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R = 10.732 [(psia)(ft3)]/[lb-mole)(°R)]
R = 0.0821 [(barsa)(m3)]/[kg-mole)(°K)]
• If 1 lb. mole is involved, at a pressure of 14.7 Psia and temperature of
60°F, the volume occupied will be:
10.732×(60:460)
=379.5 cu. ft.
14.7
If n lb. moles are involved then the relationship is simply:
PV=nRT
Basic Reservoir Engineering 7
III-Fluid Properties
Assumptions and limitations
𝑃𝑉
• Z= Deviation of gas from ideal behavior
𝑅𝑇
• This is the first of the so-called paraffin series of hydrocarbons having the
general formula CnH2n+2
• Crudes containing mainly paraffin-base materials give good yields of
paraffin wax and high grade lubrication oils.
• Asphatic base oils are comprised largely of naphthenic (ringed, mostly
aromatic) compounds. Asphatic crudes yields lubrication oils that are
more viscosity sensitive to temperature and require special refining
methods and additives.
• For gas
1 1 𝜕𝑍
Cg= − Cpr=CgPpc
𝑃 𝑍 𝜕𝑃
• Liquids differ from gases in that higher densities and higher viscosities
are involved. Liquids take the shape of their container but do not
entirely fill it as do gases.
• In the reservoir engineering sense, when speaking of liquid
hydrocarbons, we usually mean oil; therefore, when discussing these
properties, the subscript will usually be “o”.
• Methods to get these properties of a reservoir oil include
– From a sample
– From published correlations
• Density relates the mass per volume of a given substance. The density
of a liquid is affected by changes in temperature and pressure, but lee
so than is a gas. However, the density of oil at reservoir conditions is
usually quite different than at the surface
• Where stock tank liquid composition is available, the stock tank
density can be calculated in the following manner.
216.8070 𝑙𝑏
Oil density= =53.68 3
4.0391 𝑓𝑡
• API Gravity o
141.5
API gravity (degres)= − 131.5
o
For Example:
40° API o= 0.825
o,s.c = o X w,s.c
1 𝜕𝑣
• Co=-
𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝑇
• The volume of liquid entering the stock tank is less than the volume
of the same liquid plus dissolved gas in the reservoir.
– The main reason for this is that the liquid in the reservoir is
swollen due to the solution gas.
– A second reason is that the reservoir fluid is in a thermally
expanded state due to the higher temperature in the reservoir
than in the stock tank.
Fluid allowed to expand. Gas displaced from system. Volume of gas and remaining oil
volume measured.
Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia
Black Oil
% Liquid
Separator
Temperature, °F
Basic Reservoir Engineering 74
III-Fluid Properties
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil
2
Volatile oil
Pressure
% Liquid
Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2
Pressure
Critical point
% Liquid
Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
Wet gas
Critical % Liquid
point
2
Separator
Temperature
Basic Reservoir Engineering 77
III-Fluid Properties
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure
Dry gas
% Liquid
2
Separator
The Five
Pressure path Critical
in reservoir 1 point
Pressure path 2
in reservoir
Critical Dewpoint line Volatile oil
Reservoir
point
Pressure, psia
Pressure
Black Oil
% Liquid
% Liquid
33
Fluids
Separator Separator
Temperature, °F Temperature
Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path
Pressure path
in reservoir in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
Pressure
Pressure
Wet gas
Pressure
Dry gas
Critical
point
% Liquid
Critical % Liquid
% Liquid
point
3 2
2
Separator Separator
Separator
GOR
GOR
GOR
GOR
No
liquid
API
API
API
API
No
liquid
1.0 3.2
0.9 2.8
0.8 2.4
pi
Undersaturated
0.7 Curve 2.0
0.6 1.6
p
0.5
b
0.8
Saturated
Curve
0.4 0.4
pb
0.3 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pressure (thousands psia) Pressure (thousands psia)
0.50 1.0
0.48 0.9
0.46 0.8
Phase Density (psi/ft)
Undersaturated
0.44 pi Viscosity (cp) 0.7 Curve p
Undersaturated Curve i
0.42 0.6
0.40 0.5
Saturated Curve Saturated
0.38 0.4 p
pb Curve b
0.36 0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pressure (thousands psia) Pressure (thousands psia)
Basic Reservoir Engineering 85
III-Fluid Properties