Acknowledgments

In the Name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate all praise be to Allah, the
Lord of the worlds; and prayers and peace be upon Mohamed His servant and messenger. First
and foremost, we must acknowledge our limitless thanks to Allah, the Ever-Magnificent; the
Ever-Thankful, for His help and bless. We are totally sure that this work would have never
become truth, without His guidance.

First, we are grateful to the God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary to
complete this book. We wish to express our sincere thanks to our respected supervisor Engr.
Tanvir Ahmad Khan, Associate professor of building and architectural engineering department,
for providing us with all the necessary facilities for the research.

We are also grateful to Engr. Kamran shabbir, lecturer, in the Department of Building and
Architectural engineering. We are extremely thankful and indebted to him for sharing expertise,
and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to us.

We take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty members for their
help and support. We also thank our parents for the unceasing encouragement, support and
attention. We are also grateful to our partners who supported us throughout this venture.

Halah Younas (2014-AE-01)

Mahnoor Habib (2014-AE-03)

Hassan Arshad (2014-AE-16)

Amir Nazeer (2014-AE-25)

September, 2018

1
 Dedication

Dedicated to our beloved parents & families, For their love, endless support, encouragement &
sacrifices

&

To our respected teachers the nation builders.

2
 ABSTRACT

In order to compete in the ever-growing competent market it is very important for a structural
engineer to save time. As a sequel to this, an attempt is made to analyze and design a Multi-
storied building by using a software package staad pro. For analyzing a multi-storied building,
one has to consider all the possible loadings and see that the structure is safe against all possible
loading conditions. There are several methods for analysis of different frames moment co
efficient method, cantilever method and Matrix method. The present project deals with the
analysis of a multi storied commercial building of G+5. The dead load &live loads are applied
and the design for beams, columns, footing is obtained. At first structure of the building is
designed on Excel sheets. Later it was designed on a Software named “STAAD Pro v8i”.
STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors with its data sharing capabilities
with other major software like AutoCAD, and MS Excel. We conclude that staad pro is a very
powerful tool, which can save much time and is very accurate in Designs compared to the
manual design.

3
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1.1 Tension members....................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.2 Beams ......................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.3 Slabs ........................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.4 Compression members .............................................................................................................. 10
1.1.5 Columns ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6 Foundation ................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 Literature review .............................................................................................................. 13
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Structure materials ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Masonry ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Concrete ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3 Structural steel ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Type of structures ............................................................................................................................. 14
2.4 Multi-story buildings ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Structure system ............................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 Rigid -Frame Structures.............................................................................................................. 17
2.5.2 Braced -Frame Structures .......................................................................................................... 18
2.5.3 Framed -Tube Structures ........................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Anatomy of multi-story buildings ..................................................................................................... 20
2.6.1 Floor structure ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2 Members .................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 Types of loading ................................................................................................................................ 22
2.7.1 Dead loads.................................................................................................................................. 22
2.7.2 Live loads.................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7.3 The lateral load .......................................................................................................................... 23
2.8 Methods of analysis .......................................................................................................................... 23

4
 2.8.1 Member force analysis............................................................................................................... 23
2.8.2 Drift analysis............................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 TOPOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................ 26
3.5 GEOLOGY........................................................................................................................................... 26
3.6 SEISMICITY ........................................................................................................................................ 28
3.7 Project Details ................................................................................................................................... 29
3.7.1 Statement of the project............................................................................................................ 29
3.7.2 Structural design Details ............................................................................................................ 29
3.7.3 Material details .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.7.4 Types of loadings........................................................................................................................ 29
3.7.5 Objectives of the structural design ............................................................................................ 30
3.7.6 Design codes .............................................................................................................................. 30
3.8 Analysis and design ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.8.1 Excel Sheets................................................................................................................................ 30
3.8.2 Staad pro v8i software ............................................................................................................... 31
3.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 4 Results and discussion ...................................................................................................... 37
4.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 37
4.2 Design Summary ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.1 3D Elevation ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.2 Beams Design on staad pro ........................................................................................................ 39
4.2.3 Column design on staad Pro ...................................................................................................... 43
4.2.4 Slabs design on Excel formula sheets ........................................................................................ 45
4.2.5 Foundation Design on Staad foundation ................................................................................... 49
4.2.6 Moment diagram of foundation ................................................................................................ 53
4.2.7 Punching shear ........................................................................................................................... 53
4.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Chapter 5 Conclusion and suggestions .............................................................................................. 56

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5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 56
5.2 Suggestions ....................................................................................................................................... 56

6
 List of tables

Table Description Page No.

2.1 Strengths of steels used in structures 11

4.1 Details of foundation 46

4.2 Punching shear report for columns 50

7
 List of figures

Figure Description Page No.

2.1 Rigid frame 15

2.2 braced frame showing different type of bracing 16
2.3 Large-scale braced frame 17
2.4 steel braced tube 18

3.1 Location of Multan 24

3.2 Average Rain Fall 24

3.3 Mean Temperature in oC (WMO) 26

3.4 Punjab Doabs 26

3.5 Seismic Zoning Map of Pakistan (UNO-HABITAT) 27

3.6 user interface of excel formula sheet 29

3.7 Geometry of the structure 30

3.8 assigned sections of the structure 31

3.9 selfwieght of the structure 31

3.10 floor finish load 32

3.11 live load on the slabs of the structure (top view) 32

3.12 end supports of the structure 33

3.13 axial force on the structure 33

3.14 torsion on the structure 34

3.15 maximum absolute plate stresses 34

8
3.16 beam stresses and bending along y and z direction 35

4.1 column beams and slabs layout of the Hospital 37

4.2 3D elevation of the hospital 38

4.3 zoning of mat foundation 49

4.4 reinforcement details along longitudinal top face 50

4.5 reinforcement details along longitudinal bottom face 51

4.6 reinforcement details along transverse top face 52

4.7 reinforcement details along transverse bottom face 52

4.8 moment diagram of foundation 53

9
 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 General
All the buildings consist on plan, structural and foundation design. Therefore, safe and
economical design of buildings is very important in all construction activities. It requires
comprehensive analysis of the structural design, which saves time and expenses. Our assigned
building is a six-story hospital building. In addition, this report covers design and analysis of the
building structure in details.

Following is the basic introduction of structure elements:

1.1.1 Tension members

1.1.2 Beams
A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in bending (Flexure). Beams generally
carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to
an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,
which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members.

1.1.3 Slabs
Slabs are elements of buildings that can be supported by beams, girders or columns. Slabs
experience bending and shear. Tension side in flexural slabs may be reinforced with steel. The
concrete itself normally must resist the shear stress in slab. Therefore, generally, there is no shear
reinforcement in slab.
1.1.4 Compression members
1.1.5 Columns
Columns are vertical, structural members of a structure. Columns stand perpendicular
to the ground. Since they are used to hold up the weight of a structure and to resist the external
loads pushing down upon them columns are always in compression. A column is a special type
of strut.

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1.1.6 Foundation
A structural foundation is the part of a building that fixes it into the soil. These
structures provide support for the main structures that appear above the soil level, much like the
roots of a tree support the stem.

One of its functions is to transfer loads from the structure to the ground. For example, slabs
transfer their weight to girders, which in turn transfer that load as well as loads applied to them
to the beams. Beams transfer that load and any additional loads applied to them to the columns,
and finally, columns transfer that load to the foundations.

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

Multan is an ancient and famous city of Pakistan. It is the biggest city in South Punjab being the
centre of business, trade, education, agriculture and politics. It is located on the east bank of the
Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country (71.49 Long., 30.21 Lat.) and
about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi)
from Karachi. Multan District has a population of over 4.5million. Its population is increasing
rapidly which require more infrastructures, commercial and residential buildings.

Recently due to a massive growth of population in the city more commercial buildings are
required to fulfill the requirements of the people, A lot of construction work in this regard is
being done in the city. One of the most important and basic need of people are hospitals.

Under discussion, building is a hospital to provide health facilities to the people of Multan. It is
expected that the findings of this study will provide useful guidelines for preliminary planning
and structure design of engineering projects.

1.3 Objectives
I. We prepared the Excel sheets using information from our four years study and designed
the structure of the hospital on those Excel sheets. We designed separate structural
elements beams, columns and slabs using ACI code. The excel sheets are based on
moment co-efficient method.
II. The structural analysis and design was also carried out using “Staad Pro v8i” to
eliminate any possible human errors. Mat foundation of this hospital is designed on

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 “Staad Foundation”. The design of the structure on the software is based on “ACI 318
2008” code. Mat foundation of this hospital is designed using Indian code.
III. We compared the results of Excel sheets and Staad. Pro v8i and the results were
almost same. Staad. “Pro v8i” provided more information related to element design
including steel reinforcement and Shear force bending moment diagrams of each
individual element. Analysis and design on the Staad. Pro v8i is safer than manual
calculations as software does most of the things itself including calculation of self-
weight of the structure thus minimizing the chance of any possible error.

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 Chapter 2 Literature review

2.1 Introduction

A multi-storey building must resist the combined effects of horizontal and vertical loads; it
is composed of foundations, frameworks and floor slabs. The framework comprises columns and
beams together with horizontal and vertical bracings, which stabilize the building by resisting
horizontal actions (wind and seismic loads). Floor slabs are supported by beams so that their
vertical loads are transmitted to the columns. They are made of reinforced concrete or composite
slabs using profiled steel sheets. Since there are lots of possibilities of bracings and connections,
choosing the appropriate one and minimizing the structure cost is the major concern in the
design of steel buildings. The main reason for choosing the wind forces as the main source of
lateral force is that the most severe damages in multi-storey steel structures are caused by winds.
For example, in the United States between 1986 and 1993, hurricanes and tornadoes caused $41
billion in insured catastrophic losses, compared with $6.18 billion for all other natural hazards
combined (Taranath, Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings, 2005).

2.2 Structure materials

The principal modern building materials are masonry, concrete (mass, reinforced and pre-
stressed), structural steel and timber. All materials listed have particular advantages in given
situations, and construction of a particular building type can be in various materials, e.g. a multi-
storey building can be loadbearing masonry, concrete shear wall or frame or steel frame. One
duty of the designer is to find the best solution which takes account of all requirements
economic, aesthetic and utilitarian. The principal uses, types of construction and advantages of
the main structural materials are as follows:
2.2.1 Masonry
Load bearing walls or columns in compression and walls taking in-plane or transverse loads.
Construction is very durable, fire resistant and aesthetically pleasing. Building height is
moderate, say to 20 stories.

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2.2.2 Concrete
Framed or shear wall construction in reinforced concrete is very durable and fire resistant
and is used for the tallest buildings. Concrete, reinforced or prestressed, is used for floor
construction in all buildings, and concrete foundations are required for all buildings.
2.2.3 Structural steel
Load bearing frames in buildings, where the main advantages are strength and speed of
erection. Steel requires protection from corrosion and fire. Structural steels are alloys of iron,
with carefully controlled amounts of carbon and various other metals such as manganese,
chromium, aluminum, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium and copper. The carbon content is less
than 0.25%, manganese less than 1.5% and the other elements are in trace amounts. The alloying
elements control grain size and hence steel properties, giving high strengths, increased ductility
and fracture toughness. The inclusion of copper gives the corrosion resistant steel Corten. High-
carbon steel is used to manufacture hard drawn wires for cables and tendons.
A comparison of the steels used in various forms in structures is given in table (2.1) .
Table (2.1): Strengths of steels used in structures:

Steel type and use yield strength (N/mm²)

Grade 43-sructural shapes 275

Grade 50-structural shapes 355
Quenched and self-tempering 500
Quenched tempered plates 690
Alloy bars- tension members 1030
High carbon hard drawn wire for cables 1700

2.3 Type of structures

The structural engineer adopts a classification for structures based on the way the structure
resists loads, as follows (General types of structures):
 Gravity masonry structures.
 Framed structures.
 Shell structures.
14
  Tension structures.
 Pneumatic structures.
2.4 Multi-story buildings

2.4.1 Introduction
The tallness of a building is relative and cannot be defined in absolute terms
either in relation to height or the number of stories. But, from a structural engineer's point of
view the tall building or multistoried building can be defined as one that, by virtue of its height,
is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake or both to an extent that they play an
important role in the structural design. Tall structures have fascinated mankind from the
beginning of civilization. The Egyptian Pyramids, one among the seven wonders of world,
constructed in 2600 B.C. are among such ancient tall structures.
Such structures were constructed for defense and to show pride of the population in their
civilization. The growth in modern multistoried building construction, which began in late
nineteenth century, is intended largely for commercial and residential purposes.

The development of the high-rise building has followed the growth of the city closely.

The process of urbanization that started with the age of industrialization is still in progress in
developing countries. Industrialization causes migration of people to urban centers where job
opportunities are significant. The land available for buildings to accommodate this migration is
becoming scarce, resulting in rapid increase in the cost of land. Thus, developers have looked to
the sky to make their profits. The result is multi- storied buildings, as they provide a large floor
area in a relatively small area of land in urban centers.
In developed countries a very large percentage of multistoried buildings are built with steel
whereas steel is hardly used in construction of multistoried frames in developing countries even
though it has proved to be a better material than reinforced concrete. The use of steel in multi-
story building construction results in many advantages for the builder and the user. The reasons
for using steel frames in the construction of multi-story buildings are listed below:
 Steel frames are faster to erect compared with reinforced concrete frames. The
availability of the building in a shorter period of time results in economic advantages to

15
 the owner due to shorter period of deployment of capital, without return.
 In comparison with concrete construction, steel frames are significantly lighter. This
results in very much reduced loads on foundations.
 The elements of framework are usually prefabricated in the factory under effective
quality control thus enabling a better product. This form of construction results in much
reduced time on site activities, plant, materials and labor, causing little disruption to
normal life of the community, unlike wet concrete construction process.
 The use of steel makes possible the creation of large, column-free internal spaces.
 The framework is not susceptible to delays due to slow strength gain, as in concrete
construction.
 The material handling capacity required at site in steel construction is less than
prefabricated concrete construction.
 Steel structure occupies lesser percentage of floor area in multistoried buildings.

The steel frame construction is more suitable to withstand lateral loads caused by wind or
earthquake.

Many different systems are used and many parameters can be varied in design. Some
important aspects of the problem are as follows:
 Overall framing.
 Flooring.
 Design method.
 Fire protection.
 Foundations.
 Stability:
Various systems or framing arrangements can be used to stabilize multi-storey buildings and
resist horizontal loads. The building may be braced in both directions, rigid one way and braced
the other or rigid in both directions. Alternatively, concrete shear walls or lift shafts can be used
to provide stability. Tube construction is used for very tall buildings.
These systems are illustrated in section (2.5.3).

16
 2.5 Structure system
The structural form of a tall building depends on a number of factors, some are given below:
 Internal planning
 Material and method of construction
 External architectural treatment
 Location and routing of service system
 Nature and magnitude of horizontal loading
 Height and proportion of building
Here are the top systems Construction, which is one of the parts thereof, contain of bracings in
additional to rigid frame:
2.5.1 Rigid -Frame Structures
Rigid frame structures consist of columns and girders joined by moment –resistant
connections. The lateral stiffness of a rigid -frame bent depends on the bending stiffness of the
columns, girders, and connections in the plane of the bent (Figure 2.1). The rigid frame's
principal advantage is its open rectangular arrangement, which allows freedom of planning and
easy fitting of doors and windows. If used as the only source of lateral resistance in a building, in
its typical 20 ft (6 m)-30 ft (9m) bay size, rigid framing is economic only for buildings up to
about 25 stories. Above 25 stories the relatively high lateral flexibility of the frame calls for
uneconomically large members in order to control the drift.
Rigid -frame construction is ideally suited for reinforced concrete buildings be- cause of the
inherent rigidity of reinforced concrete joints. The rigid -frame form is also used for steel frame
buildings, but moment -resistant connections in steel tend to be costly.

Figure 2.1: rigid frame

17
2.5.2 Braced -Frame Structures

In braced frames diagonal member’s that together with the girders forms the “web” of the
vertical truss with the columns acting as the “chords” (Figure 2.2) provides the lateral resistance
of the structure. Because the horizontal shear on the building is resisted by the horizontal
components of the axial tensile or compressive actions in the web members, bracing systems are
highly efficient in resisting lateral loads.
Bracing is generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because the diagonals are inevitably
subjected to tension for one or the other directions of lateral loading. Concrete bracing of the
double diagonal form is sometimes used, however, with each diagonal designed as a
compression member to carry the full external shear. The efficiency of bracing, in being able to
produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum of additional material, makes it an
economical structural form for any height of building, up to the very tallest. A major
disadvantage of diagonal bracing is that it obstructs the internal planning and the location of
windows and doors. The traditional use of bracing has been in story -height, bay -width modules
(Figure 2.2) that are fully concealed in the finished building more recently however external
larger scale bracing, extending over many stories and bays (Figure 2.3), has been used to produce
not only highly efficient structures, but aesthetically attractive buildings.

Figure 2.2: braced frame showing different type of bracing

18
 Figure2.3: Large-scale braced frame

2.5.3 Framed -Tube Structures

The lateral resistance of framed -tube structures is provided by very stiff moment-
resisting frames that form a "tube" around the perimeter of the building. The frames consist of
closely spaced columns, 6-12 ft (2-4 m) between centers, joined by deep spandrel girders.
Although the tube carries all the lateral loading, the gravity loading is shared between the tube
and interior columns or walls. When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frames aligned in the
direction of loading act as the "webs" of the massive tube cantilever, and those normal to the
direction of the loading act as the "flanges". The tube is suitable for both steel and reinforced
concrete construction and has been used for buildings ranging from 40 to more than 100 stories.
To improving the efficiency of the framed tube, thereby increasing its potential for use to even
greater heights as well as allowing greater spacing between the columns, is to add diagonal

19
 bracing to the faces of the tube (this type of frame tube call Braced -Tube Structures). This
arrangement was first used in a steel structure in 1969, in Chicago's John Hancock Building
(Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4: steel braced tube

2.6 Anatomy of multi-story buildings

The vertical or gravity load carrying system of a multi-storey steel-framed building
comprises a system of vertical columns interconnected by horizontal beams, which supports the
floors and roofing. The resistance to lateral loads is provided by diagonal bracing or shear walls
or rigid frame action between the beams and columns. Thus, the components of a typical steel-
framed structure are:
2.6.1 Floor structure
The floor system generally serves two purposes:
 Primarily the floor carries vertical dead and imposed load and transmits these loads
through beams to the columns/walls.
 The floor also has to act as a horizontal diaphragm that ties the building together,

20
 stabilizes the walls and columns and transmits horizontal wind load to rigid frames,
braced bays or shear walls.
The spacing of supporting beams must be compatible with the resistance of the floor slabs. Floor
slabs may be made from pre-cast concrete, in-situ concrete or composite slabs using steel
decking.
2.6.1.1 Walls
Walls in steel-framed buildings may be classified as follows:
 Structural shear walls located in bays on the perimeter, around cores or in other suitable
areas—these are of reinforced concrete or composite construction incorporating steel
columns. All-steel braced bays with fireproof cladding serve the same purpose. These
walls carry wind and vertical load.
 Non-load bearing permanent division and fire-resistant walls—these are constructed in
brick and block work and are needed to protect lifts, stairs and to divide large areas into
fireproof compartments.
 Movable partitions—these are for room division.
 Curtain walls—these include glazing, metal framing, metal or precast concrete cladding
panels, insulation and interior panels.
 Cavity walls with outer leaf brick, inner leaf breeze block—these are common for
medium-rise steel-framed buildings.

2.6.1.2 Connections
The most important aspect of structural steel work for buildings is the design of connections
between individual frame components. Depending upon the structural behavior, the connections
can be classified as following:
1. Simple connections: The connection is detailed to allow the beam end to rotate freely and
the beam behaves as a simply supported beam. Such a connection transfers shear and axial forces
between the connecting members but does not transfer bending moment.
2. Rigid connections: The connection is detailed to ensure a monolithic joint such that the angle
between beam and column before deformation remains the same even after deformation. Such a
connection transfers shear, axial force and bending moment from the beam to the column.
3. Semi-rigid connections: Due to flexibility of the joint some relative rotation between the

21
 beam and column occurs. When this is substantial, the joints are designed as semi-rigid.
2.6.2 Members
A. Columns
Columns are the structural components which transmit all vertical loads from the floors to the
foundations. The means of transmission of vertical load is related to the particular structural
system used for the framework. The location of columns in plan is governed by the structural
lay-out. The most common grid arrangements are square, rectangular, or occasionally triangular,
according to the choice of the global structural system. The spacing of columns depends upon the
load-bearing resistance of the beams and floor structures.
B. Beams
Beams support the floor elements and transmit their vertical loads to the columns. In a
typical rectangular building frame the beams comprise the horizontal members which span
between adjacent columns; secondary beams may also be used to transmit the floor loading to
the main (or primary) beams.
C. Bracings
All-steel, open or closed sections are used as bracing.
Foundations
Foundations transfer the loads from the building structure to the ground.
2.7 Types of loading

2.7.1 Dead loads

The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the weight of
the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is
also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static loads
2.7.2 Live loads
Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving load. These
dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics
of fluids and material fatigue. Live loads, sometimes also referred to as probabilistic loads,
include all the forces that are variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including
construction or environmental loads.
Roof and floor live loads are produced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials,
and during the life of the structure by movable objects, such as planters and people.

22
2.7.3 The lateral load
Most lateral loads are live loads whose main component is horizontal force acting on the
structure. Typical lateral loads would be a wind load against a facade, an earthquake. Most
lateral loads vary in intensity depending on the building's geographic location, structural
materials, height and shape. The dynamic effects of wind and earthquake loads are usually
analyzed as an equivalent static load in most small and moderate-sized buildings. Others must
utilize the iterative potential of the computer. The design wind and earthquake loads on a
building are substantially more complex than the following brief discussion, but various Building
Codes describes the design wind load determination in more detail such as in the American and
British standards.

2.8 Methods of analysis

2.8.1 Member force analysis

In the majority of modern design offices all but the simplest of braced high-rise structures
are now analyzed by computer using a frame analysis program. To remind the reader of other
possibilities, however, simple hand methods of analysis that may be used for statically
determinate, or certain low -redundancy, braced structures will be reviewed. Such methods given
in many references one of them as mentioned in Tall Building Structures: Analysis and design
(Bryan Stafford Smith and Alex Coull).
2.8.2 Drift analysis
Braced bents deflect with a combination of flexural and shear components: the flexural
component results from the column axial deformations, and the shear component from the brace
and girder deformations. In considering the deflected shape of a braced frame it is important to
appreciate the relative influence of the flexural and shear mode contributions, due to the column
axial deformations and to the diagonal and girder deformations, respectively.

To allow a statically determinate analysis, it is usually assumed both that the shear is shared
equally between the tension and compression braces, and the drawing commands allow for the
rapid generation of floor and elevation framing. Computer added design (CAD) drawings can be
converted directly into Staad models or used as templates onto which Staad. Pro objects may be

23
overlaid. The state of the art SAP solver allows extremely large and complex models to be
rapidly analyzed and supports nonlinear modeling techniques such as construction sequencing
and time effects (e.g. creep and shrinkage).
Design of steel and concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite beams, composite
columns, steel joists, and concrete and masonry shear walls is included, as is the capacity check
for steel connections and base plates.

24
 Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 GENERAL
. Multan is the largest city in south Punjab. It is the center of business, trade, education,
agriculture and medical facilities for not only South Punjab but serves northern districts of Sind
and Baluchistan and southern area of Khyber Pakhtoon Kha (KPK) like Dera Ismail Khan. Due
to increasing population of the city it needs mega structure including hospitals to provide health
facilities to the people. Multan is famous for its crops, wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as
mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates

3.2 PROJECT AREA

Multan approximately lies between 71o 20’ and 71o 40’ longitude (east) and 30o 5’ and 30o 20’
latitude (north) almost geographic center of Pakistan. It is located in a bend created by five rivers
of the Punjab province. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River
from Muzaffargarh. Figure 3.1 shows the location of Multan city.

Figure 3.1: Location of Multan

25
3.3 TOPOGRAPHY
Multan city is about 410ft above mean sea level. The area along River Chenab which is in the
west side of the city has elevation of about 390 to 400ft. Walled city (locally called Alang) which
is almost central area of the city has elevation as high as 470ft.

3.4 CLIMATE
Multan has an arid climate with very hot summers and cold winters. Dust storms are very
common in the summer. The area around the city is flat and therefore ideal for agriculture. The
maximum and minimum recorded temperatures are 54o Celsius and -1o Celsius respectively.
Average annual rainfall is about 190 mm (7.5 inches).

3.5 GEOLOGY
Multan city lies on the junction of alluvial plain called Sindh Sagar Doab (Doab is a local word
for area between two rivers) and Bari Doab. Sagar Doab includes the area between the Indus
River and the Jhelum River and it forms the north western portion of the Punjab plains. Bari
Doab in the area between Ravi and Beas Rivers.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 3.2: Average Rain Fall

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 45

40

35

30

25
Minimum
20 Maximum

15

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 3.3: Mean Temperature in oC (WMO)

Area of Multan consists of fluvial deposits of River Chenab. These are made of flood plain mud,
mixed with sand, levee deposits and fine to medium sands point bars. Remains of eolian deposits
are rare. They are reworked by flood and heavy moon soon rain.

Figure 3.4: Punjab Doabs

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3.6 SEISMICITY
Multan falls in the Punjab plain which has low to moderate level of seismicity. The project
region had been subjected to severe shaking in the past due to earthquakes in the Himalayas. The
known main active fault of the Himalayas is the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) which passes at a
distance of about 530km from Multan towards northeast along the Himalayan front.

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment recently carried out for Multan area as part of the
revision of Seismic Provisions of the Buildings Codes of Pakistan shows that project area falls in
Zone 2A (Figure 3.6). The zone has MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) scale value of IV to VI.
Scale IV corresponds to earthquake where it is felt by those who are in-door and only few those
who are out door. Windows and doors are disturbed whereas, in scale VI the earthquake is felt
by all people either in-door or out door. Plaster and chimneys may fall and there is small
damage. On the Richter Magnitude Scale the Zone-II has value between 2.8 and 4.6.

Figure 3.5: Seismic Zoning Map of Pakistan (UNO-HABITAT)

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 3.7 Project Details
3.7.1 Statement of the project
 Utility of the Building: Hospital Building
 Number of stories: six including a basement
 Type of the construction: RCC framed structure
 Types of walls: Brick masonry

3.7.2 Structural design Details

 Size of Basement and Ground floor rectangular columns: 24”X24”
 Size of rectangular columns for rest of the stories: 18”X18”
 Size of the beams: 18”X24”
 Basement height: 8 feet
 Story height: 12 feet
 Depth of foundation: 18 inches
 Soil pressure: 0.7 tons/ft²
 Type of supports: fixed supports

3.7.3 Material details

 Compressive strength of concrete for columns and foundation: 4000psi
 Compressive strength of concrete for beams and slabs: 3000psi
 Tensile strength of steel: 60,000psi

3.7.4 Types of loadings

Followings loads are assumed while designing the building

 Dead load (self-weight of the structure + load of the partition walls)

 Live load (60lb/ft²)
 Floor finish load (20lb/ft²)
 Load combinations (1.4DL+1.7LL)

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3.7.5 Objectives of the structural design
 Structure designed should satisfy the criterion of ultimate strength.
 Structures should satisfy the serviceability
 It should satisfy the stability against overturning, sliding, and buckling

3.7.6 Design codes

 ACI 318 2008
 Indian code for foundation design

3.8 Analysis and design

Two methods are used to design the structure

1. Excel formula sheets

2. Staad. PRO v8i software

3.8.1 Excel Sheets

Excel formula sheets based on moment co-efficient method are used to design the members of
the structure. In this method each member of the structure is designed separately. Figure 3.7
shows interface of excel formula sheet.

Figure 3.6: user interface of excel formula sheet

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3.8.2 Staad pro v8i software
STAAD (Staad stands for structural analysis and design) staad pro is the powerful design
software licensed by Bentley. Staad stands for structural analysis and design
 Analysis is done using STAD PRO developed by Bentley
 Once the loads and load combinations are assigned to the structures, analysis is to be
done

Following are the steps involved in analysis and design using staad pro:

i. Draw the basic geometry of the structure in staad pro. Fig. 3.8 shows the geometry of the
structure.

Figure 3.7: Geometry of the structure

ii. Assign the section properties to the structure. Fig. 3.9 shows the assigned section
properties to the structure.

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 Figure 3.8: assigned sections of the structure

iii. Assign loads on the structure. Figs (3.10, 11, 12, and 13) show the different type of
loadings on the structure.

Figure 3.9: selfwieght of the structure

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 Figure 3.10: floor finish load

Figure 3.11: live load on the slabs of the structure (top view)

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iv. Define supports to the structure as shown in the figure. Fixed supports are assigned to the
columns.

Figure 3.12: end supports of the structure

v. Run analysis of the structure. Analysis allows to see different type of the results including
bending moment shear force and axial force diagrams. Following figures show analysis
diagrams of the structure.

Figure 3.13: axial force on the structure

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 Figure 3.14: torsion on the structure

Figure 3.15: maximum absolute plate stresses

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 Figure 3.16: beam stresses and bending along y and z direction

vi. Design the structure as per ACI code. Designing includes design of beams, slabs, column
and foundation

3.9 Summary
Using staad.pro software, the design consideration has been taken as per the ACI codes. The
design is safe in all conditions on comparison with excel formula sheets, manual design and the
geometrical model using staad.pro the area of steel required for the beam, column, footing and
slab are comparatively similar to that of the requirement. Staad pro takes very less time as
compared to manual design and gives authentic results.

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 Chapter 4 Results and discussion
4.1 General
This chapter includes results obtained from excel formula sheets and staad pro software which
are presented along with discussion and comparison. Design results include comprehensive
design of beams, slabs, columns and foundation. Figure 4.1 shows the column beams and slabs
layout of the Hospital

Figure 4.1: column beams and slabs layout of the Hospital

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 4.2 Design Summary
This section covers structural design of the building including reinforcement details.

Following is the list of designed elements:

 3D Elevation
 Beams
 Columns
 Slabs
 Mat foundation

4.2.1 3D Elevation

Figure 4.2: 3D elevation of the hospital

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4.2.2 Beams Design on staad pro

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40
41
42
4.2.3 Column design on staad Pro

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44
4.2.4 Slabs design on Excel formula sheets

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46
47
48
4.2.5 Foundation Design on Staad foundation
Mat foundation design for the hospital building has been further divided into three zones
based on reinforcement. Table 4.1 shows the details of foundation.

Table: 4.1 details of foundation

Boundary Subgrade modulus soil height above mat (ft) Thickness (ft) Material

Mat 2872.8 (kn/m2/m) 0 1.5 concrete

6.2.5.1 Zoning Of foundation

Foundation has been further divided into three zones based on reinforcement provided. Figure
4.2 shows zoning of foundation

Figure 4.3: zoning of mat foundation

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6.2.5.2 Slab detailing
This section covers brief reinforcement details of foundation along longitudinal and transverse
faces of the foundation. It is further divided into four parts:

 Longitudinal top
 Longitudinal bottom
 Transverse top
 Transverse bottom

6.2.5.3 Longitudinal Top Details of Foundation

Fig. 4.3 shows reinforcement details of longitudinal top face for all three zones.

Figure: 4.4: reinforcement details along longitudinal top face

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6.2.5.4 Longitudinal bottom Details of Foundation
Fig. 4.4 shows reinforcement details of longitudinal bottom face for all three zones.

Figure 4.5: reinforcement details along longitudinal bottom face

6.2.5.5 Transverse top details of foundation

Fig. 4.5 shows reinforcement details of transverse top face for all three zones.

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 Figure 4.6: reinforcement details along transverse top face

6.2.5.6 Transverse bottom Details of Foundation

Fig. 4.3 shows reinforcement details of transverse bottom face for all three zones.

Figure 4.7: reinforcement details along transverse bottom face

52
4.2.6 Moment diagram of foundation

Figure 4.8: moment diagram of foundation

4.2.7 Punching shear

Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high localized
forces. In flat slab structures, this occurs at column support points. The failure is due to shear.
This type of failure is critical because no visible signs are shown prior to failure. Table 4.2 gives
punching shear details for columns designed.

Table: 4.2 punching shear report

Table: 4.2 (contd.)

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54
4.3 Summary
This report presents the structural design of a six-story hospital in Multan. It was designed to
meet both strength and serviceability requirements when subjected both to gravity loads and
lateral loads. For strength design, the Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) criteria were used.
All Standard load combinations were considered and members were designed to resist the
ultimate, factored loads.

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 Chapter 5 Conclusion and suggestions
5.1 Conclusions
 In this report a design of multistory building for commercial purpose is presented. We
have successfully completed the planning and designing (Architectural & Structural) of
multistory hospital.
 The structure has been designed for two cases dead and live load.
 Staad pro is capable of generating the reinforcement details for each and every column
and beams.
 Designing using Software’s like Staad reduces lot of time in design work.
 Construction of Commercial building should be providing safety and it should be
economical.
 Details of each and every member can be obtained using AutoCAD & Staad pro.
 All the List of failed beams can be Obtained and also Better Section is given by the
software
 Accuracy is improved by using software.

 The structural components of the building are safe in shear and flexure.

 Amount of steel provided for the structure is economical.

 We compared the results of excel formula sheets with the results obtained from staad pro
software and found that results are almost similar.

5.2 Suggestions
 Retaining walls should be provided in foundation.
 Similarly multistory building can be designed using Etabs & Safe.

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 References

i. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi. Concrete structures, Part 1, volume 2.

ii. AutoCAD, Staad pro and staad foundation software packages.
iii. ACI 318 (2008) code.
iv. Taranath, Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings, 2005

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