Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch:
Department :
CO NT EN TS
Lab. Pa ge
Da te d Title of Experiments Re ma rk s
No. No
1 Parts of power cable. 1- 3
Cable Size Calculation for the given
2 4- 7
load.
Measure the High Level Voltage,
3 Current and Resistance using 8- 1 0
Instrument Transformers & Megger.
Operation and constructional features
4 of a Distribution Transformer.
11- 12
LAB SESSION 1
Power Cable
OBJECTIVE
To dissect the power cable into it’s distinguished parts.
APPARATUS
Cables
Vernier Calliper
Micrometer Screw Gauge
Gauge Meter
THEORY
A cable is defined as an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of
power in densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in
order not to disturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission
purposes.
PARTS OF CABLE
A cable is composed of the following parts;
Core
All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands
of Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are
stranded in order to reduce the skin effect.
Insulation
It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside
periphery. The common insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and
Polyethylene.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Metallic Sheath
Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead,
some alloy of lead or Aluminum
Bedding
In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It
consists of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.
Armoring
It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to
avoid the mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.
Serving
A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.
Copper Aluminum
S. Properties Hard Hard
No Annealed Annealed
Drawn Drawn
Resistivity at 20◦ C
1 -8 1.72 1.78 to 1.8 2.8 2.3
(ohm-m × 10 )
Temperature coefficient of
2 0.00393 0.00393 0.00403 0.00403
electrical resistance at 20◦C
Coefficient of linear
3 17.0 x 10-6 17.0 x 10-6 23.0 x 10-6 23.0 x 10-6
expansion per unit per ◦C
Thermal conductivity
4 384 384 209.4 209.4
W/mK
5 Density kg/m3 8.89 x 10-3 8.89 x 10-3 2.71 x 10-3 2.71 x 10-3
6 Specific heat kJ/kg K 0.394 0.394 0.904 0.904
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
PROCEDURE
Practical demonstration.
RESULT
Cables have been studied.
EXERCISE:
You are given three cables of unknown cross section: find out the following information
about each cable.
What will be the difference in size of Cu & Al conductor for same installation?
(Hints: refer table)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 02
APPARATUS
Given Load
Cable Tables Book
THEORY
INTRODUCTION: The cable selection procedures set out in this LAB SESSION
will give the basic guidelines to be followed to determine the minimum size of cable
required to satisfy a particular installation condition.
The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy
the circuit requirements:
(b) Voltage drop—dependent upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of the
load current and the load power factor.
TASK:
Determine the size of cable required & voltage drop in the cable.
SITUATION:
A 7.6kW, three phase load is supplying from a 400V, 50Hz supply. The circuit is
protected using BSEN 60898 Type B circuit breaker and is situated 15m away from
the distribution board. It is run with two other power circuits and is buried in the
ground at a depth of 0.8m. There the soil resistivity is 1.2 ºC.m/W. The temperature
within the installation can be assumed to be 30
C. Calculate the size of cable required,
assume armored cable is used here.
DB 7.6kW
LOAD
15m
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
METHOD:
STEP #01
Determine the current requirements of the circuit. This current is known as Design current,
either specified by the manufacturer or can be calculated by the formulae.
STEP #02
Determine the method of cable installation to be used.
STEP #03
Determine the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the cable installation, where
applicable, like
(i) the ambient air or soil temperature
(ii) the depth of laying rating factor
(iii) the soil thermal resistivity rating factor
Use any cable’s table book to find out the correction factor values.
STEP #04
Apply the correction factors to determine the current carrying capacity (Ic) of the cable by
using the formula.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
IN ≥IF ≥IC
Therefore,
Rating of the protective device = 40 Amps
The voltage drop can be determine using the following formula 50 for applications where
only the route length and load current of balanced circuits are known.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 02
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Here, L = 15m
IN = __________ Amps
Vc= __________ mV/A.m
Hence the selected cable of mm 2 is suitable for normal current of Amps & cable
length of 15m.
EXERCISE:
Repeat the above task
(i) With load 20kW at power factor 0.9.
(ii) Assume unarmored cable is used here.
(iii) The distance between load & distribution becomes 30m.
Answer:
(i) mm2
(ii) mm2
(iii) mm2
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 03
APPARATUS
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Megger
Clip on Ammeter
THEORY
Current Transformers
Ammeters are employed for measurement of current in
circuits. In high voltage transmission lines, it is more
feasible to use Current Transformers for measurement of
current owing to its higher range of measurement. High
values of currents flowing in the transmission lines serve
as the primary circuit of a current transformer. The high
current is stepped down to a much lower value (normally
not more than 5A) which is then measured by an ordinary
ammeter. This way, an ammeter is not exposed to high
currents and voltages.
Potential Transformers
Difference between the potential transformers and current
transformers is that potential transformers operate on
voltage signal instead of current and hence is used to
measure high levels of voltages. Another difference
between the two is their connectivity to the main line to
be measured; Current Transformers are connected in
series whereas Potential Transformers are connected in
parallel.
Among the available range of PTs and CTs, the selection is based on the following
factors
Insulation Class
Primary to Secondary ratio
Continuous thermal rating
Service conditions
Accuracy
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Clip On Ammeter
Current is measured only when an ammeter is connected in a
circuit in series. What if the current in any wire connected to a
load is required to be measured. Using an ammeter, we shall
first need to disconnect the load from the source, insert an
ammeter and then measure the current. Instead of doing all this,
a clip on ammeter allows current measurement without
disconnecting the line. It operates on the concept of
transformation, as in transformers where flux linkages produce
voltages.
Megger
Megger is a name given to an instrument used to measure
large values of resistance. Measuring resistance of machines
and devices is very helpful in determining faults like short
circuits etc. Once a machine faces a fault, its internal
resistance gets changed. Machine resistance is regularly
monitored in order to detect any internal faults occurring in
the machines and other devices.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBSERVATION
Using Clip on Ammeter measure the current of a single phase load.
CT ratio: ________
RESULT
Working of measuring instruments practically demonstrated.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 04
Distribution Transformer
OBJECTIVE
To study the operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer
APPARATUS
Distribution Transformer
THEORY
Distribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage (usually
11-22-33kV) to a lower voltage (250 or 433V) with frequency identical before and
after the transformation. Its main application is mainly within suburban areas, public
supply authorities and industrial customers. With given secondary voltage,
distribution transformer is usually the last in the chain of electrical energy supply to
households and industrial enterprises.
CONSTRUCTION
There are 3 main parts in the distribution transformer:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 04
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
A transformer’s core and windings are called its Active Parts. This is because these
two are responsible for transformer’s operation.
Tank – serving as a mechanical package to protect active parts, as a holding vessel for
transformer oil used for cooling and insulation.
Transformer Accessories
Breather
Pressure relief device
Temperature Indicator
Tap Changer etc
PROCEDURE
Practical demonstration.
RESULT
Complete working of the distribution transformer has been understood.
EXERCISE:
Give the purposes of following parts of Distribution Transformer
1. Bushings
2. Conservator or expansion tank
3. Breather
4. Pressure Relief device
5. Tap Changer (OFF Load)
6. Temperature Indicating Instrument
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 05
OBJECTIVE
To study the major equipments of the substation and make a one-line diagram.
APPARATUS
A visit will be arranged to a sub-station.
THEORY
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels using transformers.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer,
and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
Feeders
The electrical distribution system begins with a source of electrical energy that must be
distributed to each and every electrical load. The starting point of this system, which feeds
electrical energy into it, is known as a Feeder. The electricity delivered by a feeder is actually
distributed to different loads in the system.
Distributors
A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken to the consumers. The current
through a distributor is not constant due to the tapings taken off at various places along its
length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration
as the voltage variation limits are about 6% of the rated voltage at the consumer terminals.
Switch Gears
The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the
combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical
equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to
clear faults downstream Panels are the compartments used for switchgear arrangement.
Switching Devices A device designed to close, open, or both, one or more electric
circuits. These include
HRC fuses
Magnetic contactor
Circuit Breaker (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
Load Break Switch
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
1. Using Magnetic Contactor design a DOL circuit for three phase Induction Motor.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
2. Using Magnetic Contactor design a Star Delta Scheme for three phase Induction Motor.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 06
APPARATUS
Fan Motor (Ceiling & Exhaust)
Washing Machine Motor
Pump Motor
Juicer Motor
Toys Motor
Transformers
THEORY
Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always
transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of
voltage and currents. The total VA at primary and secondary is always constant.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Universal Motor
The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine similar to DC series motor,
designed to operate either from AD or DC source. The stator & rotor windings of the
motor are connected in series through the rotor commutator. The series motor is
designed to move large loads with high torque in applications such as crane motor or
lift hoist.
The single-phase induction motor has no intrinsic starting torque. Starting torque can
be achieved by either one of the method.
1. Split phase windings
2. Capacitor type windings
3. Shaded pole stator
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
PMDC motor
A permanent magnet DC motor is the simple motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy through the interactions of the two fields. One field is
produced by a permanent magnet poles, the other field is produces by electrical
current flowing in the armature windings. These two fields result in a torque which
tends to rotate the rotor.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Hystersis Motor
A Hystersis motor is a type of shaded pole motor, operate on the principle of
Hystersis.
PROCEDURE
Practical Demonstration.
RESULT
The working of household motors has fully understood.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 06
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE
Give the application of following AC/DC motors
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBJECTIVE
To become familiar with the basic environment of lighting design software
“Calculux”
THEORY
This Lab session will introduce the main feature of lighting design software and with
the environment of Calculux.
Calculux Indoor is a software tool which helps lighting designers in selecting and
evaluating lighting systems for offices and industrial applications.
· Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or from specially formatted files
for luminaires from other suppliers;
The logical steps used for project specification save you time and effort, while the report
facility gives you the opportunity to keep permanent records of the results.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Rooms
Use this dialogue box to specify or display the settings for
the room.
Application Fields
An application field can be used to
graphically mark the area of interest
for lighting calculations.
Luminaire list
The luminaire list contains information about the individually placed luminaires used
in the project. You can view, set, edit, copy or delete information of project
luminaires. In the luminaire list the following luminaire information, if applicable, can
be set:
Luminaire Type
Luminaire Quantity
Luminaire Position (POS X, POS Y and POS Z)
Luminaire Orientation (aiming type)
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Drawings
Use this option to add a drawing to the project.
Following shapes could be added,
Rectangle (for a table etc)
Text (to mark text on the object)
Line ()
Arc
Grid
A grid is a set of points in a 2 dimensional plane, at which the lighting calculations
will be carried out. A grid must always be rectangular of shape and can be in any
plane in space. The position and size of a grid is defined by its corner points A, B and
C, and the number of points in the AB and AC direction and the direction of the
normal vector.
3. Calculation:
By means of the Calculation Menu you can define the
calculations which need to be carried out for your
lighting project. You can also calculate the quality figures
and specify how the results of the calculations will be
presented.
Room Illuminance:
Use this dialogue box to view the average luminance and illuminance values calculated for
the room surfaces. The accuracy of the values depends on the selected interreflection
accuracy.
4. Report:
By means of the Report menu you can define
the contents and layout of your reports. By
means of the 'Print Preview' option you can
preview the report print-out.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
5. Finance:
By means of the Finance
menu you can set the
parameters for the cost
calculations for the current
project.
6. View:
By means of the View menu you can set the view options for the project overviews in
the Calculux main window.
7. Options:
By means of the Options menu you can enter or change the default settings for your
Calculux projects. The settings in the Options menu will affect all new created
projects.
Note: When Calculux is installed, the settings in the Options menu are set to the
factory defaults. When starting the first project, it is likely you will need to set your
own defaults according to the local requirements.
8. Window:
By means of the Window menu you can arrange windows and icons.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Use To
Create a new window sharing a 2D-Top View of the
New
currently selected project.
Close Result Views Close all windows which are result views.
Resize and layer all open windows so that each title bar is
Cascade
visible.
Tile Resize and arrange all open windows side by side.
Arrange Icons Evenly arrange icons in a window.
In the 'open windows' field a listing of all open windows is
'open windows' given. The name of the currently selected window is
checked.
9. Help Menu:
By means of the Help menu you can search for help information about Calculux
topics.
You can also access Help by pressing F1 for context-sensitive help on the dialogue
box you are currently using.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Before you start 'My First Project' first you should check the default settings of
Calculux.
Do not use the Option menu when you want use different parameters for one
particular project only.
For 'First Project' you are going to check the following default settings:
Environment (options) (default settings concerning the program environment)
Report Setup Defaults (default settings concerning the contents and layout of
the report)
Calculation Presentation Defaults (default settings concerning the Calculation
Presentation)
Environment
Select Environment from the Options menu.
Select the Directories tab.
Check the directory settings of the Project files, Phillum files and Vignette files.
Select the Database tab.
Check the directory settings of the Database files.
Click OK to return to the Main View.
The Environment Options only have to be set after installing Calculux.
In the Presentation Forms box, select the presentation forms of the calculation
presentation result views.
Select Textual Table, Iso Contour,Filled Iso Contour
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 07(a)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Show box, select the elements to be displayed by default in the calculation
presentation and report.
Select Luminaires, Luminaire Code, Luminaire Legend, Drawings,Fill Color
Legend, Room,Connected Field,Connected Grid
In the Iso Contour Method box, select which Iso Contour Method will be used by
default for the calculation presentation.
Select Relative
In the Sizing box, select the default sizing of the calculation presentation result views,
select:
By setting the above scaling, the size of the defined objects in the calculation
presentation result overviews will be based on the size of the grid and the field. The
size is determined by the 'Zoom Factor'.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 07(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
OBJECTIVE
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10
Luminaire Specifications
Luminaire type TBS600/135 C7-60
Lamp type TL5 35W
A A
A A
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 07(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
- 31-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 07(b)
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
A A A A
table
A A A A
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self generated Report with each task.
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple the
report with the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 08
OBJECTIVE
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10
Illuminance level
To be measured
Luminaire Specifications
Luminaire type Lamp Type Color
FBS331/218 M6 2xPL-L18W 840
TBS300/236 M1 2XTL-D36W 840
Luminaires Location
Red Lamps (12 in Number)
Spacing
X- Spacing = 1.2m
Y- Spacing = 1.6m
Position
X=1.20 Y=1.60 Z=3.66
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
8
7 .5
7
6 .5
A A A A A
6
5 .5
B B B B
5
A A A A A
4.5
4
Y(m )
B B B B
3 .5
A A A A A
3
2 .5
B B B B
2
1 .5
A A A A A
1
0 .5
0
- 0.5
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
X(m)
Rectangle2
X=0.60 Y=4.80m Z=3.66m
Length= 2.0m Width=6.0m
- 34-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 08
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Rectangle3
X=0.60 Y=3.10m Z=3.66m
Length= 1.50m Width=6.00m
3. Make two separate grids, one for working plane & one for Table.
4. Now calculate the results.
5. Save the project.
6. Generate & Print the report.
7
B B B B
6
Table 2
B B B B
5
A A A A A A A
4
Y(m)
A A A A A A A
3
B B B B
2
Table 1
B B B B
1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X(m)
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with
the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 09
OBJECTIVE:
Design a task and accent lighting for an office.
Room Specifications
Room dimensions
Width 3.50 m
Length 5.60 m
Height 2.70 m
Working Plane Height 0.80 m
Reflections
Ceiling 0.50
Walls 0.30
Floor 0.10
Luminaries Used
TBS600/135 C7-60
MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D [13672]
- 36-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Y(m)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
X(m)
Steps To Follow:
Adding furniture.
1. Add Bureau (desk), consist of three elements Bureau, Bureau corner,
& Bureau left corner.
Name Bureau
Position, dimensions and orientation of the bureau (front desk):
X =1.30 m Y= 3.10 m Z =0.80 m
Length 1.60 m Width 0.80 m Rotation 0.00 deg
- 37-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Line box, enter the position, quantity and spacing of the luminaires:
First X = 0.75, Y = 1.90, Z = 2.65
Last X = 0.75, Y = 0.90, Z = 2.65
Number of Luminaires 2
Spacing 1.00 m
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Define Calculation grids for the bureau, conference table and the right wall
Grid on Bureau
Position
A X = 1.3, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8
B X = 2.1, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8
C X = 1.3, Y = 4.7, Z = 0.8
Number of Points in
AB = 4 AC = 8
- 39-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Switching Modes box, check 'General Lighting', 'Task Lighting Bureau', 'Task
Lighting Table' and 'Accent Lighting Painting'.
Defining Calculations
Before you can perform a calculation, you have to specify the calculation name and
the calculation parameters first.
Working Plane
Double click on 'Working Plane' in the Calculation dialogue box.
In the Change Calculation dialogue box, check and/or select:
Name Working Plane
Grid Working Plane
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
In the Include box, double click on the + or - sign to include (+) or exclude (-) a
calculation.
For this project Working Plane, Bureau, Table and Right Wall have to be included.
In the Presentation Forms box, select in which presentation forms the calculation
results are presented. Select:
Click OK.
OBSERVATION:
Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 09
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
7. Calculation Results
d) Textual Table
e) ISO Contour
f) Filled ISO Contour
INSTRUCTION:
All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with
the workbook.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 10
Luminescence
OBJECTIVE
Verifying the difference in output luminescence of incandescent and fluorescent lamps of
same power ratings
APPARATUS
A wooden board
Connecting wires
Fluorescent Light
Incandescent Light
LUX Meter
Where:
E = Illuminance in footcandles
I = Luminous intensity in candles
D = Distance in feet between the source and the point of calculation
TYPES OF LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS
Incandescent light bulbs consist of a glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) which is
filled with an inert gas to reduce evaporation of the filament. Inside the bulb is a
filament of tungsten wire, through which an electric current is passed. The current
heats the filament to an extremely high temperature (typically 2000 K to 3300 K
depending on the filament type, shape, size, and amount of current passed through).
The heated filament emits light that approximates a continuous spectrum. The useful
part of the emitted energy is visible light, but most energy is given off in the near-
infrared wavelengths.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
HALOGEN BULBS
Halogen light bulbs produce light in a
similar method to a regular
incandescent bulb. A halogen bulb
has a filament made of Tungsten,
which glows when electricity is
applied, same as a regular
incandescent bulb. What makes a
halogen bulb different is that it is
filled with halogen gas instead of
argon gas like a regular bulb is. The
average rated life of halogen bulbs
are typically between 2,000 and
4,000 hours.
- 44-
Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 10
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Distance from
S. No. Type of Lamp LUX
the source
1
Incandescent
2
(40W)
3
1
Fluorescent Lamp
2
(40W)
3
1
Energy Saver
2 (24W x 2)
3
RESULT
The inverse square law understood.
EXERCISE
Draw the circuit diagram of a fluorescent lamp showing fluorescent tube, ballast &
starter.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 11
Theory:
The rates of utility companies are based upon the following guidelines:
The amount of energy consumed is measured by Energy meter and the demand of the
system during the demand interval is measured by Demand meter.
Demand Measurement
Demand varies by customer and month. To record demand, a special meter
tracks the flow of electricity to a facility over a period of time, usually 30-
minute intervals.
Over the course of a month, the 30-minute interval with the highest demand is
recorded and reflected on a monthly bill.
Minimum Charges means a charge to recover the costs for providing customer
service to consumers even if no energy is consumed during the month.
Fixed Charges means the part of sale rate in a two-part tariff to be recovered on the
basis of “Billing Demand” in kilowatt on monthly basis.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Variable Charge means the sale rate per kilowatt-hour (kWh) as a single rate or part
of a two-part tariff applicable to the actual kWh consumed by the consumer during a
billing period.
Maximum Demand where applicable , means the maximum of the demand obtained
in any month measured over successive periods each of 30 minutes duration.
Sanctioned Load where applicable means the installed load in kilowatt as applied for
by the consumer and allowed/authorized by the Company for usage by the consumer.
Power Factor shall be to the ratio of kWh to KVAh recorded during the month or the
ratio of kWh to the square root of sum of square of kWh and kVARh,.
Formulae to be used:
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x MXD
then
Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x 50% of connected load
4. Additional Surcharge
5. Income Tax
6. Sales Tax
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
To obtain any industrial or commercial bill & calculate the charges.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 11
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Calculations:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 12
Diesel GeneratingSe t
OBJECTIVE
To study the various components of a Diesel Generating Set
THEORY
It is common practice to provide the standby emergency source of supply at all
important installations such as large factories, railways, airports & other essential
services. This is usually achieved with the use of a captive Diesel Generator Set (DG
Set).
Engine
This is the main prime mover (PM) for the generator and may be a gas, petrol or
diesel engine, depending upon the availability of fuel. In this LAB we will discuss the
Diesel generating Set, being used more commonly for captive power generation.
The control of power output is obtained through this PM only. It has a drooping
characteristic.
Governor
This senses the speed of the machine and performs extremely fast and accurate
adjustments in the fuel supply to the PM. In turn it regulates the speed and output of
the PM within predefined limits, depending upon the droop of the PM. The governor
may be a mechanical (manual), hydraulic or electronic (automatic) device.
Generator
Generator is responsible for changing engine power (hp or kW) into electrical power
(kVA). They also must satisfy high magnetizing current draws (kVAR) of electrical
equipment.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE:
This chart is very useful in calculating the size of the generator required for your
home.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 12
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Question:
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
LAB SESSION 13
APPARATUS
A large wooden board
Kilo Watt-hour Meter
Wires & Cables
Switches & Sockets
Bulbs & Fans
THEORY
Designing the home electrical wiring needs careful consideration because of safety.
For wiring in residential buildings or industrial buildings, wiring layout should be first
prepared on the drawing board.
The number of light and power points in a building is determined not only by its size,
but is also a matter of individual preference especially in the case of residential
buildings and as such the owner should be consulted for this.
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
PROCEDURE
Make connection of the three phase watt hour meter with the service main and
distribute the three-phase incoming service main & neural wire to different
distribution boards & electrical points (for appliances) in different rooms of
the house.
Select cables for them.
Measure the total energy.
Also draw the circuit diagram on AUTOCAD using the standard symbols of
switch fan bulb etc.
R+N
R ROOM NO. 01 ROOM NO. 02
Y KWh
B Meter
N
Wash Wash
Room Room
Y+N
B+N
Yellow Phase
Blue Phase
Wash Wash
Room Room
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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 13
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
EXCERCISE
On AutoCAD draw the SLD of your house showing Electrical & Civil work
(Stairs, Rooms, Kitchen etc).
Make an extension board with & without fuse with three sockets & one switch
in it and show the wiring diagram with color pencil.
1 2 3
SWITCH SOCKETS
Phase Neutral
1 2 3
5A
Phase Neutral
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