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1. Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Forms of Energy
4. Energy Transfer by Heat
5. Energy Transfer by Work
6. Mechanical Forms of Work
7. The First Law of Thermodynamics
8. Energy Conversion Efficiencies
9. Energy and Environment
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
1. Objectives
o Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms.
o Discuss the nature of internal energy.
o Define the concept of heat and the terminology associated
with energy transfer by heat.
o Discuss the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation.
o Define the concept of work, including electrical work and
several forms of mechanical work.
o Introduce the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances,
and mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system.
o Determine that a fluid flowing across a control surface of a
control volume carries energy across the control surface in
addition to any energy transfer across the control surface
that may be in the form of heat and/or work.
o Define energy conversion efficiencies.
o Discuss the implications of energy conversion on the
environment.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
2. Introduction
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Sources of Energy:
• Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
Energy exists in numerous forms such as: • Biomass and Biofuels
• Water and
thermal, geothermal
mechanical,
• Non Renewable energy
electric, • Related Resources
chemical, and
nuclear.
Even mass can be considered a form of energy.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Consider a room whose door and
windows are tightly closed, and
whose walls are well-insulated so that
heat loss or gain through the walls is
negligible. Now let’s place a
refrigerator in the middle of the room
with its door open, and plug it into a
wall outlet (Fig. 2–1).
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
The conservation of energy requires the energy
content of the room to increase by an amount
equal to the amount of the electrical energy
drawn by the refrigerator, which can be measured
by an ordinary electric meter.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
What do you think would happen if we had a
window air conditioning unit instead of a
refrigerator placed in the middle of this
room? What if we operated a fan in this
room instead (Fig. 2–2)?
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Note that energy is conserved during the process of operating the
refrigerator placed in a room—the electrical energy is converted
into an equivalent amount of thermal energy stored in the room
air.
If energy is already conserved, then what are all those speeches on
energy conservation and the measures taken to conserve energy?
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
3. Form of Energy
E U KE PE ( kJ )
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
or, on a unit mass basis,
E U KE PE kJ
e ( )
m m m m kg
2
V
u gZ
2
Where e = E/m is the specific stored energy, and
u = U/m is the specific internal energy.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Thermodynamics provides no information
about the absolute value of the total
energy. It deals only with the change of
the total energy, which is what matters in
engineering problems.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
The change in stored energy of a system is given by
E U KE PE ( kJ )
If KE = PE = 0,
E U ( kJ )
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Control volumes typically involve fluid flow for long periods of
time, and it is convenient to express the energy flow associated
with a fluid stream in the rate form. This is done by
incorporating the mass flow rate m , which is the amount of
mass flowing through a cross section per unit time. It is related
to the volume flow rate V , which is the volume of a fluid
flowing through a cross section per unit time, by
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Then the energy flow rate associated with a fluid flowing at a
rate of m is
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
EXAMPLE 2–2 Wind Energy
FIGURE 2–10
Potential site for a wind farm
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
4. Energy Transfer by Heat and Work
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
The relationship among Q , q and Q
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Formal Sign Convention Q and W
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Note that a quantity that is transferred to or from a system
during an interaction is not a property since the amount of such a
quantity depends on more than just the state of the system.
1, along path
Q Q12 (not Q)
1, along path
W W12 (not W )
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
That is, the total heat transfer or work is
obtained by following the process path and
adding the differential amounts of heat (Q) or
work (W) along the way.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
The following figure illustrates that properties (P, T, v,
u, etc.) are point functions, that is, they depend only
on the states.
700 kPa
100 kPa
0.01 m3 0.03 m3
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Energy Transport by Heat
Here, Qin and Qout are the magnitudes of the heat transfer values. In
most thermodynamics texts, the quantity Q is meant to be the net
heat transferred to the system, Qnet.
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Conduction through Plane Walls
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Fourier's law of heat conduction is
dT
Qcond Akt
dx
here
Q cond = heat flow per unit time (W)
kt = thermal conductivity (W/mK)
A = area normal to heat flow (m2)
dT
dx = temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow (C/m)
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Example 2-1
T
Tright = 900C
Qcond kt A
x
Tleft = 20C Qcond T W (900 20) K
kt 0.72
A x mK 0.2m
W
3168 2
m
20 cm
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Convection Heat Transfer
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Newton's law of cooling is expressed as
Qconv hA(Ts T f )
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Ranges of the convective heat transfer
coefficient are given below:
h W/m2K
free convection of gases 2 – 25
free convection of liquids 50 – 100
forced convection of gases 25 – 250
forced convection of liquids 50 - 20,000
convection in boiling and condensation 2500 - 100,000
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Radiative Heat Transfer
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Tsky = -18 C
Tair = 5 C
Qrad
Qconv
Ttop
Example 2-2
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Tsky = -18 C
Tair = 5 C
Qrad
Qconv
Ttop
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hil, 2011.
5. The First Law of Thermodynamics
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
1. Heat Transfer, Q
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
2. Work Transfer, W
Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 2011.
3. Mass Flow, m