A F

FET – Field Effect Transistor

AWG – American Wire Gauze FBT – Fly back Transformer
ADC – Analog to Digital Converter FWR – Full Wave Rectifier
AC – Alternating Current
AVR – Automatic Voltage Regulation
G
B
GDT – Gas Discharge Tube
BR - Bridge Rectifier GaAs – Gallium Arsenide
BJT – Bipolar Junction Transistor GPS – Global Positioning System
BLF – Band Limiting Transistor
BRC – Bit-Rate Control
H
C HF – High Frequency
H – Henry
CRT – Cathode Ray Tube HDTV – High Definition Television
CTE – Coefficient of Thermal Expansion HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
CS – Common Source
CMRR – Common Mode Rejection Ratio
CTR – Common Transfer Ratio I
IC – Integrated Circuit
D IR – Infrared
IGBT – Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
DSP – Digital Signal Processor
ILD – Injection Laser Diode
DUT – Device Under Test
DMM – Digital Multimeter
DAC – Digital to Analog Converter J
DC – Direct Current
JFET – Junction Field-Effect Transistor
E JACK – Jack Audio Connector Kit
JBC – Junction Box, Current relay
ESD – Electrostatic Discharge
EMI – Electromagnetic Interference K
EMF – Electromotive Force
EHF – Extremely High Frequency KCL – Kirchoff’s Current Law
KVL – Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
KVA – Kilo Volt-Ampere
L PUT – Programmable Unijunction Transistor
PWM – Pulse Width Modulator
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LDR – Light Dependent Resistor Q
LED – Light Emitting Diode
QFET – Quantum Field Effect Transistor
LCC – Leadless Chip Carriers
QRU – Quad Relay Unit
LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated
QTO – Quick Turn Oscillator
Emission of Radiation
LASCR – Light-Activated Silicon-Controlled
Rectifier R
RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
M RC – Remote Control
RF – Radio Frequency
MOSFET – Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification
Effect Transistor
MF – Medium Frequency
MWV – Maximum Working Voltage
S
SCR – Silicon Controlled Rectifier
N SAD – Silicon Avalanche Diode
SMPS – Switch-Mode Power Supply
N/C – Normally Closed
N/O – Normally Open
NPN – Negative-Positive-Negative Transistor T
TP – Test Point
O TFT – Thin Film Transistor
TTL – Transistor-Transistor Logic
OTA – Operational Transconductance Amplifier
TP – Test Point
OLED – Organic Light-Emitting Diode
TSP – Thermal Shutdown Protection
OUT – Optical Test Unit
OC – Open Circuit
U
UUT – Unit Under Test
P UJT – Unijunction Transistor
UVLO – Under-Voltage Lock-Out
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
UR – Universal Regulator
PTH – Plated Through Hole
PIV – Peak Inverse Voltage
V
VR – Variable Resistor
VFD – Vacuum Fluorescent Display
VC – Variable Capacitor
VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration
VCSEL – Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser
VCO – Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

WAC – Weighted Average Current

WBS – Wheatstone Bridge Sensor
WRFA – Wireless Radio Frequency Amplifier

X
XLS – Extended Light Scatterer
XBT – Expendable Bathy Thermograph
XHA – Extra High Amplitude

Y
YAG – Yttrium Aluminum Garnet
YEA – Yaw Error Amplifier
YIG – Yttrium Iron Garnet

Z
ZD – Zero Defects
ZCD – Zero Crossing Detector
ZVC – Zero Voltage Crossing
4th Type of Rectifier During the negative half cycle, T3 and D4 are
forward biased and when T3 is triggered load
Single Phase Half Controlled Rectifiers current start flowing through T3 and D4.
Similarly, at the zero crossing D2 comes into the
Controlled rectifiers use Thyristors in place of
conduction by commutating D4. As we can
diodes to control the output. By adjusting the
observe in below figure that the load current
triggering time of Thyristors (or MOSFETs and
always remains above zero is termed as the
IGBTs) we can control the voltage and current
continuous conduction mode of rectifying DC.
through loads and this process is termed as a
Also discontinuous mode of operation is shown
phase control method of rectification.
in figure.
The circuit of single phase half controlled
rectifier is shown below where it uses two
diodes and two thyristors which are connected
across the load. Each leg consists of one
thruster and one diode and for every
conduction, two leg components are
responsible. However thyristors T1 and T3 or
diodes D2 and D4 cannot conduct
simultaneously.

During the positive half cycle of the input, T1

Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier

and D2 are forward biased. When T1 is fired,

This type of power electronics based rectifier
then the load current flows through T1 and D2.
circuit is most popular one and widely used in
If the voltage passes through negative going
controlling speed of the DC motors. This circuit
zero crossing of the input voltage, D4 comes
is obtained by replacing all the diodes used in
into conduction by commutating D2 and then
uncontrolled or half controlled rectifiers with
the load voltage becomes zero.
thyristors as shown in figure. From the circuit,
we can observe that one thyristor from a top
group (T1, T3) and one thyristor from the
bottom group (T2, T4) must conduct for load
current flow. However T1T3 or T2T4 cannot
conduct simultaneously.

During the positive half cycle of the input signal

T1 and T2 are forward biased and when these
are triggered or fired these are starts
conducting so that load current flow through
them. During the negative half cycle of the
input AC, T3 and T4 are in the forward blocking
state and when a gate pulse is applied to them,
they will turn ON and load current starts
flowing through them. At the same time, across
T1 and T2 a negative voltage causes to the
commutation of these thyristors immediately.
This process repeats for every cycle as shown in
below figure.