Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Student name:--------------------------
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
N.B The body must be in the anatomical position for the above
definitions to be true.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Anatomical Directions
Superior: Above; towards the head or upper part of the structure of the
body
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Inferior : Below; Away from the head or toward the lower part of the
structure or the body
Lateral : Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the
body or a limb
Distal: Farther from the centre of the body, or from the point of
attachment of a limb to the torso
Dorsum: The posterior surface of something e.g. back of the hand; top
of foot
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Muscle origin and insertion are terms that describe where the muscle
attaches to the bones / connective tissues.
Origin
Insertion
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
The Vastus group arise from the upper shaft of femur;
Rectus Femoris arises from Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine and
the rim of the acetabulum.
Insertion:
All insert into the patella, then the patella ligament into the upper anterior part
of tibia (tibial tuberosity)
Action:
All will extend the knee joint but Rectus Femoris will also flex the hip
Sartorius
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
At hip- Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Adductor muscle group lies on the medial part of the thigh and
consists of the following muscles:
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Brevis
Gracilis
Pectineus
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Tensor Fascia Latae arises from Anterior Superior Iliac
Spine.
Gluteus Medius arises from upper outer surface of Ilium.
Gluteus Minimus arises from outer surface of Ilium.
Insertion:
Action:
Tensor Fascia Latae flexes abducts and medially rotates hip joint.
It tenses the fascia latae, thus stabilising the knee.
Gluteus Medius abducts the hip joint. The Anterior fibres medially
rotate hip joint whilst the posterior fibres slightly laterally rotate
hip joint.
Gluteus Minimus abducts and medially rotates hip joint
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Iliopsoas actually consists of two muscles: the Iliacus and the
Psoas Major (also Psoas Minor if present). Together, they are known as
the Iliopsoas.
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Tibialis Anterior
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Dorsiflexes
Inverts the foot.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Dorsiflexes ankle joint
Everts the foot
Extends four toes.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Dorsiflexes
Inverts the foot
Extends big toe.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Peroneus Brevis muscle (or Fibularis Brevis) lies under cover of the
Peroneus Longus.
Origin:
Peroneus Longus arises from head of fibula.
Peroneus Brevis arises from upper 2/3 of fibula.
Insertion:
Peroneus Longus: Base of underside of 1st Metatarsal and
Cuneiforms.
Peroneus Brevis: Base of 5th Metatarsal.
Action:
Eversion.
Plantarflexion.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
External Oblique: arises from lower eight ribs
Internal Oblique: from iliac crest, lateral 2/3 of inguinal
Ligament.
Insertion:
External Oblique: anterior half of iliac crest and into an
Abdominal Aponeurosis that terminates in the Linea Alba
(tendonous band extending downwards from the sternum)
Action:
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera against
gravity.
Contraction of 1 side results in side flexion.
Contraction of 2 sides results in assisting with trunk
flexion.
Rotation of opposite side.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Transversus Abdominus
Origin:
Anterior two thirds of iliac crest, costal cartilages of lower 6
ribs and lateral third of inguinal ligament.
Insertion:
Linea Alba via the abdominal aponeurosis.
Action:
Compresses abdomen helping to support the abdominal viscera
against gravity.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Rectus Abdominus
Origin:
Pubic crest and symphsis (front of pubic bone)
Insertion:
Action:
Trunk flexion
Depresses ribcage
Stabilises pelvis during walking
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Pectoralis Major
Along with Pectoralis Minor, Pectoralis Major forms the anterior wall of
the axilla.
Origin:
Clavicular head: Medial 1/2 or 2/3 of front of clavicle.
Sternocostal portion: Sternum and adjacent upper six
costal cartilages.
Insertion:
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Pectoralis Minor
Origin:
Anterior surfaces of the sternal end of upper 3-5 ribs
Insertion:
Coracoid process of Scapula
Action:
Serratus Anterior
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Serratus Anterior forms the medial wall of the axilla, along with
the upper 5 ribs. It is a large muscle composed of a series of finger
like slips. The lower slips interdigitate with the origin of External
Oblique.
Origin:
Outer, superior borders of upper 8 or 9 ribs.
Insertion:
Action:
Protracts scapula (pushes it forward on ribs and into
chest wall)
Rotates and abducts scapula.
Flexion of humerus.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Deltoid
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula.
Insertion:
Deltoid tuberosity, half way down humerus.
Action:
Anterior fibres: flex and medially rotate humerus.
Middle fibres: abduct at shoulder level after
Supraspinatus has initiated the movement.
Posterior fibres: extend and laterally rotate humerus.
Biceps Brachii
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Short head: tip of corocoid process of scapula.
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Insertion:
Radial tuberosity and deep fascia on medial forearm.
Action:
Flexes and supinates forearm.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Brachialis
Brachialis lies posterior to Biceps Brachii and is the main flexor of the
elbow joint.
Origin:
Anterior lower shaft of humerus.
Insertion:
Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna.
Action:
Flexes elbow joint.
Triceps Brachii
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Triceps muscle originates from 3 heads and is the only muscle at
the back of the arm.
Origin:
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Lateral head: upper half of posterior shaft of humerus.
Medial head: lower half of posterior shaft of humerus
Insertion:
Olecranon process of ulna.
Action:
Extends elbow joint
Pronator Teres
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
These two Pronator muscles, the Pronator Teres and Quadratus, both
pronate the forearm. The Pronator Teres is more of a trouble maker,
because it does the majority of the work.
Origin:
Humeral head: common flexor origin on medial epicondyle
of humerus.
Ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna.
Insertion:
Middle lateral surface of radius.
Action:
Pronates and assists in flexion of elbow joint
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Brachioradialis
The Brachioradialis forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa. The
muscle belly is prominent when working against resistance.
Origin:
Anterior aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Insertion:
Lower lateral end of radius, just above the styloid process.
Action:
Flexes elbow joint
Assists in pronation and supination of
forearm.
Wrist Flexors
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Insertion:
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
Action:
Wrist flexion
Wrist Extensors
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion:
Dorsal surface of metacarpal bones.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Hamstrings
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Insertion:
Semi – membranosus: back of medial condyle of tibia.
Semi – tendonosus: upper medial surface of shaft of tibia.
Biceps Femoris: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Action:
Flex the knee joint and extend the hip
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Gastrocnemius
Origin:
Medial head: lower posterior surface of femur above medial
condyle.
Lateral head: lateral condyle of femur.
Insertion:
Posterior surface of calcaneous (heel bone) via the calcaneal
tendon (Achilles).
Action:
Plantar flexion of ankle joint and assists in knee flexion
Soleus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Upper posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula.
Insertion:
With Gastrocnemius via the calcaneal tendon into posterior
surface of calcaneus.
Action:
Plantar flexion of ankle joint
Tibialis Posterior
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Tibialis posterior is the deepest muscle on the back of the leg. It helps
to maintain the arches of the foot.
Origin:
Posterior surface of tibia and fibula and most of interosseous
membrane.
Insertion:
Tarsal bones and 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal.
Action:
Plantar flexion of ankle joint and inversion of foot.
Flexor Digitorum Longus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
There are three muscles responsible for supporting the arches of the
feet that are located in the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg:
Tibialis Posterior (Tom),
Flexor Digitorum Longus (Dick)
Flexor Hallucis Longus (Harry).
Origin:
Medial part of posterior surface of tibia
Insertion:
Distal phalanges of 2nd to 5th toes
Action:
Plantar flexion of ankle joint
Flexes all joints of lateral 4 toes.
Inversion of foot
Flexor Hallucis Longus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
2/3 posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane.
Insertion:
Distal phalanx of big toe.
Action:
Plantar flexion of ankle joint.
Flexes big toe.
Inversion of foot and stabilise inside of ankle
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Gluteus Maximus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Gluteus Maximus is the most coarsely fibred and heaviest muscle
in the body forming the bulk of the buttocks.
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Extends and laterally rotates hip joint.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Piriformis
The Piriformis is situated partly within the pelvis against its posterior
wall, and partly at the back of the hip-joint.
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
Lateral rotation of Thigh.
Abduction of hip when the thigh is flexed.
The sciatic nerve runs very close to this muscle and in some people
(around 10% of the population) it passes straight through the muscles'
fibres! If the Piriformis muscle becomes tight it can put pressure on the
sciatic nerve and cause pain which can radiate down the leg, commonly
known as sciatic pain.
Trapezius
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Occipital bone, spinous process of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion:
Lateral 1/3 of Clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula.
Action:
Upper fibres: elevate the scapula
Middle fibres: adduct (retract) scapula
Lower fibres : depress the scapula
Upper and lower together : rotate scapula
Levator Scapula
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Transverse process of C1 – C4.
Insertion:
Upper medial border of scapula.
Action:
Elevates scapula
Helps retract scapula
Side flexion of neck
The Rhomboids
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Rhomboid minor - spinous processes of the C7 to T1 vertebrae
Rhomboid major - spinous processes of the T2 to T5 vertebrae
Action:
Retracts(adducts) scapula
Stabilises scapula
Rotator Cuff
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Supraspinatus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
A member of the Rotator Cuff. The Rotator Cuff helps hold the head of
the humerus in contact with the glenoid cavity (socket of shoulder joint)
of the scapula during movements of the shoulder, thus helping to
prevent dislocation of the joint.
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
Action:
Initiates the process of abduction at the shoulder joint, so that Deltoid
can take over at the later stages of abduction.
Infraspinatus
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
A member of the Rotator Cuff. The Rotator Cuff helps hold the head of
the humerus in contact with the glenoid cavity (socket of shoulder joint)
of the scapula during movements of the shoulder, thus helping to
prevent dislocation of the joint.
Origin:
Middle 2/3rds of the dorsal surface of scapula, below the spine of
scapula.
Insertion:
Greater tubercle at top of humerus
Action:
As a Rotator cuff helps prevent posterior dislocation of shoulder
joint
Laterally rotates humerus.
Teres minor
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
A member of the Rotator Cuff. The Rotator Cuff helps hold the head of
the humerus in contact with the glenoid cavity (socket of shoulder joint)
of the scapula during movements of the shoulder, thus helping to
prevent dislocation of the joint.
Origin:
Upper 2/3rds of lateral edge of the dorsal surface of scapula.
Insertion:
Back of Greater tubercle of humerus
Action:
As a Rotator cuff helps prevent upward dislocation of shoulder
joint.
Laterally rotates humerus
Weakly adducts.
Subscapularis
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
A member of the Rotator Cuff. The Rotator Cuff helps hold the head of
the humerus in contact with the glenoid cavity (socket of shoulder joint)
of the scapula during movements of the shoulder, thus helping to
prevent dislocation of the joint.
Origin:
Subscapular fossa (anterior surface of scapula).
Insertion:
Action:
As a Rotator cuff it stabilises shoulder joint.
Prevents the head of humerus being pulled upwards by the
Deltoid, Biceps and long head of Triceps.
Medially rotates humerus.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Quadratus lumborum
Erector spinae muscle group
Teres major
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Lower 1/3 of the posterior lateral border of scapula.
Insertion:
Action:
Latissimus Dorsi
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
The Latissimus Dorsi is one of the chief climbing muscles since it pulls
the shoulders downwards and backwards. It also pulls the trunk up to
the fixed arms.
Origin:
A broad sheet of tendon attached to:
Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
T7 – S5 vertebrae
Posterior iliac crest
Lower 3 or 4 ribs
Inferior angle of scapula
Insertion:
Bicipital groove of humerus.
Action:
Extends the flexed arm.
Adducts and medially rotates humerus
Quadratus Lumborum
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin:
Iliac crest.
Insertion:
12TH rib
Transverse processes of four lumbar vertebrae(L1 – L4)
Action:
Side flexion of vertebral column.
Fixes 12th rib during deep respiration
Helps extend lumbar part of vertebral column and gives it
lateral stability.
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SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, HAIRDRESSING & APPLIED THERAPIES
Origin: (collectively)
Slips of muscle arising from:
Sacrum
Iliac crest
Spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae
Rib
Insertion: (collectively)
Ribs
Transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae
Occipital bone
Action:
Extends and side flexes vertebral column.
Helps maintain correct curvature of spine in the erect
and sitting positions.
Steadies the vertebral column on pelvis during walking.
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