• FLASH POINT :

The flash point of a volatile liquid is the

lowest temperature at which it can
vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in
air. Measuring a liquid's flash point
requires an ignition source. At the flash
point, the vapor may cease to burn
when the source of ignition is removed.
The flash point is not to be confused with
the autoignition temperature which does
not require an ignition source.

• FIRE POINT :
The fire point, a slightly higher
temperature, is defined as the
temperature at which the vapor continues
to burn after being ignited. Neither the
flash point nor the fire point is related to
the temperature of the ignition source or
of the burning liquid, which are much
higher.
The flash point is often used as a
descriptive characteristic of liquid fuel
and it is also used to describe liquids that
are not normally used as fuels. “Flash
point” refers to both flammable liquids
and combustible liquids. There are
various international standards for
defining each, but most agree that liquids
with a flash point less than 43°C are
flammable, while those having a flash
point above this temperature are
combustible.

Mechanism :
Every liquid has a vapour pressure, which
is a function of that liquid's temperature.
As the temperature increases, the vapour
pressure increases. As the vapour
pressure increases, the concentration of
evaporated flammable liquid in the air
increases. Hence, temperature
determines the concentration of
evaporated flammable liquid in the air.
Each flammable liquid requires a different
concentration of its vapour in air to
sustain combustion. The flash point of a
flammable liquid is the lowest
temperature at which there will be
enough flammable vapour to ignite when
an ignition source is applied

Measuring flash points :

There are two basic types of flash point
measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is
contained in an open cup which is heated,
and at intervals a flame is brought over
the surface. The measured flash point will
actually vary with the height of the flame
above the liquid surface, and at sufficient
height the measured flash point
temperature will coincide with the fire
point. The best known example is the
Cleveland Open Cup (COC).
There are two types of Closed cup
testers: non-equilibrium, such as Pensky-
Martens where the vapours above the
liquid are not in temperature equilibrium
with the liquid, and equilibrium, such as
Small Scale (commonly known as
Setaflash) where the vapours are deemed
to be in temperature equilibrium with the
liquid. In both these types the cups are
sealed with a lid through which the
ignition source can be introduced. Closed
cup testers normally give lower values for
the flash point than Open cup (typically 5-
10 °C) and are a better approximation to
the temperature at which the vapour
pressure reaches the lower flammable
limit (LFL).
The flash point is an empirical
measurement rather than a fundamental
physical parameter. The measured value
will vary with equipment and test
protocol variations, including
temperature ramp rate (in automated
testers), time allowed for the sample to
equilibrate, sample volume and whether
the sample is stirred.

Examples of flash points

Autoignition
Fuel Flash point temperatur
e
365 °C (689
Ethanol 12.8 °C (55 °F)
°F)
Gasoline 246 °C (475
<−40 °C (−40 °F)
(petrol) °F)
210 °C (410
Diesel >62 °C (143 °F)
°F)
210 °C (410
Jet fuel >60 °C (140 °F)
°F)
Kerosene >38–72 °C (100– 220 °C (428
(paraffin oil) 162 °F) °F)
Vegetable
327 °C (620 °F)
oil(canola)
Biodiesel >130 °C (266 °F)

Gasoline (petrol) is designed for use in an

engine which is driven by a spark. The
fuel should be premixed with air within its
flammable limits and heated above its
flash point, then ignited by the spark
plug. The fuel should not preignite in the
hot engine. Therefore, gasoline is
required to have a low flash point and a
high autoignition temperature.
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52
°C and 96 °C (126 °F to 204 °F). Diesel is
designed for use in a high-compression
engine. Air is compressed until it has
been heated above the autoignition
temperature of diesel; then the fuel is
injected as a high-pressure spray,
keeping the fuel-air mix within the
flammable limits of diesel. There is no
ignition source. Therefore, diesel is
required to have a high flash point and a
low autoignition temperature.
Jet fuel flash points also vary greatly.
Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have flash points
between 38 °C and 66 °C (100 °F to 150
°F), close to that of off-the-shelf
kerosene. Yet both Jet B and FP-4 have
flash points between -23 °C and -1 °C (-10
°F to +30 °F ).