dimensional domain integration can be simply transferred to
Similar to finite element methods, mesh-free methods require one-dimensional line integration, the computational cost is signifi-
an integration procedure to evaluate the stiffness matrix. The sta- cantly reduced.
bilized conforming (SC) nodal integration method [29] is employed
instead of Gauss integration to compute the stiffness matrix. This is 3.4. Discrete system equations
because the latter leads to higher computational cost and may in-
duce errors, especially for cases in which there are significant dis- The approximations for the displacements and rotations of the
parities between the quadrature cells and the shape function middle plane of a plate are expressed as
supports. The efficiency and accuracy of the SC integration scheme 0 1 0 1
uh0 uI
for solving solid mechanics problems has been demonstrated [29– B hC
B v0 C B C
32]. A brief review of this integration method is given here. B C XNP B vI C X NP
B h C B C
Consider a domain X that is discretized by a set of nodes. The uh0 ¼ B w0 C ¼ wI B
B wI CC ¼ wI ðxÞuI : ð38Þ
representative domain of node xL is denoted by XL, which can be
B h C I¼1 B C
B/ C @ /xI A I¼1
@ x A
generated from the Voronoi diagram or Delaunay triangulation
/hy /yI
shown in Fig. 3. The strain smoothing at node xL is defined as
Z
1 Substituting Eq. (38) into Eq. (19) and performing the Ritz minimi-
~eij ðxL Þ ¼ eij ðxÞdX; ð33Þ
AL zation procedure yields the eigenvalue equations of plate buckling,
X
as follows:
where eij is the strain and AL is the area of the representative domain
XL. According to the divergence theorem, this strain smoothing can ðK þ kKg Þu ¼ 0; ð39Þ
be expressed as where K and Kg represent the linear stiffness matrix and geometric
Z stiffness matrix, respectively, and k is the critical buckling load. The
1
~eij ðxL Þ ¼ ðuhi nj þ uhj ni Þd C; ð34Þ matrix expressions of K and Kg are given by
2AL CL
ð47Þ
3
X
NP
T
Ksh
IJ ¼ BsI ðxL ÞAs BsJ ðxL ÞAL ; and ð48Þ
2
L¼1
X
NP
1 KgIJ ¼ GI T ðxL ÞNGJ ðxL ÞAL ; ð49Þ
L¼1
0
ΓL where xL and AL are the node coordinate and nodal representative
~ b ðxL Þ; Bb ðxL Þ; Bm ðxL Þ; Bs ðxL Þ; N, and G are
area, respectively. Here, B I I I I
-1
n given by
L 2 3
-2 0 0 0 ~Ix ðxL Þ
b 0
ΩL 6 7
~ b ðxL Þ ¼ 6 0 0 0
B ~Iy ðxL Þ 7;
b 0 ð50Þ
-3
I 4 5
~Iy ðxL Þ b
0 0 0 b ~Ix ðxL Þ
2 3
-4 I ðxL Þ
0 0 0 @w@x 0
6 @wI ðxL Þ 7
BbI ðxL Þ ¼ 6
40 0 0 0 @y 5;
7 ð51Þ
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I ðxL Þ @wI ðxL Þ
0 0 0 @w@y @x
Fig. 3. Nodal representative domain obtained from Voronoi diagram.
X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171 165
Z Z
~Ix ðxL Þ ¼ 1
b wI ðxÞnx ðxÞdC; ~Iy ðxL Þ ¼ 1
b wI ðxÞny ðxÞdC;
Table 2
AL AL Buckling coefficient for a simply-supported isotropic square plate under uniaxial
CL CL
compressive pressure (h = 0.1 in., a = b = 10 in., E = 3.0 106 psi, m = 0.316).
ð52a; bÞ
Mode Present Analytical [33]
2 @wI ðxL Þ 3 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18
@x
0 0 0 0
6 @wI ðxL Þ 7 1 39.4891 39.3462 39.2387 39.2040 39.4761
Bm 6 0 0 0 07
I ðxL Þ ¼ 4 @y 5; ð53Þ
2 59.6310 59.9668 60.1913 60.3722 61.6814
@wI ðxL Þ @wI ðxL Þ 3 100.310 103.006 103.887 103.963 109.656
@y @x
0 0 0
" # 4 147.678 149.481 150.572 151.987 157.904
@wI ðxL Þ
0 0 wI ðxL Þ 0
BsI ðxL Þ
@x
¼ @wI ðxL Þ
; ð54Þ
0 0 @y
0 wI ðxL Þ the convergent solution. Table 3 presents the solutions of buckling
" @wI ðxL Þ
# coefficient kf = kh/ks obtained from the proposed method, as well as
0 0 0 0
G¼
@x
; and ð55Þ those produced from the analytical [34,35] and finite element
@wI ðxL Þ
0 0 @y
0 0 methods [36,37] reported in the literature [38]. It can be seen that
" # the proposed solution agrees well with the analytical solutions
N xx Nxy
N¼ : ð56Þ presented by Ritche and Rhodes [34] for all of the different hole
N xy Nyy sizes and that it is also close to the finite element results for hole
sizes ranging from 0 to 0.4. For a plate with a hole size of 0.6,
the proposed solution is slightly smaller than that produced by
4. Numerical results and discussion
the finite element method. Finally, the thermal buckling of a sim-
ply supported square isotropic plate that is subject to a uniform
In this section, several numerical examples of the buckling
temperature rise is investigated. Three thickness ratios, a/
behaviour of FGPs under mechanical and thermal loading are pre-
h = 10,20,100, are considered. The material properties are Young’s
sented. All of the plates considered here are subjected to uniaxial
modulus E = 1.0 106 N/m2, Poisson ratio v = 0.3, and thermal
compressive pressure or uniform temperature load. Two types of
expansion coefficient a = 1.0 106/K. Table 4 presents the con-
FGPs that consist of aluminium and zirconia, aluminium, and alu-
vergence characteristics of the proposed solution at minimum crit-
mina are considered. The properties of each constituent, including
ical temperature aT, as well as the corresponding results given by
the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, thermal expansion coeffi-
Noor and Burton [39] and Matsunaga [40]. Good agreement is ob-
cient, and conductivity are given in Table 1. Unless otherwise spec-
tained between the results of the method presented here and those
ified, the properties of the constituents are given at room
from the references.
temperature: T = 300K. The kernel particle function is employed
to construct the shape functions for the two-dimensional displace-
ment approximations. A scaling factor of 3.2 is used to represent 4.2. FGM plates
the size of the support, and the stiffness matrices are evaluated
using the nodal integration method. The transformation method In this section, the buckling responses of FGM plates under uni-
is adopted to impose the essential boundary conditions. axial compressive pressure are investigated. These plates consist of
aluminium (Al) and zirconia (ZrO2), the properties of which are
4.1. Isotropic plate listed in Table 1. The length and thickness of these plates are
a = b = 0.2 m and h = 0.01 m. A nodal distribution of 21 21 is
In the verification of the buckling solutions obtained from the used. Table 5 shows buckling load parameter N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 for a
proposed method, a simply supported isotropic plate under simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate under uniaxial compres-
uniaxial compressive pressure is first considered. This square plate sion. The volume fraction exponent n ranges from 0 to 5, and the
measures 10 in. 10 in. 0.2 in. (a b h), and its material prop- values of the buckling load parameter for the first four modes are
erties are Young’s modulus E = 3.0 106psi and Poisson ratio computed. The corresponding mode shapes are plotted in Fig. 4.
v = 0.3. The number of nodes used ranges from 12 12 to It can be seen that the buckling load parameter decreases when
18 18, and the buckling coefficient N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 (D0 = Eh3/ the volume fraction exponent increases. This is because the plate
12(1 m2)) for the first four modes is given in Table 2. For compar- stiffness becomes weak with a rise in this exponent. A similar
ison purposes, the analytical solution given by Timoshenko and observation can also be discerned from Table 6, which presents
Geer [33] is also provided. It can be seen that good agreement be- the buckling load parameter for a clamped Al/ZrO2 plate. The cor-
tween the two solutions can be reached for all modes. The buckling responding buckling mode shapes are depicted in Figs. 5 and 6. It
strength of a simply supported isotropic plate with circular holes at can be seen that the buckling mode shapes of the simply supported
the centre is also investigated. The geometric properties of this plate are similar to those of the clamped plate.
plate are length = width = a = b = 1 m and thickness=h = 0.001 m. Table 7 reveals the variation of buckling load parameter N cr
Its material properties are Young’s modulus E = 7.06 1011 N/m2 with the volume fraction exponent for a simply supported rectan-
and Poisson ratio v = 0.3. The hole radius to length ratio 2r/a gular plate. The length to width ratio is a/b = 2, and the thickness is
changes from 0 to 0.6. A total of 22 22 nodes are used to attain h = 0.01 m. It can be seen that the variation of the buckling load in
Table 7 is similar to that in Table 5, although the buckling load va-
lue is much larger. The corresponding mode shapes, however, are
Table 1 different from those for the square plate shown in Fig. 4. This dem-
Properties of the FGM components. onstrates that the aspect ratio has a significant influence on buck-
ling behaviour. Table 8 shows the buckling characteristics for a
Material Properties
clamped plate, and the corresponding mode shapes are illustrated
E (N/m2) m a (/°C) j (W/Mk) in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the buckling mode shapes of this plate
Aluminium (Al) 70.0 109 0.30 23.0 106 204 are different from those of the simply supported pate. Thus, it is
Zirconia (ZrO2) 151 109 0.30 10.0 106 2.09
concluded that both the aspect ratio and the boundary conditions
Alumina 380 109 0.30 7.4 106 10.4
can significantly influence the buckling behaviour of a FGM plate.
166 X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171
Table 3
Buckling coefficient kf = kh/ks of the simply supported isotropic plate with a circular hole (a = b = 1 m, h = 0.001 m, E = 7.06 1011/m2, m = 0.3).
Table 4
Minimum critical temperature parameter aT of the simply supported isotropic plate (a/b = 1, a0 = 1.0 10 6
/K, E = 1.0 106 N/m2, m = 0.3).
10 0.1181 101 0.1182 101 0.1183 101 0.1183 101 0.1183 101
20 0.3.82 102 0.3085 102 0.3089 102 0.3109 102 0.3109 102
100 0.1284 103 0.1273 103 0.1271 103 0.1264 103 0.1264 103
Table 5 Table 6
Buckling load parameter N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 of the simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate Buckling load parameter N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 of a clamped square Al/ZrO2 plate under
under uniaxial compression (a = b = 0.2 m, h = 0.01 m). uniaxial compression (a = b = 0.2 m,h = 0.01 m).
Mode N cr Mode N cr
n=0 n = 0.2 n = 0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5 n=0 n = 0.2 n = 0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5
1 82.827 73.321 64.814 57.901 53.022 49.173 1 195.913 173.588 153.559 137.203 125.498 116.055
2 125.989 111.579 98.652 88.105 80.606 74.670 2 219.879 194.922 172.489 154.108 140.855 130.079
3 213.385 189.108 167.217 149.201 136.214 126.061 3 349.552 310.141 274.576 245.238 223.813 206.227
4 309.849 274.502 242.494 215.495 192.971 182.606 4 442.115 392.311 347.296 310.104 282.900 260.581
The thermal buckling of a square aluminium/alumina plate sub- change is observed. It is thus concluded that a plate with a large
jected to a uniform temperature rise is also investigated. Both sim- thickness ratio undergoes a large critical buckling temperature rise
ply supported and clamped boundary conditions are considered and that the buckling temperature rise of a clamped plate is much
here. Plate thickness ratios of a/h = 50,100 are adopted, and the greater than that of a simply supported plate.
volume fraction exponent ranges from 0 to 5. The solution is ob-
tained using 21 21 nodes. The variation of the critical buckling 4.3. FGM plates with holes
temperature rise DTcr with the volume fraction exponent is illus-
trated in Table 9. It can seen that, in both the simply supported The buckling responses of FGM plates with a circular or square
and clamped cases, the critical buckling temperature rise initially hole, as shown in Fig. 8, are investigated in this section. The buck-
decreases for a volume fraction exponent n ranging from 0 to 2; ling of an isotropic plate with a hole is usually considered using
when n escalates further to 5, however, only a small temperature analytical or finite element methods. Theoretical analysis methods,
0 0.05
-0.05 0
-0.1 -0.05
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.1 0 -0.1 0
0.05 0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.1 0 -0.1 0
Fig. 4. Buckling mode shapes of the simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate.
X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171 167
0.1 0.05
0 0
-0.1 -0.05
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.1 0 -0.1 0
0.05 0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.1 0 -0.1 0
0.05 0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
0.05 0.05
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.05 0 -0.05 0
0.02 0
0 -0.02
-0.02 -0.04
0.05 0.05
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.05 0 -0.05 0
Fig. 6. Buckling mode shapes of the simply supported rectangular Al/ZrO2 plate.
Table 7 Table 8
Buckling load parameter N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 of a simply supported rectangular Al/ZrO2 Buckling load parameter N cr ¼ N cr a2 =D0 of a clamped rectangular Al/ZrO2 plate under
plate under uniaxial compression (a/b = 2, h = 0.01 m). uniaxial compression (a/b = 2, h = 0.01 m).
Mode N cr Mode N cr
n=0 n = 0.2 n = 0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5 n=0 n = 0.2 n = 0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5
1 313.647 277.953 245.809 220.105 200.826 185.641 1 530.124 471.002 417.356 372.671 339.379 311.534
2 352.578 312.679 276.698 247.214 225.603 208.157 2 543.326 482.776 427.781 381.920 347.709 319.109
3 442.457 392.741 347.711 310.497 283.026 260.503 3 665.423 591.590 524.376 468.102 425.793 390.183
4 500.849 443.673 392.070 350.204 320.533 296.606 4 688.574 612.591 543.072 484.487 440.425 402.552
however, are unable to handle cases of complex boundary condi- The buckling behaviour of a simply supported square Al/ZrO2
tions and large hole sizes. This is because the stress distributions plate with a circular hole at the centre is first considered. The geo-
of infinite perforated plates are used as the prebuckling stress solu- metric properties of this plate are aspect ratio a/b = 1 and thickness
tions for finite perforated plates. In this study, the proposed kp-Ritz ratio a/h = 100. The circular hole size 2r/avaries from 0.1 to 0.6, and
mesh-free method is used, as it is more powerful in handling finite the volume fraction exponent chosen is n = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10.
plates of any geometry and hole size. Table 10 shows the buckling load parameter N ^ cr ¼ N cr a2 =p2 D0 of
168 X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171
0.05 0.05
0 0
-0.05 -0.05
0.05 0.05
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.05 0 -0.05 0
0.05 0.02
0 0
-0.05 -0.02
0.05 0.05
0.2 0.2
0 0.1 0 0.1
-0.05 0 -0.05 0
Table 9 9
Critical buckling temperature rise for square aluminium/alumina plates (a/b = 1).
n=0
Boundary condition a/h DTcr 8 n = 0.2
n = 0.5
n=0 n = 0.5 n=1 n=2 n=5
n=1
Buckling coefficient
the simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate with a circular hole un- 4
der uniaxial compression. A nodal distribution of 23 23 is used,
and the buckling load for the first four modes is provided. It can
3
be seen that, for a certain hole size, the buckling load decreases
when the volume fraction exponent ascends; for a certain volume
2
fraction exponent, the critical buckling load for mode 1 falls when 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
the hole size rises. This trend can be clearly seen in Fig. 9. For the Hole size
second to the fourth modes, however, the buckling load shows no
uniform change. The variation of the buckling load parameter N ^ cr of Fig. 9. Buckling coefficient with hole size (simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate,
circular hole, uniaxial compression).
the clamped square Al/ZrO2 plate with a circular hole under uniax-
ial compression is shown in Table 11. It can be seen that, for a cer-
tain hole size, the buckling load drops when the volume fraction critical buckling load for the first mode initially declines with a
exponent increases; for a certain volume fraction exponent, the broadening hole size; and when the hole size increases further,
Table 10
^ cr ¼ N cr a2 =p2 D0 of the simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate with a circular hole under uniaxial compression (a/b = 1, a/h = 100).
Buckling load parameter N
18 hole size a0/a ranges from 0.1 to 0.6. Observations similar to those
in Tables 9 and 10 and Figs. 9 and 10 are attained.
16
14 5. Conclusions
Table 11
^ cr ¼ N cr a2 =p2 D0 of the clamped square Al/ZrO2 plate with a circular hole under uniaxial compression (a/b = 1, a/h = 100).
Buckling load parameter N
Table 12
^ cr ¼ N cr a2 =p2 D0 of the clamped square Al/ZrO2 plate with a square hole under uniaxial compression (a/b = 1, a/h = 100).
Buckling load parameter N
Table 13
^ cr ¼ N cr a2 =p2 D0 of the simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate with a square hole under uniaxial compression (a/b = 1, a/h = 100).
Buckling load parameter N
10 24
n=0 n=2
n = 0.5 n=5
20 n=1
8 n=0 n=2
Buckling coefficient
Buckling coefficient
n = 0.5 n=5
16
n=1
6 12
8
4
2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Hole size Hole size
Fig. 11. Buckling coefficient with hole size (simply supported square Al/ZrO2 plate, Fig. 12. Buckling coefficient with hole size (clamped square Al/ZrO2 plate, square
square hole, uniaxial compression). hole, uniaxial compression).
X. Zhao et al. / Composite Structures 90 (2009) 161–171 171
and the hole size significantly influence the buckling load and plate theory and MLPG method with radial basis functions. Compos Struct
2007;80:539–52.
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