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FORM 5
Chapter 7
Electricity
Edited by In collaboration with
Learning Objectives :
FORM 5 PHYSICS
1. Analysing electric fields and charge 3. Analysing series and parallel circuits
flow 4. Analysing electromotive force and
2. Analysing the relationship between internal resistance
electric current and potential 5. Analysing electrical energy and power
difference
2016
4
Electric charge
• Electric charge is denoted by the symbol Q.
• The unit of electric charge is the coulomb , C.
• Charge on one electron = - 1.6 x 10-19 C
• Charge on one proton = 1.6 x 10-19 C
• An object is:
neutral, if it has equal numbers of positive and negative charges.
charged negative, if it has more negative than positive charges.
(atom gains electron)
charged positive, if it has more positive than negative charges.
(atom losses electron)
• The force acting on two bodies of the same net charges will repel each other.
• The force acting on two bodies of different net charges will attract each other.
• These forces causes movement of electrons or flow of charges.
Electric Current
Charge Q
Current
Time
I I∝Q I∝
1
t t
Q t
• The SI unit = Ampere, A 0
5
Electric Field
An electric field is a region in which an Setup to map the electric field around metal
electric charge experiences an electric electrodes
force (attraction or repulsion). To EHT power source
Metal electrodes
6
Electric field around metal electrodes
a) Positively charged sphere b) Negatively charged sphere
7
Effect of an electric field on a charge
A charged ball in an electric field
Observation :
Y X Y X Y X
8
Explanation :
1. When the EHT power supply is switched on, plate X is positively charged and plate Y is
negatively charged. Since the ping-pong ball is neutral it remains at the center as the electric
forces acting on it are balanced.
2. When the ping-pong ball touches the positively charged plate X, the ball positively charged and
experiences a repulsive force. The ball will then pushed to the negatively charged plate Y.
3. When the ball touches plate Y, the positive charges are neutralized by the negative charges.
The ball then negatively charged and repels toward plate X.
4. The process is repeated and the ball oscillate to and fro between the two metal plates X and Y.
Harriet Tubman
9
Effect of an Electric field on a Candle Flame
Candle
1. The ping-pong ball is
replaced with a candle.
2. The shape of the candle
flame is observed.
Observation :
Q P Q P
11
Exercise 7.1
Solving problems involving electric charge and current
2. When lightning strikes between two charged clouds, an electric current of 400 A flows for 0.05s.
What is the quantity of charge transferred?
Ans : 20 C
3. Electric charges flow through a light bulb at the rate of 20 C every 50 seconds. What is the
electric current shown on the ammeter?
Ans : 0.4 A
12
7.2 Relationship Between Electric Current and Potential Difference
Potential Difference
Battery
P Q
• When a battery is connected to a bulb in a circuit, it creates electric field along the wires.
• The positive terminal P is at a higher potential and the negative terminal Q is at a lower
potential.
• The potential difference between the two terminals causes the charges to flow across the bulb
in the circuit and lights up the bulb.
• Work is done when electrical energy carried by the charges is dissipated as heat and light
energy after crossing the bulb. 13
the work done when 1 C of charge
moves between two points in an
electric field.
Potential Difference, V
p.d. = 1 V
1 C charge
14
Lamp
A Ammeter
Voltmeter
V
How to measure • The potential difference across two points in a circuit can be measured
potential using a voltmeter.
difference? • Voltmeters must always be connected in parallel between the points
concerned.
”
. measured
Galileo Galilei
(1564 - 1642)
15
Relationship between current and potential difference
• The greater the potential difference or voltage, the greater the current flow.
• When the potential difference between two points in a circuit increases, the current flowing
through it increases.
• When the potential difference (V) between the points decreases, the current (I) decreases.
• The potential difference is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.
Ohm’s Law
The electric current, I flowing
through a conductor is directly
V
VαI
proportional to the potential
V
difference across it if the
Gradient constant
temperature and other physical I
conditions are constant.
I
0
Resistance
The ratio of the potential difference (V) across the
conductor to the current (I) flowing through it.
Conductor Good as
Poor as
Ohmic Non-ohmic
Condition Low High obey doesn’t obey
resistance resistance Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law
16
Disadvantage of resistance Advantage of resistance
Resistance causes some of the electrical It is resistance that allows us to use electricity
energy to turn into heat , so some electrical for heat and light. The heat is generated from
energy is lost along the way if we are trying to electric heaters or the light that we get from
transmit electricity from one place to another light bulbs is due to the resistance of the wire.
through conductor. In a light bulb, the current flowing through a
resistance filament causes it to become hot
and then glow.
Exercise 7.2
Solve problems involving W = QV
1. In a closed circuit, a 6 V battery is used to drive 40 C of electric charge through a light bulb.
How much work is done to drive the electric charge through the bulb?
Ans : 240 J
2. If 72 J of work has to be done to carry 6 C of charge across two parallel metal plates, what is
the potential difference across the metal plates?
Ans : 12 V
17
R R
R Rαl V Long
Medium
Short 1
A A
l I
Cross-sectional area, A
Length, l
V Fine wire (sw.g. 32)
Medium wire
(sw.g. 26)
Thick wire
Factors that (sw.g. 22)
**** Gradient of V – I affect I
graph = Resistance resistance
Type of Material
Temperature
V
Nichrome
R Constantan
Resistance R Copper
generally
increases with Silver
temperature.
I
T R Nichrome > R Constantan > R Copper > R Silver
18
Super-conductor R
Metals
• The resistance of a metal increases with
temperature
• The resistance of a semiconductor decreases
with temperature.
• A superconductor is a material whose resistance T
becomes zero when its temperature drops to a
R
certain value called the critical temperature . Semiconductors
Advantages
• Maintain a current with no applied voltage at critical
temperature.
• Able to sustain large currents T
• Smaller power loss during transmission
• Less heat produced R Superconductors
T
Tc
Applications of superconductors
Superconducting wire
When cooled below its transition temperature, superconducting wire has zero electrical resistance.
Ex: Niobium-titanium 19
Applications of superconductors
MAGLEV
Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a transport
method that uses magnetic levitation to move vehicles without
touching the ground. With maglev, a vehicle travels along a
guide way using magnets to create both lift and propulsion,
thereby reducing friction and allowing higher speeds.
The Shanghai Maglev Train, also known as the Transrapid, is
the fastest commercial train currently in operation and has a
top speed of 430km/h.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/maglev-train.htm
A current of 0.5 A flows through a length of resistance wire when a potential difference of 12 V is
applied between the ends of the wire.
(a) What is the resistance of the wire?
(b) What is the current flowing through the wire if the potential difference is increased to 15 V.
Ans : a) 24 Ω b) 0.625 A
21
7.3 Series And Parallel Circuits
• Two or more resistors are connected • All the components are connected with
one end after another to form a single their corresponding ends joined together to
path for current flow. form separate and parallel paths for
current flow.
• The bulbs share the potential difference • Each bulb gets the full potential difference
from the battery, so each glows dimly. from the battery because each is
connected directly to it. So each bulb
glows brightly.
• The brightness of each bulb is equally • The brightness of each bulb in a parallel
the same since the same current flows circuit is brighter than those in a series
through each bulb. circuit with the same number of bulbs.
• If one bulb is removed, the other goes • If one bulb is removed, the other keeps
out because the circuit is broken. working because it is still part of an
unbroken circuit.
22
Comparison of series circuits and parallel circuits
Type of Circuit Series circuit Parallel circuit
Diagram
Current I I1 I 2 I 3 I I1 I 2 I 3
Potential
V V1 V2 V3 V V1 V2 V3
Difference
R R1 R2 R3 1 1 1 1
Resistance
R R1 R2 R3
Brightness of Each bulb has the same brightness. Each bulb has the same brightness.
light bulb Dimmer. Brighter.
23
Exercise 7.3
Solve problems involving current, potential difference and resistance in series circuits,
parallel circuits and their combinations.
20 Ω 10 Ω 5Ω
a)
Ans : 35Ω
b) 8Ω
8Ω
8Ω
Ans : 2.67 Ω
24
c) 8Ω
10 Ω 20 Ω
8Ω
Ans : 34 Ω
d) 8Ω 8Ω
8Ω
4Ω 4Ω
Ans : 3.2 Ω
25
2. Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series to a 6 V battery.
6V
Calculate
I (a) the effective resistance, R of the circuit,
(b) the current, I in the circuit
A (c) the potential difference across each resistor,
V1, V2 and V3.
2Ω 4Ω 6Ω
R1 R2 R3 Ans :
a) 12 Ω b) 0.5 A
V1 V2 V3 c) V1 = 1V ; V2 = 2V ; V3= 3V
26
3. The three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel to the battery.
6V
Calculate
I
(a) the potential difference across each resistor,
(b) the effective resistance, R of the circuit
A I1 2Ω (c) the current, I in the circuit
R1 (d) the current I1 , I2 and I3 passing through each
I2 4Ω resistor.
R2
6Ω Ans : a) V1=V2=V3 = 6V
I3
R3 b) 12/11 Ω c) 5.5 A
d) I1 = 3A ; I2 = 1.5 A ; I3 = 1A
27
7.4 Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
Electro-motive force (e.m.f), E What does the label 1.5 V on the battery mean?
• Energy supplied by a source to • The voltage label on a battery or cell indicates its
drive one coulomb of charge e.m.f
through the source and around a • The label 1.5 V on a dry cell indicates the e.m.f. of
complete circuit. the cell is 1.5 V.
• A cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V if a flow of 1 C of
• Unit of e.m.f. is the Volt, V = J C-1 charge produces 1.5 J of electrical energy to the
whole circuit.
28
Open circuit Closed circuit
Battery Battery
1.5 V 1.2 V
V V
• No current flows through the circuit • Current flows through the circuit
Procedures
1. Switch S is let in the
open position. What
happens to the bulb V
is observed. The
readings of the
ammeter and the
voltmeter are S
recorded.
A
2. Switch S is closed
and what happens
to the bulb is Circuit diagram
observed. The
readings of the
ammeter and the
voltmeter are
recorded. Electrical circuit
Observations
Compare the difference in the The reading of the voltmeter when switch S is open is ________
higher
two voltmeter readings than when switch S is closed.
measured.
Electromotive Potential
Force, E Difference, V
Indicates the
Indicates the electrical energy that
electrical energy Measured in is transformed to
given to 1 C of JC-1
________or other forms of energy
charge flowing Volts,V
________. when 1 C of charge
through the cell or passes through a
source. component in a
closed circuit.
32
Internal Resistance, r
1. The internal resistance, r of a source or battery is the resistance against the moving
charge due to the electrolyte in the source or cell.
2. Work is needed to drive a charge against the internal resistance.
3. This causes a drop in potential difference across the cell as the charge flows through it and
loss of heat energy in the cell.
Ir = E – V
I
R V/ V E = V + Ir
V = IR
E = I (R + r )
I/A
0 33
Exercise 7.4
1. A cell with e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 1 Ω is r
connected to a resistor of 4 Ω. Determine
a) the reading on the voltmeter
b) the current across the 4 Ω resistor
R
34
2. A bulb M is connected to a battery by means of a switch.
A voltmeter is also connected across the battery. When
the switch is open, the voltmeter reads 6.0 V. When the V
switch is closed, the voltmeter reads 4.8 V.
Bulb, M
a) What is the e.m.f. of the battery?
b) If the resistance of the bulb M is 8 Ω, what is the
current passing through M when the switch is closed? Switch
c) Find the value of the internal resistance, r, of the r
battery.
Ans : a) 6V b) 0.6A c) 2Ω
35
3. When switch S is opened, the voltmeter reading
is 1.5 V. When the switch is closed, the voltmeter
S
reading is 1.35 V and the ammeter reading is
0.3 A. Calculate:
a) e.m.f
b) internal resistance
c) resistance of R V R
I/A
0 0.6
36
Comparison between total e.m.f and total internal resistance in a series and parallel circuit.
0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω
1.5 V 0.5 Ω
37
7.5 Electrical Energy and Power
Electrical energy
• Electrical energy is defined as the ability of the electric current to do work.
• It is supplied by a source of electricity such as cell or battery when current flows in a closed
circuit.
• It can be converted by an electrical appliance into other forms of energy such as heat, light,
mechanical when current flows in it.
E E VIt
V
Q
• Current is the rate of charge flow. V 2t I
V
E R
E VQ R
E VIt
• The unit of electrical energy is Joule, J
Q It
38
Electric power
• Power is the rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred.
Energy E VIt
Power P P VI unit = J s-1
Time t t = Watt (W)
V IR
P I 2R Power rating
P VI
An electrical kettle which is marked
240 V 1500 W means that the
electric kettle will consume 1500 J
I
V V2 of electrical energy every 1 second
R
P if it is connected to the 240 V.
R
Formula for energy consumed
The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given :
Energy consumed = Power rating x time
E = Pt
39
Comparison power rating and energy consumption of various electrical appliances
• The larger the power rating in the electrical appliance, the more energy is used every second.
• The longer the usage time, the more electrical energy is consumed.
What is kWh?
• 1 kilowatt-hour represents the amount of energy consumed in 1 hour by an electrical
appliance at the rate of 1 kilowatt.
• 1 kWh = 1 unit energy
• E = Pt
• 1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 hr = 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 x 106 J
40
How to calculate the cost of electrical energy ?
• Cost = number of units x cost per unit
If one unit of electricity cost 21.8 cents, calculate the cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps
if they are switched on five hours a day for the month of January.
E = Pt
= 5 x 0.036 kW x 5 hr x 31
= 27.9 unit
• The efficiency of an electrical appliance is always less than 100% as some energy is lost in
the form of heat and sound.
41
Exercise 7.5
Solve problem involving electrical energy and power
1. An electric kettle is connected across a 240 V power supply. If the resistance of the heating
element is 40 Ω, calculate
a) the current flowing through the element
b) the quantity of heat produced in 10 minutes
Ans : a) 6 A b) 864 kJ
42
2. An immersion heater has a power rating of 240 V, 750 W.
a) What is the meaning of its power rating?
b) What is the resistance of the immersion heater?
c) What is the electrical energy consumed in 15 minutes?
Ans : a) 76.8 Ω b) 675 kJ
3. An appliance with a power of 2 kW is used for 10 minutes, three times a day. If the cost of
electricity is 25 cents per unit, what is the cost of operating the appliance in the month of
April?
Ans : RM 7.50
43
Describe ways of increasing energy efficiency
• The term energy efficiency refers to gaining a higher level of useful outputs using less input.
This can be achieved using efficient devices.
• By increasing energy efficiency, not only are we reducing our cost but also we assist the
industry in energy conservation.
Less Efficient
efficient
44
What are fuses?
• A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which _____________
overheats and
___________
melt if current of more than a certain value flows through
it.
• If a short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too
high will flow. The fuse will melt and prevents overheating of the
wire that can cause a fire.
• If an electrical appliance is rated 960 W and 240 V then current in
normal use is 4.0 A. The fuse suitable for use must slightly
higher
____________ than the normal current flowing through the
appliance (.ie 5 A fuse ).
45
Additional Exercise
Paper 2 Section B
1 A student carries out an experiment to study the relationship between the length of a conductor, ℓ, with
the resistance, R. The circuit is connected as shown in Diagram 1.1.
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Constantan wire
Diagram 1.1
46
The length of the constantan wire between P and Q is adjusted so that its length, ℓ = 40.0 cm. The
switch is on and the rheostat is adjusted until the current, I, flowing in the circuit is 0.2 A. The potential
difference, V, across the wire is recorded.
The procedure is repeated by varying the values of ℓ to be 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 70.0 cm and 80.0 cm.
For each length of wire used, the rheostat is adjusted so that the current is at a constant value of
0.2 A. The corresponding readings of the voltmeter are shown in Diagram 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6.
V V V
V V
(b) Record the reading of the voltmeter, V in Diagram 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 when different length of wires, ℓ
are used. In each case, calculate the resistance, R of the wire where:
V
R
I
Tabulate your results for ℓ, V, I and R in the space below.
[6 marks]
ℓ /cm V/V I/A R/𝛀
40.0 0.6 0.2 3.0
50.0 0.8 0.2 4.0
60.0 0.9 0.2 4.5
70.0 1.0 0.2 5.0
80.0 1.2 0.2 6.0
48
1 R /𝛀
6.0
5.5
7 6
5.0
ℓ /cm R/𝛀
4.5
40.0 3.0
4.0 50.0 4.0
60.0 4.5
3.5
5 70.0 5.0
3.0
4
80.0 6.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
3 2
ℓ / cm
0 20 40 60 80