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b) C o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e C o d e is the b a s i s In f a c t t h e r i s k p h i l o s o p h y w h i c h
of the requirements of N e w Zealand M i n i s t r y underlies the well established acceptance
of Transport, Marine Division, the statutory a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e L o a d i n g s C o d e in
a u t h o r i t y for pressure v e s s e l s . b u i l d i n g d e s i g n is v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t
w h i c h is a p p r o p r i a t e t o p r o c e s s p l a n t s .
c) On the advice of the Ministry of Works
and D e v e l o p m e n t to the O w n e r s , c o m p l i a n c e The c i r c u m s t a n c e s of static l o a d s ,
w i t h N Z S 4 203 w a s m a d e a c o n d i t i o n of t h e vertical live loads, occupancy, public
m a s t e r contract for d e s i g n and supply of c o n t a c t and interrelation applicable to
t h e p l a n t s in t h i s p r o j e c t . buildings are generally quite unlike the
c i r c u m s t a n c e s in p r o c e s s p l a n t s . For
d) The Code is familiar to the NZ design e x a m p l e , v e r t i c a l live loads on p l a n t items
profession. are accurately known, whereas they are taken
a s c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s in b u i l d i n g s .
e) It c o u l d be directly applied to many
By r e c o g n i s i n g this f u n d a m e n t a l
*Partner, Ian M a C a l l a n and C o . , Consulting difference, structural designers will
Engineers, Wellington. m o r e r e a d i l y a p p r e c i a t e and a v o i d c o m p o u n d i n g
**Senior Engineer, Ian M a C a l l a n and C o . the p r o b l e m s of their process design
colleagues and hence the additional costs
B e c a u s e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in
w h i c h plant components d i f f e r from building
s t r u c t u r e s , e.g. in s e i s m i c r e s p o n s e , DUCTILE ELEMENT
risk, s t r u c t u r a l t y p e , c o n s t r u c t i o n and
o p e r a t i o n a l f a c t o r s , it w a s n e c e s s a r y
to interpret the L o a d i n g s Code and
p r o d u c e a d e s i g n m e t h o d b a s e d on it, to
cover the differing characteristics.
ratio of
H o w e v e r , a f t e r y i e l d i n g it w o u l d b e i m p a i r e d
and would probably require replacement. <X = actual stress
allowable stress
T h i s c o u l d b e a d i f f i c u l t o p e r a t i o n in t h e
c o n g e s t i o n of a completed p l a n t , as some
w a s e s t a b l i s h e d at v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s of
of t h e s e v e s s e l s in the K a p u n i p l a n t a r e
the vessel as designed. The Alternative
3 0 m h i g h a n d h a v e an u n l o a d e d w e i g h t o f
D e s i g n , o r w o r k i n g s t r e s s , M e t h o d (1)
135 tonnes. Also the authors concluded
bending moment through the bolts was
that the ultimate moment capacity of a
then divided by the largest v a l u e of
rolled and welded skirt could not be
but not less than 0.8. This has the
c a l c u l a t e d as a c c u r a t e l y as that of m a c h i n e d
effect of raising the design bending
b o l t s , so that a h i g h e r c a p a c i t y f a c t o r
m o m e n t at the b o l t s , w h i c h h o w e v e r could
w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y for t h e v e s s e l . A
just produce yielding at the w e a k e s t
f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n in t h e c h o i c e of
s e c t i o n of the v e s s e l .
d u c t i l e e l e m e n t in t h e s e i t e m s w a s t h a t
w h e n using bolts, no modification work
was necessary to certain vessels which T h e d e s i g n r e s t r a i n i n g m o m e n t is
had already been designed for another t h e sum of t h e b o l t f o r c e s at t h e i r
s i t e and in some c a s e s a l r e a d y f a b r i c a t e d . yield stress m u l t i p l i e d by the a p p r o p r i a t e
lever arms from the neutral axis of the
base ring. T h i s m o m e n t is e q u a t e d
The anchor bolts for all Type A
with the modified design bending moment
v e s s e l s are d e s i g n e d as the d u c t i l e energy
as above, thus providing a reserve
d i s s i p a t i n g e l e m e n t s , a c t i n g in t e n s i o n
s t r e n g t h c a p a c i t y a s r e q u i r e d in t h e C o d e ,
only. The bolts are necked down over
in t h i s case 1.25. The yield stress
such a p o r t i o n of their length that
v a l u e of the bolt steel was a c c u r a t e l y
yielding will be confined to that portion
determined from t e s t s , hence the required
a n d w i l l n o t o c c u r in t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e .
bolt area of the n e c k e d - d o w n s e c t i o n
could be found. A concrete strain of
In comparison w i t h the y i e l d i n g skirt
0.003 w a s u s e d and the n e u t r a l a x i s '
system, the tension-only anchor bolt
of the bolt group was typically tangential
system has the drawback of varying vessel
to the inner side of the base flange
response after first bolt yield. However,
plate. This g e n e r a l l y o c c u r r e d at
in t h i s c a s e t h e v e s s e l p e r i o d w o u l d
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.95 o f t h e b o l t c i r c l e
i n c r e a s e , and the subsequent level of
diameter.
force attracted would d i m i n i s h for the
common general shape of the El Centro
type response curve. The length of the necked d o w n section
of the bolt was calculated as follows -
O t h e r a d v a n t a g e s of the d u c t i l e
The v e s s e l periods for the v a r i o u s
anchor bolt system are: that damage can
load cases were conservatively estimated
be e a s i l y r e c o g n i s e d and q u i c k l y repaired
assuming no ground rotation e t c , and by
by replacing strained b o l t s , w i t h o u t
using several response spectra curves,
disturbing the vessel, and that the
H o u s n e r ( 5 ) , S k i n n e r (6) a n d P a r k & B l a k e l e y
y i e l d p o i n t and yield c a p a c i t y can be
( 7 ) , an acceleration Sa was established
established within quite fine limits,
a s s u m i n g 2% d a m p i n g . For this site the
permitting a lower Capacity Factor with
c u r v e s w e r e a d j u s t e d b y 2.0 s e c o n d s t o
cost b e n e f i t s to the,vessel and the
allow for the flexibility of the s o i l .
foundations.
The deflection Au at m a x i m u m
6.3 Ductile Anchor Bolts - Design
P r o c e d u r e (tension only) ductility demand u is d e f i n e d as
Introduction
Au = Ay.u
The a l l o w a b l e stresses specified by
where
the A m e r i c a n Society of M e c h a n i c a l E n g -
0.33 Sa
ineers for pressure vessels were adopted
= 2.0
(4) , i n c r e a s e d b y a f a c t o r o f 1.33 f o r u x
earthquake conditions. T h i s is t h e Cd
A l t e r n a t i v e D e s i g n M e t h o d of the Code ( 1 ) .
The vessels were checked for various Ay = elastic deflection of top of
c o m b i n a t i o n s of load i.e. empty, o p e r a t i n g , vessel under design seismic
test, wind and earthquake. load.
F o r a n c h o r b o l t s d e s i g n e d in t e n s i o n EQUIPMENT AT
only t h e M f a c t o r (1) w a s t a k e n a s 0 . 9 . ONE L E V E L
W i n d w a s t h e d o m i n a n t l o a d in s o m e
items such as some t a l l , light vessels
with large projected area.
- High ductility
7.1 Scope
T h i s d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e is r e c o m m e n d e d
for platforms supporting one or more items
o f equipment at one basic platform level;
t h e s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e in e f f e c t , a c t s
as a single storey building.
7.2 Examples
In e l e v a t i o n B , h e a t e x p a n s i o n m a y
r e q u i r e o n e e n d s l i d i n g , so t h a t t h e w h o l e 8.1 Scope
l o n g i t u d i n a l C d f o r c e a c t s at o n e e n d o f
the item of e q u i p m e n t . T h i s d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e is r e c o m m e n d e d
for e q u i p m e n t and s t r u c t u r e s that are
7.3 Design Philosophy short, rigid and inherently strong; where
it i s d i f f i c u l t t o f o r m a r e l i a b l e
These structures are analysed as "ductile energy dissipating element"
conventional one-storey frames, the forces within the equipment, its support
in t h e i r m e m b e r s b e i n g c a l c u l a t e d b y structure or the foundation p a r t s .
conventional elastic methods. The
energy dissipating elements are designed 8.2 Examples
closely to these forces•
F o r e x a m p l e , in t h e c a s e of c r o s s -
braced frames, the braces are necked down
over a suitable short length to ensure
controlled ductile yielding, design
loads for all o t h e r p a r t s of the structure
b e i n g i n c r e a s e d by a c a p a c i t y f a c t o r of 1.25.
BRACING
ROD
VERY STRONG
MEMBERS
L / d > 6
BRACING
ANGLE
BOTH F L A N G E S
MAY B E N O T C H E D
9.2 Examples
w t * w F
H i g h S t r e n g t h F r i c t i o n G r i p (HSFG)
bolted angle type horizontal bracing was
normally used, although welded chequer plate ATTACHED
PARTS
f l o o r i n g s e r v e d a s b r a c i n g in s o m e c i r c u m -
stances . A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of
structural steelwork on this project was
detailed for HSFG bolted joints. This
m e t h o d is c o n v e n i e n t f o r p l a n t p r o c u r e -
m e n t , in w h i c h t h e s t r u c t u r e s a r e o f t e n
s u p p l i e d in p a c k a g e s , f a b r i c a t e d b y o n e
c o n t r a c t o r and e r e c t e d by a n o t h e r ,
C d = C . I . M . S . R . , a s r e c o m m e n d e d in
t h e D e s i g n B a s i s T y p e s A , B , C a n d D in
Sections 6 to 9 above, where R = the
Risk Factor applicable to the highest
r i s k item of e q u i p m e n t supported by the
structure; and
structural steel.
Reduced ductility
1.2
1.4
1
4 T
#
More than 6 base
fixing bolts 1.2
6 or less base
fixing bolts 1.4
Limited ductility
fixing bolts:
1.5
PART attached to
1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0
braced frames
Refrigerant Suction
14.1 General Considerations
Drum 0.6 t 1.2
(a) The level of p l a n t o p e r a t o r and
All other items 1.0
maintenance staff safety train-
ing and e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s .
Steam Pressure Plant
(b) The degree of access to the
Pipes and Valves 1.0
p l a n t by o u t s i d e p e r s o n n e l not
t r a i n e d in t h e p l a n t , a n d b y t h e
Steam Pressure Vessels within
general public.
-
Buildings
Rp 2.0
(c) The establishment within the
p l a n t of safety zones and e s c a p e All other steam pressure vessels 1.5
routes:
(a) Reactor Ammonia release would be
limited to its c o n t e n t s
181
In f a c t t h e r e is s u p p o r t f o r a Z o n e A f o r L o a d s on t h e D e s i g n of Pressure, V e s s e l
the w h o l e of the South Island and m o s t of the Shells', C o n f e r e n c e o n E n g i n e e r i n g
N o r t h Island, w i t h Zone B for t h e rest of Design for E a r t h q u a k e Environment,
the North Island. November 1978, I Mech E.
s m a l l i n c r e a s e in p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t June 1979.
structural "failure".
10. Elms, D.G., ^Reliability - Based Risk
21. CONCLUSIONS Factors!! Bulletin N. Z . Nat. Soc.
Earthquake Eng. Volume 13, March 1980.
E x p e r i e n c e in s e i s m i c d e s i g n o f t h e
K a p u n i Fertiliser plant leads to the follow- 11. Shibata, H. and T s u c h i y a , M.
i n g c o n c l u s i o n s in s u m m a r y : "Fundamental Concept of A s e i s m i c
Design of Earthquake Resistant
1. T h e L o a d i n g s C o d e , N Z S 4 2 0 3 , is L i f e l i n e Svsterns a n d I n d u s t r i a l
c a p a b l e of s a t i s f a c t o r y a p p l i c a t i o n to F a c i l i t i e s P r o c . Lifeline Earthquake
the seismic design of plants, as above. Engineering Conference - ASCE 1977.
2. It is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t f u t u r e 12. D r a f t of A n t i - E a r t h q u a k e D e s i g n C o d e
a m e n d m e n t s to the L o a d i n g s C o d e for H i g h - P r e s s u r e G a s M a n u f a c t u r i n g
i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n s for p l a n t s . Facilities, 1980. M i n i s t r y of
I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e and I n d u s t r i e s ,
3. In f u t u r e a m e n d m e n t s a t t e n t i o n Japan. (Pers. C o m m ) .
s h o u l d b e p a i d to t h e v i r t u e o f
s i m p l i c i t y b o t h in d e t a i l e d 13. Udoguchi, T.,"Aseismic Design of
r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d in p r e s e n t a t i o n , P l a n t C o m p o n e n t s in P o w e r G e n e r a t i o n
including clarity of l a n g u a g e . and P e t r o c h e m i c a l I n d u s t r i e s " Proc.
184
16. Commentary on C h a p t e r 8 of
NZSS 1900. New Zealand Standards
Institute. 1965.