Modul Pelatihan Base Isolation StIRRRD Padang

DAFTAR ISI
Dr. FEBRIN ANAS ISMAIL (UNAND)

Konsep Prosedur Desain Seismic Isolator / 'SI' Bangunan PU di Sumatera
Barat
Dr. ABDUL HAKAM (UNAND)

Foundation Review of Seismic Isolated Buildings in Sumatera Barat |
Tinjauan Ulang Fondasi dari Bangunan Berisolasi Gempa di Sumatera
Barat
TEUKU FAISAL FATHANI, Ph. D (UGM)

The Determination of Peak Ground Acceleration as the Seismic Input for
Construction Design | Penentuan Percepatan Puncak Dasar Sebagai Input
Gempa untuk Perancangan Konstruksi
Prof. IMAN SATYARNO (UGM)

Penggunaan Isolasi Dasar (Base Isolation) Berdasarkan Peraturan
Gempa Indonesia SNI-1726-2012
Dr. DAVID WHITTAKER dan Ms. GEORGIA WHITLA (BECA)

1. Introduction to Seismic Isolation | Pengenalan terhadap Isolasi Gempa
2. Engineering Properties of Seismic Isolation | Sifat Teknis Isolasi
Gempa
3. Design of New Isolated Buildings | Perencanaan Bangunan Baru
dengan Isolasi
4. Case Studies: New Isolated Buildings – Design and Construction |
Studi Kasus: Isolasi Bangunan Baru – Perencanaan dan Konstruksi
5. Isolation Design for Existing Buildings | Perencanaan Isolasi untuk
Bangunan yang Telah Berdiri
6. Case Studies: Isolation of Existing Buildings – Design and
Construction | Studi Kasus: Isolasi pada Bangunan Eksisting –
Perencanaan dan Konstruksi
7. Isolation Location, Detailing of Building Utilities, Connections | Lokasi
Isolasi, Perincian Perlengkapan Bangunan, Sambungan
8. Evaluation of Existing Base Isolated Buildings (& other things) |
Evaluasi Bangunan Eksisting Berisolasi Dasar (& hal lainnya)
9. Base Isolated Building Treatment After a Large Earthquake |
Perawatan Bangunan dengan Isolasi Dasar Setelah Gempa Bumi
Besar
1
KONSEP PROSEDUR DISAIN
SEISMIC ISOLATOR / 'SI'
BANGUNAN PU DI SUMBAR
Febrin Anas Ismail

Unand, 2015
USULAN KONSEP PROSEDUR

DISAIN “SI”
1. IIDE
1 DE & MANFAAT
MANFAAT “SI”
SI
2. PROSEDUR DISAIN “SI”
3. SPESIFIKASI PRODUK “SI”
2
1. IDE DASAR & MANFAAT “SI”
BANGUNAN
Goyangan Gempa Lemah

( a < 0,4 g )
SI
Goyangan Gempa Kuat

( a > 0,4 g )
¾ 0DQIDDWಯ6,ರ'HYLFHV
Isolasi Bangunan dari tanah / pondasi
Supporting beban Bangunan
Reduksi Amplitudo respon goyangan / getaran
Gempa kuat
Mengembalikan posisi Bangunan setelah gempa
3
¾ -HQLVದ-HQLVಯ6,ರ
Elastomeric Sistem :
(Natural Pubber, High dumping rubber,
Lead Natural Rubber, Slider, Rotating Bearing)
Dumping Sistem :
(Lead dumper, Steel damper, oil damper)
Kombinasi Elastomeric Sistem & Dumping Sistem
¾ $SOLNDVLಯ6,ರGL'81,$
Penggunaan di USA :
LNR / Lead Natural Rubber ………… Umum digunakan
Penggunaan di JEPANG :
LNR with / without Damper ……… Umum digunakan
Penggunaan di PADANG / INDONESIA:

LNR / Lead Natural Rubber ……… Lebih Efisien
(Lead Damper Æ Jumlah tingkat gedung dibatasi (max. 4 tingkat)
4
2. PROSEDUR DISAIN “SI”,
BERDASARKAN :
“Ultimate Capacity of SI”
Ultimate Capacity of “SI”
Konfirmasi Kapasitas SI :
1. Allowable deformation of “SI”
Shear Strain Maximum :
— Produk DSI : 300% Rubber Height
— Produk BS : (300 – 400) % Rubber Height
Shear Strain design criteria :

− DSI = 250% x Rubber height
− BS = 250% x Rubber height
5
2. Compressive and Tensile Stress
σ ult compression Æ tergantung jenis dan dimensi “SI”
σ comp. design criteria :
− DSI = (5 – 15) N/mm2
− BS = (5 – 15) N/mm2
− Nilai σcomp. = 10 N/mm2…… Nilai Moderat
σ tarik > 50 psi
3. Isolation Gaps
Horizontal Gaps …………… Pembatasan deformasi SI
Vertical Gaps ………………. Pembatasan σ tarik SI
GRAFIK : σcomp Vs Shear Strain
σcomp <' 'LVSODFHPHQW'HVLJQ

˰ 3HUPDQHQW$OORZDEOH6WUHVV
˰' 7HPSRUDU\$OORZDEOH6WUHVV
</ 6KHDUVWUDLQ'6,
6KHDUVWUDLQ%6
σ cr
σ 0 σ0 , Y1
σ cr , (Y)
σD , YD
σD
σ2 σ2 , YL
Shear Strain (%) /

Y1 YD Y Displacement (mm)
2
6
Superstructure
Elastis & In Elastis
SI In Elastis
a1 < 0,4 g
Sistim SI
ao ≥ 0,4 g
Superstructure : - Kolom
- Balok Elastis & In Elastis
- Koneksi Kolom – Balok
- Sistim Lantai
Sistim SI : - Pondasi In Elastis

- SI
- Balok & Kolom
- Sistim Lantai
SPESIFIKASI PRODUK SI
DIS (DINAMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM, USA)

a. LRB : dia = 800
Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 800
− H (mm) : 230 – 510
− Number of Rubber Layer (N) : 33
− Lead Dia : 0 – 230 mm
Properties :
− Kd = (0,7 – 5,3) KN/mm
− Qd = (0 – 265) KN
− Dmax (Displacement Max), mm = 510.
− Axial Load Capacity (Max), KN = 4000.
7
b. LRB : dia = 900
Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 900
− H (mm) : 255 – 560
− Lead Dia : 0 – 255 mm
Properties :
− Kd = (0,7 – 6,1) KN/mm
− Qd = (0 – 355) KN
c. LRB : dia = 1000

Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 1000
− H (mm) : 280 – 635
− Lead Dia : 0 – 280 mm
Properties :
− Kd = (0,8 – 6,2) KN/mm
− Qd = (0 – 490) KN
8
BS (BRIDGE STONE, JAPAN)
a. LRB : dia = 800
Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 800
− H rubber (mm) : 160
Properties :
− (Y0, σ0) = (0% , 49 N/mm2)
− (Y1, σ1) = -
− (Y2, σ2) = (400% , 5 N/mm2)
− Axial Load Capacity (Max), KN = 5070
b. LRB : dia = 900

Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 900
Properties :
− (Y0, σ0) = (0% , 60 N/mm2)
− (Y1, σ1) = (50% , 60 N/mm2)
− (Y2, σ2) = (400% , 14 N/mm2)
9
b. LRB : dia = 1000
Dimensi :
− D1 (mm) : 1000
Properties :
− (Y0, σ0) = (0% , 60 N/mm2)
− (Y1, σ1) = (150% , 60 N/mm2)
− (Y2, σ2) = (400% , 23 N/mm2)
Perhitungan Struktur
10
Perhitungan Pondasi
Mengapa perlu Base SI

Prasjal Tarkim SUMBAR: Ujung Tombak
dalam Penanganan Tanggap Darurat
Maka Harus Tetap ‘exist’ bila bencana terjadi
Bencana yang diantisipasi Æ prediksi mega-
thrust Mentawai:
Gempa bumi: Seismic Isolator,
dan
Tsunami: Temporary Shelter
11
Mengapa perlu Base SI
Pengalaman Gempa Padang 2009,
Pekerjaan Umum SUMBAR ’Lumpuh’
Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

Lokasi pada daerah likuifaksi
Aktivitas Tanggap Darurat sangat terganggu
http://www.bridgestone.com
12
Konsep Disain
Konvensional –vs– Isolated Syatem
Konsep Disain
13
SI yang dipakai
NSO50 – Beban Seismic ringan (tengah)
Lead Plug Æ Beban Seismic berat (tepi)
Type SI yang
dipakai
NS dan LRB
14
Product terpilih BS
onstruction Materials | Seismic Isolator for BuildingsCharacteristic
Multi-Rubber Bearing is the example of Bridgestone's cutting-edge technology with practical safety applications.
(1) High reliability
Proven track record:

Since 1984, Bridgestone MRBs have pioneered the way in seismic isolating rubber bearings.
No damage during recent large earthquake:
During the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995, Bridgestone MRB-equipped buildings withstood a large tremor, without damage - a design that lived up to the required performance.
(2) Superior quality
Since the founding of Bridgestone, the company principle requires that only the highest quality products be delivered to the market. Our MRB manufacturing line incorporates this
Quality First concept.
All production steps from the rubber material procurement, mixing, processing, manufacturing, and inspection are checked for quality, resulting in a continuous supply of premium
products.
(3) High durability
Accelerated heat-aging tests have confirmed the Bridgestone MRB can be in service for a long time.
(4) In-depth expertise
As a pioneer in the Industry, Bridgestone has been deeply involved in the research and development of seismic isolating rubber bearings.
Bridgestone's unprecedented number of test results put its MRB on the cutting edge of technology.
(5) Wide capability of manufacturing, testing and inspection
Manufacturing;
Bridgestone possesses the capacity to produce sizes from small diameters up to 1,600 mm diameters.
Testing and Inspection;
Bridgestone has the largest test machine for multi-layer rubber in Japan, and our quality control system ensures that only premium quality products are provided.
(6) An assortment of rubber bearings to choose from
Bridgestone offers a complete assortment of bearings to the Industry;
High Damping Rubber

Natural Rubber
Elastic Sliding Bearing
We can produce the ideal seismic isolating system to meet your needs.
Performa SI
15
Performa SI
Terimakasih
16
Foundation Review of
SEISMIC ISOLATED BUILDINGS
in SUMBAR
Abdul Hakam
Andalas University, 2015
3 building have been installed:

1. Gedung PU Prov. Sumbar
2. Gedung Escape / Crisis Center Gubernuran
3 Hotel Ibis
3.
17
1. Pondasi Bangunan
BANGUNAN
Goyangan Gempa Lemah

( a < 0,4 g )
SI
Goyangan Gempa Kuat

( a > 0,4 g )
¾ 0DQIDDWಯ6,ರ'HYLFHV
0DQIDDWಯ6,ರ'HYLFHV
Isolasi Bangunan dari tanah / pondasi
Supporting beban Bangunan
Reduksi Amplitudo respon goyangan / getaran
Gempa kuat
Mengembalikan posisi Bangunan setelah gempa
18
Superstructure
Elastis & In Elastis
SI In Elastis
a1 < 0,4 g
Sistim SI
ao 0,4 g
Superstructure :- Kolom
- Balok Elastis & In Elastis
- Koneksi Kolom – Balok
- Sistim Lantai
Sistim SI : - Pondasi In Elastis

- SI
- Balok & Kolom
- Sistim Lantai
Konsep
p Disain
19
http://www.bridgestone.com
Penurunan Pondasi
20
Mengapa
g p pperlu Base SI
Pengalaman
g Gempa
p Padang
g 2009,
Pekerjaan Umum SUMBAR ’Lumpuh’
Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

Lokasi pada daerah likuifaksi
Aktivitas Tanggap Darurat sangat terganggu
Gedung
g PU
21
Perhitungan
g Pondasi
Gedung
g Ibis
Perhitungan daya dukung pondasi
Data tanah:
P
Pengujian
ji SPT
Kedalaman Jenis Tanah Nilai SPT Pekiraan nilai Perkiraan qu

(m) (pasir/lempung) (blows) (degree) (kg/cm2)
0 lempung 0 0
2 lempung 25 3
4 pasir 15 36,75
6 pasir 26 40,6
8 pasir 32 38,8
10 pasir lempung 42 42,8 5,2
16 pasiri l
lempung 8 32 2
32,2 08
0,8
18 lempung 10 1
22 lempung 10 1
26 pasir 35 40
28 pasir 45 44
30 pasir 50 46
32 pasir 25
34 pasir 25
36 pasir 25
38 pasir 25
40 pasir 25
kedalaman muka air tanah = 1m
22
Gedung
g Crisis Center
Perhitungan daya dukung pondasi (Pasir)
Data tanah:
Pengujian SPT
Kedalaman Jenis Tanah Nilai SPT Pekiraan nilai E

(m) (pasir/lempung) (blows) (degree)
0 pasir 0 25
2 pasir 39 41,6
4 pasir 12 35,7
6 pasir 43 43,2
8 pasir 38 41,2
10 lempung 28
12 lempung 10
14 lempung 8
16 lempung 9
18 l
lempung 8
20 lempung 10
22 pasir lempung 42 42,8
24 pasir lempung 33 39,2
26 pasir lempung 55 48
28 pasir lempung 30 42
30 pasir lempung 15 36 75
36,75
kedalaman muka air tanah = 1m
Penurunan
sub- Hc z po = q' + (_ sat,L - eo rasio tekanan _ p (t/m2) po + _ p po + _ p
z/B log
lapisan (m) (m) (t/m2) (Tabel 3.5) (q x rasio) (t/m2) po
1 7,333 3,667 11,90 = 11,900 1,44 0,9 0,50 6,125 = 6,125 18,025 0,180
2 6 10,33
10 33 16,57
16 57 = 16,567
16 567 1 38
1,38 26
2,6 0 10
0,10 1 225 =
1,225 1 225
1,225 17 792
17,792 0 031
0,031
3 6 16,33 20,77 = 20,767 1,33 4,1 0,04 0,49 = 0,490 21,257 0,010
Kode
Data-data perencanaan pondasi C9 Tabel 3.5. Rasio pertambahan tegangan dalam tanah
Pondasi Persegi (B=L) Pondasi Menerus (L/B=~)
e0 = 1,44
1 44 Kedalaman
Boussinesq-Bowles Metoda 2:1 Boussinesq-Bowles Metoda 2:1
LL = 60
z/B tengah tepi rata-rata tepi=tengah tengah tepi rata-rata tepi=tengah
PL = 50
0.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
PI = 10
0.25 0.90 0.60 0.80 0.64 0.95 0.80 0.90 0.80
Berat sendiri 2/3 Lp 24 t/m2 dari cara alfa -sheet
0.5 0.70 0.40 0.60 0.44 0.82 0.60 0.70 0.67
Panjang-tiang (Lp) 22 m
1 0.35 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.65 0.40 0.50 0.50
Beban terpusat di pondasi 294 t 1.5 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.40
Lebar Group Pondasi (B) 4m 2 0.12 0.10 0.110 0.11 0.280 0.250 0.270 0.33
Panjang Group Pondasi (L) 6m 3 0.07 0.06 0.065 0.06 0.160 0.150 0.160 0.25
Hc total ( = 3xB) 12 m 4 2 0.04 0.095 0.090 0.092 0.20
Lingkaran: B = S r
5 0.03 0.070 0.060 0.065 0.17
Lp
Cc Hc po + 'p
' Sc Sc (total)
q' Sc(m)= log
1 + eo po (cm) (cm)
1/3 Lp Lapisan : 1
0,244 24,4 dibadan pondasi
Lapisan : 2
0,035 3,5 29 1
29,1 didasar pondasi
Lapisan :3 0,012 1,2 didasar pondasi
z
23
Terimakasih
24
Strengthened Indonesian Resilience: Reducing Risks from Disasters
Base Isolation Lecture Series
The Determination of Peak Ground

Acceleration as the Seismic Input for
Construction Design
Padang, Indonesia
Teuku Faisal Fathani, Ph.D
Civil and Environmental Engineering UGM
09 – 13 February 2015
Background
Yogyakarta Earthquake (27-05-2006)
Magnitude of 6.3 Mw with hypocenter
depth of 10 km (USGS)
Destroyed 60,000 houses
393 school building collapsed and 484
minor to major damaged
Victims-dead: 6736
Victims-injured: 45,210
Internally Displaced persons IDPs:
33,345 in 95 temporary camps
25
Preliminary Damage Assessment
Objectives
To conduct site investigation by core drilling, Standard

Penetration Test (SPT) and micro-tremor survey in the
area affected earthquake
Determine horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA)

based on:
1. Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002 coupled with local soil
conditions determined from Standard Penetration Test
(SPT)
2. Empirical prediction by using attenuation relationships
3. Dominant period at the observed sites produced by the
micro-tremor survey
26
Indonesian Code of SNI-1726-2002
This code divided Indonesia into 6 seismic zones

The probability of exceedance of buildings with 50 years
life time is 10% and seismic design load of 500 years
return period
Seismic load in general is based on three factors:
(a) a probability of exceedance in a certain period
(b) ductility factor
(c) structural over strength factor
Seismic load less than suggested by the code is not
permitted
Earthquake Return Period

1. Ordinary category of construction on average seismicity sites
Designed based on earthquake with an approximate 10%
probability of exceedance in 50 years.
2. High seismicity or essential category of construction
Level 1 earthquake has a 50% probability of exceedance in 50
years. Level 2 earthquake has a 10% probability of exceedance in
100 years.
3. Facilities containing polluting or hazardous material
Designed based on Level 3 earthquake having a 10% probability
of exceedance in 250 years.
L = facility life time (year)
L loge p = probability of exceedance or the possibility of
T
log1 p
structure experiences higher seismic load than
the design seismic load (%)
T = earthquake return period 27
Seismic epicenter and tectonic plate in Indonesia
Seismic Zones in SNI-1726-2002

o o
94 96 98 o 100 o 102 o 104 o 106 o 108 o 110 o 112 o 114 o 116 o 118 o 120 o 122 o 124 o 126 o 128 o 130 o 132 o 134 o
10 o
8o
6
o
Aceh 2004
Banda Ac eh
4o
(8.9Mw) 1
2
3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
2o
Nias 2005 Manado
Ternate
Pe kanbaru
0
o
(8.7Mw) Pada ng
3
2
1
Sama rinda
Palu
Sorong
Manokwari
4 Jambi
5
6
2o 4
5 Palangkaraya
3
2
1
Palembang Banjarmasin
Bengkulu Kendari Ambo n

o
4
1 Makasar
Bandarlampung
Tual
o
6 Jakarta 2
Bandung
Garut Sema rang
Sukabumi Surabay a
Tasikmalaya Solo
Jogjakarta 3
Blitar Malang
8o Cilacap
Banyuwangi
4
Denpasar Mataram
Sumbar
10 o
Wilayah 1 : 0,03 g
5
4
3
2
Kupang
2009 (7.6Mw)
12 o
Wilayah 2 : 0,10 g 1
Wilayah 3 : 0,15 g
Wilayah 4 : 0,20 g
o
14
Wilayah 5 : 0,25 g
Wilayah 6 : 0,30 g
16 o
94 o
Bengkulu
96 o
98 o
100 o 102 o 104 o 106 o 108 o 110 o 112 o 114 o 116 o 118 o 120 o 122 o 124 o 126 o 128 o 130 o 132 o 134 o
2007 (8.4Mw)
Zone
Zone West Java
Zone
Zone
2006 (4.9Mw) Yogyakarta Situbondo
Zone
Zone
2006 (6.3 Mw) 2007 (4.8Mw)
28
Seismic Zones in SNI-1726-2012
Bedrock acceleration and PGA for each seismic

zones and type of soil (SNI-1726-2002)
Bedrock Peak ground acceleration amax (g)

Seismic
acceleration Hard Soil Medium Soft Soil Special
Zones
(g) Soil Soil
1 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,08 Required
2 0,10 0,12 0,15 0,20 special
evaluation
3 0,15 0,18 0,23 0,30 in each
4 0,20 0,24 0,28 0,34 zone.
5 0,25 0,28 0,32 0,36
6 0,30 0,33 0,36 0,38
29
Soil Classification
¾ These three soil classifications can be determined if the top 30 m soil

thickness satisfy one of the requirements listed on the table.
¾ The ground surface acceleration of special soil must be determined from
weave propagation analysis.
Core Drilling
at 10 sites
BH #4&5
BPKP
BH #10
Segoroyoso
BH #12 BH #6
Wijirejo Karangsemut
BH #11 BH #3
Bambanglipuro Pranti
BH #13 BH #2
Krajan Tempuran
BH #1
Watu
30
Results of Standard Penetration Test (1)
Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 0 0
5 5 5
10 10 10
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
15 15 15
20 20 20
25 25 25
30 30 30
35 35 35
40 40 40
Location: BH-1 Watu Location: BH-2 Tempuran Location: BH-3 Pranti
N = 27.53 N = 36.85 N = 18.60
Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 0 0
5 5 5
10 10 10
Depth (m)
15
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
15 15
20 20 20
25 25 25
30 30 30
35 35 35
40 40 40
Location: BH-4 BPKP-1 Location: BH-5 BPKP-2 Location: BH-6 Karangsemut
N = 24.00 N = 25.90 N = 30.50
Results of Standard Penetration Test (2)

Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 0
5 5
10 10
Depth (m)
15
Depth (m)
15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
40 40
Location: BH-10 Segoroyoso Location: BH-11 Bb.lipuro
N = 33.20 N = 26.47
Standard Penetration Test (N ) Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
0 0
5 5
10 10
Depth (m)
15
Depth (m)
15
20 20
25 25
30 30
35 35
40 40
Location: BH-12 Wijirejo Location: BH-13 Krajan
N = 31.13 N = 26.93 31
Scoring system used in developing PGA
distribution map
No Peak Ground Level Score Level of Risk
Acceleration (g)
1 amax < 0.10 1 Very low risk
2 0.10 d amax < 0.20 2 Low risk
3 0.20 d amax < 0.30 3 Medium risk
4 0.30 d amax < 0.40 4 High risk
5 amax t 0.40g 5 Very high risk
• Wilayah Yogyakarta termasuk zona dengan percepatan puncak batuan

dasar 0,20g – 0,25g.
• Shear wave velocity ~30 meter di daerah Giwangan adalah 198,81 m/s
dengan N-SPT avg = 30; di daerah Sorosutan 240,38 m/s dengan N-
SPT avg = 26, wilayah Yogyakarta Æ jenis tanah sedang.
• Yogyakarta memiliki percepatan puncak batuan dasar 0,25g dan
percepatan puncak tanah sedang sebesar 0,32g
Empirical prediction of PGA by using

attenuation relations
Attenuation relation Æ to estimate PGA and response
spectra at bedrock for a given earthquake with certain
magnitude and epicenter distance
There is no attenuation relation specifically developed for
Indonesia region
Attenuation relation derived for other region which is similar
to Indonesia region tectonically and geologically, based on
earthquake mechanism (subduction zone earthquake and
shallow crustal earthquake)
Attenuation relation used in this study: Donovan (1973),
Esteva (1974), Matuschka (1980), Campbell (1981),
Fukushima & Tanaka (1990).
32
Attenuation Relations
Donovan (1973) Æ on sites with 6 m or
more of soil overlying the rock :
1080 e 0.5 M
a max
R 251.32
Esteva (1974) Æ based on California data Peak ground acceleration as a function of
and valid for focal distances > 15 km : magnitude and distance from the hypocenter
or the fault (Abrahamson and Silva, 1997)
5600 e 0.8 M
a max
R 402
Matuschka (1980) Æ Soft to Medium 119 u e 0.81M
a max
Soil : R 251.15
Campbell (1981) Æ for sites within 50 km of the fault rupture in
magnitude 5.0 to 7.7 earthquakes
ln a max 4.141 0.868M 1.09 ln>R 0.606 exp0.7 M @
Fukushima & Tanaka (1990): log amax

0.41M log R 0.032 100.41M 0.0034 R 1.30
Earthquake magnitude, epicenter coordinate

and hypocenter depth
Scenario 1 : Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical

Agency (BMG)
- Epicenter coordinate : 423960.78 E, 9115638.42 N
- Hypocenter depth = 11.8 km
- Short period body wave magnitude (mb) = 5.9, which is
approximately equal to Mw = 6.3
Scenario 2 (USGS)
- Epicenter coordinate : 440265.66 E, 9119863.97 N
- Hypocenter depth = 10 km
- Moment magnitude Mw = 6.3
33
Approximate relationships between moment magnitude scale (Mw) and other
magnitude scales: Richter local magnitude (ML), surface wave magnitude
(Ms), short-period body wave magnitude (mb), and Japanese Meteorological
Agency magnitude (MJMA) (After Idris, 1985).
Peak Ground Acceleration

amax < 0.10g
PGA Map 0.10g d amax < 0.20g
0.20g d amax < 0.30g
Scenario 1 0.30g d amax < 0.40g
(BMG) amax t 0.40g BH-4
BH-5
BH-10
BH-12 BH-6
BH-3
BH-11 BH-2
BH-1
BH-13
Epicenter
(BMG Version)
34
amax < 0.10g
0.20g d amax < 0.30g
(USGS) amax t 0.40g BH-4
BH-5
BH-10
BH-12 BH-6
BH-3
Epicenter
BH-11 BH-2
(USGS Version)
BH-1
BH-13
Prediction of PGA by attenuation relationships with

various soil classes and fault types (MAE Center, 2007)
35
Contour PGA maps for affected region (soft soil)
using attenuation relationship (MAE Center, 2007)
Persamaan Attenuasi Boore dkk (1993)

Boore dkk. (1993) mengembangkan sebuah persamaan atenuasi
berdasarkan data gempa di daerah timur laut Amerika dengan
magnitude gempa antara 5,0 hingga 7,7 dan jarak dengan patahan aktif
kurang dari 100 km.
log PHA b1 b2 ( M w 6) b3 ( M w 6) 2 b4 R b5 log R b6GB b7GC
R = d 2
h2 0,5
d = jarak antara titik yang ditinjau dengan patahan aktif terdekat,

b, h = koefisien yang ditetapkan Boore dkk. (1993),
GB = 0 untuk titik tinjauan kelas A dan C, 1 untuk kelas B,
GC = 1 untuk titik tinjauan kelas A dan B, 0 untuk kelas C.
Kelas vs di atas 30 m Komponen b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 h ılogPHA
A >750 m/s Random -0,105 0,229 0,0 0,0 -0,778 0,162 0,251 5,57 0,230
B 360 – 750 m/s
C 180 – 360 m/s Larger 0,038 0,216 0,0 0,0 -0,777 0,158 0,254 5,48 0,205
Yogyakarta Æ level risiko 2 dan 3 dengan PGA 0,14g - 0,21g

36
Pers Attenuasi Campbell & Bozorgnia (1995)
Persamaan atenuasi berdasarkan data gempa yang terjadi di seluruh
dunia, yaitu 2800 buah data PGA yang belum terkoreksi dari 48
gempa, dan lebih dari 1300 data response spectra dari 33 gempa.
c1 c 2 M w c 3 (8,5 M w ) 2 c 4 ln({R s [(c 5 S HS c 6 {S PS S SR } c 7 S HR )

2
ln Y
1
exp(c8 M w c 9 {8,5 M w }2 )] 2 } 2 ) c10 FSS c11 FRV c12 FTH c13 S HS c14 S PS c15 S SR c16 S HR
Y = PGA (g),
Mw = momen magnitude gempa,
Rs = jarak antara titik tinjauan dengan
patahan aktif terdekat, • Yogyakarta Æ zona dengan level
SHS = 1, untuk tanah Holocene, risiko 2 dengan nilai PGA 0,16g -
SPS = 1, untuk tanah Pleistocene,
SSR = 1, untuk batuan lunak, 0,19g.
SHR = 1, untuk batuan keras, • Yang paling mempengaruhi besarnya
SHS = SPS = SSR = SHR = 0, untuk jenis tanah
lain,
PGA adalah jarak antara titik tinjauan
FSS = 1, untuk strike slip faulting, dengan patahan aktif dan besarnya
FRV = 1, untuk reverse faulting, magnitude gempa di masa lalu.
FTH = 1, untuk thrust faulting,
FSS = FRV = FTH = 0, untuk jenis patahan lain,
c1 – c16 = merupakan koefisien regresi.
Attenuation Relationship based on dominant

period at the observed sites (Kanai, 1966)
Ao = PGA di lokasi tinjauan
§
0.61M ¨ 1.66
3.6 ·
¸ log R 0.167
1,83 (cm/sec2)
5 © R ¹ R Tg = periode dominan atau
a max 10
Tg fundamental (s)
R = jarak terdekat dari lokasi
tinjauan ke hypocenter atau
The resonant frequency calculated patahan (km)
from the micro-tremor data has a M = magnitude gempa dalam skala
Richter.
close value with the one from the
standard analysis of direct
measurement of high magnitude
earthquakes.
Dominant period of the ground (Tg) is assumed as the ground
period produced by a micro-tremor survey.
Micro-tremor survey was conducted at 243 sites by Volcanic
Survey of Indonesia
37
¾ Ground amplification is measured as the trapping of seismic
waves within a soft sediment layer.
¾ It is a resonance process with a frequency of
f 2n 1 Vs
4H
VS = S-wave velocity
H = sediment thickness
Amplification factor depends on

the impedance contrast
between basement and
sediment layers >Ǐ2Vs2Ǐ1Vs1].

amax < 0.10g
0.20g d amax < 0.30g
amax t 0.40g
(BMG)
From Microtremor
survey
Epicenter
(BMG Version)
38
amax < 0.10g
0.20g d amax < 0.30g
(USGS) amax t 0.40g
From Microtremor
survey
Epicenter
(USGS Version)
PENENTUAN PGA
DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA
Peta geologi regional

cekungan Yogyakarta
(Sir M. MacDonald & Partners, 1984
dengan modifikasi)
39
Penyelidikan mikrotremor di Kota
Yogyakarta dilakukan sebanyak 172
titik pengukuran:
50 titik dilakukan oleh PT ARSS
BARU (titik-titik nomor ganjil mulai
dari titik 71 – 171)
122 titik data tambahan (UGM –
British Council, 2007)
Hasil pengukuran menghasilkan

beberapa peta antara lain
- Peta Amplifikasi Tanah
- Peta Frekuensi Tanah
- Peta Perioda Tanah
40
Sayatan geologi di Kota Yogyakarta
Penampang geologi di Kota Yogyakarta1
Penentuan PGA berdasarkan

Survei Mikrotremor
Letak epicenter gempa pada

koordinat 440265,66E;
9119863,97N dengan
kedalaman 10 km dan momen
magnitude Mw = 6,3 (USGS)
Hasil survei mikrotremor

menghasilkan nilai PGA yang
paling tinggi dari dua metode
lainnya. PGA bervariasi dari
0,05g hingga 0,30g, dengan
variasi zona gempa dari level
risiko 1 hingga 3.
41
Penentuan PGA dengan Nonlinear Earthquake Site Response Analyses
Input: profil perlapisan tanah pada titik yang ditinjau, shear wave velocity, dan
nilai percepatan puncak tanah maksimal.

Input data soil profile pada titik uji
Maximum Depth
Number Total Shear Locatio
Soil Thickness shear at top Vertical
Layer of unit wave n of
Material of layer modulus of effective
Number sublayers weight velocity water
Type (m) Gmax layer stress (kPa)
in layer (kN/m3) (m/sec) tabel
(MPa) (m)
1 1 1,0 23,62 17,95 113,60 0,0 0,00
2 2 1,0 72,48 19,23 192,30 1,0 17,95
3 3 1,5 456,69 22,56 445,60 2,0 37,18
4 2 0,7 29,17 19,23 122,00 3,5 71,02
5 3 5,2 131,11 22,56 238,76 W 4,2 84,48
6 2 1,2 19,04 19,23 98,57 9,4 150,80
7 3 4,4 168,89 22,56 270,98 10,6 162,10
8 4 5,0 59,50 17,56 182,32 15,0 218,21
9 5 3,6 129,24 16,68 275,72 20,0 256,96
10 6 2,9 227,84 19,77 336,26 23,6 281,68
11 7 3,0 188,65 16,38 336,10 26,5 310,56
12 8 5,5 697,51 23,54 539,10 29,5 330,28
Hasil perhitungan NERA pada titik uji

Depth at Maximum Maximum
Maximum Depth at Maximum
Sublayer middle Maximum relative relative
Type stress top of acceleration
Number of layer Strain (%) velocity displacement
(kPa) layer (m) (g)
(m) (cm/s) (cm)
1 1 0,5 0,01 2,72 0 0,303 56,69 18,42
2 2 1,5 0,01 7,12 1 0,253 56,44 18,41
3 3 2,75 0,00 13,53 2 0,229 56,27 18,40
4 2 3,85 0,16 17,79 3,5 0,252 56,22 18,40
5 3 6,8 0,03 27,28 4,2 0,259 54,42 18,33
6 2 10 11,71 34,73 9,4 0,311 53,06 18,22
7 3 12,8 0,04 43,21 10,6 0,399 39,54 6,94
8 4 17,5 1,05 61,57 15 0,406 39,40 6,75
9 5 21,8 0,36 67,17 20 0,471 20,68 1,79
10 6 25,05 0,08 93,03 23,6 0,554 9,83 0,62
11
12
7
8
28
29,5
0,13
0,02
101,14
108,71
26,5
29,5
0,530
0,371
8,58
0,00
0,38
0,00
42
Malangan Æ PGA tertinggi 0,378g

Sorosutan Æ PGA tertinggi 0,323g
kedua nilai didapat dari hasil
perhitungan dengan menggunakan
ground motion Parkfield.
Untuk mewakili kondisi kegempaan

di Kota Yogyakarta diperlukan
minimal satu titik uji tiap kecamatan
Distribusi PGA dengan

Nonlinear Earthquake Site
Response Analyses (NERA)
43
Percepatan Puncak Tanah Dasar
Elnashai et. al. (2007) memperkirakan nilai percepatan puncak tanah

dasar : amax minimum = 0,20g, amax rata-rata = 0,27g dan amax
maksimum = 0,34g.
Hasil analisis di atas mendekati nilai respon spektrum Wilayah 3-4
(SNI-1726-2002): nilai amax terkecil untuk wilayah ini adalah 0,18 g dan
nilai terbesar = 0,34 g.
Berdasarkan studi yang dilakukan oleh Fathani dkk (2008) dan
Elnashai et.al. (2007) : untuk keperluan praktis diusulkan tiga tingkat
kategori resiko gempa untuk DIY
- resiko gempa rendah amax = 0,200g
- resiko gempa sedang amax = 0,275g
- resiko gempa tinggi amax = 0,350g
Jenis tanah untuk semua kategori adalah tanah sedang (medium soil)
Response spectra Proposed response spectra

(SNI-1726 2002) for medium soil
1,2
Wilayah
Zone Gempa
3 3 1,0 High risk (amax=0.350g)
0.75
0.75
C (Tanah
(Softlunak)
soil)
T
0,8
0.33 Medium risk (amax=0.275g)
C (Tanah sedang)
0.55 T (Medium soil)
C (g)
0.23 0,6 Low risk (amax=0.200g)

C (g)
C (Tanah keras)
0.45 T (Hard soil)
C
0,4
0.30
0.23
0.18 0,2
0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
0 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.0 3.0
TT (Sec.) T (sec.)
44
Penggunaan Isolasi Dasar (Base Isolation)

Berdasarkan Peraturan Gempa Indonesia SNI-1726-2012
Prof. Iman Satyarno

Jurusan Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan
Universitas Gadjah Mada
09 – 13 February 2015
Kerusakan bangunan akibat beberapa

gempa terakhir di Indonesia
sebelum peraturan gempa terbaru
SNI-1726-2012
45
Aceh
2004
Yogyakarta
2006
46
Bengkulu
2007
Tasikmalaya
2009
47
Padang
2009
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140
10 o 10 o
0 80 200 400
8o 8o
Kilometer
6o 6o
Banda Aceh
1
2
3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
4o 4o
2o 2o
Manado
Ternate
Pekanbaru
1
0o Samarinda
0o
2
1
Padang Palu Manokwari 3
2 Sorong
3
4 Jambi Biak 4
5
6
2o 4
5 Palangkaraya 5 2o
3
2 Jayapura
6
1
Palembang Banjarmasin
5
Bengkulu Kendari Ambon
4o 4 4o
1 Makasar 3
Bandarlampung
Tual 2
6o Jakarta 2 6o
1
Bandung
Garut Semarang
Sukabumi Surabaya
Tasikmalaya Solo
Jogjakarta 3
Blitar Malang
8o Cilacap
Banyuwangi
4
8o
Denpasar Mataram
Merauke
5
6
10 o 5 Kupang
10 o
4
3
Wilayah 1 : 0,03 g
2
12
o
Wilayah 2 : 0,10 g 1
12
o
Wilayah 3 : 0,15 g
Wilayah 4 : 0,20 g
o o
14 14
Wilayah 5 : 0,25 g
Wilayah 6 : 0,30 g
16 o 16 o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140
Gambar 2.1. Wilayah Gempa Indonesia dengan percepatan puncak batuan dasar dengan perioda ulang 500 tahun
Beberapa keterbatasan peraturan gempa Indonesia

yang lama (SNI-1726-2002) 48
Peraturan gempa yang lama SNI-1726-2002
tidak berlaku untuk bangunan sebagai berikut
• Gedung dengan sistem struktur yang tidak umum
atau yang masih memerlukan pembuktian tentang
kelayakannya.
• Gedung dengan sistem isolasi landasan (base
isolation) untuk meredam pengaruh gempa
terhadap struktur atas.
• Bangunan Teknik Sipil seperti jembatan, bangunan
air, dinding dan dermaga pelabuhan, anjungan lepas
pantai dan bangunan non-gedung lainnya.
• Rumah tinggal satu tingkat dan gedung-gedung non-
teknis lainnya.
49
Faktor keutamaan dan kategori risiko
struktur bangunan
• Untuk berbagai kategori risiko struktur bangunan
gedung dan non gedung sesuai Tabel 1
• Pengaruh gempa rencana terhadapnya harus
dikalikan dengan suatu faktor keutamaan
menurut Tabel 2.
• Khusus untuk struktur bangunan dengan kategori
risiko IV, bila dibutuhkan pintu masuk untuk
operasional dari struktur bangunan yang
bersebelahan, maka struktur bangunan yang
bersebelahan tersebut harus didesain sesuai
dengan kategori risiko IV.
50
Tabel 1 Kategori risiko bangunan gedung dan struktur
lainnya untuk beban gempa
Jenis pemanfaatan Kategori
risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang memiliki risiko rendah I
terhadap jiwa manusia pada
saat terjadi kegagalan, termasuk, tapi tidak dibatasi
untuk:
- Fasilitas pertanian, perkebunan, perternakan, dan
perikanan
- Fasilitas sementara
- Gudang penyimpanan
- Rumah jaga dan struktur kecil lainnya

risiko
Semua gedung dan struktur lain, kecuali yang termasuk II
dalam kategori risiko I,III,IV,
termasuk, tapi tidak dibatasi untuk:
- Perumahan
- Rumah toko dan rumah kantor
- Pasar
-Gedung perkantoran
- Gedung apartemen/ Rumah susun
- Pusat perbelanjaan/ Mall
- Bangunan industri
- Fasilitas manufaktur
- Pabrik 51
risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang memiliki risiko tinggi III
terhadap jiwa manusia pada
saat terjadi kegagalan, termasuk, tapi tidak dibatasi
untuk:
- Bioskop
- Gedung pertemuan
- Stadion
- Fasilitas kesehatan yang tidak memiliki unit bedah dan
unit gawat darurat
- Fasilitas penitipan anak
- Penjara
- Bangunan untuk orang jompo

risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya, tidak termasuk kedalam III
kategori risiko IV, yang memiliki
potensi untuk menyebabkan dampak ekonomi yang
besar dan/atau gangguan massal
terhadap kehidupan masyarakat sehari-hari bila terjadi
kegagalan, termasuk, tapi tidak
dibatasi untuk:
- Pusat pembangkit listrik biasa
- Fasilitas penanganan air
- Fasilitas penanganan limbah
- Pusat telekomunikasi
52
risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang tidak termasuk dalam III
kategori risiko IV, (termasuk,
tetapi tidak dibatasi untuk fasilitas manufaktur, proses,
penanganan, penyimpanan,
penggunaan atau tempat pembuangan bahan bakar
berbahaya, bahan kimia
berbahaya, limbah berbahaya, atau bahan yang mudah
meledak) yang mengandung
bahan beracun atau peledak di mana jumlah kandungan
bahannya melebihi nilai batas
yang disyaratkan oleh instansi yang berwenang dan
cukup menimbulkan bahaya bagi
masyarakat jika terjadi kebocoran.

risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang ditunjukkan sebagai IV
fasilitas yang penting,
termasuk, tetapi tidak dibatasi untuk:
- Bangunan-bangunan monumental
- Gedung sekolah dan fasilitas pendidikan
- Rumah sakit dan fasilitas kesehatan lainnya yang
memiliki fasilitas bedah dan unit gawat darurat
- Fasilitas pemadam kebakaran, ambulans, dan kantor
Direkomendasikan
polisi, serta garasi kendaraan darurat
untuk menggunakan
- Tempat perlindungan terhadap gempa bumi, angin
badai, dan tempat base isolation
53
Rumah sakit harus tetap beroperasi untk menangani korban
dengan jumlah yang besar setelah gempa

risiko
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang ditunjukkan sebagai IV
fasilitas yang penting,
termasuk, tetapi tidak dibatasi untuk:
- Pusat pembangkit energi dan fasilitas publik lainnya yang
dibutuhkan pada saat keadaan darurat
Direkomendasikan
- Struktur tambahan (termasuk menara telekomunikasi,
tangki penyimpanan bahan bakar, menarauntuk menggunakan
pendingin,
struktur stasiun listrik, tangki air pemadam kebakaran
base isolation
atau struktur rumah atau struktur pendukung air atau
material atau peralatan pemadam kebakaran ) yang
disyaratkan untuk beroperasi pada saat keadaan darurat
Gedung dan struktur lainnya yang dibutuhkan untuk
mempertahankan fungsi struktur bangunan lain yang
masuk ke dalam kategori risiko IV. 54
Tabel 2 Faktor keutamaan gempa
Kategori risiko Faktor keutamaan
gempa, Ie
I atau II 1,0
III 1,25
IV 1,50
55
Kala ulang gempa
• Gempa rencana (maksimum yang

dipertimbangkan) ditetapkan sebagai gempa
dengan kemungkinan terlewati besarannya
selama umur struktur bangunan 50 tahun
adalah sebesar 2 persen atau gempa 2500
tahunan
• Gempa design ditetapkan sebesar 2/3 peta
gempa rencana yang kira-kira setara dengan
gempa 500 tahunan
56
SNI 2012
www.yahoo.com See video 57

m
¦ ti
N m
i 1
¦ ti / N i
i 1
Peta gempa dan besarnya beban gempa pada

setiap lokasi dapat dilihat dan ditentukan pada
laman berikut:
http://puskim.pu.go.id/Aplikasi/desain_spektra_indonesia_2011/
SNI 2012 58
59
60
61
Perbandingan besarnya beban gempa
SNI-1726-2002 dan SNI-1726-2012
62
Arfiadi dan Sartyarno, Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil 7 Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS-Solo), 24-25 Oktober 2013
Arfiadi dan Sartyarno, Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil 7 Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS-Solo), 24-25 Oktober 2013 63
Arfiadi dan Sartyarno, Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil 7 Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS-Solo), 24-25 Oktober 2013
Misal menentukan gempa rencana

untuk Yogyakarta 64
Spektrum Respons untuk Yogyakarta
65
PGA (g) 0.529 PGA (g) 0.529 PGA (g) 0.529 PGA (g) 0.529
SS (g) 1.21 SS (g) 1.21 SS (g) 1.21 SS (g) 1.21
S1 (g) 0.444 S1 (g) 0.444 S1 (g) 0.444 S1 (g) 0.444
CRS 0.928 CRS 0.928 CRS 0.928 CRS 0.928
CR1 0 CR1 0 CR1 0 CR1 0
FPGA 1 FPGA 1 FPGA 1 FPGA 0.9
FA 1 FA 1 FA 1.016 FA 0.9
FV 1 FV 1.356 FV 1.556 FV 2.4
PSA (g) 0.529 PSA (g) 0.529 PSA (g) 0.529 PSA (g) 0.476
SMS (g) 1.21 SMS (g) 1.21 SMS (g) 1.229 SMS (g) 1.089
SM1 (g) 0.444 SM1 (g) 0.602 SM1 (g) 0.691 SM1 (g) 1.065
SDS (g) 0.807 SDS (g) 0.807 SDS (g) 0.82 SDS (g) 0.726
SD1 (g) 0.296 SD1 (g) 0.401 SD1 (g) 0.46 SD1 (g) 0.71
T0 (detik) 0.073 T0 (detik) 0.099 T0 (detik) 0.112 T0 (detik) 0.196
TS (detik) 0.367 TS (detik) 0.497 TS (detik) 0.562 TS (detik) 0.978
Spektrum Respons juga dapat dibuat secara manual

dengan data yang disediakan
66
Proses pembuatan respon spektra
• SMS = Fa SS , Ss = parameter respons spektral

percepatan gempa MCER terpetakan untuk
perioda pendek dari peta gempa
• SM1 = Fv S1 , S1 = parameter respons spektral
percepatan gempa MCER terpetakan untuk
perioda 1,0 detik dari peta gempa
67
Pembuatan spektrum respon berdasarkan
percepatan Ss (T = 0.2 det) dan S1 (T = 1 det)
menurut SNI 1726-2012
2
S DS S MS
3
S D1
Sa
§ T
T·
S a S DS ¨¨ 0.4 0.6 ¸¸
© T0 ¹
2
S D1 SM 1
3
S D1 S D1
T0 0.2 TS
S DS S DS
Catatan gempa
• Catatan gempa diperlukan untuk melakukan

analisis beban gempa dengan metode respons
riwayat waktu terutama untuk analisis non
linier
• Sayang belum banyak catatan gempa di
Indonesia yang tersedia
• Bisa menggunakan catatan gempa dari
berbagai tempat dengan mengikuti
persyaratan SNI-1726-2012
68
0.40
Acceleration (g), EL40NSC
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00
Period (second)
Contoh catatan gempa ElCentro 1940
Sumber catatan gempa
• Waktu terjadinya gempa

• Koordinat gempa
• Nama gempa
• Kedalaman gempa
• Besarnya gempa
69
• Komponen arah
• Nama stasion yang merekam
• Jarak stasion ke pusat gempan
• Jenis instrumen
• Tipe geologi/tipe tanah (bedrock, hard soil,
medium soil, soft soil)
• Letak alat (di bedrok), dipermukaan tanah
atau di suatu lantai bangunan)
• Koordinat stasion
• Percepatan tak terkoreksi
• Percepatan terkoreksi
• Kecepatan maksimum
• Displacemen maksimum
70
Karakteristik catatan gempa
• Lamanya getaran
• Percepatan maksimum
• Bentuk pergerakan
www.yahoo.com
71
Record gempa memiliki:
• Arah : TimurBarat(EW), UtaraSelatan (NS) dan atau

vertikal (UP).
• Format penulisan datanya yang dapat dilihat dari
extension nama file, misal *.EQB, *.EQC, *.EQN,
*.EQS, *.EQF
• Misal gempa Kobe tahun 1995 dengan nama:
KOBE95EW.EQN (East-West, format EQN)
KOBE95NS.EQN (North-South, format EQN)
KOBE95UP.EQN (Vertikal, format EQN)
72
www.yahoo.com
73
20
50
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0.0
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www.yahoo.com 74
Kerusakan struktur bangunan penting seperti rumah
sakit akibat beberapa gempa terakhir di Indonesia
sebelum peraturan gempa terbaru
SNI-1726-2012
75
Kerusakan ringan struktur (Yogyakarta 2006)
Kerusakan sedang struktur (Bengkulu 2007) 76

Kerusakan berat struktur (Padang 2009)
Struktur roboh (Padang 2009) 77

Kerusakan non struktur bangunan penting seperti
rumah sakit akibat beberapa gempa terakhir
di Indonesia sebelum peraturan gempa
terbaru SNI-1726-2012
Kerusakan dinding rumah sakit (Yogyakarta 2006) 78

Kerusakan dinding rumah sakit (Yogyakarta 2006)
Kerusakan dinding rumah sakit (Bengkulu 2007) 79

Kerusakan dinding rumah sakit (Padang 2009)
Kerusakan tangga rumah sakit (Yogyakarta 2006) 80

Kerusakan plafon(Yogyakarta 2006)
Kerusakan plafon (Padang 2009) 81

Kerusakan elektrikal (Padang 2009)
Kerusakan mekanikal rumah sakit (Padang 2009) 82

Kerusakan peralatan rumah sakit (Bengkulu 2007)
Pelayanan dilakukan di tenda-tenda

83
karena bangunan rumah sakit rusak (Padang 2009)
Gangguan dan kerusakan isi bangunan
dapat tetap terjadi karena besarnya
percepatan atau getaran walaupun
strukturnya kuat
Getaran akibat gempa pada lantai bangunan

makin ke atas makin besar
84
Banyak peralatan mahal dalam rumah sakit yang mungkin sensitif
terhadap getaran

85
terhadap getaran
terhadap getaran

86
terhadap getaran
terhadap getaran

87
terhadap getaran
Getaran lantai bangunan akibat gempa dapat
menyebabkan
• Kepanikan penghuni
• Kerusakan isi bangunan
Catatan: getaran akibat gempa ini hanya bisa

dikurangi dengan penggunaan base isolation
sebagaimana yang telah dilakukan beberapa
negara lain
Bab 12 SNI-1726-2012
88
89
Perlu disediakan akses yang memadai untuk
melakukan pemeriksaan base isolation secara berkala 90
Copyright © 1998-99 Energy Research, Inc. 91
92
93
Video pengujian
94
Pemodelan Base Isolation
95
ordinary building base isolation building
7m 3.75 m
3m 3.75 m
7m 3.75 m
3.75 m
A
7 x 4m
3.75 m
7m 3m 7m
column
base frame
member
hysteresis
base spring model
isolation member
Figure 5: Modelled building and base isolation.
96
keff
El Centro 1940 North-South Corrected

0.4
0.3
Acceleration (g )
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Tim e (s)
0.90
EL40NSC
0.80 Indonesian Elastic Response Spectra (1987)
0.70
Acceleration (g )
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Period, T (second)
97
Type ko Fy r
(kN/m) kN
BI type 1 8440.28 42.2 0.15
BI type 2 8440.28 42.2 0.10
BI type 3 8440.28 42.2 0.05
BI type 4 8440.28 42.2 0
BI type 5 8440.28 12.2 0.15
BI type 6 8440.28 12.2 0.10
BI type 7 8440.28 12.2 0.05
BI type 8 8440.28 12.2 0
Type ko Fy r
(kN/m) kN
BI type 1 8440.28 42.2 0.15
BI type 2 8440.28 42.2 0.10
BI type 3 8440.28 42.2 0.05
BI type 4 8440.28 42.2 0
BI type 5 8440.28 12.2 0.15
BI type 6 8440.28 12.2 0.10
BI type 7 8440.28 12.2 0.05
BI type 8 8440.28 12.2 0
98
Type ko Fy r
(kN/m) kN
BI type 1 8440.28 42.2 0.15
BI type 2 8440.28 42.2 0.10
BI type 3 8440.28 42.2 0.05
BI type 4 8440.28 42.2 0
BI type 5 8440.28 12.2 0.15
BI type 6 8440.28 12.2 0.10
BI type 7 8440.28 12.2 0.05
BI type 8 8440.28 12.2 0
Contoh respons bangunan dengan base

isolation ketika terjadi gempa
99
Base isolation mampu
mengurangi percepatan
atau getaran akibat
gempa
100
Sekian dan Terimakasih
101
Lecture 1
Introduction to Seismic Isolation
Pengenalan terhadap Isolasi Gempa
Padang, Indonesia
Dr David Whittaker &
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Seismic Isolation – what is it? Apakah isolasi gempa?

• Benefits of isolation Keuntungan teknik isolasi
• Global take-up of Isolation technology
Pengenalan umum teknologi isolasi
• Codes peraturan
• Suitable projects proyek yang sesuai
• Simplified financial analysis analisis keuangan sederhana
• Christchurch NZ earthquake response
respon terhadap gempa Christchurch NZ
• Discussion diskusi
102
What is seismic isolation?
Apa itu isolasi gempa?
• Same as your car suspension – springs and shock absorbers
sama seperti suspensi mobil – pegas dan peredam goncangan
• Allow the ground to move under the building
memperbolehkan pergerakan tanah di bawah bangunan
Conventional – Fixed Base Isolated

Terpicunya gaya yang besar Pergerakan gedung Gaya tidak terpicu
yang besar Tidak ada pergerakan
gedung
rol
(a) Bangunan terletak secara langsung di atas tanah

(b) Bangunan di atas rol tanpa gesekan
Terpicunya gaya Pergerakan gedung

Inti timah
yang kecil yang kecil
Pelat Material
stainless fleksibel
Isolator keadaan awal Isolator saat gempa terjadi
(c) Bangunan dengan base isolasi berupa Lead Rubber Bearing

103
Conventional buildings in earthquakes

bangunan konvensional saat gempa terjadi
• Ground moves during an earthquake
tanah bergerak saat gempa terjadi
• Ground motion transmitted to building
gerakan tanah diteruskan pada bangunan
• Building response to ground motion leads to large
forces and displacements
respon bangunan terhadap gerakan tanah memicu
gaya dan perpindahan yang besar
• Forces and displacements may be so severe that
the building structure can not withstand them
gaya dan perpindahan dapat semakin besar hingga
tidak dapat ditahan struktur bangunan
• Building damaged
bangunan mengalami kerusakan
104
Conventional vs Isolated
Konvensional vs dengan Isolasi
Conventional konvensional Isolated dengan isolasi
• Shaking transmitted • Less shaking felt
penerusan getaran getaran yang terasa sedikit
• Large forces & displacements • Small forces & displacements
gaya dan perpindahan yang besar gaya dan perpindahan yang kecil
• Large floor accelerations • Much reduced accelerations
percepatan lantai yang besar percepatan yang terjadi berkurang
• Structural capacity exceeded • Structure remains elastic
kapasitas struktur terlampaui struktur dalam kondisi elastis
• Damage to structure • Very little damage
kerusakan struktur kerusakan yang terjadi sangat kecil
• Disruption to contents • Much less disruption
gangguan pada isi bangunan gangguan yang terjadi berkurang
• May be unusable and unsafe • Remains operational
menggangu fungsi dan kemanan masih dapat berfungsi
bangunan
Canterbury Earthquakes 2010-2011

Gempa Canterbury 2010-2011
Very strong shaking – 2 times design level
in CBD (Central Business District)
getaran yang sangat kuat – 2 kali lipat
batas desain CBD
185 fatalities – mostly 2 buildings
185 korban jiwa – dari 2 bangunan
US$40B cost kerugian hingga US$40M
> 1500 buildings demolished in CBD (60%
of buildings)
> 1500 bangunan dihancurkan di CBD
(60% total bangunan)
Significant disruption due to non
structural damage gangguan akibat
kerusakan non struktural
Inner city cordoned off bagian dalam kota
ditutup 105
Sumatra Earthquake, 2009
Gempa Sumatera, 2009
M7.5
More than 1100 fatalities
>1100 korban jiwa
Significant damage to
engineered structures
kerusakan pada struktur
Revised seismic map and code
in 2012 perbaikan peta gempa
dan peraturan pada 2012
Benefits of seismic isolation

keuntungan isolasi gempa
• Reduce floor accelerations and sway in the building mengurangi
percepatan dan goyangan pada bangunan
• Maximise post-earthquake operability memaksimalkan kemampuan
operasi bangunan pasca gempa
• Damage avoidance – protection of structure and contents
menghindari kerusakan – perlindungan struktur dan isi bangunan
• (eg critical equipment in hospitals misal, peralatan penting di RS)
• Reduced life-cycle cost
mengurangi biaya
106
Benefits of seismic isolation
keuntungan isolasi gempa
Benefit - reduced floor accelerations

keuntungan – mengurangi percepatan lantai
• Damage caused by high accelerations or large deflections
kerusakan disebabkan percepatan atau defleksi yang besar
• Isolation gives much lower accelerations and drifts
isolasi mengurangi percepatan dan defleksi
107
Isolated buildings – worldwide numbers
bangunan dengan isolasi – jumlah di
seluruh dunia
Increase in Isolation in Italy 2009

pertumbuhan bangunan dengan isolasi di
Italia, 2009
108
Isolated buildings – worldwide
bangunan dengan Isolasi – di dunia
• Japan – around 8000 buildings Jepang – sekitar 8000 bangunan
• USA – Approximately 120 buildings USA – sekitar 120 bangunan
• New Zealand Selandia Baru
– Approximately 20 buildings and 30 bridges sekitar 20 bangunan dan
30 jembatan
San Francisco City Hall Oakland Cathedral of Bolu Viaduct

(USA) Light (USA) Turkey
NZ Projects with Isolation

Proyek dengan isolasi di NZ
South Rangitikei Rail Bridge William Clayton Building Parliament Buildings
Te Papa Museum of NZ Wgtn Regional Hospital Chch Womens Hospital
109
Isolated buildings – Indonesia
Bangunan dengan isolasi - Indonesia
• Gudang Guram Office Tower – Jakarta, 26 story Menara kantor
Gudang Garam – Jakarta, 26 lantai
• Several other buildings under construction/design beberapa gedung
dalam proses pembangunan/perancangan
• Low rise buildings in Padang bangunan gedung di Padang
Isolation - How it works

Isolasi – Cara kerja
• Increase Period of vibration and effective Damping
menambah periode getaran dan redaman efektif
Reduction by R Factor Pengurangan oleh faktor R
(for ductility)
Spectral Acceleration Sa (T)
(untuk daktilitas)
Percepatan spectrum, Sa (T)
Elastic Design Spectrum Spektrum desain elastis

5% damping Redaman 5%
Reduction due to Pengurangan akibat

additional Damping redaman tambahan
5% damping
Sa 10% damping
20% damping
Increase in Period
peningkatan periode
Design spectrum for 1s 3s
conventional ductile structure Period of Vibration T
Desain Spektrum untuk Periode getaran, T
struktur daktil konvensional 110
Common Types of Isolation
Jenis-jenis isolasi
• Lead Rubber Bearing
Bearing karet dengan timah
– Invented in New Zealand ditemukan di
Selandia Baru
• Elastomeric and High Damping Dr Bill Robinson
Rubber Bearing
Bearing karet elastomeric
dengan redaman tinggi
– Steel and rubber laminates lapisan
laminasi baja dan karet
• Friction Slider Bearing bearing
dengan slider gesek
– Stainless dish with polymer
faced puck piringan stainless dengan
keeping polymer
Lead Rubber Bearings under test

Pengujian Lead Rubber Bearings
http://www.dis-inc.com/media/berry-street-displacement.html
111
Seismic Isolation Code
Peraturan untuk Isolasi gempa
SNI 1726:2012 Chap 12
SNI 1726:2012 Chapter 12
• Based on ASCE 7-10 Chapter 17 (note revision pending)

berdasarkan ASCE 7-10 Chapter 17 (revisi catatan tertunda)
• Maximum Considered EQ (MCE) 1 in 2,500 years
MCE 1 dalam 2,500 tahun
• Design Earthquake 2/3 of MCE gempa desain 2/3 MCE
• All isolated structures design for same Importance Factor
seluruh struktur isolasi dirancang dengan factor keutamaan
yang sama
• Superstructure designed for R < 2 struktur atas didesain
untuk R < 2
112
SNI 1726:2012 Chapter 12 (cont.)
• Considers effective structure stiffness and damping

Memperhatikan kekakuan efektif bangunan dan redaman
• Damping - B factor – up to 50% reduction for high damping
• Equivalent Static or Dynamic Analysis procedures prosedur
dapat dilakukan secara statik ekivalen atau melalui analisis
dinamis
• Design Review and Testing requirements diperlukan review
desain dan pengujian
Pending revisions to ASCE - 1

ASCE 7-16 Chapter 17
• simplify the design/analysis process as much as possible
penyederhanaan analisis
• make ELF design procedure more widely applicable
membuka pengaplikasian prosedur perancangan ELF secara
lebih luas (ELF-equivalent lateral force)
• new method for the vertical distribution of lateral forces
associated with the ELF method of design
metode baru untuk distribusi vertical dari gaya lateral yang
berhubungan dengan metode perancangan ELF
• upper & lower bound properties
(AASHTO 1999 Lambda factors).
113
Pending revisions to ASCE – 1(cont.)
• focus only on the MCE event fokus pada kejadian MCE
• Use of a project site specific response spectra easily
obtained from the USGS website penggunaan respon
spektra yang dapat diperoleh dari website USGS
• Enhanced definitions of design properties of isolation
system peningkatan pengertian kriteria desain system isolasi
Pending revisions to ASCE - 2

• Use of nominal bearing properties in the design specified by
the manufacturers based on prior prototype testing
penggunaan kriteria bearing nominal yang disediakan oleh
perusahaan berdasarkan uji prototip dalam desain
• Continued requirement for 100% QC tests based on
combined compression-shear tests
kebutuhan yang menerus pada 100% hasil uji kualitas
berdasarkan kombinasi uji tekan dan geser
114
Pending revisions to ASCE – 2 (cont.)
• Reduction in required number of peer reviewers on a seismic
isolation project from current 3-5 to minimum of one
penurunan pada jumlah kebutuhan reviewer (pengawas)
pada proyek isolasi gempa
• Procedure to estimate permanent residual displacements in
seismic isolation systems
prosedur untuk memperkirakan perpindahan residu
permanen pada system isolasi gempa
• Consider smaller MCE event (less than 1 in 2500 yrs)
menggunakan kejadian MCE yang lebih kecil
Projects suited to Isolation

Proyek yang cocok menggunakan Isolasi
When to consider seismic isolation? Kapan isolasi gempa perlu
dipertimbangkan?
• High importance structures – hospitals, bridges, embassies,
government buildings Bangunan yang sangat penting; RS,
jembatan, kedutaan, bangunan pemerintah
• Low to medium rise buildings bangunan dengan ketinggian
rendah hingga menengah
• Protection of critical equipment perlindungan pada
perlengkapan yang penting
115
Projects suited to Isolation (cont.)
Proyek yang cocok menggunakan Isolasi
When to consider seismic isolation? Kapan isolasi gempa perlu
dipertimbangkan?
• Retrofit of existing high importance structures retrofit pada
bangunan penting yang sudah ada
• Some challenges tantangan
– Upfront cost high biaya yang tinggi di awal
– Engineers and builders not experienced in isolation kurangnya
pengalaman engineer dan tukang bangunan
When is isolation not suitable?

Kapan isolasi tidak cocok digunakan?
(or extra care needed) (atau diperlukan perhatian khusus)
• When there is risk of resonance (period of isolation response
might match response of building itself or ground)
saat ada resiko terjadinya resonansi (periode isolasi cocok
dengan periode bangunan atau tanah)
• Lack of rattle space to adjacent buildings
• Where movements can not be accepted
saat bangunan tidak diperkenankan untuk mengalami
pergerakan sama sekali
116
When is isolation not suitable?(cont.)
Kapan isolasi tidak cocok digunakan?
(or extra care needed) (atau diperlukan perhatian khusus)
• Liquefiable site lokasi dengan kemungkinan likuifaksi
• Questions over pertanyaan pada
– flexible or tall buildings bangunan yang fleksibel atau tinggi
– deep soft soil sites lokasi dengan tanah lunak dalam
– tsunami shelter buildings bangunan untuk shelter tsunami
Tsunami effects on isolated buildings

pengaruh tsunami pada bangunan dengan
isolasi
• Can isolated buildings survive large tsunami?

Apakah bangunan dengan isolasi mampu
menghadapi tsunami yang besar?
• M9.0 Great East Japan EQ Mar 2011
only 1 isolated building survived tsunami
pada gempa M9.0 di Jepang Timur, Maret
2011, hanya 1 bangunan dengan isolasi yang
bertahan setelah Tsunami
• Hydrostatic pressure up to 3 x depth
tekanan hidrostatis mencapai 3 x kedalaman
117
Tsunami effects on isolated buildings (cont.)
pengaruh tsunami pada bangunan dengan
isolasi
• Flow + bouyancy effects adanya pengaruh

aliran dan gaya apung
• FEMA P646 2008 Guidelines for design of
structures for vertical evacuation from
tsunamis (includes examples & calculations)
• Ref Takayama 13 WCSI Sendai
predictive method
Other issues Isu lain

• Maintenance perawatan
– need to have long life perlu memiliki waktu layan yang
panjang
– Need to be able to inspect and maintain dapat di periksa dan
di rawat
– high durability or else regular maintenance awet atau
perawatan secara teratur
• Fire Resistance ketahanan terhadap api
– Rubber has high fire resistance (like timber) karet tahan
terhadap api (seperti timah)
– Pendulum bearings mostly steel (except liner) pendulum dari
bearing terbuat dari baja (kecuali liner)
118
Other issues (cont.) Isu lain
• Replacement perggantian
– Ability to remove and replace bearings essential dapat di
bongkar dan digantikan
• Consider how to obtain replacements perlu diperhatikan cara
mendapatkan pengganti
• Consider specifying spare bearings perlu diperhatikan
bearing cadangan
What are the coming opportunities

in Indonesia?
Apa peluang di Indonesia pada masa
mendatang?
• Critical Facilities? fasilitas penting?

• Hospitals? RS?
• Emergency Management Centers? Pusat penanganan bencana?
• Critical Infrastructure? Infrastruktur penting?
• Buildings of National Importance?
• Data Centers? Pusat data?
119
Japan – Kamikuzawa City
• 21 Apartment Buildings On Single“Low Seismic Plate”
• 31,000sq m2 (125m x 250m)
L’Aquila, Italy 2009
• Major earthquake – Abruzzo, Central Italy

• April 6, 2009
• Homeless 23,000 (Death & Injuries 180+1,500)
• Challenge to rapidly provide housing
120
L’Aquila - Concrete Superstructure
(or steel or timber)
L’Aquila - Utility Connections
121
L’Aquila - Completed Building
Cost of Isolation Biaya Isolasi

• Cost of typical isolators US$4,000 to $8,000 each biaya isolator
mencapai US$4,000 hingga $8,000 tiap buah
• In USA and NZ initial capital cost up to 5% premium
di USA dan NZ, biaya untuk modal mencapai 5% premi
• Significant reduction in Earthquake damage costs pengurangan
biaya akibat kerusakan akibat gempa secara signifikan
Indonesia
• Initial capital cost proportionally higher due to lower construction
costs modal awal yang lebih besar karena biaya pembangunan yang
lebih rendah
• Significant reduction in Earthquake damage costs pengurangan
biaya akibat kerusakan akibat gempa secara signifikan
122
Cost of seismic isolation
Biaya isolasi gempa
• Initial capital cost up to 5% premium in USA and NZ
(3% on recent NZ hospital projects)
• Suspended ground floor + isolators suspensi dan isolator
• Some savings possible in superstructure
kemungkinan penghematan di struktur atas
• Significant reduction in EQ damage costs
Wellington Regional Hospital
Financial analysis parameters

parameter analisis keuangan
• Conventional or Isolated and Insured or Un-insured konvensional atau
dengan isolasi, Dijamin atau tanpa penjaminan
• Cost of ownership $/m2 biaya kepemilikan
– conventional & isolated buildings
– Insured & uninsured
• Construction Cost biaya konstruksi
• Insurance premiums premi asuransi
• Material Damage and Business Interruption costs kerusakan material dan
biaya akibat gangguan pada kegiatan bisnis
• Cost of a major earthquake biaya untuk gempa yang besar
• Probable Annual EQ damage costs kemungkinan biaya tahunan akibat
kerusakan gempa
123
Financial analysis assumptions
Asumsi analisis Keuangan
(rough estimates for Indonesia perkiraan kasar u/ Indonesia)
Conventional building bangunan konvensional

• construction cost US$1,000/m2 (incl fitout)
• business disruption conventional – 15% per annum
• major EQ – total loss
• annualised loss 0.2%
Isolated building
• cost +15%
• major EQ 1% loss
• annualised loss negligible
Istanbul Aircraft Hangar
Financial analysis - insurance
• Premium 1% insured value per annum

• Deductible 5% of capital cost
• Assume same for
isolated building
Christchurch Womens Hospital
124
Financial analysis – Conventional
(indicative only - based on many assumptions!)
• Major EQ damage cost incl. interruption

• Insured - Insurer suffers US$1,400/m2, owner US$50/m2
• Not insured – Owner sustains US$1,450/m2
• Annualised cost of damage about US$2/m2
• Annualised cost to owner $11/m2 (mostly premium)
Financial analysis – Isolated

(indicative only - based on many assumptions!)
• Major EQ damage and disruption costs are small US$11/m2
biaya untuk kerusakan dan gangguan akibat gempa besar yang kecil,
US$11/m2
• Annualised cost of damage is very small << $1/m2
biaya tahunan untuk kerusakan sangat kecil << $1/m2
• Owner would likely bear any small damage cost
(insurance deductible greater than damage cost)
pemilik lebih memilih biaya kerusakan yang kecil
(biaya asuransi dapat berkurang drastis dibandingkan biaya kerusakan)
• If insured annualised cost to owner still US$12/m2
• Considerable saving to owner by self-insuring
penghematan untuk pemilik
• Insurer would never pay out!
RoGlider
125
Financial analysis – Summary
Analisis keuangan - rangkuman
• Future insurance costs unknown Biaya asuransi kedepan yang belum
pasti
• Insurance makes sense for conventional building Asuransi masuk akal
untuk bangunan konvesionalemi
• Isolation makes sense if no insurance available Isolasi masuk akal bila
tidak ada asuransi yang tersedia
• Earthquake damage costs very small for isolation biaya kerusakan akibat
gempa pada bangunan dengan isolasi kecil
• Isolation reduces risks to all parties isolasi mengurangi risiko pada
semua pihak
• Risk reduction for isolation should be of interest to insurers pengurangan
risiko untuk isolasi menjadi daya Tarik bagi pelaku asuransi
• Reduced premiums justified for isolated buildings pengurangan premi
dibenarkan untuk bangunan dengan isolasi
Summary of Christchurch
Earthquakes of 2010 and 2011
• Vital statistics
• Nature of the earthquakes sifat
alami gempa
• Insurance Asuransi
• New technology teknologi baru
• Use of Isolation in Rebuild
penggunaan isolasi saat
pembangunan kembali
126
Christchurch earthquake synopsis
ringkasan gempa Christchurch
• Strongest recorded shaking
CBD 2 times code gempa terkuat yang
mengguncang CBD, tercatat 2 kali
lipat peraturan
• 185 deaths (mostly 2 buildings) 185
korban meninggal
• ~ US$40B damage costs
• highly insured (80%) tingkat asuransi
yang tinggi (80%)
• > 1500 CBD buildings demolished
> 1500 bangunan CBD dihancurkan
Christchurch earthquake synopsis(cont.)

ringkasan gempa Christchurch
• 2 serious building collapses
2 bangunan mengalami kerusakan
parah
• Structural engineering re-think
(ductility = damage)
ahli struktur berpikir ulang
(daktilitas = kerusakan)
• Investigation of 4 key buildings
penyelidikan pada 4 bangunan
penting
• Royal Commission of Inquiry
Pembentukan komisi khusus
untuk penyelidikan
127
Major Fault & earthquake locations
Earthquake Numbers
128
Intensity of Shaking - 22 Feb 2011
Acceleration spectra vs code

Christchurch CBD 22 Feb 2011
129
ADRS spectra
Cityscape changes Oct 11 to Oct 14
130
Taken recently …
Central City – 4 km2 cordoned off!
131
Typical Damage
Response to Christchurch Eqs

Tanggapan setelah Gempa Christchurch
• Owners demanding less damage less disruption pemilik menginginkan
berkurangnya kerusakan dan gangguan
• More resilience peningkatan ketahanan
• Code increases (80% increase in design EQ loads) perbaikan peraturan
(peningkatan beban gempa hingga 80%)
• Make buildings Stronger bangunan yang lebih kuat
• More steel structures bangunan dengan struktur baja
• More Isolated buildings! Bangunan dengan isolasi!
132
New isolation projects in Christchurch
Proyek isolasi baru di Christchurch
Hospital
Emergency Services
Office buildings
Retrofit
Public Library
Questions & Discussion

Pertanyaan & Diskusi
133
Lecture 2
Engineering Properties of
Seismic Isolation
Sifat Teknis Isolasi Gempa
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Overview of how isolation works Ringkasan cara kerja isolasi

• Properties of common isolator devices Sifat alat isolasi
secara umum
• Properties of isolators sifat-sifat alat isolasi
• Study of Design Displacements & Accelerations for isolation
in Christchurch Penelitian pada perancangan pergerakan dan
percepatan untuk isolasi di Christchurch
• Design of isolators Perancangan untuk isolasi
• Testing of isolators Pengujian isolasi
• Questions & Discussion Pertanyaan dan diskusi
134
• Same as your car suspension – springs and shock absorbers

sama seperti suspensi mobil – pegas dan peredam goncangan
• Allow the ground to move under the building
memperbolehkan pergerakan tanah di bawah bangunan
• Building feels about 20% of earthquake effect
bangunan hanya mendapatkan 20% dampak gempa
Isolation - How it works

(diagrammatic)

meningkatkan periode getaran dan redaman efektif
Reduction by R Factor
(for ductility)
Elastic Design Spectrum

5% damping
Reduction due to
additional Damping
5% damping
Sa 10% damping
20% damping
Increase in Period

135
Objectives of isolation system
Restraint for service loads (wind, small earthquake)
tahan terhadap beban layan
After yield flexible system to lengthen period of structure
setelah menyediakan system yang fleksibel untuk memperpanjang
periode bangunan
Energy dissipation (damping) to limit displacement
disipasi energy (redaman) untuk membatasi pergerakan
Isolators accommodate displacement of large EQ
Isolasi dapat mengatasi pergerakan akibat gempa besar
Structure and foundation not overloaded under large EQ
Bangunan dan fondasinya tidak mengalami kelebihan beban saat
gempa
Restoring stiffness to re-centre system following earthquake
mengembalikan kekakuan untuk menstabilkan system bangunan
setelah gempa
Properties of isolation system

(typical bilinear behaviour)
• Qd = characteristic strength
• Fy = force at Yield displacement
• Fmax = maximum isolator force
• Kd = post-elastic stiffness
• Keff = effective stiffness
• Dmax = maximum isolator displacement = Xmax
• Area = area of hysteresis loop
(energy dissipated per cycle)
136
Equivalent Linear System Period
• Isolation aims to lengthen Period

ெ ௐ
Ȉ ݂݂ܶ݁ ൌ ʹߨ ൌ ʹߨ
௄ ௚௄೐೑೑
Equivalent Viscous Damping
keff
137
Common Isolation Devices
Alat Isolasi secara Umum
Elastomeric Systems Sistem elastomerik
─ Lead-rubber bearing – standard natural rubber with lead core karet alami standar
dengan inti timah
─ High damping rubber bearing – modified natural rubber bearing with high damping
rubber compound bearing karet modifikasi dengan redaman besar
Sliding systems
─ Spherical friction bearing – concave slider using PTFE and stainless steel
─ Flat plate slider – flat plate slider using PTFE and stainless steel
Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

force-displacement properties
F = Qd + Kd D
Qd = yield force lead core = ALFYL
Kd = post yield shear stiffness
ீ஺್
ࡷࢊ ൌ
்ೝ
G = shear modulus of rubber Typical Properties

FyL Lead yield 7-10 MPa
Ab = bonded area of rubber G Rubber modulus 0.4 – 0.7 MPa
Tr = total rubber thickness
Effective Stiffness
Keff is displacement dependent
138
Pendulum sliders
force-displacement properties
F = W (P + D/R) Typical Properties
P friction 0.04 – 0.15
Sliding Friction R Radius of curvature 2–6m
ܳௗ ൌ ߤܹ
ߤ = coefficient of friction of sliding surface
W = weight on isolator
Pendulum stiffness after breakaway
‫ܭ‬ௗ ൌ ܹȀܴ
W = weight carried by isolator
R = radius of curvature
Effective Stiffness
Keff is displacement dependent
Code Displacement Terminology

DTD or DTM
DD or DM
DD or DM
Center
Center
of Mass
of Mass
Elevation Plan
Displacement Description
DD Displacement at Center of Mass in Design Earthquake
DTD Total Displacement including torsion effects in Design Earthquake
DM Displacement at Center of Mass in Maximum Earthquake
DTM Total Displacement including torsion effects in Maximum Earthquake
139
Engineering Properties of Isolation
Shear Force F post-yield
stiffness K2 or Kd
FM
FD Effective Stiffness
Fy Keff = FM/DM
Qd
initial stiffness
K1 = Fy/Dy
Dy DD DM
Displacement D
Effective Periods Hysteresis Loop

ൌ ʹߨ ெΤ௄ • Energy Dissipated = 4Qd(DM-Dy)
TD = effective Period at Design EQ • Equivalent Viscous Damping
TM = effective Period at Maximum EQ EVD = 2/S [Qd(DM-Dy)/(FMDM)]
Overall Building Isolation System

Shear Force vs Displacement Hysteresis
Isolator Properties – Lead Rubber
Shear Force V post-yield stiffness – rubber only

VM
VD Effective Stiffness
Vy Keff = VM/DM
Qd = Lead Yield
initial stiffness
K1 = Rubber + Lead
Dy DD DM
Displacement D
Isolator Shear Force vs

Displacement Hysteresis
140
Isolator Properties – Friction Pendulum
Shear Force V post-yield stiffness Kd = W/R

VM
VD Effective Stiffness
Vy
Qd = Friction = PW Keff = Vm/Dm
initial stiffness
K1 = large
Dy DD DM
Displacement D

Isolator Properties – Flat Slider
Shear Force V post-yield stiffness = zero
Qd = Friction = Vy = VD = VM Effective Stiffness

Keff = VM/DM
initial stiffness
K1 = large
Dy DD DM
Displacement D

141
Isolator Properties – Viscous Damper
Shear Force F
Damping Force Vmax = C ZDM
Dy DD DM
Displacement D

Seismic Force Calculations for

Isolation Devices
Equations of Motion F = KD + CV + MA
Isolation System Force vs Displacement

F = yield force + elastic force
F = QD + K2D
Friction Pendulum F = W (P + D/R)
Lead Rubber Brg F = ALFYL + (ArGr/Tr) D
Flat Slider F = PW
Flat Slider + LRB F = PW + ALFYL + (ArGr/Tr) D
Viscous Damper F = CV = CZD
142
ADRS & Capacity Spectra methods
• Engineers familiar with Acceleration Response Spectra
Ahli teknik terbiasa menggunakan respon spektrum percepatan
• Displacement-based design now common
perancangan berdasarkan displacement sudah umum dilakukan
• Displacement spectra useful for isolation design
spektrum displacement berguna untuk desain isolasi
• Displacement spectra calculated from accelerograms
spektrum displacement dihitung dari akselorogam
( or pseudo displacement spectrum Sd = Sa / Z2) (atau spectrum disp. semu)
• Acceleration vs Displacement Response Spectrum – ADRS
• Effects of additional hysteretic damping included in spectra pengaruh tambahan
redaman histerisis tercakup dalam spektrum
(structure + foundation + isolation)
• Capacity of structure can be plotted on ADRS
Damping “B-Factors” SNI 1726:2012
• Spectra scaling factors for damping level
143
Acceleration Response Spectra
(scaled for damping)
Displacement Response Spectra

(scaled for damping)
144
Acceleration - Displacement (ADRS)
showing MCE and DBE for damping levels
Capacity Spectrum Plot
Design EQ
Operating Point
MCE
Operating Point
145
NZS 1170 - Christchurch spectra
ADRS &
Capacity
Spectrum
Durham St Capacity Spectrum

(Including Bounding)
146
Recent Jakarta Building Isolation
Christchurch Displacement & Acceleration

Design Spectra (Whittaker & Jones) 2014
• Standardised Displacement and Acceleration design spectra
for seismic isolation standarisasi spectrum untuk perencanaan
displacement dan percepatan untuk isolassi gempa
• multiple projects can use same/similar seismic criteria proyek
yang berbeda dapat menggunakan kriteria gempa yang sama
• Design tool useful for all Christchurch projects alat
perencanaan yang bermanfaat untuk proyek Christchurch
147
Time history analyses
analisis Time history (sejarah waktu kejadian)
• Analytical studies using typical isolator properties
pendekatan secara analitik dengan sifat isolasi yang tipikal
• Non-linear, time-history analyses – SDOF
non-linier, analisis time-history – Single Degree of Freedom
• Suite of strong motion records scaled to NZS 1170.5
cocok untuk rekaman strong motion hingga skala NZS 1170.5
• Displacement and acceleration responses charted pembuatan
grafik respon displacement dan percepatan
• Comparison with B-factors (EVD) perbandingan dengan factor-B
• “Direct Capacity” ADRS spectra – useful design aids
Strong Motion Records (Bradley)

Event Station Cmpnt K1 Record K2 Family Scale Factor
1 ChCh 2010 CBGS 2 1.66 1.12 1.86

2 ChCh 2010 CHHC 1 1.62 1.12 1.81
3 ChCh2011 CBGS 1 1.05 1.12 1.18
4 ChCh 2011 CHHC 2 1.12 1.12 1.25
5 Chi Chi, Taiwan CHY044 2 3.98 1.12 4.46
6 Chi Chi, Taiwan CHY015 2 2.58 1.12 2.89
7 Kocaeli, Turkey Zeytinburnu 1 7.08 1.12 7.93
CBD7: Spectral Match - Acceleration (g) CBD7: Spectral Match – Disp. (mm)
2.0 1,600
1.8 1,400
5% Code D, R=1.8
1.6 Mean 1,200 5% Code D,
1.4 Envelope
Tmin 1,000 R=1.8
1.2 Mean
1.0 800
0.8 600
0.6
400
0.4
0.2 200
0.0 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Period (secs) Period (secs)
148
Analysis details
• Bilinear hysteresis typically assumed

• Designer chooses Qd (yield), Kd (elastic period T2)
• Qd/W = 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%
• T2 = 3.0, 4.0 & 5.0 sec (based on K2)
• Non-linear time history analysis
• Average of maxima of NLTHA
using 7 scaled records
• Eliminate need for iterative design
• “Equivalent linear” properties response dependent.
Direct Inelastic ADRS for isolation in

Christchurch
149
Design of Common Isolators
• Proprietary items (supplier to design)

• Specify performance requirements load and displacement
menentukan batas performa untuk beban dan displ.
• Codes for design of bearings eg Eurocode EN 15129
peraturan yang digunakan untuk perencanaan bearing
Eurocode EN 15129
• Consider property variability in design and manufacture
(apply Bounding Analysis) mempertimbangkan variabilitas
sifat dalam perencanaan dan proses manufaktur (penerapan
analisis Batas)
Lead Rubber Bearing Design

(generally leave to supplier)
• Usually used together with Flat Sliders
• Horizontal Displacement and vertical load combinations
• Based on internal stresses and strains
Rules of thumb
• Rubber Modulus 0.4MPa < G < 0.7 MPa
• Vertical working stress < 12 MPa (or FOS = 3.0)
• Vertical + MCE combination up to 20MPa
• Internal shear strain Hsc = 1.5 N / (ArSG)
• Seismic shear strain HM = DM/Tr < 200%
• Combined internal strain Hs < 700%
(allow for reduced overlap area)
• Small tension capacity Tmax = 3G Ar
• Bearing size about 2 x MCE displacement
• Rubber layers 8-12mm thick
• Steel shims 3mm
• Load plates 20-30mm
• Anchor bolts 8x M24/ 8.8 (check concrete bearing)
150
Example Vertical Load vs Horizontal
Displacement Interaction Chart
Pendulum Bearings - Design
• Generally leave to supplier secara umum dilakukan penyuplai

• Select Yield, post-elastic stiffness, displacement
• Friction force center matches weight of building pusat gaya
gesek berhimpit dengan pusat berat bangunan
• Curvature cause bearings to lift lendutan menyebabkan bearing
terangkat
• Single, double or triple sliding surfaces
Rules of thumb
• Vertical bearing stress on puck < 50 MPa
• Friction values 0.04 < P < 0.14
• Zero tension capacity
• Bearing size about 2 x MCE displacement
151
Bounding Analysis
• Consider range of isolation behaviour in design memperhatikan batas
perilaku Isolasi dalam perencanaan
• Bounding Analysis (Lamda Factors). Consider variability, aging, strain
rate, temperature etc. Analisis batas (factor Lamda). memperhatikan
variabilitas, factor umur, laju peregangan, temperature, dsb
• Upper Bound - greater Force. Lower Bound - larger Displ. Batas atas –
gaya yang lebih besar. Batas bawah – displ. yang lebih besar
• Specify range of acceptable supplier properties menentukan batas
penerimaan untuk penyuplai
Testing of Isolator Devices
• SNI 1726:2012 Chapter 12 Section (follows ACSE)

• EN15129 (Eurocode)
• Prototype tests
– generally 2 of each type
– Bearings not used
– Cyclic displacement tests with vertical load
• Production Quality Control (QC) tests
– 0 to 100% of bearings (depending on preference)
152
Test Requirements SNI 1726:2012
• Prototype Testing at average Dead + Live Load Pengujian prototip dengan
beban mati dan beban hidup rerata
– Generally for 2 units and not used in construction dilakukan pada 2 unit
yang tidak digunakan dalam konstruksi
– May refer to similar units previously tested dapat berpedoman pada unit
yang dulu pernah diuji
• Testing sequence required
– 20 reversed cycles at wind force
– 3 reversed cycles in increments up to DM
– 3 reversed cycles at DTM
– 10 reversed cycles at DTD
• Production Testing required by other International Standards
Typical Test of Lead Rubber Bearing
153
Typical Test of Pendulum Bearing
Summary Rangkuman
• Overview of how isolation works

gambaran cara kerja isolasi
• Properties of common isolator devices
sifat alat isolasi secara umum
• Properties of isolators sifat system isolasi
• Study of Design Displacements & Accelerations for isolation
in Christchurch
• Proprietary design of isolators
• Specification & testing of Isolators
spesifikasi dan pengujian isolasi
154
• What system would you choose? Sistem apa yang kamu

pilih?
• How should you specify bearings? Bagaimana menentukan
bearing?
155
3. Design of new isolated buildings

3. Perencanaan bangunan baru dengan isolasi
Padang Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Summarise isolation design philosophy rangkuman filosofi perancangan isolasi
• Design to SNI 1726:2012 perencanaan berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012
• Requirements for Isolated Buildings syarat-syarat untuk bangunan dengan isolasi
• Variability in Isolator Properties variabilitas dalam karakteristik isolasi
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure Prosedur Gaya lateral ekivalen
• Upper and Lower Bound Analysis Analisis batas atas dan batas bawah
• Dynamic Analysis Procedure Prosedur analisis dinamik
• Worked Example contoh pekerjaan
• Hospital Example contoh di RS
• Questions & Discussion Pertanyaan dan diskusi
156
Seismic Isolation Philosophy
Filosofi Isolasi Gempa
• Protect structure and substructure from damaging inelastic actions at
Design Level earthquake (1 in 500 year event) melindungi struktur dan
fondasi dari kerusakan akibat sifat inelastic pada gempa rencana (1 dalam
500 tahun)
• Direct inelastic deformation primarily into flexible isolation system
merubah deformasi inelastic kedalam sistem isolasi yang fleksibel
• Isolation able to accommodate displacement up to Maximum Earthquake
Level (1 in 2,500 year event) isolasi mampu menahan perpindahan hingga
level gempa maksimum (kejadian 1 dalam 2500 tahun)
• Dissipate energy in stable energy absorbing devices mendisipasi energy
melalui alat peredam yang stabil
• Follow a displacement-based approach to overall behaviour and force-
based approach to design of structure and substructure. Mengikuti
kaidah pendekatan displacement untuk perilaku secara keseluruhan dan
pendekatan gaya untuk perencanaan
Objectives of isolation system

Tujuan sistem isolasi
Restraint for service loads (wind, small earthquake) tahan terhadap beban
layan (angin, gempa kecil)
After yield flexible system to lengthen period of structure menghasilkan
sistem yang fleksibel untuk memperpanjang periode struktur
Energy dissipation (damping) to limit displacement disipasi energi (redaman)
untuk membatasi perpindahan
Isolators accommodate displacement of large EQ Isolasi memungkinkan
perpindahan akibat gema yang besar
Structure and foundation not overloaded under large EQ struktur dan fondasi
tidak mengalami kelebihan beban akibat beban gempa yang besar
Restoring stiffness to re-centre system following earthquake mengembalikan
kekakuan untuk menyeimbangkan sistem setelah gempa
157
Isolation - How it works Isolasi – Cara kerja
(diagram of Acceleration Response Spectrum) (gambar spektrum respon percepatan)

Reduction by R Factor Pengurangan oleh faktor R
(for ductility)
(untuk daktilitas)
Percepatan spectrum, Sa (T)
Elastic Design Spectrum Spektrum desain elastis

5% damping Redaman 5%
Reduction due to Pengurangan akibat

additional Damping redaman tambahan
5% damping
Sa 10% damping
20% damping
Increase in Period
peningkatan periode
Desain Spektrum untuk Periode getaran, T
struktur daktil konvensional
Isolation - How it works Isolasi – Cara kerja

(diagram of Acceleration Response Spectrum) (gambar spektrum respon percepatan)

Elastic Design Spectrum Reduction due to
Spectral Displacement SD (T)
5% damping additional Damping

5% damping
Displacement increase
for Period change
10% damping
20% damping
SD
Increase in Period
1s 3s
Period of Vibration T
158
Establish Design Spectra
1) Ground acceleration for short
period, Ss (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)
percepatan tanah untuk periode
pendek, Ss (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)
2) Ground acceleration for 1s period,
S1 (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)
percepatan tanah untuk periode 1s,
S1 (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)
3) Site coefficeint for short period, Fa
(SNI 1726:2012 Table 5)
Koefisien lapangan untuk periode
pendek, Fa (SNI 1726:2012 Table 5)
Very small Footer Text. Probably not required
4) Site coefficient for 1sec period, Fv(SNI 1726:2012 Table 5)

koefisien lapangan untuk periode 1 detik, Fv(SNI 1726:2012 Table 5)
5) Response spectra parameters for MCE ܵெௌ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௔ ൈ ܵௌ
respon spektrum parameter untuk MCE ܵெଵ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௏ ൈ ܵଵ
ʹ
6) Response spectra parameters for DBE ܵ஽ௌ ൌ ൈ ܵெௌ
͵
respon spektrum parameter untuk DBE ʹ
ܵ஽ଵ ൌ ൈ ܵெଵ
͵
159
Final design response spectra
desain akhir untuk respon spektrum
ܵ஽ଵ
ܶ௢ ൌ ͲǤʹ ൈ
ܵ஽௦
ܵ஽ଵ
ܶ௦ ൌ
ܵ஽௦
1. If T<To ܶ
ܵ௔ ൌ ܵ஽ௌ ͲǤͶ ൅ ͲǤ͸
ܶ଴
2. If To≤T≤Ts ܵ௔ ൌ ܵ஽ௌ
3. If Ts<T ܵ஽ଵ
ܵ௔ ൌ
ܶ
Isolation System Design

Perancangan sistem isolasi
1) Establish Maximum Considered Earthquake Response Spectrum for the
site and structure menciptakan respon spektrum gempa maksimum
untuk lokasi dan struktur bangunan
2) Select desirable “operating point” (i.e what force level for structure,
what displacement at isolation plane) memilih “titik operasi” yang
diinginkan (misal tingkatan gaya untuk struktur dan perpindahan pada
bidang isolasi)
3) Choose Isolator types (eg LRB + sliders, or pendulum) memilih tipe
Isolasi (contoh LRB + sliders, atau pendulum)
4) Obtain isolator and overall system properties (Qd, Kd) mendapatkan
karakteristik Isolasi dan system keseluruhan (Qd, Kd)
5) Determine Design & Maximum operating points by iterative procedure.
Menentukan perencanaan dan titik operasi maksimal dengan iterasi
DD, DM, TD, TM, VD and VM
6) Determine design forces for structure and foundation
menentukan gaya rencana untuk struktur dan fondasi 160
Analysis Procedures Prosedur Analisis
to SNI 1726:2012
• Equivalent lateral force procedure (when permitted)

prosedur gaya lateral ekivalen (saat diperbolehkan)
• Dynamic Analysis Procedures
prosedur analisis dinamik
– Response Spectrum Procedure prosedur respon spektrum
– Response History Procedure prosedur respon kejadian waktu
Equivalent lateral force procedure

limitations of SNI 1726:2012
• Sites with S1 less than 0.6g lokasi dengan S1 <0,6g
• Soil class SA, SB, SC or SD kelas tanah SA, SB, SC or SD
• Structure above the isolation interface is less than or equal to four
storeys or 19.8m in height tinggi struktur d 4 lantai atau tinggi 19,8m
• Effective period of the isolated structure at maximum displacement is
less than 3.0s periode efektif dari struktur pada perpindahan maksimum
<3,0detik
• Effective period of the isolated structure at the design displacement is
greater than three times the elastic fixed-based period periode efektif dari
struktur yang di-isolasi pada perpindahan rencana 3 kali lipat lebih besar
dari periode fixed-based elastis
• Structure above the isolation plane is of regular configuration
konfigurasi struktur diatas bidang isolasi dalam kondisi reguler
161
Equivalent lateral force procedure
limitations to SNI 1726:2012
• Effective stiffness Keff of isolation system at the design
displacement is greater than 1/3 of the effective stiffness at
20% of the design displacement. Kekakuan efektif Keff
system isolasi pada perpindahan rencana > 1/3 dari
kekakuan efektif pada 20% perpindahan rencana
Isolator
Force
Gaya
isolator
K Keff > 0.33 K0.2D
0.2D
Isolator
0.2DD DD
Displacement
perpindahan
Isolator
General requirement SNI 1726:2012

- Minimum restoring force
• lateral force at the total design displacement is at least
0.025W greater than the lateral force at 50% of the design
displacement. Gaya lateral pada perpindahan total rencana
minimal 0.025W kali lebih besar dari gaya lateral pada 50%
perpindahan rencana
Isolator
Force
> 0.025 W
0.5DTD DTD Isolator

Displacement
162
General requirement SNI 1726:2012
- No displacement restraint
• Isolation system configured so no restraint of earthquake
displacement to less than the total maximum displacement DTM
konfigurasi sistem isolasi sehingga perpindahan akibat gempa <
perpindahan total maksimum DTM
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

(based on Capacity Spectrum Method)
• Assumes structure and substructure rigid compared with isolation
system. Asumsi bahwa struktur atas dan struktur bawah lebih kaku
dari system isolasi
• Behaviour governed by flexible isolation system (SDOF)
perilaku dikendalikan oleh system isolasi fleksibel (SDOF)
• Bilinear isolators behaviour perilaku bilinear isolator
• Analysis based on Capacity Spectrum Method analisis berdasarkan
metode spektrum kapasitas
163
Iteration to find response level
Iterasi untuk mendapatkan tingkat respon
Guess Displacement D
Menebak perpindahan D
Calculate system properties at D - effective

Check if assumed Displacement correct Period & Damping
Cek apakah asumsi perpindahan benar Menghitung properti sistem pada D – periode
efektif dan redaman
Calculate displacement
given system properties
Hitung perpindahan dengan
properti sistem yang ada
System response calculation steps 1

• Select preferred system properties Qd, Kd
Estimate • Initial estimate of D
• System effective stiffness Keff at assumed DD

Calculate • Keff = Qd/D + Kd
• Effective system Period Teff

Calculate
ଶ ொௗ
• Effective system dampingɃ݂݂݁ ൎ
Calculate గ ௞ௗ஽
164
System response calculation steps 2
• Damping reduction factor B from Table 22

Obtain
Calculate
• D from design spectra
• Compare new D calculated with initial estimate. If in agreement, go

Check to final step. If not, got back to first step with new estimate for D.
Final
• Calculate design base shear Vb = keff D
Step
Design Actions Isolated Structure
Superstructure
Designed for some ductility
Vs = kdDD / R R<2
Isolation system - elastic

Design force Vb = kdmaxDD
Maximum displacement DTM
Substructure
Designed for Vb = kdmaxDD
No ductility
Note: kdmax from prototype

bearing tests
165
Structure Above Isolation System
Design Shear Vs
• Vs = K dDD / R
where R ≤ 2
• Vs must not be less than
1) Shear force for design of
conventional, fixed base structure
of same W and period TD
2) Shear force required for wind design
3) 1.5Qd
௏ ௪ೣ ௛ೣ
• Vertical distribution of Force ‫ ݔܨ‬ൌ σ೙ೞ
೔సభ ௪೔ ௛೔
Variability in Isolator Properties
• Material properties
• Manufacturing tolerances
• Environmental effects
• Aging
• Other factors?
• Increase in Keff Æ Increase in force transferred to structure
• Decrease in Keff Æ Increase in displacement at isolation plane
• Only manufacturing tolerances covered by SNI 1726:2012

• Refer to ASTM or Eurocode for allowances for other effects
166
Variability in Isolator Properties
Durham St Capacity Spectrum

(Including Bounding)
167
Worked Example
• Case study building

• 4 storey hospital
• Location – Padang
• Soil - Class SE
Worked Example – Building

Properties
• 8x8m grid
• 3.5m storey height
• RC moment frame
• Isolated under ground floor
• Regular configuration
• Isolated using double concave
slider bearings
168
Building Properties
• We = 10 kPa average (= 10 kN/m2)
• Each floor We = 10x24x24 = 5,760 kN
• Roof We = same as typical floor (concrete)
• Total We = 5x5760 = 28,800 kN
• Assume T1(non-isolated) = 0.5 sec
Floor Weight
Roof 5,760 kN
3 5,760 kN
2 5,760 kN
1 5,760 kN
Ground 5,760 kN
Worked Example
Estimate isolator system properties
Assume Double Concave Slider Bearing
with μ = 0.08 and R = 3,500 mm
ܳௗ ൌ ߤܹ ൌ ͲǤͲͺ ൈ ʹͺǡͺͲͲ ൌ ʹǡ͵ͲͶ݇ܰ
݇ௗ ൌ ܹȀܴ ൌ ʹͺǡͺͲͲȀ͵ͷͲͲ ൌ ͺǤʹ͵݇ܰȀ݉݉
Qd = 2,300 kN
kd = 8.23 kN/mm
169
Iteration to find response level
Iterasi untuk mendapatkan tingkat respon
Guess Displacement D
Menebak perpindahan D
Calculate system properties at D - effective

Check if assumed Displacement correct Period & Damping
Cek apakah asumsi perpindahan benar Menghitung properti sistem pada D – periode
efektif dan redaman
Calculate displacement
given system properties
Hitung perpindahan dengan
properti sistem yang ada
System propeties
• Guess DD (at DBE) = 0.3 m

• Calculate system properties at D
ௐ ଶ଼଼଴଴
ܶ஽ ൌ ʹߨ ൌ ʹߨ ൌ ʹǤ͹‫ܿ݁ݏ‬
௄೐೑೑ವ ௚ ଵହଽ଴଴ൈଽǤ଼ଵ
ʹ ߤ ʹ ͲǤͲͺ
ߞ௘௙௙ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͵ͳΨ
ߨ ߤ ൅ ‫ܦ‬஽ ߨ ͲǤͲͺ ൅ ͲǤ͵
ܴ ͵Ǥͷ
170
Damping Reduction
ࣀ=31% Æ BD=1.72
Demand from design spectra

Step 1 - Obtaining design response spectrum
• Ground acceleration for short period, Ss (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)
Refer to figure 9 of SNI 1726:2012 Ss 1.5 g
• Ground acceleration for 1sec period, S1 (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.1.1)

Refer to figure 10 of SNI 1726:2012 S1 0.6 g
• Site coefficient for short period (SNI 1726:2012 Table 4)

note: linear interpolation is allowed
Site effect for short period, F a Fa 0.9
• Site coefficient for 1sec period (SNI 1726:2012 Table 5)

note: linear interpolation is allowed
Site effect for short period, F v Fv 2.4
• Response spectrum parameter for MCE (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.2)

ܵெௌ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௔ ൈܵௌ SMS 1.350 g
ܵெଵ ൌ ‫ܨ‬௏ ൈ ܵଵ SM1 1.440 g
• Response spectrum parameter for DBE (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.3)

ʹ SDS 0.900 g
ܵ஽ௌ ൌ ൈ ܵெௌ
͵ SD1 0.960 g
ʹ
ܵ஽ଵ ൌ ൈ ܵெଵ
͵
• Design respons spectrum (SNI 1726:2012 Cl 6.4)
ܵ஽ଵ
ܶ௢ ൌ ͲǤʹ ൈ To 0.213 sec
ܵ஽௦
Ts 1.067 sec
ܵ஽ଵ
ܶ௦ ൌ
ܵ஽௦
note:
ܶ
1. If T<To ܵ௔ ൌ ܵ஽ௌ ͲǤͶ ൅ ͲǤ͸
ܶ଴
2. If To≤T≤Ts ܵ௔ ൌ ܵ஽ௌ
ܵ஽ଵ
3. If Ts<T ܵ௔ ൌ
ܶ
171
• Extract demand from spectrum
• Equation assumes that T>Ts (i.e Sa is proportional to 1/T)
݃ܵ஽ଵ ܶ஽ ͻǤͺͳ ൈ ͲǤͻ͸ ൈ ʹǤ͹

‫ܦ‬஽ ൌ ൌ
Ͷߨ ଶ ‫ܤ‬஽ Ͷߨ ଶ ൈ ͳǤ͹ʹ
ൌ ͵͹Ͷ݉݉
• Check with original assumption (300mm), does not agree so

re-iterate with DD=374mm
Reiterate
ܳ஽ ʹ͵ͲͶ ͳͶǤͶ݇ܰ
‫ܭ‬௘௙௙஽ ൌ ൅ ‫ ݀ܭ‬ൌ ൅ ͺǤʹ͵ ൌ
‫ܦ‬ ͵͹Ͷ ݉݉
ௐ ଶ଼଼଴଴
ܶ஽ ൌ ʹߨ ൌ ʹߨ ൌ ʹǤͺͶ‫ܿ݁ݏ‬
௄ವ ௚ ଵସସ଴଴ൈଽǤ଼ଵ
ʹ ߤ ʹ ͲǤͲͺ
ߞ௘௙௙ ൌ ൌ ൌ ʹ͹Ψ
ߨ ߤ ൅ ‫ܦ‬஽ ߨ ͲǤͲͺ ൅ ͲǤ͵͹Ͷ
ܴ ͵Ǥͷ
172
Damping Reduction
ࣀ=27% Æ BD=1.66

• Extract demand from spectrum
• Equation assumes that T>Ts (i.e Sa is proportional to 1/T)
݃ܵ஽ଵ ܶ஽
‫ܦ‬஽ ൌ
Ͷߨ ଶ ‫ܤ‬஽
ͻǤͺͳ ൈ ͲǤͻ͸ ൈ ʹǤͺͶ
ൌ
Ͷߨ ଶ ൈ ͳǤ͸͸
ൌ ͶͲ͹݉݉
• Check with original assumption (374mm), does not agree so
reiterate with DD=407mm
173
Iteration with spreadsheet - Design
STRUCTURE AND SITE PROPERTIES
Superstructure seismic weight, We 28800 kN
Initial estimate for Dd 0.3 m
DESIGN SPECTRUM PROPERTIES

Sd1 0.961 g
ISOLATOR PROPERTIES
Friction cofficient, μ 0.08
Radius of curvature, R 3.5 m
"Yield" Base Shear. Qd 2304 kN
Elastic Stiffness, Kd 8228.571 kN/m
lamda 1 max
lambdaQd 2304 kN
lamdaKd 8228.571 kN/m
Natural period of oscillation, Td 3.753007 sec
STUCTURAL PROPERTIES
Assumed structural damping level 0%
ITTERATE FOR ISOLATOR DISPLACEMENT DEMAND

Trial 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Assumed displacement, Dd 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.42 0.43
Damping ratio 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25
Effective stiffness, Keff 15908.57 14391.91 13883.79 13700.21 13631.91
Effective period, Teff 2.70 2.84 2.89 2.91 2.92
Dampng factor, Bd 1.72 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.63
Displacement, D 373.82 407.41 421.08 426.40 428.44
Base shear at D 5947.00 5863.42 5846.19 5841.81 5840.47
Base shear coefficient 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
OK
FINAL DESIGN PROPERTIES

Design displacement, Dd 428 mm
Elastic stiffness, Kd 8229
Isolated structure period 2.92 sec
Base shear coefficent 0.20 g
Repeat for MCE

STRUCTURE AND SITE PROPERTIES
Superstructure seismic weight, We 28800 kN
Initial estimate for Dd 0.7 m
DESIGN SPECTRUM PROPERTIES

SM1 1.44 g
ISOLATOR PROPERTIES
Friction cofficient, μ 0.08
Radius of curvature, R 3.5 m
"Yield" Base Shear. Qd 2304 kN
Elastic Stiffness, Kd 8228.571 kN/m
lamda 1 max
lambdaQd 2304 kN
lamdaKd 8228.571 kN/m
Natural period of oscillation, Td 3.753007 sec
STUCTURAL PROPERTIES
Assumed structural damping level 0%
ITTERATE FOR ISOLATOR DISPLACEMENT DEMAND

Trial 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Assumed displacement, Dd 0.70 0.77 0.80 0.81 0.81
Damping ratio 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16
Effective stiffness, Keff 11520.00 11219.10 11118.97 11084.47 11072.43
Effective period, Teff 3.17 3.21 3.23 3.23 3.24
Dampng factor, Bd 1.47 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.43
Displacement, D 770.43 797.12 806.75 810.17 811.37
Base shear at D 8875.38 8942.98 8970.25 8980.27 8983.85
Base shear coefficient 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
OK
FINAL DESIGN PROPERTIES

Design displacement, Dd 811 mm
Elastic stiffness, Kd 8229
Isolated structure period 3.24 sec
Base shear coefficent 0.31 g
174
Final isolation system response
(Padang)
1.6
MCE 5% damping
MCE 10% damping
1.4
MCE 20% damping
MCE 30% damping
1.2 DBE 5% damping
DBE 10% damping
Acceleration [g]
1.0 DBE 20% damping

DBE 30% damping
0.8 T = 1 sec
T = 2 sec
0.6 T = 3 sec
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Displacement [m]
Design Shear Forces - Padang
Superstructure
R<2
Vs = 5760 kN (R=1) 0.2g
Vs = 2880kN (R=2)
Isolation system - elastic

Vb =5760kN
DTM > 812 mm
Substructure
Designed for Vb = 5760 kN
No ductility
175
Distribute force up structure
Floor Weight Height Wxhx Fx

Roof 5,760 kN 13.5m 77760 1126
3 5,760 kN 10.5m 60480 879
2 5,760 kN 7m 40320 585
1 5,760 kN 3.5m 20160 292
Ground 5,760 kN 0m 0 0
• Then….design as for a conventional structure
Dynamic Analysis Procedures

Prosedur Analisis Dinamik
• Alternative to Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF) alternative untuk
prosedur ELF
• Often gives lower design forces sering menghasilkan gaya rencana yang
lebih kecil
• Must be used where structure is irregular, tall or very flexible where ELF
can be unconservative harus digunakan saat struktur tidak teratur, tinggi,
atau sangat fleksibel sehingga ELF terlalu tidak konservatif
176
Dynamic Analysis Procedures
Requirements Syarat-syarat
• Account for spatial distribution of isolator units
Ditujukan untuk distribusi spasial dari isolator
• Calculate translation and torsion allowing for eccentricity of
mass menghitung translasi da torsi yang diijinkan untuk
eksentrisitas masa
• Assess overturning/uplift forces on individual isolators
memperhitungkan gaya guling/gaya angkat pada tiap isolator
• Account for effects of vertical load, bi-directional load and/or
rate of loading on the isolation system Ditujukan untuk
pengaruh beban vertikal, gaya bi-directional dan/atau laju
pembebanan pada sistem isolasi
Response Spectrum Procedure

• Equivalent linear model to approximate nonlinear isolated building:
model ekivalen linier untuk memperkirakan bangunan dengan isolasi nonlinier
– Equivalent linear springs are used for isolators ekivalen pegas linier
digunakan untuk isolator
– Equivalent viscous damping used to modify response spectrum
redaman
1.0
viscous ekivalen diunakan untuk respon spectrum modifikasi
0.9
0.8
Spectral Acceleration, Sa [g]
Structural modes with Isolated modes with damping equal

0.7
5% damping to ζeff
0.6
0.5 keff
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period of non-isolated Period [sec]
structure Period of isolated structure
177
Response Spectrum Procedure
• Iterative method
• Good starting point is output of ELF Procedure
• Obtain initial estimate for system properties from ELFP
Guess • Keff, D and ζeff
• Construct 3D model using spring properties Keff

Model • Use damping ratio ζeff to modify response spectrum
• Analyse using Response Spectrum Analysis as for a conventional building

Analyse • Obtain isolator displacement
• Compare isolator displacement with assumed values and re-iterate if required

Check
Minimum forces and displacements

from SNI 1726:2012
178
Large Displacement Effects
ETABS Isolator Element Modelling

(Linear modelling)
179
ETABS Isolator Element Modelling
(Linear modelling - Pdelta)
ETABS Isolator element modelling

(non linear properties from manufacturers)
180
Example 2 – Palu Hospital
• What if Palu Hospital was to be designed as isolated

(unisolated design parameters)
ܵ஽ௌ ͳǤ͸ͺ
‫ܥ‬௦ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͲǤ͵ͳͷ
ܴ ͺȀͳǤͷ
‫ܫ‬௘
Acceleration spectrum - Palu
1.80
1.60
DBE 5% damping
1.40
1.20 Reduced force level Æ Ductility, Cs (R=8, Ie=1.5)
Acceleration, Sa [g]
damage, facility unlikely to be

1.00
operable following earthquake
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Period [sec]
181
(Isolated design parameters)
• Using the same isolation system as for example 1
• Assume We = 150000kN
Capacity spectrum - Palu
1.6
MCE 5% damping
MCE 10% damping
1.4 Operating point for isolation MCE 20% damping
system at design level MCE 30% damping
1.2
Sa=0.3g, Dd=0.81m
Acceleration [g]
DBE 5% damping
1.0 DBE 10% damping

DBE 20% damping
0.8 DBE 30% damping
0.6
Possible range of operating points to
utilise existing structure design, up to
0.4
R=2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Displacement [m]

(Conclusions)
• Existing design Cs = 0.314g

• Could isolate to give same base shear demand (0.3g for
example system)
• Use existing design, just add isolation system
• Or, could have decreased demand on structure by using
R=2.0 and same isolation system Æ 0.15g
• Could have chosen a softer isolation system to further
reduce force transferred and decrease cost of structure
182
Your Examples?
• Do you have a new building design that could be isolated?

Apakah anda memiliki bangunan baru yang dapat bias
menerapkan isolasi?
183
4. Case Studies: New Isolated Buildings –

Design and Construction
4. Studi kasus: Isolasi Bangunan Baru –
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Number of Isolated buildings Jumlah bangunan dengan Isolasi

• Milestone projects from New Zealand proyek penting dari NZ
• Indonesia
• Italy
• Japan
• Your case studies
• Questions & Discussion
184
Isolated building numbers worldwide
Isolated buildings – worldwide

• Japan – around 8000 structures including buildings
• USA – around 120 buildings
• New Zealand - around 20 buildings and 30 bridges
San Francisco City Hall Oakland Cathedral of Bolu Viaduct

(USA) Light (USA) Turkey
185
NZ Projects with Isolation
South Rangitikei Rail Bridge William Clayton Building Parliament Buildings
Te Papa Museum of NZ Wgtn Regional Hospital Chch Womens Hospital
The beginning…
• William Clayton building – Wellington NZ
• One of the first isolated buildings in the world, 1978 salah satu
bangunan pertama di dunia yang menggunakan Isolasi
• Lead rubber bearings
• 150 mm clearance to moat wall
• Retrofit underway 2015
186
New Zealand project details
• Wellington Regional Hospital

• Te Papa – Museum of New Zealand
• Christchurch Women’s Hospital
• Christchurch rebuild
• 50 000m2 , 7 storey, 2003

• 135 LRB, 156 flat slider bearings
• 600 mm displacement
187
(critical post-disaster operational facility)
• Non-isolated building properties
– T1 = 0.8 sec
– Vb ≈ 0.8We (elastic 2500 Yr)
– Reduce using ductility 4-6
in superstructure design
mengurangi penggunaan
daktilitas 4-6 pada desain
struktur atas
• Isolated building properties
– UBC approach
– TD = 2.7sec
– Vb ≈ 0.16We
– Superstructure designed R=2

column and isolator layout
188
Te Papa – Museum of New Zealand
120x190m, 23m tall

Opened in 1998
152 bearings
500 mm displacement
Te Papa – Design comparison

• Cost studies completed by structural designer (Holmes) studi
biaya dilakukan oleh perancang struktur (Holmes)
• Demonstrated
– Estimated cost of damage estimasi biaya kerusakan
– Relative structural performance performa struktur relatif
– Cost of isolated vs non-isolated biaya isolasi vs non-isolasi
structure ($15.1m vs $14.5m)
189
Christchurch Women’s Hospital
(only isolated building in Chch earthquakes)
• 10 storeys
• 41 LRB + 13 slider bearings
• 420mm displacement
Christchurch Women’s Hospital
190
Christchurch Government Building
• Emergency Services
• 1 in 7500 year MCE
• LRB and Flat Slider
• Isolation at top of GF columns
Grand Chancellor office building
• Triple Pendulum bearings (EPS)

• Design to ASCE 7-10
• DTM = 750 mm
• SaMCE = 0.14g
191
Grand Chancellor Office
• Response Spectrum and pushover analysis analisis respon
spectrum dan pushover
• Localised uplift forces gaya angkat lokal
• P-Delta modelling added manually pemodelan P-Delta
ditambahkan secara manual
• ETABS modelling pemodelan dengan ETABS

(ETABS modelling, response spectrum function)
192
(ETABS modelling)

(bearing testing)
193
(bearing testing)
Durham St Building (Beca)
194
Durham St Building
Durham St Building
195

• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure Prosedur gaya lateral ekivalen
• Double Concave Sliders slider double concave
• Allowance for 500mm displacement syarat perpindahan 500mm
• Irregular building configuration konfigurasi bangunan tidak teratur
196
Durham St Building
(Response Spectrum Analysis)
• Multiple models model ganda

• P-Delta modelling issues permasalahan pemodelan P-Delta
• Iterations iterasi
• Isolator properties based on axial load properti isolator
berdasarkan gaya aksial
Durham Street Building

(Response Spectrum Analysis)
197
Durham St Building
Bearing testing in NZ
1) Material testing Æ Validate friction factor assumption

pengujian material Æ validasi asumsi factor gesekan
Durham St Building
1) Material testing Æ Validate friction factor assumption
pengujian material Æ validasi asumsi factor gesekan
198
Durham St Building
2) Isolator testing pengujian isolator

- Test rig capacity pengujian kapasitas peralatan
Durham St Building
Bearing testing
• Testing in Taiwan pengujian

di Taiwan
• High capacity testing rig
peralatan uji dengan
kapasitas tinggi
199
Durham St Building
(Isolator installation and construction)
Durham St Building
(Construction above isolation plane)
200
ANZ Centre – new home for Beca
ANZ Centre, Christchurch

Steel moment frame rangka baja
Seismic isolation isolasi gempa
(double concave sliders)
600 mm displacement
201
Indonesia
Gudang Guram Office Tower – Jakarta, 26 story
Several other buildings under construction/design
Low rise buildings in Padang
More information ??
Jakarta Embassy LRB + Flat Sliders

(isolation design by Beca)
202
Indonesia
• West Java, Indonesia Jawa Barat, Indonesia

• Test project proyek pengujian
• worker housing building on LRB bangunan pekerja dengan LRB
• No design changes to structure
tidak ada perubahan desain struktur
Japan – Kamikuzawa City

• 21 Apartment Buildings On Single “Low Seismic Plate”
203
Kamikuzawa Project
• “Island” Area 31,000sq m2 (125m x 250m)

• Footprint Area 12,741 m2
• Floor Area 53,000 m2
• Weight 112,000 tons
• 242 Isolators
Kamikuzawa
204
Italy – growth in isolation projects
L’Aquila, Italy 2009
• Major earthquake – Abruzzo, Central Italy

• April 6, 2009
• Homeless 23,000 (Death & Injuries 180+1,500)
• Challenge to rapidly provide housing
205
L’Aquila Reconstruction Strategy
Strategi rekonstruksi: menghindari kontainer untuk mengurangi perkampungan kumuh
Penggunaan container dalam keadaan darurat terdahulu di Itali menunjukkan bahwa

selain dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai solusi sementara, shelter-shelter tersebut berakhir
menjadi permanen dan terkadang menciptakan perkampungan kumuh yang baru
Strategi tradisionil
JANGKA PENDEK JANGKA PANJANG

Tenda Rumah dengan
kualitas tinggi
L’Aquila Project Schedule
• Very rapid decision making and construction pengambilan

keputusan dan konstruksi yang sangat cepat
• Government promise – occupancy 9 months
janji pemerintah – dapat ditinggali dalam 9 bulan
• Permanent quality housing with temporary speed kualitas
bangunan permanen dengan kecepatan bangunan sementara
• Isolation seen early as a key component isolasi menjadi
sebagai komponen penting
• Conceptual designs by April 16th konsep desain 16 April
• Construction began 4 weeks after event konstruksi dimulai 4
minggu setelah kejadian
206
L’Aquila Seismic Safety Strategy
• Extreme time constraints batasan waktu ekstrim
• Use existing design/construction practice
penggunaan desain yang pernah dilakukan
• Govt. provide “low seismic” building sites
pemerintah menyediakan lokasi bangunan dengan
gempa rendah
• Reduce seismic demand on buildings mengurangi
kebutuhan konstruksi bangunan terhadap gempa
• Base-isolation an “obvious” decision isolasi dasar
merupakan keputusan yang jelas
• Heavy mat foundation slab dasar slab fondasi
yang berat
• Isolation at level of an urban block isolasi pada
tingkat komplek perkotaan
L’Aquila Construction Scope
• 185 Isolated foundations built

• 19 different sites
• 4600 apartments
• Each about 20m x 60m
• 40 isolators in each building
• Curved sliders selected
• Provide design flexibility
• Use local design/construction
207
L’Aquila Isolation System
• Concave Slider type selected

• Provide max. freedom regarding building types
• 7,500 units, Locally produced
• Very high production rate
L’Aquila Construction
• Foundation plate (500mm)
• 40 steel/concrete columns
• Isolators on columns
• Floor plate (500mm thick)
• Superstructure (various materials)
208
L’Aquila Timber Superstructure
L’Aquila Concrete Superstructure
209
L’Aquila Steel Superstructure
L’Aquila Completed Buildings
210
L’Aquila In-Situ Testing
Taiwan – New Building Examples

(Chang et al 13WCSi Sendai 2013 )
• Tall Buildings being isolated – 38 floors
• Mid-height isolation (Level 4 of 16)
• LRB, HDR and Pendulum bearings
• Passive viscous damper (PVD) & tuned mass dampers (TMD)
• Use of strong motion structure monitoring
211
China
(Fu Lin Zhou 13WCSI Sendai 2013)
• Beijing large building platform 2000 x 1500m (48 buildings)
• Kunming airport terminal
China
(Fu Lin Zhou 13WCSI Sendai 2013)
• Macau – Honk Kong bridge (26 km)
• School retrofits (under building or in Ground Floor)
212
Japan
• Greatest number isolated buildings in world

• Tall buildings also isolated
• LRB, pendulum, HDR, Oil Dampers, U dampers
• Many isolated buildings affected by Great East Japan EQ
March 2011.
• 18 Story MT building on LRB 23cm displ.
Turkey – Above “base” isolation

(Sabiha Gökçen Airport, Istanbul)
• 30 bearings, 10LRB, 20 rubber
• Design displacement 300 mm
• Thermal expansion and wind
uplift
213
Case Studies - Exercise
• New building examples contoh bangunan baru
• Assume you are providing a concept design for the building asumsikan
anda menyediakan konsep perencanaan untuk bangunan
• How would you design an isolation system for the building? Bagaimana
anda akan merencanakan system isolasi untuk bangunan?
• Consider pertimbangkan
– What type of isolators would be most appropriate?Bagaimana tipe isolator
yang sesuai?
– In what plan layout?dalam layout yang bagaimana?
– What would be a suitable isolation location?Dimana lokasi yang paling
cocok?
– Would you have to change the structure to allow for isolation?Akankah
anda merubah struktur untuk pemasangan isolasi?
– What would be the likely benefits to the structure if it was isolated?apa
keuntungan yang ingin anda peroleh dari penggunaan isolasi?
Case Studies – Exercise

(Moment Frame Building)
214
(Shear Wall Building)

(Irregular plan)
215
(Deep Basement)

(Very tall building)
216
(Building on a hillside)

(Multiple tower complex)
217
(Variable building layout)
• Uncertain building layout
• Provision for future developments
• Allow for varied structural systems

(Tsunami Shelter)
218
219
5. Isolation design for existing buildings

5. Perencanaan Isolasi untuk bangunan
yang telah berdiri
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Isolation design philosophy on existing buildings Filosofi
perencanaan Isolasi untuk bangunan yang sudah berdiri
• Requirements for retrofitting Syarat untuk retrofit
• Selecting an isolation system Pemilihan sistem isolasi
• Design to SNI 1726:2012 perencanaan berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012
• Analysis and strengthening of retrofitted structure analisis dan
perkuatan untuk struktur retrofit
• Worked Example Contoh pengerjaan
• Examples for group discussion Contoh untuk diskusi grup
220
Isolation Design Philosophy
Filosofi Perencanaan Isolasi
• Assess building horizontal capacity (ie ultimate strength)
menilai kapasitas horizontal banguanan (kuat ultimit)
• Decrease demand on structure through isolation to suit assessed
capacity mengurangi kebutuhan pada struktur bangunan melalui
isolasi untuk mendapatkan kapasitas yang sesuai
Isolation Retrofit – How it works

Retrofit dengan Isolasi – Cara Kerja
Maximum Earthquake
Design Earthquake
Isolation System
Existing Building Capacity Response
Kapasitas bangunan eksisting
Range of possible isolation systems, up to R=2.0
Rentang sistem isolasi, mencapai R=2,0
Acceleration
Increased damping from isolation system

Peningkatan redaman untuk system isolasi
Maximum displacement for
seismic gap and isolation
R≤2.0 system design, R=1.0
Perpindahan maksimum
untuk gap gempa dan
rencana sistem isolasi,
R=1,0
Displacement
221
Reasons for retrofitting isolation
Alasan untuk retrofit dengan isolasi
Code changes perubahan peraturan
Protection of monumental structures perlindungan untuk
struktur monumental
─ Historical buildings bangunan bersejarah
Protection of important structures proteksi terhadap struktur
penting
─ Hospitals RS
─ Airports Bandara
─ Bridges Jembatan
Structural modifications modifikasi struktur
─ Additional levels tingkat tambahan
Requirement for retrofitting Syarat untuk retrofiting

• Ability to insert isolators Kemampuan untuk disisipi sistem isolasi
– Subfloor?lantai bawah?
– Basement – easiest basement - termudah
– Above ground diatas tanah
• Rigid structure directly above isolators struktur kaku langsung di
atas isolator
• Creation of seismic gap pembuatan gap gempa (dilatansi)
– Neighbouring structures?stuktur tetangga?
– Building services Layanan bangunan
No neighbouring structures Many close neighbouring structures 222

Difficult to create seismic gap
Challenges to resolve
Tantangan yang dihadapi
• Strengthening of structure directly above and
below isolation plane often required Perkuatan
untuk struktur yang secara langsung terletak
di atas dan di bawah bidang isolasi seringkali
dibutuhkan
• Basement walls (remove prop Æ cantilever)
dinding basement (menghilangkan penopang
Æ kantilever)
• Loss of basement floor area berkurangnya
lantai daerah basement
• Services reticulation across isolation plane
retikulasi disepanjang bidang isolasi
Process
• Assess existing building capacity and ductility (R) penilaian kapasitas bangunan
eksisting dan duktilitas (R)
• Determine achievable seismic gap given site constraints penentuan celah gempa
yang dapat dicapai dengan batasan lokasi
• Determine “target performance” menentukan performa yang ingin dicapai
• Select isolation system to “match” building capacity and within achievable
seismic gap pemilihan sistem isolasi untuk menyesuaikan dengan kapasitas
bangunan dan celah yang tersedia
• Select isolation location pemilihan lokasi isolasi
• Design strengthening works required perencanaan pekerjaan perkuatan yang
diperlukan
– Superstructure if required struktur atas, bila diperlukan
– Diaphragms diafragma
– Basement walls dinding basement
– Supporting structure struktur pendukung
223
Retrofit using isolation
(Indonesia example)
• Hospital located in Palu RS di Palu

• Assume designed 2012 using new hazard maps asumsi
perencanaan 2012 dengan peta bencana terbaru

(Indonesia example)
• Hospital, designed after 2012 using Gempa SNI 1726-2012

RS, direncanakan setelah 2012 dengan Gempa SNI 1726-2012
• 5 storey 5 lantai
• Reinforced concrete moment frame frame dengan beton
bertulang
• Objective – Isolate to increase operability of structure
following earthquake tujuan – isolasi untuk meningkatkan
kinerja strukur akibat gempa yang akan datang
224
(Palu hospital example)
• Known design parameters (assumed) mengetahui parameter

desain (asumsi)
– Risk Category IV Æ Ie=1.5 Kategori risiko IV Æ Ie=1.5
– Special reinforced concrete moment frame Æ R=8
frame penahan momen dengan beton bertulang khususÆR=8
• Structural properties (assumed) sifat struktur
– We = 10kPa over all levels We = 10kPa untuk seluruh tingkat
– T1=0.5sec


3.00
SMS = 2.52
MCE 5% damping
2.50 MCE 10% damping
MCE 20% damping
2.00 SDS = 1.68

MCE 30% damping
DBE 5% damping
1.50
DBE 10% damping
DBE 20% damping

1.00
DBE 30% damping
0.50
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Period [sec]
225
ௌವೄ ଵǤ଺଼
Ȉ ‫ܥ‬௦ ൌ ೃ ൌ ൌ ͲǤ͵ͳͷ
଼ȀଵǤହ
಺೐

1.80
1.60
DBE 5% damping
1.40
1.20 Reduced force level Æ Ductility, Cs (R=8, Ie=1.5)
damage, facility unlikely to be

1.00
operable following earthquake
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Period [sec]

(selecting isolation system)

2.0
MCE 5% damping
1.8 MCE 10% damping
1.6 Possible operating point for MCE 20% damping

isolation system, up to Sa = 0.63, MCE 30% damping
1.4
eg Sa = 0.5g Sd =400mm
Acceleration [g]
DBE 5% damping
1.2
DBE 10% damping
1.0 Structure
DBE 20% damping
Capacity
0.8 DBE 30% damping
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Displacement [m]
226
(Indonesia hospital example)
• Select isolation system to meet strength of structure memilih sistem
isolasi yang memenuhi kekuatan struktur
• At DBE Sa<0.32g, Sd=550mm, Damping = 30%
• No ductility required at DBE
2.0
1.8
1.6
Acceleration [g]
1.4
1.2
Possible
1.0
isolation system
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Displacement [m]

(select an isolation system)
Select isolation system to suit required response
• Can use R=2 for superstructure
• Ie=1.0 for isolated building
࢑ࡰ ࡰࡰ
ࢂ࢙ ൌ ൑ ࡯ࢇ࢖ࢇࢉ࢏࢚࢟࢕ࢌ࢙࢚࢛࢘ࢉ࢚࢛࢘ࢋ
ࡾ
࢑ ࡰ ࡰࡰ
൑ ૙Ǥ ૜૚૞
૛
࢑ࡰ ࡰࡰ ൑ ૙Ǥ ૟૜
• Very easy to achieve this performance mudah mencapai
pperforma ini
• Structure could be designed for less force Æ Economy in
superstructure design struktur dapat direncanakan untuk
gaya yang lebih kecil Æ perencanaan struktur atas lebih
ekonomis 227
(Select isolation location)

(analyse structure, design and detail for isolation)
Possible strengthening of
ground floor above isolation to
accommodate overturning,
distribute load to isolators
Possible strengthening of
ground floor columns
Detailing for seismic gap
228
(Indonesia hospital example)
• What if this hospital was in another location?

• Designed level would have been lower
– Palu S1 = 0.9
– Padang S1 = 0.6
– Jakarta S1 = 0.3
• Select a different
isolation system
• Padang ܵ஽ௌ ͲǤͻ
‫ܥ‬௦ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͲǤͳ͸ͻ
ܴ ͺȀͳǤͷ
‫ܫ‬௘

(Padang Example)
Capacity spectrum - Padang

1.0
MCE 5% damping
0.9
MCE 10% damping
0.8 Allowable acceleration through isolation
system if R=2.0 used = 0.34g MCE 20% damping
0.7
Structural Design
Acceleration [g]
MCE 30% damping

0.6 Capacity = 0.17g
DBE 5% damping
0.5
DBE 10% damping
0.4 Possible range of DBE 20% damping

isolation system
0.3
responses DBE 30% damping
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Displacement [m]
229
(retrofit example - an existing old building)
• Process Proses
– Existing building designed to some older design standards perencanaan
bangunan eksisting dan beberapa standar perencanaan yang lebih lama
– Seismic loadings have since increased Beban gempa yang meningkat
– Structural configuration is not robust (i.e. unreinforced masonry) Æ Use R=1.0,
ensure elastic behaviour konfigurasi struktur tidak kuat (misal. bangunan batu
tidak bertulang) menggunakan R=1,0 untuk memastikan perilaku elastis
– Choose limit state (return period earthquake) at which elastic behaviour is
desired, maybe higher than “design level”. MCE? Tentukan batas (periode
kembali gempa) pada perilaku elastis yang diinginkan, mungkin lebih tinggi dari
tingkat rencana. MCE?
– Select isolation system to limit force transferred to structure to within structural
capacity at chosen limit state pilih sistem isolasi untuk membatasi gaya yang
dipindahkan ke struktur dalam batasan kapasitas bangunan yang dipilih
1980s or 1990s building designed to

SNI 03-1726-1987
• V = C I K Wt
• C = Basic Coefficient
• I = Importance Factor
• K = Structural Type Factor
Seismic Zone Map

230
1980s or 1990s building designed to
SNI 03-1726-1987
• V = C I K Wt
Location Zone Firm/Soft C I Ductility K V/Wt
Capacity
v seismic 1 Soft 0.13 1.0 high 1 0.13
0.13 1.0 low 4 0.52
Firm 0.09 1.0 high 1 0.09
0.09 1.0 low 4 0.36
Padang 3 Soft 0.07 1.0 high 1 0.07
0.07 1.0 low 4 0.28
Firm 0.05 1.0 high 1 0.05
0.05 1.0 low 4 0.20
Jakarta 4 Soft 0.05 1.0 high 1 0.05
0.05 1.0 low 4 0.20
Firm 0.03 1.0 high 1 0.03
0.03 1.0 low 4 0.12

• Assume this building is in Padang

(actually Dunedin Law Courts NZ)
asumsikan bangunan ini terletak di Padang
(sesungguhnya Dunedin Law Courts NZ)
• Unreinforced masonry building,
important historical structure bangunan
batu tak bertulang, bangunan penting dan
bersejarah
• Assessed capacity ≈ 0.12g as fixed
based structure, T = 0.3sec kapasitas hasil
penilaian ≈ 0.12g dengan fondasi jepit,
T = 0.3sec
• Same approach as for new building
however select R=1.0 pendekatan sama
sperti bangunan baru, dengan R=1.0
231
• Worked example using NZ Parliament Buildings contoh

menggunakan bangunan parlemen NZ
• Can be applied to existing historic building in Indonesia dapat
diaplikasikan pada bangunan bersejarah eksisting di Indonesia
• Historically significant – early 1900s (modern part 1970s)

• Unreinforced masonry – existing capacity ≈ 0.08g

• Existing capacity ≈ 0.08g kapasitas eksisiting ≈ 0.08g

• Limit force transferred to less than 0.08g at Design EQ batas
gaya yang disalurkan kurang dari 0.08g pada Design EQ
• Very low level, achievable given wind load?
232
Questions and Discussion
233
6. Case Studies: Isolation of Existing Buildings –

Design and Construction
6. Studi Kasus: Isolasi pada Bangunan Eksisting –
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• New Zealand retrofit design and construction case studies

studi kasus perencanaan dan konstruksi retrofit di NZ
• Other international case studies studi kasus lingkup
Internasional yang lain
• Your case studies?Studi kasus anda?
• Questions & Discussion
234
New Zealand Parliament Buildings
• Historically significant – early 1900s (modern part 1970s)

• Unreinforced masonry – existing capacity ≈ 0.08g bangunan batu tak
bertulang – kapasitas eksisting ≈ 0.08g
• Isolated and strengthened in 1990s. Diperkuat dan diberi Isolasi pada
1990an
NZ Parliament Buildings Design criteria

Kriteria Desain Gedung Parlemen NZ
• Fixed Base Period 0.45s Periode dari fondasi terjepit 0,45det
• Isolated Behaviour (Maximum Earthquake MCE - 1 in 500 years)
Perilaku isolasi (Gempa maksimum MCE – 1 dalam 500tahun)
– Displacement DM = 450mm, perpindahan DM = 450mm
– Acceleration SaM = 0.22g, percepatan SaM = 0.22g
– Period TM = 2.5s Periode TM = 2.5s
Isolation plane 235

NZ Parliament Buildings
(Strengthening and Isolation)
• SaM = 0.22g,
• 417 isolators
• Structure strengthened struktur
diperkuat
– Additional concrete shear walls
dinding geser beton tambahan
– Steel plates on floors (diaphragm)
plat baja pada lantai (diafragma)
– Foundations fondasi
Design Acceleration Spectra
236
Isolator installation
“sandwich beams”
cast each side
“balok lapis”
Dipasang di kedua sisi
Isolation Plane
LRB isolators
and flat-jacks
Bidang isolasi
Isolator LRB
dan flat-jack
Isolator installation
Isolation Plane
20 mm sawcut slot
Bidang isolasi
20 mm slot irisan
237
New Zealand Parliament Buildings
Rankine Brown Building
• Victoria University, Wellington, NZ

• 10 storey Library building (remained in use)
• Un-isolated period T1=1.4-1.8sec
238
(Isolation design)
• 16 LRB positioned at the base of basement columns 16 LRB dipasang di bawah kolom
basement
• Maximum earthquake displacement 600mm perpindahan gempa maksimum 600mm
• Teff approximately 3sec Teff kira-kira 3det
• Time history analysis analisis sejarah waktu
• Strengthening of building - carbon fibre wrapping, sway podium
columns (existing column too small to fit a sliding bearing to
cater for 600mm disp and axial load) perkuatan bangunan –
pelapisan dengan serat karbon, podium kolom bergoyang (kolom
eksisting terlalu kecil dibandingkan sliding bearing untuk
memenuhi perpindahan 600mm dan gaya aksial)
• Building fully occupied and operational throughout construction
bangunan yang beroperasi dan sibuk selama konstruksi
– Minimise noise and dust meminimalkan suara bising dan debu

(Construction Sequence)
1) Install temporary props at levels 0,1,2 and 3 to

take full axial load of columns. Jack props to take
load pemasangan penopang sementara pada
tingkat 0,1,2,3 untuk menahan beban axial kolom.
Penopang didongkrak untuk memikul gaya
2) Protection barriers and environmental controls
installed around columns (library) pemasangan
pelindung dan pengontrol untuk
lingkungan di sekitar kolom
(perpustakaan)
3) Wire saw cutting of columns (quiet)
pemotongan kolom dengan gergaji
kawat baja (tenang)
239
(Construction Sequence)
1) Removal of section of column pemotongan
bagian kolom
2) Steel “shoe” fitted around top
section of column (shear
connection between bearing and
column) “sepatu” baja yang dipasang disekitar
bagian atas kolom (hubungan geser antara
bearing dan kolom)
3) Bearing installed into gap. Steel “shoe” lowered to top surface of bearing and
bolted into place. Bearing dipasang pada celah. Sepatu baja diturunkan hingga
mencapai permukaan atas bearing dan kemudian dibaut.
4) Grout gap between shoe and column above, and between bearing and column
below celah antara sepatu dan kolom, dan antara bearing dan kolom di-grout
5) De-stressing and removal of props peregangan dan pelepasan penyangga
6) Bearing installation done one column at a time working from the centre out
towards each end instalasi bearing dilakukan pada kolom, satu persatu
dari pusat menuju masing-masing ujung
Christchurch Art Gallery
• Christchurch, New Zealand

• Constructed in 2001
• Concrete shear walls
240
• 142 double concave

slider bearings
• Design EQ 1 in 1000 year
• Vb = 0.18We
• 530 mm displacement

New sandwich beam and
seismic trench to
perimeter
Balok lapis dan parit
untuk gempa (dilatansi)
New steel suspension
frames for lifts in
Basement only
Modify stairs to Modifikasi tangga untuk
accommodate 550mm mengakomodasi Rangka baja
movement in Basement pergerakan 550mm pada suspensi
only basement
Basement columns Kolom basement

Montreal
fattened to support new diperbesar untuk
Street
bearings mendukung bearing yang
baru
Dinding pengaku New bracing walls in

di basement Basement only
New isolation plane Bidang isolasi (garis

(dashed) putus-putus)
241
New lift steelwork hangs below isolation plane

Isolation trench around building
New seismic
service trench
242
Isolation trench at building perimeter
Worcester
Boulevard

cover plate over isolation & enlarged columns
243
displacement of pendulum isolators
Art Gallery
(Construction – Isolator on column)
• Temporary propping and cutting of structure for isolator

installation penyangga sementara dan pemotongan struktur
untuk instalasi isolator
Existing column, Temporary propping, Isolator installed,

strengthened externally existing column cut Propping removed
244
William Clayton Building, NZ
2015 building extension & seismic upgrade
• 1978 - first LRBs in world, - structure ductile just in case!
• 150 mm clearance to moat wall
• Bearing unbonded with steel dowels
• 200m from active Wellington Fault
• Refurbishment & extension
William Clayton Building

2015 building extension & seismic upgrade
• Floors extended and new floor added perluasan dan penambahan lantai
• All original LRBs retained (sample removed easily and tested - little
change over 35 years)
• Seismic gap increased to around 250 mm celah gempa ditambah sekitar
250 mm
• Ringfeder springs added to stop building in large EQ. pegas ringfeder
ditambah untuk menghentikan bangunan pada gempa yang besar
245
Bearing removal for testing
• Check for change in stiffness after 40years pengecekan

untuk perubahan kekakuan setelah 40tahun
• Small jacks to allow removal dongkrak kecil untuk pelepasan

Bearing removal for testing
• Flat slider in place following bearing removal slider datar

diletakkan setelah pelepasan bearing
246
Bearing testing comparisons 1980 vs 2014

Capacity Spectrum analysis
247
Industrial Boiler retrofit - NZ
• Industrial Boiler 1000 tonne weight boiler industri
dengan berat 1000ton
• Original design by Rolls Royce, but inadequate
for modern EQ standards desain awal oleh Rolls
Royce, tidak memenuhi untuk peraturan gempa
baru
• 4 LRBs installed - 1 in each corner. Pemasangan
4LRB pada tiap ujung
• Installed during annual 1-week shutdown – no
lost time. Pemasangan selama 1-minggu
penutupan – tidak ada waktu hilang
• water-cooling to stop boiler heat affecting
bearings. Air-pendingin untuk menghentikan
pengaruh panas pada bearing
• Greatly increased seismic safety peningkatan
keamanan terhadap gempa secara signifikan
Pasadena City Hall

• Monumental civic structure bangunan
monumental
• Constructed 1927 dibangun pada 1927
• Cultural Heritage Landmark
• Lateral structure mix of concrete walls,
piers and frames struktur lateral
gabungan antara dinding beton, tiang
dan rangka
• Seismic performance under 475yr return
period event evaluated as very poor
performa gempa peridoe 475tahunan
dievaluasi dengan hasil sangat buruk
248
Pasadena City Hall
• Retrofit options
pilihan retrofit
• Isolation reduced
demand to within
existing capacity
isolasi mengurangi
kebutuhan untuk
kapasitas eksisting
Pasadena City Hall

• 240 Friction Pendulum bearings
• New foundations
• Fibre wrapping
249
Basilica del Salvador - Chile
• Constructed 1863
• Severely damaged in March 1985 (M7.8) and February 2010
(M8.8) earthquakes
• Closed since 1985
Basilica del Salvador
250
Gambar 5. Kebutuhan pengurangan elastik gempa dari isolasi gempa (arah melintang)
Gambar 6. bidang dan elevasi perencanaan isolasi gempa

(Proposed construction sequence)
• Construction of isolation beneath highly damaged structure
konstruksi isolasi dibawah struktur yang rusak parah
• Expected to take approximately 5 years
diharapkan selesai dalam 5tahun
• Install micropiles pemancangan micropile
• Prestress micropiles to remove load from
existing foundation tiang micropile
prategang untuk mengurangi beban fondasi
eksisting
• Jacket base of columns and walls that will be
supported on isolators selubung kolom bagian
bawah dan didnding yang akan didukung isolator
• Excavate small area to construct new ground
floor beams penggalian area kecil untuk
konstruksi balok lantai yang baru
251
• Progress excavation proses penggalian

• Brace micropiles to prevent buckling
pengekangan micropile untuk mencegah
buckling
• Construct underground structure

konstruksi struktur bawah tanah
• Install isolators pemasangan isolator
• Weight of structure still supported on
micropiles berat struktur didukung oleh
micropile

• Transfer load from piles to isolators

using flat jacks penyaluran beban dari
tiang ke isolator dengan dongkrak rata
• Fill any gap with grout pengisian celah
yang ada dengan grout
• Cut and remove piles pemotongan dan

pelepasan tiang
252
Antalya International Airport Turkey
• Designed 1996 based on 1975 Turkish Earthquake Code
• Reinforced concrete moment frames and shear walls
• Major code revision 1998 – seismic increased by 3
• Strengthened with isolation
• Isolated at 1.2m above ground
• LRB / flat sliders in columns
• Isolated behaviour: Teff = 2.7s
200mm displacement
Bridges in Turkey
Bolu Viaduct retrofit

• 2.3km - 59 spans
• Badly damaged in 1999 M7.2 Duzce EQ.
• Fault rupture movement
• Retrofit with pendulum brgs
• Design to AASHTO 2000
• DM = 900 mm
Bolu Viaduct
Turkey
253
Mid-height isolation
Wellington Office Building Extension
• 8 storey addition
• Isolation at mid-height
41
Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan

(masonry chapel building)
• Chapel of Rikkyo University

• Unreinforced masonry walls dinding pasangan batu tak bertulang
• First historical masonry building in Japan to be retrofit
using isolation bangunan pasangan batu bersejarah pertama di Jepang
yang diretrofit dengan Isolasi
254
(masonry chapel building)
• Retrofit to not change exterior or

interior due to historical value
retrofit agar tidak merubah
eksterior dan interior karena nilai
sejarah
• Isolation System sistem isolasi
– LRB combined with lead bar
damper LRB dikombinasi
dengan peredam batangan
timah

(masonry chapel building – retrofit construction)
• Existing beams at ground level considered very weak and
require strengthening balok eksisting pada level muka tanah
lemah dan perlu perkuatan
• Removal of the need for temporary jacking by constructing
new footings on an area by area basis so that the building
was always supported on either the new or old bearing layer
konstruksi telapak baru pada area tertentu untuk dongkrak
sementara, sehingga bangunan dapat didukung baik pada
bearing yang baru maupun yang lama
255
(1) Penghancuran dan pengambilan slab

eksisting. Penggalian disekitar
fondasi eksisting. Penghancuran dan
pengambilan telapak fondasi
(2) Penghancuran dan pengambilan slab

eksisting. Penggalian disekitar
fondasi eksisting. Penghancuran dan
pengambilan telapak fondasi

(3) Penggalian di atas balok fondasi baru dan

pembuatan slab beton penahan tekanan.
Pengaturan bearing karet diantara fondasi dan
slab beton
(4) Konstruksi balok dan slab beton bertulang baru

dalam bangunan. Pengaturan bar peredam
disekitar bangunan
256
(5) Pengisian celah antara dinding penahan

dengan tanah. Konstruksi scarcement
disekitar bangunan.

(masonry chapel building – associated strengthening)
257
(Verification tests after construction)
• Confirm isolation system response through in situ testing

(Measured response in 2011 Tohoku earthquake)
• 11th March 2011, M9 at epicentre.

• Rikkyo university – 300km from epicentre
258
(Measured response in 2011 earthquake)
International Library of Children’s

Literature (Tokyo)
• Original unreinforced
masonry structure 1906
struktur pasangan batu tak
bertulang tahun 1906
• Extended (RC) 1929
• Strengthening required
to preserve architecture
perkuatan diperlukan untuk
menjaga arsitektural
• Isolation to minimise bracing in the building isolasi untuk mengurangi
pengaku pada bangunan
• 4 stories above ground, existing basement 4 lantai dan basement
eksisiting
• Retrofit to include additions and architectural modifications
retrofit untuk modifikasi dan tambahan arsitektural
259
Literature (Tokyo)
• Natural rubber bearings + lead dampers

Literature (Tokyo)
• First floor beams cast beside brick walls balok lantai satu dicor disamping tembok
bata
• Brick walls partially demolished and removed under concrete beams between bearing
locations tembok bata dihancurkan sebagian dan dibuang
• New concrete foundation set pemasangan fondasi beton baru
• Temporary jacks installed between new beams and new foundation and jacked to
support building dongkrak sementara dipasang diantara balok baru dan fondasi baru
dan didongkrak untuk menopang bangunan
• Remainder of brick walls and demolished penghancuran sisa tembok bata
• Remainder of foundations constructed and bearings installed sisa fondasi dibangun
dan bearing dipasang
• Jacks removed pelepasan dongkrak
• Lead dampers installed pemasangan timah peredam
260
Literature (Tokyo)
• Vertical displacement of building constantly monitored during

construction to avoid damage to superstructure. Perpindahan vertikal
bangunan secara konstan dimonitor selama konstruksi untuk
menghindari kerusakan pada struktur atas
• Automatic control of jack force kontrol gaya dongkrak otomatis
• Steel rings and bracing around isolators to prevent lateral movement
during construction cincin baja dan pengaku sepanjang isolator untuk
mencegahpergerakan lateral selama konstruksi
• Please discuss your case studies
261
7. Isolation Location, Detailing of

Building Utilities, Connections
7. Lokasi Isolasi, Perincian
Perlengkapan Bangunan, Sambungan
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline | Ikhtisar
• Overview of Isolation Locations | Ikhtisar Lokasi Isolasi
• Details and Design Consequences | Detail dan Konsekuensi
Perancangan
• Stairs and Lifts | Tangga dan Lift
• Access Ramps | Landaian Akses
• Mechanical, Electrical and other services | Mekanikal,
Elektrikal, dan layanan lainnya
• Moat Covers | Tutup Parit
• Connection Design | Perancangan Sambungan
• Exercise and Discussion | Latihan dan Diskusi
262
Overview of Isolation Locations |
Ikhtisar Lokasi Isolasi
• Allow building to move horizontally (possibly up to 1m) |
Bangunan dapat bergerak secara horizontal (hingga 1 m)
• Depends on structure and architectural requirements |
Tergantung persyaratan struktural dan arsitektural
• Design consequences of location selection | Konsekuesi
perancangan di lokasi pilihan
Isolation under Isolation under Mid-height isolation

ground floor first floor
Isolation with no basement | Isolasi

tanpa ruang bawah tanah
• Advantages | Keuntungan
– Minimal added structural cost |
Pertambahan biaya struktural tidak
terlampau banyak
– Separation at ground level is simple to detail
| Pemisahan di bagian dasar mudah dirinci
– Base of columns connected by diaphragm |
Dasar kolom tersambung dengan diafragma
• Disadvantages | Kerugian
– “Double foundation” | Fondasi ganda
– May require large pits to suspend lift /
elevator | Mungkin membutuhkan galian
besar untuk pengangkatan
263
Isolation with basement | Isolasi
dengan ruang bawah tanah
• Options for isolation plane location | Pilihan untuk lokasi bidang
isolasi
• Option to also isolate basement level if required | Pilihan untuk
mengisolasi ruang bawah tanah jika diperlukan
– Useable sub-floor space | Lantai antara dapat digunakan
– No special cladding separation | Tidak membutuhkan penutup khusus

Design Issues/Disadvantages |
Masalah perancangan/kerugian
– Cantilever retaining walls, high water
table? | Dinding penahan tanah
kantilever, permukaan air tinggi?
– Design for large displacement effects
from isolators | Perancangan untuk
efek perpindahan besar dari isolator
– Substantial column sizes and/or
pilasters | Ukuran kolom yang besar
dan/atau kolom praktis
– Flexible columns can modify
performance of isolation system |
Kolom fleksibel dapat memodifikasi
performa sistem isolasi 264
• Typical arrangements of isolation plane and retaining walls | Susunan
tipikal untuk bidang isolasi dan dinding penahan tanah
• Can isolate basement – reduce floor accelerations in basement (eg

library, museum or important equipment) | Dapat mengisolasi ruang
bawah tanah – mengurangi percepatan lantai di ruang bawah tanah
(contoh perpustakaan, museum, atau peralatan penting)
Above ground floor isolation |

Isolasi diatas permukaan tanah
Advantages | Keuntungan
– Top of first story columns | Bagian atas dari
kolom lantai pertama
– Minimal added structural cost | Pertambahan
biaya struktural minimal
– Economic if first level is parking | Ekonomis bila
lantai pertama adalah tempat parkir
Disadvantages | Kerugian
– Difficult if floor space occupied | Rumit apabila lantai digunakan
– Special detail for lifts and stairs | Detail khusus untuk lift dan tangga
– Special cladding details required if first level is not open | Detail penutup
khusus diperlukan apabila lantai pertama tidak terbuka
– Special details required for vertical services | Detail khusus dibutuhkan
untuk layanan vertikal
265
Mid-height isolation | Isolasi di
tengah bangunan
• 8 storey addition to existing building | 8
lantai tambahan terhadap bangunan
eksisting
• Isolation at mid-height | Isolasi di tengah
bangunan
• Concept of a tuned mass damper |
Memiliki konsep peredam penyesuaian
massa
• Complex to get reliable performance |
Sulit untuk mendapatkan performa
andalan
• Would need very careful design | Sangat
memerlukan perancangan yang hati-hati
9
Stairs crossing isolation plane |

Bidang isolasi melintasi tangga
• Suspend or provide gap and support from below | Menyingkirkan
atau menyediakan jarak dan sokongan dari bawah
• Requires break in stair and balustrade | Perlu menembus tangga
dan balkon
Isolation
Plane
266
Stairs | Tangga
• Cross isolation plane | Bidang isolasi menyilang
• Options – hanging or gap | Pilihan – menggantung atau jarak
Elevators/Lifts
• Suspend from above
isolation plane |
menggantung dari atas
bidang isolasi
• or set structure and
isolation plane down | atau
mengatur struktur dan
isolasi kebawah
267
Vehicle Ramps | Landaian Kendaraan
• Provide breaks between floors|

Menyediakan patahan antar
lantai
Utilities | Perlengkapan
• Rainwater pipes | Pipa air hujan

• Lightning conductors | Konduktor
petir
268
Fire protection system | Sistem
perlindungan kebakaran
• Pipes crossing isolation plane | Pipa memotong bidang
isolasi
Utilities – Flexible connections | Perlengkapan

– Sambungan fleksibel
269
Moat Covers | Penutup Parit
Connection Design | Perancangan Sambungan

(Anchor Bolts) | Baut Angker
• Design Basis | Dasar Perancangan
– Minimum design actions Vb=kDmaxDD | Aksi perancangan minimum
Vb=kDmaxDD
– Have capacity to transfer maximum force between substructure and
superstructure | Memiliki kapasitas untuk mengalihkan gaya maksimum
diantara struktur bagian atas dan bawah
• Ease of construction, retrofit, temporary support, replacement |
Kemudahan konstruksi, retrofit, dukungan sementara, penggantian
• Make clear designs and who supplies anchor bolts | Membuat
perancangan yang jelas dan siapa yang menyuplai baut angker
– Embedment in concrete structure normally governs
(building designer needs to be involved) | Bagian yang tertanam di
struktur beton biasanya ditentukan (perancang bangunan perlu
dilibatkan)
270
Connection Design – LRB |
Perancangan Sambungan - LRB
• Design actions | Aksi perancangan

• 2 cases – maximum and minimum vertical load | 2 kasus –
beban vertikal maksimum dan minimum
• Fixed end equivalent column | Kolom jepit ekuivalen
• M = 0.5(VH+P∆)

Perancangan Sambungan – LRB
1) Shear force per bolt | Gaya geser per
baut
Vf=V/n
2) Direct axial load per bolt | Beban geser
per baut
Nf=P/A
3) Tension per bolt due to M. | Tegangan
per baut
T=M/S
4) Net tension per bolt | Tegangan bersih
Tf=P/A-M/S
5) Design bolt for combined shear and
tension loads Vf and Tf | Perancangan
baut untuk kombinasi beban dan geser
dan tegangan Vf and Tf
271
• Load plate design | Perancangan pelat beban
• Conservatively assumed that all bolts in tension are carrying
maximum tension | Secara tradisional diasumsikan bahwa semua
baut adalah tegang dan menanggung tegangan maksimum

272
Connection Design – Slider |

Perancangan Sambungan - Peluncur
• Sliding surface location determines eccentricity of load at
maximum displacement | Lokasi bidang peluncur
menentukan eksentrisitas beban pada perpindahan
maksimum
• slide plate make be on top or below
P∆ moment to structure above or below | Pelat peluncur
dapat dibuat dibawah atau diatas P∆ momen kepada struktur
dibawah atau diatas
• If μbearing<μsurface is a shear connection required? | Jika
μbearing<μsurface apakah sambungan geser diperlukan?
• Nominal connections always provided | Sambungan
tambahan selalu disediakan
273

274
Case Study – William Calyton |
Studi Kasus – William Calyton
(Increasing the seismic gap) | (Meningkatkan jarak
gempa)
• Open PDF drawings |buka gambar PDF
Exercise | Latihan
• Building to be designed as isolated – currently documented as
conventional structure | Bangunan dirancang dengan isolasi – sekarang
dicatat sebagai struktur biasa
• Identify locations that will require special detailing to accommodate
isolation system | Mengidentifikasikan lokasi yang akan membutuhkan
perincian khusus untuk menerapkan sistem isolasi
• Sketch conceptual details | Melakukan sketsa detail konseptual
• Consider: | Mempertimbangkan:
– Lifts | Lift
– Stairs | Tangga
– Rattle room cover | Penutup ruang perlengkapan
– Isolator connections – consider LRB and slider | Sambungan isolator –
pertimbangkan LRB dan peluncur
– Basement walls and columns | Dinding ruang bawah tanah dan kolom
275
Questions & Discussion |
Pertanyaan dan Diskusi
276
8. Evaluation of existing base

isolated buildings (& other things)
8. Evaluasi bangunan eksisting
berisolasi dasar (& hal lainnya)
Padang Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline | Ikhtisar
• Example assessment of existing isolated building | Contoh

penilaian bangunan eksisting berisolasi
• Isolation devices (hardware) | Alat isolasi (perangkat keras)
• Tsunami vs isolation | Tsunami vs. isolasi
• Questions and Discussion | Pertanyaan dan Diskusi
277
Evaluation of isolated buildings |
Evaluasi bangunan berisolasi
• Few buildings designed to specific standard | Beberapa bangunan
dirancang terhadap standar tertentu
• Standards did not address isolated structures | Standar pada
umumnya tidak menyebut bangunan berisolasi
• Standards have increased a lot over time | Standar telah
berkembang dari waktu ke waktu
• Understanding on design of isolated buildings has changed |
Pemahaman mengenai perancangan bangunan berisolasi telah
berubah
• Analysis has become simpler! | Analisis menjadi lebih sederhana!
• Few examples of isolated buildings to demonstrate performance |
Beberapa contoh bangunan berisolasi untuk menunjukkan
performa
Example | Contoh: William Clayton

Building, NZ
• 1978 - first in world - but how does it rate now? | Pertama di dunia –
namun bagaimana kondisinya sekarang?
• 79 LRB & 150 mm clearance to moat wall | 79 LRB dan 150 mm jarak
bersih dari dinding
• Superstructure designed as ductile beyond Vb = 0.2Wt | Bangunan
bagian atas dirancang daktil melebihi Vb = 0.2Wt
• Bearings unbonded with steel dowels | Tumpuan tanpa pengencang
dengan keling baja
• 200m from active Wellington Fault | 200 m dari Patahan Wellington
278
Bearing removal for testing | Pemindahan tumpuan
untuk pengetesan
• Check for change in stiffness after 40 years | Pengecekan
perubahan kekakuan setelah 40 tahun
• Small jacks to allow removal | Dongkrak kecil untuk
pemindahan

Bearing removal for testing | Pemindahan tumpuan
untuk pengetesan
• Flat slider in place following bearing removal | Peluncur datar

setelah pemindahan tumpuan
279
Bearing testing comparisons 1980 vs 2014 |
Perbandingan pengujian tumpuan 1980 vs 2014

Capacity Spectrum analysis | Analisa
Kapasitas Spektra
280
Pushover Displacement capacity | Kapasitas
Perpindahan Pushover
LRB at 150mm
Plastic Hinges
displacement
Discussion | Diskusi
• Examples from Indonesia? | Contoh dari Indonesia?
281
Seismic Isolation Devices | Alat Isolasi Seismik
• Elastomeric Systems | Sistem Elastomerik
– Lead-rubber bearing – natural rubber layers and steel
shims with lead core | Tumpuan karet timah – lapisan
karet alami dan cincin penutup baja dengan inti timah
– High damping rubber bearing – modified natural rubber
bearing with high damping rubber compound | Tumpuan
karet peredam tinggi – tumpuan karet alami modifikasi
dengan karet peredam tinggi campuran
• Sliding systems | Sistem Geser
– Spherical friction bearing – concave slider using PTFE (or
sim.) and stainless steel | Tumpuan geser berbentuk bola
- peluncur cekung menggunakan PTFE (atau sim.) dan
stainless steel
– Flat plate slider – flat plate slider using PTFE and
stainless steel | Plat peluncur datar – plat peluncur datar
menggunakan PTFE dan stainless steel
Elastomeric Isolators | Isolator Elastomerik

(Advantages and complexities) | (Keuntungan dan kerumitan)
– Maintenance free (no moving parts) | Bebas perawatan (tanpa bagian
bergerak)
– Reserve capacity beyond design displacement | Kapasitas cadangan
melebihi perpindahan rancangan
– Required installation tolerances within typical construction practice |
Membutuhkan toleransi pemasangan dibandingkan praktik konstruksi umum
– Generally, smaller footprint than slider | Umumnya, memiliki bekas yang lebih
kecil dibanding peluncur
• Complexities | Kerumitan
– May not be stable at large displacements for light weight structures |
Mungkin tidak stabil pada perpindahan yang besar untuk bangunan ringan
– High quality materials required | Membutuhkan material kualitas tinggi
– Connections to structure | Sambungan dengan struktur
– Generally, larger profile than slider | Pada umumnya, memiliki ukuran lebih
besar dibanding peluncur
282
Friction Isolators | Isolator Gesek
(Advantages and complexities) | Keuntungan dan kerumitan
Advantages | Keuntungan
– Once sliding. period is a function of radius of curvature only and independent of mass |
Ketika meluncur, periode adalah hanya fungsi radius kurva dan dipengaruhi massa
– Stiffness proportional to mass Æ Eliminates torsion at isolation plane. Suitable for
irregular structures. | Kekakuan sebanding dengan massa Æ Menghilangkan torsi pada
bidang isolasi. Cocok untuk bangunan tak beraturan.
– Low profile makes device attractive for retrofit applications | Tidak menarik perhatian
sehingga cocok untuk pekerjaan retrofit.
– High load capacity | Kapasitas beban tinggi.
Complexities | Kerumitan
– Coefficient of friction depends on contact pressure, velocity of sliding, material type and
surface finish | Koefisien gesek tergantung oleh tekanan kontak, kecepatan luncur, tipe
material, dan lapisan permukaan
– Ageing? | Penuaan?
– Must be installed with high level of accuracy | Harus dipasang dengan akurasi tinggi
– Vertical ground motion sensitivity? | Sensitivitas gerakan permukaan vertikal?
Isolation Devices - Exercise | Latihan

(Which device for which building?) | Alat yang mana
untuk bangunan seperti apa?
Discuss which device would be suitable for the following buildings. New? Existing? |
Diskusikan alat mana yang cocok untuk bangunan berikut. Bangunan baru?
Eksisting?
- Moment frame – no basement | Frame momen – tidak ada ruang bawah tanah
- Moment frame – basement | Frame momen – dengan ruang bawah tanah
- Shear wall | Dinding geser
- Deep basement | Ruang bawah tanah dalam
- Irregular floor plate | Plat lantai tidak beraturan
- Building on a hill | Bangunan di bukit
- Very tall building | Bangunan sangat tinggi
- Flexible building layout | Denah bangunan yang fleksibel
- Existing unreinforced masonry building (church? Other historical?) |
Bangunan eksisting dengan pasangan batu tanpa tulangan
(gereja? Bangunan bersejarah?)
283
Specifications for Isolation Systems
| Spesifikasi untuk sistem isolasi
• What do you need to specify? | Apa yang perlu dirinci?
– Type of isolator | Tipe isolator
– Slider – R, μ, vertical loads | Peluncur - R, μ, beban vertikal
– LRB – Qd, Kd, vertical loads | LRB – Qd, Kd, beban vertikal
• Performance specification | Spesifikasi performa
– Design parameters | Parameter perancangan
– Force transferred through isolation system | Gaya ditransfer
melalui sistem isolasi
– Displacement capacity | Kapasitas perpindahan
– Allowance for manufacturing tolerances? | Peluang untuk
toleransi pembuatan
Tsunami vs isolation
Tsunami vs isolasi
• Is seismic isolation compatible
with tsunami resistance? | Apakah isolasi
gempa cocok dengan ketahanan tsunami
• Padang at high risk from tsunami | Padang

terletak di lokasi risiko tinggi tsunami
• Need for vertical evacuation structures |

Memerlukan bangunan evakuasi vertikal
• Some isolated buildings in lost in Great East

Japan EQ of 2011 \
Beberapa bangunan
berisolasi rusak saat
gempa besar di Jepang
tahun 2011
284
FEMA P646 2008
• Guidelines for Design of Structures for
Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis |
Petunjuk untuk Perancangan Struktur
Bangunan Evakuasi Vertikal Tsunami
• Tsunami hazard assessment | Penilaian
bahaya tsunami
• Vertical evacuation options | Pilihan
evakuasi vertikal
• Siting, spacing, sizing and elevation
considerations | Pertimbangan tapak,
jarak, ukuran, dan ketinggian
• Load determination and structural design |
Penentuan beban dan perancangan
struktural
• Appendix C – Example calculation |
Lampiran C – Contoh perhitungan
FEMA P646 2008

(Tsunami Load Effects) | Efek Beban Tsunami
• Hydrostatic forces | Gaya hidrostatis
• Buoyant forces | Gaya apung
• Hydrodynamic | Hidrodinamis
• Impulsive | Impulsif
• Debris impact | Tumbukan puing-puing
• Debris damming | Pembendungan puing-puing
• Uplift forces on floors | Gaya angkat di dasar
• Additional gravity loads from water retained |
Tambahan beban gravitasi dari air yang tertampung
285
Padang tsunami report
Stanford Univ. 2009 CEE 177S/277S
• Source EQ on Mentawai Patch (Sunda
Trench) | Sumber gempa bumi di
Tambalan Mentawai (Parit Sunda)
• 33 min travel time to Padang | Waktu
perjalanan 33 menit
• Inundation (run up) modelling | Pemodelan
genangan (run up)
• Max flow depth estimated
up to 17 m in worst case event |
Diperkirakan kedalaman aliran maksimum
adalah 17 m di kejadian paling buruk
• 4-5m depth in Masjid Nurul Iman area |
Kedalaman 4-5 m di area Masjid Nurul
Iman
• Max flow velocity 5 m/s | Kecepatan
maksimum 5m/s
Padang tsunami inundation modelling |

Pemodelan penggenangan tsunami Padang
(Stanford 2008)
286
Stanford Padang tsunami Scenario | Skenario
Tsunami Padang oleh Stanford
(Suggested evacuation structures) | (Struktur
bangunan evakuasi yang disarankan)
Stanford Padang tsunami Scenario | Skenario

Tsunami Padang oleh Stanford
(Suggested evacuation structures) | (Struktur
bangunan evakuasi yang disarankan)
• Building system
material weight |
Beban material
sistem banguan
287
Padang vertical evacuation structures –
equivalent EQ base shear | Struktur Bangunan
Evakuasi Vertikal Padang – pergeseran dasar
gempa bumi ekuivalen
Weight (MN) 21 31 18 15
Tsunami force (MN 4.9 4.9 5.3 4.2
Equivalent base shear SaM 0.23 0.16 0.29 0.28
Conclusions – Isolation of tsunami vertical

evacuation structures | Kesimpulan – isolasi
bangunan evakuasi vertikal tsunami
• Refuge levels high enough above inundation level | Lantai pengungsian cukup
tinggi diatas level genangan
• Tsunami hazard needs to be determined | Bahaya tsunami perlu ditentukan
• FEMA guidelines available for structural design | Petunjuk FEMA tersedia untuk
perancangan struktur
• Lower level walls should be designed to break away | Dinding bagian bawah perlu
dirancang untuk lepas
• Base- isolation feasible but must be designed to carry tsunami loads (horizontal and
vertical) | Isolasi dasar layak namun perlu dirancang agar dapat menanggung beban
tsunami (horizontal dan vertikal)
• Padang example suggests FM > 0.3Wt | Contoh di Padang menyarankan FM > 0.3Wt
• Buoyancy effects means rubber bearings preferable to friction or pendulum
bearings | Efek apung berarti tumpuan karet lebih baik dibanding tumpuan geser
atau pendulum
• Provide displacement limited “fail-safe” devices | Menyediakan perpindahan
terbatas sebagai alat “kegagalan-aman”
288
289
9. Base Isolated building treatment after a large

earthquake
9. Perawatan bangunan dengan isolasi dasar
setelah gempa bumi besar
Padang, Indonesia
Ms Georgia Whitla
09 – 13 February 2015
Outline
• Overview | Ikhtisar
• Likely effects of a large earthquake | Kemungkinan efek
gempa bumi besar
• Inspection | Inspeksi
• Assessment | Pemeriksaan
• Placarding | Pemberian Label
• Special issues for isolation | Kasus khusus untuk isolasi
• Monitoring isolated buildings | Monitoring bangunan
berisolasi
• Discussion | Diskusi
290
Experience with post-earthquake
inspections of buildings | Pengalaman
inspeksi bangunan setelah gempa bumi
• What was your experience? | Apakah pengalaman anda?
Effects of Large EQ on isolated building | Efek

gempa bumi besar terhadap bangunan dengan
isolasi
Isolated buildings compared with conventional | Bangunan dengan
isolasi dibandingkan dengan bangunan biasa
– Large movement should be mostly confined to isolation plane | Sebagian
besar gerakan harus dibatasi pada bidang isolasi
– Items crossing isolation plane sustain large movement | Bidang isolasi
menopang gerakan besar
– Possible residual offset of bearings | Kemungkinan sisa reaksi bearing
• LRB
• Pendulum
– Should be less building damage than non-isolated
(ie superstructure, building fabric, fitout) | Memiliki tingkat kerusakan yang
lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan bangunan tanpa isolasi (yaitu
bangunan bagian atas, rangka bangunan, dan perlengkapan bangunan)
291
EQ affected isolated building
Hospital in Christchurch
Bangunan dengan isolasi yang terkena gempa bumi
Rumah sakit di Christchurch
• Continued (almost) uninterrupted | Hampir tidak terganggu
• Approx 200 mm movement | Pergerakan sebesar 200 mm
• Cover plates dislodged | Pelat penutup lepas
• Some cracking in building | Beberapa keretakan terjadi
Christchurch Womens Hospital

Acceleration Response spectra | Respon
Spektrum Percepatan di Christchruch CBD
• GNS maps EQ records and charts

(from Royal Comm report)
292
ADRS spectra | Spektra ADRS
Assessment after an earthquake generally |

Pemeriksaan setelah gempa bumi secara umum
• Inspection and Observation (preferably by designer) | Inspeksi dan
pengamatan (lebih baik oleh perancang)
• Obtain ground shaking information – compare with design |
Mendapatkan informasi getaran tanah – dibandingkan dengan
perancangan
• If necessary | Jika perlu
– Survey (tilt and level) | Survei (kemiringan dan kedataran)
– Testing and Measurement | Pengujian dan Pengukuran
– Modelling & Prediction & correlation with observed | Pemodelan &
Prediksi & Korelasi dengan pengamatan
• Document assessments done | Pemeriksaan dokumen selesai
• Recommend safety for occupancy | Rekomendasi keamanan penghuni
• Advise owner, occupants and authorities | Saran pemilik, penghuni,
dan yang berwenang
293
ATC-20 Building Inspection process
| Proses Inspeksi Bangunan ATC-20
• ATC-20 – Procedures for post-earthquake evaluation of
buildings | Prosedur evaluasi bangunan setelah gempa bumi
ATC-20
• Rapid Evaluation Safety Assessment Form | Formulir
Pemeriksaan Cepat mengenai Evaluasi Keamanan
• Detailed Evaluation Safety Assessment Form | Formulir
Pemeriksaan Detail mengenai Evaluasi Keamanan
• Placards | Label
ATC-20 Rapid Inspection Form | Formulir

Inspeksi Cepat ATC-20
294
ATC-20 Detailed Inspection Forms | Formulir
Inspeksi Detail ATC-20
ATC-20 Placards | Label ATC-20
295
New Zealand Placards |
Label New Zealand
• Used in the Canterbury Earthquakes |
Digunakan saat Gempa Bumi Canterbury
• Note the colours! | Perhatikan warnanya!
• Placed by inspecting engineers |
Dipasang oleh insinyur inspeksi
• Important that inspection engineers
record their contact details! | Penting
bagi seorang insinyur inspeksi untuk
memberikan kontak mereka!
Plan ahead | Merencanakan lebih dulu

• Design engineer to document the building design basis | Insinyur
perencana mendokumentasikan dasar perancangan bangunan
• Have drawings ready | Gambar telah siap
• Identify possible hot-spots & vulnerabilities | Mengidentifikasi
kemungkinan titik bahaya dan kerentanan
• Understand levels of shaking that trigger isolation / damage |
Memahami tingkat getaran yang memicu isolasi
• Survey the building before EQ including reference photos bearing
geometry (verticality & any offsets) | melakukan survey pada
bangunan sebelum gempa bumi, termasuk foto pembanding
geometri tumpuan (kelurusan dan kemiringan)
• Measure clearances around building | Mengukur jarak aman disekitar
bangunan
• Prepare inspection checklists | Menyiapkan daftar pemeriksaan
inspeksi
296
After event | Setelah kejadian
• Get EQ details from USGS or BMGK (tsunami risk?) | Dapatkan detail
gempa bumi dari USGS atau BMGK (risiko tsunami?)
• Expect aftershocks | Mengantisipasi gempa susulan
• “Triage” inspections – Structural, MEP & building manager | Tiga inspeksi
wajib (struktur, MEP, dan manajer bangunan)
• Was isolation system activated or over-extended? | Apakah sistem isolasi
teraktifasi atau terlalu regang?
• Record visible damage and signs of movement | Merekam kerusakan
yang terlihat dan tanda gerakan
• Photograph measure isolation plane (bearings, covers etc) | Memotret
pengukuran bidang isolasi (tumpuan, penutup, dll)
• Check any instrumentation (eg scratch-plates | Mengecek instrumentasi
• Interview occupants | Wawancara penghuni
• Carry out a safety assessment – is it safe to occupy? | Melaksanakan
penilaian keamanan – apakah aman untuk dihuni?
Isolated building inspection items | Hal yang

diinspeksi pada bangunan berisolasi
• Inspect bearings fixings and adjacent structure | Memeriksa pengekang
tumpuan dan gedung terdekat
• Look for signs of movement including ground | Mencari tanda gerakan
termasuk permukaan dasar
• Look for signs of distress (cracks, spalling splitting etc) | Mencari tanda
bahaya (retak, kepingan, terbelah, dll)
• Inspect superstructure | Memeriksa bangunan bagian atas
• Inspect substructure (underground impossible to see!) | Memeriksa bangunan
bagian bawah (bawah tanah tidak mungkin terlihat!)
• Inspect non-structural items especially at isolation plane | Memeriksa bagian
non struktural terutama di bidang isolasi
• Survey for level and tilt if necessary | Survei untuk kedataran dan kemiringan
• Keep records, including areas inspected but not damaged | Menyimpan
cacatan, termasuk area inspeksi namun tidak rusak
297
Isolated building post-EQ assessment |
Penilaian bangunan berisolasi setelah gempa bumi
• Obtain estimated of ground shaking intensity | Memperoleh perkiraan intensitas
gerakan permukaan tanah
• Preferably seek assistance from design engineer | Lebih baik mencari bantuan
dari insinyur perancang
• Obtain building & isolation drawings and design records | Memperoleh gambar
bangunan dan isolasi serta catatan perancangan
• Estimate building response by calculation (eg Capacity Spectrum method) and
matching observations | Memperkiraan respon bangunan dengan perhitungan
(contoh: metode kapasitas spektra dan pengamatan serupa)
• Predict isolation displacements and building accelerations | Memprediksikan
perpindahan isolasi dan percepatan bangunan
• Inspect predicted highly stressed areas | melakukan inspeksi terhadap area yang
sangat mungkin terkena tekanan
• Keep records of assessments done and conclusions made | Menyimpan catatan
pemeriksaan dan kesimpulan yang dihasilkan
• Notify owner and authorities | Menginformasikan pemilik dan yang berwenang
Possible issues for isolated

buildings | Permasalahan yang
mungkin dimiliki bangunan
berisolasi
• Possible re-centering – is it necessary? | Kemungkinan
dihuni kembali – apakah perlu?
• Bearing replacement if damaged | Mengganti penumpu
apabila rusak
• Need for Re-levelling | Perlu didatarkan kembali
298
Earthquake monitoring systems | Sistem
monitoring gempa bumi
• Eg | Contoh Canterbury Seismic Instruments
http://www.csi.net.nz/
• Multi-channel sensors (eg accelerometers in building) | Sensor multi-channel
(contoh: akselerometer di bangunan)
• Acceleration, weather, strain, displacement | Percepatan, cuaca, regangan,
perpindahan
• Can be remotely monitored or push message alerts | Bisa dimonitor jarak jauh
atau pesan peringatan
• Can set thresholds of level of shaking measured and alert
(eg 1 >0.05g low, 2 >0.15g – inspect, 3 >0.3g evacuate)
enables facility manager to take action immediately | Bisa mengatur batas
getaran terukur dan peringatan (contoh: >0.05g rendah, 2 >0.15g – inspeksi, 3
>0.3g evakuasi)
• Available for design engineer to review | Tersedia agar dapat diperiksa oleh
insinyur perancang
• Installed in many intelligent and isolated buildings | Dipasang di banyak
bangunan pintar dan berisolasi
Earthquake monitoring systems |

Sistem monitoring gempa bumi
examples | contoh
• Wellington Regional Hospital
• Port facility
• NZ airports
• Major bridges
Lyttelton Port Christchurch Intl Airport
Wgtn Regional Hospital Christchurch Civic Office Hardanger Bridge Norway

299
Exercise | Latihan
• How would you go about inspecting and assessing an
isolated building? | Bagaimana cara anda menginspeksi dan
menilai bangunan berisolasi?

300

Modul Pelatihan Base Isolation StIRRRD Padang

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Modul Pelatihan Base Isolation StIRRRD Padang

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DAFTAR ISI

Dr. FEBRIN ANAS ISMAIL (UNAND)

Dr. ABDUL HAKAM (UNAND)

TEUKU FAISAL FATHANI, Ph. D (UGM)

Prof. IMAN SATYARNO (UGM)

Dr. DAVID WHITTAKER dan Ms. GEORGIA WHITLA (BECA)

Febrin Anas Ismail

USULAN KONSEP PROSEDUR

Goyangan Gempa Lemah

Goyangan Gempa Kuat

 Penggunaan di PADANG / INDONESIA:

(Lead Damper Æ Jumlah tingkat gedung dibatasi (max. 4 tingkat)

“Ultimate Capacity of SI”

Ultimate Capacity of “SI”

 Shear Strain design criteria :

GRAFIK : σcomp Vs Shear Strain

σcomp <' 'LVSODFHPHQW'HVLJQ

Shear Strain (%) /

Sistim SI : - Pondasi In Elastis

 DIS (DINAMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM, USA)

c. LRB : dia = 1000

b. LRB : dia = 900

Mengapa perlu Base SI

 Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

 Proven track record:

 (2) Superior quality

 (6) An assortment of rubber bearings to choose from

 Bridgestone offers a complete assortment of bearings to the Industry;

 High Damping Rubber

 3 building have been installed:

Goyangan Gempa Lemah

Goyangan Gempa Kuat

Sistim SI : - Pondasi In Elastis

 Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

Kedalaman Jenis Tanah Nilai SPT Pekiraan nilai Perkiraan qu

kedalaman muka air tanah = 1m

Kedalaman Jenis Tanah Nilai SPT Pekiraan nilai E

kedalaman muka air tanah = 1m

The Determination of Peak Ground

 To conduct site investigation by core drilling, Standard

 Determine horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA)

 This code divided Indonesia into 6 seismic zones

Earthquake Return Period

Seismic Zones in SNI-1726-2002

Bengkulu Kendari Ambo n

Bedrock acceleration and PGA for each seismic

Bedrock Peak ground acceleration amax (g)

¾ These three soil classifications can be determined if the top 30 m soil

Results of Standard Penetration Test (2)

• Wilayah Yogyakarta termasuk zona dengan percepatan puncak batuan

Empirical prediction of PGA by using

Fukushima & Tanaka (1990): log amax

Earthquake magnitude, epicenter coordinate

 Scenario 1 : Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical

Peak Ground Acceleration

Prediction of PGA by attenuation relationships with

Persamaan Attenuasi Boore dkk (1993)

d = jarak antara titik yang ditinjau dengan patahan aktif terdekat,

Kelas vs di atas 30 m Komponen b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 h ılogPHA

Yogyakarta Æ level risiko 2 dan 3 dengan PGA 0,14g - 0,21g

c1  c 2 M w  c 3 (8,5  M w ) 2  c 4 ln({R s  [(c 5 S HS  c 6 {S PS  S SR }  c 7 S HR )

Attenuation Relationship based on dominant

Amplification factor depends on

Peak Ground Acceleration

USULAN KONSEP PROSEDUR

Penggunaan di PADANG / INDONESIA:

Shear Strain design criteria :

DIS (DINAMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM, USA)

Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

Proven track record:

(2) Superior quality

(6) An assortment of rubber bearings to choose from

Bridgestone offers a complete assortment of bearings to the Industry;

High Damping Rubber

3 building have been installed:

Struktur Gedung PU : Collapse !

To conduct site investigation by core drilling, Standard

Determine horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA)

This code divided Indonesia into 6 seismic zones

Scenario 1 : Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical

c1 c 2 M w c 3 (8,5 M w ) 2 c 4 ln({R s [(c 5 S HS c 6 {S PS S SR } c 7 S HR )

Elnashai et. al. (2007) memperkirakan nilai percepatan puncak tanah