PHYSICS

FORM 5

Compiled by
Cikgu Desikan
 Chapter 9
Electronics
Dear students,
Look at the sky. We are not alone. The whole universe is friendly
to us and conspires only to give the best to those who dream
and work.
- Dr. Abdul Kalam
FORM 5 PHYSICS

Learning Objectives :
1. Understanding the uses of the 3. Understanding transistors
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.) 4. Analysing logic gates
2. Understanding semiconductor diodes
2016

Analysis of Past Year Questions

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
P1 4 3 4 1 4 4 4 5
A - 2 1 1 1 1 1 -
P2 B 1 - - - - - - -
C - - - - - - 1 -
A - - - - - - - -
P3
B - - - - - - - -
 Chapter 9
Electronics
Dear brothers and sisters,
STOP searching for strength and willpower.
START creating it !!!
Concept Map
Electronics

Cathode ray Semiconductor Transistors Logic gates

Oscilloscope diodes
AND
Applications
Thermionic p-type and n-type OR
emission semiconductor
diodes NOT

C.R.O Current Electrical NAND

Structure amplifier power
NOR
Half-wave
rectification Truth Table
Applications
Half-wave Controlling systems
rectification
9.1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Thermionic emission
Process of emission of electrons from a heated metal’s surface

How does thermionic emission occur?

e
1. Metal consists of a large number of electrons which are free to
move. e
2. At room temperature, the electrons are free to move but e
remain inside the metal. e
3. The electrons cannot escape at the surface because they are
held back by the attractive forces of the atomic nucleus.
4. If the metal is heated at a high temperature, some of the free Heated filament
electrons may gain sufficient energy to escape from the metal. cathode

Cathode rays Vacuum

Cathode
Fluorescent
6 V a.c Screen
Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope

EHT Anode
Beam of
- + electrons
4
Cathode rays

1. Thermionic emissions can be used to produce a continuous flow of electrons in a cathode ray
tube.
2. When the cathode is connected to the anode by an extra high tension (EHT) voltage supply,
a narrow beam of fast electrons will move to the anode.
3. The beam of electrons moving from the cathode to the anode is called cathode rays.
4. Cathode rays can be used in picture tube of a television, a cathode ray oscilloscope and the
visual display on a radar screen.

Properties Of Cathode Rays

1. Negatively charged particles called electrons.
2. Travel in straight lines and cast sharp shadows.
3. Travel at very high speed and have kinetic energy.
4. Can cause fluorescence. (A process where the kinetic energy of the electrons is
converted into light energy)
5. Deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

5
Investigate the properties of electron streams in a Maltese cross cathode ray tube

Anode Vacuum

Cathode
Fluorescent
6 V a.c Screen

EHT Maltese
cross
- +

Observation on the
Procedure Explanation
fluorescent screen
Connect only A dark shadow of the Maltese When the 6.3 V power supply is switched on,
the 6.3 V power Cross is formed on the screen the filament is heated. The Maltese cross
supply to the shadow is formed on the screen due to the
filament light from the filament.

6
Connect the A darker shadow of the 1. When the EHT power supply is switched on, a
6.3 V and EHT Maltese Cross is seen high voltage is applied between the cathode
to the on the screen. The and anode causing electrons to accelerate at
electrodes shadow is surrounded high speeds from cathode to anode. These
by green light electrons are the cathode rays .
2. The cathode rays blocked by the Maltese Cross
causing a shadow to form on the screen. The
cathode rays travel in straight lines.
3. The green screen formed around the shadow
when the EHT power supply is switched on
shows that the kinetic energy of the electron is
converted into light energy when the electrons
hit the fluorescent screen.

Bring a pole of Two shadow are seen 1. When a strong magnet is placed at the side of
a bar magnet on the screen. The light the Maltese Cross tube, the shadow formed is
near to the shadow remains at the moved and distorted.
neck of the centre of screen while 2. This shows that cathode rays are deflected by a
tube the dark one is shifted magnetic field.

Reverse the The light shadow

pole of the bar remains at the centre of
magnet screen while the dark
one is shifted to the
opposite direction

7
Investigate the properties of cathode rays in an electric field

Vacuum
Anode

Cathode
+
6 V a.c EHT 2
-

- + Plates
EHT 1
1. 2. 3.
No voltage connected to the Top plate is connected to Top plate is connected to EHT
deflecting plates EHT (+) and lower plate is (-) and lower plate is
connected to EHT (-) connected to EHT (+)
No deflection The electron beam will The electron beam will deflect
deflect upward downward

Summary of Investigation
1. Cathode rays are negatively charged.
2. It attracted towards positively charged anode.
8
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Accelerating
Anode
- EHT
+ Vacuum Fluorescent
Screen
Cathode
Bright spot
6 V a.c

Filament
Focusing Y-plate X-plate
Control grid Anode Electron
Graphite beam
coating

a. Uses a cathode ray tube that converts electronic and electrical signals to a visual display.
b. The graph produced consist of a horizontal axis which is normally a function of time, and a
vertical axis which is a function of the input voltage.
c. The components in a cathode ray tube consists of a vacuum glass tube with
i. an electron gun,
ii. a deflection system for deflecting the electron beam and
iii. a fluorescent coated screen.

9
Electron Gun

The electron gun is used to produce a narrow beam of electrons.

Part Function

Filament Is heated when current flows through it. It is used to heat up the
cathode.
Cathode Heated cathode emits electrons through the process of thermionic
emissions.
Control grid Control the number of electrons in the electron beams.
The more negative the grid, the fewer the electrons are emitted from the
electron gun and the less the brightness of the bright spot on the
screen.
Focusing anode To focus the electrons into a beam and to attract electrons from the area
of the control grid.
Accelerating anode To accelerate the electron beam towards the screen.

10
Deflection System

1. The deflection system allows the electron beam to be deflected from its straight-line path when
it leaves the electron gun.
2. Y-plates is to move the electron beam vertically up and down the screen when an input voltage
is applied across it.

No input voltage
Electron is applied No input voltage.
Screen The electron beam does not deflect
beam
and the bright spot is at the centre

Y-plate X-plate Bright spot

A positive voltage
is applied Bright spot +ve voltage is applied.
+V The electron beam deflect upward.
The bright spot moves to the top.

Screen

Electron
beam
 A positive voltage
is applied
-ve voltage is applied.
-V The electron beam deflect
Screen
downward.
The bright spot moves to the
bottom.

Electron
beam Bright spot

A.C.voltage is a.c voltage is applied.

applied The electron beam deflects up and
Screen
down.
The bright spot moves up and
down to form a bright vertical
trace on the screen

Electron
beam

The function of the X-plates is to sweep the electron beam across the screen
horizontally from left to right at a steady speed. 12
Fluorescent Screen
1. The fluorescent screen is coated on the inside surface with some fluorescent material such as
phosphor or zinc sulfide.
2. When electron beam strikes the screen, the material becomes glows. This enables a bright spot
to appear whenever an electron beam strikes the screen.
3. The moving electrons have kinetic energy. When this electrons strikes the screen, the
fluorescent coating on the screen converts the kinetic energy of the electrons into light energy.

Display wave forms and measuring

voltage from a DC source using a CRO

Application of CRO

Measuring Potential Measure short time intervals

Difference using the CRO

13
Working principle of the cathode ray oscilloscope, CRO

Y-Gain

Time base
Control knob Function

Power switch 1. Control the power supply

Focus 1. Control the sharpness of the bright spot

2. Connected to the focusing anode
3. The sharpness of the bright spot is also affected by the brightness
1. To control brightness or intensity of the bright spot
Brightness 2. Connected to the control grid
3. Brightness level should be set as low as possible to obtain a clear
and sharp trace
1. To adjust the horizontal position of the bright spot on the screen
X-shift
2. Connected to the X-plates
Y-shift 1. To adjust the vertical position of the bright spot or the trace displayed
2. Connected to the Y-plates
1. To control the magnitude of the vertical deflection of the bright spot or
Y gain
the trace displayed on the screen by adjusting amplitude
(volts / div)
2. Connected to the Y-plates
1. To control the magnitude of the horizontal deflection of the bright spot
Time-base
or the trace displayed on the screen by adjusting the frequency
(time/div)
2. Connected to the X-plates

15
Control knob Function

X-input 1. A terminal to connect the voltage to the X-plates

Y-input 1. A terminal to connect the voltage to the Y-plates

1. To select the type of input received

2. When the switch is at DC position, the a.c and d.c voltages will be
AC/DC switch displayed
3. When the switch is at AC position, only the a.c voltage will be
displayed. Any signals of d.c voltage will be blocked by a capacitor in
the CRO
1. To disconnect the input voltage at the Y-plates and to earth the input
Earth
terminal

Life affords no higher pleasure than that of surmounting

difficulties, passing from one step of success to another,
forming new wishes, and seeing them gratified. He that labors
in any great or laudable undertaking has his fatigues first
supported by hope, and afterwards rewarded by joy...
To strive with difficulties, and to conquer them, is the highest
human felicity.
Samuel Johnson
16
Display wave forms and measuring voltage from a DC source using a CRO

CRO Type of power

supply Time-base Time-base
connected to switched off switched on
Y-input of CRO

No input

a.c d.c Y-input

DC power
supply
Battery

AC power suppy

17
Measuring Potential Difference using the CRO

Displacement of the bright The selected range of

DC voltage =
spot from the zero position X the Y-gain control

time-base off time-base on What is the value of the dc voltage in

figure (a) and (b) if the Y-gain control is
1 V/div ?

a.c d.c Y-input a.c d.c Y-input

a) b)

Ans : a) 4 V b) 4 V

18
Measuring Potential Difference using the CRO

Height of vertical trace from The selected range

Peak ac voltage =
the zero position X of the Y-gain control

a.c d.c Y-input a.c d.c Y-input

Y-gain = 2 V/div
Height of vertical trace from zero position = 4 units

Peak ac voltage = 8 V

19
Measure short time intervals
1. The time-base is set to 1 ms/div
2. It means I div = 0.001 s
3. The number of div is counted between
two crests of a wave
4. The short time interval between pulses =
Multiplying the number of division by the
a.c d.c Y-input
time-base .

5 div
Length between 2 signals = ____

Time base is set = 10 ms/div

Time taken, t = 50 ms

Solve problems based on the CRO display

Example 1
Diagram 1 shows a trace produced by an ac
power supply which is connected to Y-input of an
CRO setting at 20 V/div and 5 ms/div.
Calculate:
(a) Period
Ans :
(b) Frequency
a) 40 ms
(c) Peak voltage
b) 25 Hz
c) 80 V 20
Example 2

Diagram 2 shows a trace produced by an a.c power supply connected to a

CRO with the time base is switched of. The Y-gain is set to 20 V/div. Find
the peak voltage.
Ans : 40 V

Example 3
Diagram 3 shows a wave produced by an audio generator displayed
the screen of a CRO. The length between the two crests is 3 cm. 3 cm
(Given 1 division = 1cm)
(a) What is the period of the wave?
(b) If the time-base is set to 5 ms/div, find the frequency.
(c) When the frequency of the wave is double, what is the length
between the two crests?

Ans :
a) 15 ms
b) 66.67 Hz
c) 1.5 cm

21
4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
Semiconductors in terms of resistance
Metal Insulators Semiconductors
Good conductors of Poor conductors of 1. A material that has an electrical conductivity that
electricity because electricity because is between that of a conductor and an insulator.
they have free they have too few 2. The resistance of semiconductors is between
electrons that can free electrons to that of conductors and insulators.
move easily between move about. 3. Semiconductors can be pure element such as
atoms The resistance of silicon or germanium.
The resistance of insulators is very 4. At 0 Kelvin it behaves as an insulator. When the
metals is generally high. temperature increases, the conductivity of the
very low. electricity will increase because its resistance
will be lowered.

Charge Carriers
Electricity conductivity in semiconductors occurs because there is two type of charge carriers:
Free electrons
1. _______________ which is negatively charged
2. _____________which
Holes is positively charged.

22
Characteristics of a silicon atom Valence electron
1. There are four electrons in the outermost shell of a
silicon atom and they are shared between four other
neighbouring atoms to form four covalent bonds.
2. Each of the covalent bonds has a pair of electrons.
Covalent
Every atoms shares one electron with each of its
bond
neighbours.
3. Figure on the left shows the outer electrons in a silicon
crystal which all are involved in perfect covalent bonds,
leaving no free electrons to conduct electricity.
4. At very low temperature, pure silicon crystal is an
insulator and has a high resistance to current flow.
Pure semiconductor at 0 Kelvin

5. As the temperature of pure silicon crystal increases, the energy of the vibrating atoms in the
silicon crystal causes some electrons to break free.
6. For every electron that is broken free, there is a hole in the bonding structure between the
atoms of the crystal. (atom X)
7. These holes are said to be carriers of positive charge
8. One outer electron from the neighboring atom (Y) will fill the hole and at the same time will
produce a hole at Y.
9. When the valence/outer electron moves to the left, the hole ‘move’ to the right
10. This is the physical origin of the increase in the electrical conductivity of semiconductors with
temperature

23
 Hole Hole

X Y
Electron ( - )

Hole ( + )

Doping process
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities called dopants to a
pure semiconductor to increase its electricity conductivity.

n-type semiconductor
1. n-type doping is to produce an abundance of electrons in the semiconductor
2. A silicon atom has four valence / outer electrons which each electron is covalently bonded with
one of four adjacent silicon atoms

24
 Phosphorus atom

Phosphorus
atom

3. If atoms with five valence electrons (pentavalent atoms) are doped into the pure
semiconductor, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have four covalent bonds and one extra
electrons.
4. It takes only a very small quantity of the impurity to create enough free electrons to allow
electric current to flow through silicon.
5. The free electrons are the majority carriers and the holes are the minority carriers
6. Since the pentavalent atom donates an extra electron it is therefore called the donor atom.
7. Example: phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony

25
p-type semiconductor
Electronic Structure of
Aluminium (Al)

Aluminium
(Al)

1. p-type doping is to create an abundance of holes in the material.

2. If atoms of three valence electrons (trivalent atoms) are doped into the pure semiconductor, one
electron is missing from one of the four covalent bonds. The deficiencies of valence electrons
are called holes.
3. When current passes, a ‘hole’ is filled by an electron from a neighbouring atom. In this way the
hole moves from one atom to another.
4. The holes are the majority carriers and the free electrons are the minority carriers.
5. Since the trivalent atom accepts an electron, it is therefore called the acceptor atom.
6. Examples: boron, aluminium, gallium

26
Comparison between the n-type and p-type semiconductor
n-type p-type
Aspect
Semiconductor Semiconductor

Pure Silicon, Germanium

Silicon, Germanium
semiconductor

Pentavalent atoms : Trivalent atoms :

Dopants material
Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony Boron, Aluminium, Gallium

Function of the To produce an abundance of To create an abundance of holes in

dopants material electrons in the semiconductor the material

Valens electrons
of the dopant 5 3
material

Majority charge
Free electrons Holes
carriers

Minority charge
Holes Free electrons
carriers

27
Semiconductor diodes
1. The simplest semiconductor device is a diode. p n
2. A diode is made by joining a p-type and n-type
semiconductors Structure
3. A diode is a device that allows current to flow in one
direction only but blocks it in the opposite directions.
Anode (+) Cathode (-)

Symbol

p-n junction
1. A p-n junction is formed when a n-type and p-
type semiconductors are joined together. p n
2. The boundary between the p-type and n-type
regions is called the junction.
3. At the p-n junction, electrons from the n-side
move to the p-side and recombine with the
holes.
4. Holes from the p-side similarly move into the n-
side, where they recombine with electrons. Junction electron
5. As a result of this flow, the n-side has a net hole
positive charge, and the p-side has a net
negative charge.

28
Depletion Layer
1. The region around the junction is left with p n
neither holes nor free electrons.
2. This neutral region which has no charge carriers
is called the ______________________.
depletion layer
- +
3. This layer which has no charge carrier is a poor - +
conductor of electricity.

Junction
hole electron
Forward bias Depletion layer

Narrow depletion layer 1. The p-type of the diode is connected to the

positive terminal and the n-type is connected to
the negative terminal of a battery.
2. The diode conducts current because the holes
from the p-type material and electrons from the
n-type material are able to cross over the
junction.
3. A light bulb will light up.

29
What is reversed bias?
1. The n-type is connected to the positive terminal and
the p-type is connected to the negative terminal of
Wide depletion layer
the battery.
2. The reversed polarity causes a very small current to
flow as both electrons and holes are pulled away
from the junction.
3. When the potential difference due to the widen
depletion region equals the voltage of the battery,
the current will cease. Therefore the bulb does not
light up.

30
Diodes as rectifiers
1. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current.
2. Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.
3. Two type of rectification:
a. Half-wave rectification
b. Full-wave rectification

Half-wave rectification
A process where only half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in one
direction only.

Half-wave rectification by using one diode

1. When a diode is connected in series with the resistor, any current that passes through the
resistor must also pass through the diode.
2. Since diode can only allow current to flow in one direction, therefore the current will only flow in
the first half-cycle when the diode in forward bias.
3. The current is blocked in the second half-cycle when the diode is in reverse bias.

Input Output (varying

ac current T dc)

U 31
Full-wave rectification

1. A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in the
same direction.
2. In the first half, the current flows from A to P to TU to R to B
3. In the second half, the current flows from B to S to TU to Q to A.
4. The direction of the ac current passing through the resistor for each half cycle is the same ie T
to U.

Input
ac current

Full-wave rectification by using four diodes

T
Output
(varying dc)

P Q

A
U
B
S R

32
Use of a capacitor to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit

1. When the current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor is charged and stores
energy.
2. When there is no current pass through the resistor and capacitor, the capacitor discharge and
the energy from it is used to produce voltage across the resistor. As a result it produces a
smooth dc output.

Input
ac current

Circuit Diagram

T
Output ( V – t Graph )

I (A)
P Q

A
U t (s)
B
S R charged discharge

33
9.3 Transistor
1. A transistor has three leads connected to the emitter, base and
collector.
2. The emitter emits or sends charge carriers through the thin base n
layer to be collected by the collector.
3. There is two-type of transistor: npn transistor and pnp transistor. p
4. In an npn transistor the emitter sends negative electrons to the
collector. n
5. In an pnp transistor, the p-type emitter sends positive holes to the
collector.
6. In both cases, the arrow on the emitter shows the direction of
current flow. npn transistor
7. The output current, of a transistor flows between the emitter and
the collector.
8. The current in the collector lead is called collector current, IC. p
9. The base current, IB is used to control the collector current
through the transistor. The base current can be used to switch the n
collector current on or off. B
p

pnp transistor

34
 Base current is too small compared to the
collector current. The unit of base current
is μA while the unit for the collector
R2 current is mA.
IC >>>> IB
IC
R1 C Emitter current, IE is equal the sum of
B E2 base current and collector current :
IE = IB + IC
E
E1 Therefore,
IB
IE > IC > IB

Transistor as a current amplifier

A small change in the base current, results in a big change in the collector current.
ΔIC >>>> ΔIB

Transistor as an automatic switch

If there is no current flow in the base circuit, then there is also no current flow in the collector
circuit.
IB = 0 then IC = 0 ► transistor is switch off

IB ≠ 0 then IC ≠ 0 ► transistor is switch on

35
Transistor as an automatic switch
Potential divider circuit
1. Choose a suitable resistor R1 and a variable resistor R2. The voltage at base terminal can be
adjusted to switch the transistor on or off.
2. If the variable resistor = 0, base voltage = 0 and the transistor remains off.
3. If the variable resistor is increased, the base voltage increases.
4. When the base voltage reaches certain minimum value, the base current switches the
transistor on.
5. The large collector current flows through the transistor causing the bulb to light up.

If the variable resistor in the

R1 transistor is replaced by a
device such as light
Battery 10 kΩ IC dependent resistor (LDR), a
Voltage
IB thermistor or a microphone,
6V
the transistor can be used as
an automatic switch
Base R2 controlled by light, heat or
Voltage 10 kΩ IE sound.

36
Transistor as a Current Amplifier

1. A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger

current.
collector current
2. The magnitude of the _____________ base
_________, IC is primarily determined by the _______
current
_________, IB.
small
3. A __________ greater change in the collector
change in the base current, IB will cause a ________
current, IC.
4. The current amplification can be calculated as follows :

Current Amplification =

37
A light controlled switch

1. The LDR has a very high resistance in darkness and a low resistance in light. R is a fixed
resistor.
2. The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit.

Circuit switches on the light at daytime and Circuit switches on the bulb at night and
switches off the bulb at night automatically switches off the bulb at day time automatically

Z
Z
Bulb Bulb

5 kΩ
LDR 50 kΩ 50 kΩ
6V 6V
Y Y

5 kΩ
LDR
X
X

1. In daylight, the LDR has a very low 1. In daylight, the LDR has a very low
resistance as compared to R. resistance as compared to R.

38
2. Therefore the base voltage is high enough 2. Therefore the base voltage is too low to
to switch the transistor on and to light up switch the transistor on
the bulb.

3. In darkness, the LDR has a very high 3. In darkness, the LDR has a very high
resistance and therefore the base voltage is resistance and the base voltage is high to
too low to switch the transistor on. The bulb switch the transistor on to light on the bulb.
light off.

“ Your diamonds are not in far distant mountains or in yonder

seas; they are in your own backyard, if you but dig for them.”
Russell H. Conwell
39
Heat-Controlled Switch

1. Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch.

thermistor
2. A _______________ high
is a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very __________
when it is cold.
drops
3. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance __________ rapidly.
high
4. At room temperature, the thermistor has a __________ resistance compared to R.
Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
resistance drops considerablely compared to R.
5. When the thermistor is heated, its __________
base voltage
6. Therefore, the ______________ on
, VB is high enough to switch ______ the transistor.
on
7. When the transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched ____.
8. The circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.
9. Function of a diode in this circuit : protect transistor from being damaged by the large
e.m.f in relay coil when IC drops to zero.
40
Sound amplifier

Loud speaker

40 kΩ
50 kΩ 6V

10 kΩ

Microphone

electrical
1. Microphone converts audio (sound) signal into ______________signal (varying current).
2. Capasitor allows the varying current flow it ( and prevent direct current to flow from
the battery to the transistor and the loudspeaker).
3. Base current is changed and causes large change in the collector current, IB.
4. Collector current flows in loudspeaker.
5. Sound waves with higher amplitude is produced.

41
9.4 Logic Gates
Logic gates as switching circuits in electronic systems
1. Security lamps, alarm systems, and washing machines can make some simple decisions.
2. The switching on and off operations are controlled by electronic switches made up of logic
gates.
3. Logic gates work using tiny transistors as switches. They are manufactured as integrated circuit
(IC), with each chip holding several gates.
4. A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
5. For each gate, the input or inputs are on the left of the symbol. The output is on the right
6. Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0).
7. A binary “0” represents 0 V, and a binary “1” represents a non zero voltage.

Truth table
A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
Gates Truth Table Action

AND gate INPUT OUTPUT For the input to be ON, both

inputs must be ON.
A B X Output in ON only when both
A 0 0 0 inputs A and B are ON.
X
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1 42
 Gates Truth Table Action

OR gate For the output to be ON at

INPUT OUTPUT least one of the inputs must be
ON.
A B X Output Q is ON when input A
A
X 0 0 0 or B or both is ON
B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT gate INPUT OUTPUT

The output is ON when the
A X input is OFF, and vice versa
A X 0 1
1 0

“Believe it is possible to solve your problem. Tremendous things happen

to the believer. So believe the answer will come. It will.”
Norman Vincent Peale
43
 Gates Truth Table Action

NAND gate It is equivalent to an AND gate

INPUT OUTPUT with its output inverted by a
NOT gate.
A B X
Output Q is OFF when inputs A
A 0 0 1 and B are both ON
X
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

NOR gate INPUT OUTPUT It is equivalent to an OR gate

with its output inverted by a
A B X NOT gate.
A
X 0 0 1 Output Q is ON when both
B 0 1 0 input A and input B are OFF

1 0 0
1 1 0

44