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Example
f (z) = z 2 .
Example
f (z) = z 2 .
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 =
Example
f (z) = z 2 .
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 = x 2 − y 2 + i 2xy
| {z } |{z}
real part imaginarypart
Example
f (z) = z 2 .
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = (x + iy )2 = x 2 − y 2 + i 2xy
| {z } |{z}
real part imaginarypart
f = u + iv , where
u(x, y ) = x 2 − y 2 , v (x, y ) = 2xy
Example
f (z) = z1 .
Example
f (z) = z1 .
1
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy =
Example
f (z) = z1 .
1 x −y
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy = + i
x2+ y2 x2
+ y2
| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
Example
f (z) = z1 .
1 x −y
f (z) = f (x + iy ) = x+iy = + i
x2+ y2 x2
+ y2
| {z } | {z }
real part imaginary part
f = u + iv , where
x −y
u(x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
u −→ Real part of f
v −→ Imaginary part of f
u −→ Real part of f
v −→ Imaginary part of f
f = u + iv
Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim =
z→0 z
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z→0 z
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim =
z→0 z
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim = − 1
z→0 z
Facts
The limit l, if exists, must be unique.
The value of l is independent of the direction along which
z → z0 .
Example
z
consider lim
z→0 z
z
Along the positive direction of x-axis, lim = 1.
z z→0
z
Along the positive direction of y -axis, lim = − 1
z→0 z
z
lim does not exist.
z→0 z
Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D
Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D
lim f (z) =
z→z0
Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D
Continuity
f : D → C is said to be continuous at z0 ∈ D
Theorem
f = u + iv is continuous at z0 = x0 + iy0
Theorem
f = u + iv is continuous at z0 = x0 + iy0
Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) =
Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y
Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y
u and v are both continuous in R2
Example
f (x + iy ) = ex cos y + iex sin y .
u(x, y ) = ex cos y , v (x, y ) = ex sin y
u and v are both continuous in R2
f is continuous in C
Example
f (z) = |z|2
Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) =
Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0
Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0
u and v are both continuous in R2
Example
f (z) = |z|2
u(x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , v (x, y ) = 0
u and v are both continuous in R2
f is continuous in C
Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
u(x, y ) =
Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0
Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0
u and v are not continuous at (0, 0) as lim(x,y )→(0,0) u(x, y ),
and lim(x,y )→(0,0) v (x, y ) does not exist.
Example
Re z
f (z) = z for z 6= 0, and f (0) = 0.
2 −xy
u(x, y ) = x 2x+y 2 , v (x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
, for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
u(0, 0) = v (0, 0) = 0
u and v are not continuous at (0, 0) as lim(x,y )→(0,0) u(x, y ),
and lim(x,y )→(0,0) v (x, y ) does not exist.
f is not continuous at z = 0.