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QUARTER 1

Produce Vegetable Crops

MODULE 2: Prepare the Land for Planting Vegetable Crops

(Space for the Picture)

Content Standards Performance Standard


The learner demonstrates The learner independently prepares the
understanding on the preparation of land for planting vegetable crops based
land for planting vegetable crops. on DA standard and procedures.

Introduction

The lesson deals with the selection of site for planting vegetable crops.

Learning Competencies/Objectives

1. Determine the factors in selecting the site for planting vegetable crops.
2. Identify the types of soil.
3. Perform soil sampling and soil analysis.
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment
Direction: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Which of the following factors in selecting the site is considered as the life –
blood of vegetable production?
a. Topography c. sunlight
b. Water d. soil
2. Access to sunlight plays a significant role in producing vegetable crops? How
long the crops should be exposed to direct sunlight per day?
a. 3 – 5 hours c. 4 – 6 hours
b. 2 – 4 hours d. 6 – 7 hours
3. What are your considerations when taking soil samples for soil analysis?
a. Slope of the area
b. Cropping history
c. Past lime and fertilizer application
d. All of these
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good soil?
a. Has high water holding capacity
b. Has good aeration
c. Has plenty of minerals
d. Contains large amount of clay making the soil compact
5. What is the best topography suited for vegetable production?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Sloping
d. Gently sloping
What to Know?
Activity
What do you know about selecting a site for planting vegetables crops? Visit your vegetable area.
Describe the physical features of the land, the type of soil, the source of water, the prevailing climate, accessibility
and the socio-economic condition in the community. Discuss the result of you findings in your class.

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities


Important Factors in Selecting a Site for Planting Vegetables Crops

Minimizing potential production problems is essential to all farming operations. This is especially true to
vegetable producers. One of the most effective means of reducing potential problems is through proper site selection.
1. Sunlight
The sunnier the spot the better for a vegetable garden because sun is the most important
ingredient for growing hearty vegetables. Most vegetables need full sun (at least six hours of direct
sunlight per day) to grow to their maximum potential, so avoid spots that are shaded by trees or
buildings during the heat of the day. Use the traditional planting arrangement of rows running north
to south to provide a maximum and even quantity of sunlight throughout the day.
To determine if your site has the right light conditions, stand facing the south with your left
hand pointing east (in the direction the sun rises) and your right hand pointing west (in the direction
the sun sets). Now take your east-facing finger and follow it to the southern sky and then down
behind the western horizon. This is the course the sun will take throughout the day. If there are no
major obstructions then you have a sunny spot.
2. Water and drainage
Water is the life-blood of vegetable production. Vegetable crops generally require more
total water and more frequent irrigation than most other agronomic crops. The water source should
have the capability to provide the volume required for the maximum needs of the highest water-
using crop to be planted. (https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable-
production-guide/key-factors-in-vegetable-production. Retrieved March 2, 2014)
Vegetable crops develop water requirements which are specific to their variety, maturity,
and the surrounding atmospheric and soil characteristics. With respect to drainage, it is the
physical topography of a particular site which assumes the most significant role. The immediate
elevation, slope, and soil structure needs to be carefully assessed before establishing the
vegetable garden. The most suitable types of location have gentle surface slopes and contain deep
and well drained soils. Many vegetable growers prefer a moderately heavy loam with at least
several feet of topsoil. (www.organicguide.com. Retrieved March 2, 2014)
3. Topography of the land

Topography refers to the physical characteristics of the overall field site and includes
such conditions as; contour, soil depth, water and air drainage, and, the presence of rock out
cropping and trees. These characteristics can have a significant influence on crop production and
management. Poorly drained fields or those with low areas can become water logged during
periods of excessive rain. Such conditions can enhance the incidence of diseases, reduce plant
vigor and yield, and, under excessive conditions, cause plant death.

An ideal topography for vegetable production is one that is nearly flat to slightly sloping,
well drained, and, free of trees, rocks and low areas. Efficiency of crop maintenance, irrigation
and harvest operations is greatly enhanced in fields with this type topography. (https://aggie-
horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable-production-guide/key-factors-in-
vegetable-production. retrieved March 2, 2014)

4. Types of soil
Soil type refers to the physical composition or properties of the soil. Soils basically
consist of decomposed mineral matter (sand, silt, and clay) and decomposed organic matter.
Optimum vegetable production is achieved on well-drained sandy loam soils. Although
vegetables can be grown on a wide range of soil types, most vegetables are not well adapted to
heavy clay soil types. Soils of this type tend to have poor aeration and drainage and can restrict
root growth. Consequently, these soils should be avoided. Soil is the fundamental resource base
for all agricultural production systems. (https://aggie-
horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable-production-guide/key-factors-in-
vegetable-production Retrieved March 2, 2014)
Most vegetables require a mildly acidic or neutral soil with a pH reading between six and
seven. (www.organicguide.com Retrieved March 2, 2014)
5. Accessibility to road and transportation
Vegetables are highly perishable. They are best liked when they are fresh and of good
quality. If the site is accessible to all forms of transportation, vegetable products are easily
transported without much damage.
6. Climatic requirements
The climate is mainly governed by (a) temperature, (b) water, and (c) light.

 Temperature affects some vital processes inside the plant like photosynthesis,
respiration, absorption of water and minerals and in the germination of seeds.
There are three basic temperatures necessary for the germination and
growth of each plant specie. First, the minimum temperature limits of the growth
of plants. If the temperature goes below the minimum temperature, the plant will
not grow or will be stunted. Second, the maximum temperature where in the
plants can still survive. Third, the moderate temperature which is between the
maximum and the minimum temperature will make the plants grow fast.
Plants which require cool temperature like Irish potato, peas and others
should be planted during the cool season and in mountainous or high places like
Baguio and Benguet. Plants like peanuts, eggplant, tomato and pepper require a
high temperature.
 Water serves as a solvent. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the other food
elements named cannot be taken up by the plant unless there is water in the soil,
serves as a solvent for the plant food which in the form of a solution is absorbed
by the roots.
 Light affects the growth of crop plants mainly through affecting (1) their structural
development (2) their food production and (3) the time required of certain species
of varieties to produce seeds. Light is necessary for photosynthesis and is
therefore required by green plants for the manufacturing of food. Many plants are
influenced by the length of day especially with regard to flowering, fruiting and
production of seeds. This effect of light is known as photoperiodism. Some plants
are known as long day plants and others as short day plants. The long day plants
need a comparatively long day for flowering and their vegetative growth
increases when the days are short(CBLM)
7. Socio-economic condition
Socio-economic factors such as the peace and order in the area and cost of labor should
be considered because this will determine the profitability of the project.

SOIL
According to the Resource Manual in IPPM for Vegetables (2005), soil is defined as the
loose and friable material of the earth surface for plants to grow. In certain places and under certain
conditions, soil consists of two principal layers: a more productive top or surface layer known as surface
soil and a less productive under layer known as the sub-soil. The soil is composed of mineral matter of
different sizes of particles known as soil texture with a small proportion of organic life and mixed with
decayed animal and vegetable materials. The soil particles are arranged from the surface soil to the
parent rock. Such arrangement is called soil profile.
Soil texture, as has been defined by soil scientists to facilitate the discussion of soils, refers
strictly speaking to the proportion of sand, silt and clay particles that comprise a particular soil sample as
described in Table 1.4.
Below is the table on the types of soil with their characteristics:
Table 1
Sand Silt Clay
Soil particles having Soil particles having particles having
diameters ranging from diameters ranging from diameters that are less
0.05 to 2.0 millimeters 0.002 to 0.05 millimeters than 0.002 millimeters
Gritty in texture Soapy slick when Sticky when wet, smooth
moistened when dry
Low in nutrients Poorly aerated Poorly drains
Prone to erosion Prone to water logging Compacts easily
Poor root anchorage Fairly fertile Organic matter present
Good drainage Cold soil
Better aeration

Soil structure refers to the geometry or physical arrangement of the soil


particles in relation to each other. Unlike texture, farmers can modify soil structure
through their activities like tillage and water management. The action of worms,
microbes and insects are also affect soil structure.

Soil Sampling and Soil Analysis


The accuracy of the fertilizer recommendation depends to a large degree on the
correctness of collecting representative soil samples. The composite sample is sent to
the laboratory for analysis. It should be noted that out of the one kilogram soil sample
representing an area of as much as 10 hectares, only a few grams are used in the
actual analysis.
Soil analysis can be done using a simple tool or Soil Testing Kit (STK) for
qualitative analysis for soil ph, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium or by running a
complete chemical analysis in the soil laboratories. Both these tests are tools to help
farmers make decisions on how best to prepare the land provide what the plants need.
The result of the analysis will be the basis in making fertilizer recommendations.
Steps in Soil Sampling
Using the most common farm tools and materials such as shovel or spade, knife or trowel, small
pail and plastic bags, the following are steps on proper soil sampling technique.
1. Make a map of the farm showing Sampling Areas (SA)
Divide the farm into sampling areas. Each sampling area should be more or less uniform
in cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope degree of erosion, soil
texture, and color. Each SA should not be more than 5 hectares.
2. Collect spot soil samples from each Sampling Area
In each sampling area, dig from 5 to 10 pits and collect sample in each pit. The number
of spot soil samples depends on the size of the sample. A spot sample is taken in the following:
1. Before digging the pit, clear the soil surface of litters and vegetation.
2. Using spade or shovel, dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 cm.
3. From one vertical side of the pit, take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick with a single
downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or a trowel, trim the slice of soil on both
sides to a bar 3-4 cm width.
4. Place the bar of soil (representing one spot soil sample) in a pail or any suitable
clean container.
5. If subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil
depth. The subsoil and surface sample should be placed in separate containers.
6. Cover the pit and move to another spot.

3. Take composite soil sample


After collecting all the spot soil samples of a particular sampling areas, pulverize, mix
thoroughly and remove stones and fresh leaves from the soil in the container. Place the
composite soil sample (about ½ kg) in a clean plastic bag. After that, composite soil sample which
represents the soil sampling area is now ready for chemical analysis using a STK. This may also
be sent to a soil testing laboratory with pertinent label and information.
What to Process

Activity 2

1. Visit a nearby vegetable farm. Inspect the area based on what you have learned
in selecting the site for producing vegetable crops. Put a check mark on the
space provided if the factors in site selection are met.

Factors to consider in site selection Excellent Good Poor

1. Sunlight

2. Water and drainage

3. Type of soil

4. Topography of the land

5. Accessibility to roads and transportation

6. Climatic requirements

7. Socio-economic condition

What to Reflect and Understand?

In not more than fifty words, discuss how proper site selection affects the production
of vegetable crops?

What to transfer?

Activity 4:

You are about to start the first activity in producing vegetable crops. Your task is to get
soil samples in your vegetable area by following the correct procedure. Bring the samples in a soil
laboratory for complete analysis or use the STK if available.
The result of the analysis will be your basis in applying fertilizers.
Summative Assessment
Direction: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following factors in selecting the site is considered as the life – blood of
vegetable production?
a. Topography
b. sunlight
c. Water
d. d. soil
2. Access to sunlight plays a significant role in producing vegetable crops? How long the
crops should be exposed to direct sunlight per day?
a. 3 – 5 hours
b. 4 – 6 hours
c. 2 – 4 hours
d. d. 6 – 7 hours
3. What are your considerations when taking soil samples for soil analysis?
a. Slope of the area
b. Cropping history
c. Past lime and fertilizer application
d. All of these
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good soil?
a. Has high water holding capacity
b. Has good aeration
c. Has plenty of minerals
d. Contains large amount of clay making the soil compact
5. What is the best topography suited for vegetable production?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Sloping
d. Gently sloping
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
Proper site selection plays a significant role in vegetable production. One
must take consideration on the factors or requirements of a good site.
Let your soil be analyzed by using Soil Testing Kit (STK) or sent to soil
laboratories. Soil analysis helps you in determining the fertilizers to be applied in your
vegetable area.

QUARTER 1
Produce Vegetable Crops

MODULE 2: Prepare the Land for Planting Vegetable Crops

(Space for the Picture)

Content Standards Performance Standard


The learner demonstrates The learner independently prepares the
understanding on the preparation of land for planting vegetable crops based
land for planting vegetable crops. on DA standard and procedures.

Introduction

The lesson deals with steps in preparing the land for planting vegetable crops. It
also includes the importance of proper land preparations and the tools, implements
and simple equipment to be used in this activity.

Learning Competencies/Objectives

1. Know the importance of land preparation.


2. Identify the tools, implements and simple equipment to be used.
3. Prepare the land thoroughly.
4. Discuss zero tillage practice
Pre-/Diagnostic Assessment
Direction: Let us find out how much you already know. Read and understand the item
being described below. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your quiz
notebook.

1. A type of cultivation in which the planting area is not loosened except for the
place where the seeds are set.
a. Zero tillage
b. Hoe cultivation
c. Cultivation/tillage
d. Interplant cultivation
2. Which of the following set of tools is used in preparing a garden plot?
a. Axe, knife, mattock pick
b. Shovel, pruning shear, scythe
c. Grub hoe, mattock pick, shovel
d. Plow and harrow
3. Which of the following is the primary purpose of plowing?
a. To control weeds
b. To provide dust mulch
c. To break compact soils and pulverized soil clods
d. To provide soil tilth
4. When is the best time to prepare the land for planting vegetable crops?
a. When the soil is too wet so that tilling would be easy
b. When the soil is too dry to avoid puddling
c. When the soil is not too wet and not to dry to facilitate cultivation
d. None of these
5. What are the factors to consider in proper land preparation?
a. Climatic factor
b. Soil
c. Availability of labor
d. All of the above
6. to Know?
What

Activity 1
What do you know about proper land preparation in vegetable crops?
Have you ever heard “zero tillage or no-till cultivation”?

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Land preparation is one of the basic but most important cultural


management in vegetable production both lowland and upland. Most of our direct-
seeded and transplanted vegetable crops gave the best yield when the land for planting
is well prepared.

Tools, Implements and Simple Equipment


Hand Tools
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or
machines. They are used in performing farm activities that involve small areas like
school garden and home garden.
Table 2

Classification of Hand Functions Illustration


Tools

Cutting Tools
 Bolo  Used for cutting
weeds and small
branches of
trees, digging
small holes and
pulverizing the
soil

 Axe  Used for cutting


bigger posts

 Scythe/Sickle  Used for cutting


weeds
 Also used for
harvesting

 Pruning shear  For pruning


unnecessary
branches and
cutting planting
materials

 Knife  For cutting


planting materials

 Reap saw  For cutting woods


along the grain of
the wood

 Cross-cut saw 

Digging Tools
 Post hole digger  For digging holes

 Pick mattock  For digging


canals
 For removing
stumps and
stones

 Crowbar  For digging up


big stones and
tree stumps

 Spade  For digging


canals and
ditches

 Shovel  For digging loose


soil, removing
thrash, moving
soil from one
place to another
and for mixing
soil media

Transplanting Tools
 Hand trowel
 Shovel  Used for balling
seedlings

Cultivating Tools
 Hand trowel  For cultivating
soil around the
plants

 Grub hoe  For breaking hard


topsoil and
pulverizing soil

 Pick mattock  For breaking hard


topsoil and
pulverizing soil

 Hand cultivator  For cultivating


garden plot by
loosening the soil
and removing
young weeds
around the plants

 Hand fork  For inter-row


cultivation

Harvesting Tools
 Pruning shear  For harvesting
 Scissor vegetable fruits,
 Knife tops and flowers

Measuring Tools
 Meter stick
 Foot rule  For measuring
 Steel tape the height of
plants and land
area

 Weighing scale  Used for


weighing
vegetable
produce

Carpentry Tools
 Hammer  Used in
 Cross-cut saw constructing and
 Reap saw repairing
 Pliers temporary shed,
 Screw driver vicinity fence, etc.

Plumbing Tools
 Hack saw  Used when
 Basin or sink working with
wrench water systems
 Sleeve puller
 Pipe wrench
 Pipe bender
 Pipe threader

Others

 Used for levelling


the topsoil and
 Rake cleaning the
ground

 Spading fork  For loosening the


soil, digging out
root crops and
turning over the
materials in a
compost heap.

 Wheel barrow  Used for hauling


trash, composts
and fertilizers

 Pail/Sprinkler  For watering

 Knapsack  Used for spraying


sprayer pesticides and
 Trigger sprayer liquid fertilizers

 Water hose  For watering

Farm Implements

Farm implements are accessories either being pulled by animals or mounted to


machineries. These are made out of different materials. For native plow and harrow,
these are either made of wood and some parts are metal. In the case of disc plow, disc
harrow and rotavator, these are out of metal. These implements are generally used to
till, pulverize, level the soil and make furrows.
Table 3

Implements Functions Illustration


 Native /disc plow  For tilling the land

 Native/disc  For pulverizing


harrow and levelling the
soil

 Rotavator  For tilling and


pulverizing the
soil

Equipment
Equipment are machineries used in horticultural farm operations especially in
producing vegetable crops.
Table 3

Equipment Uses Illustration


 Hand tractor  Used to plow and
harrow in
preparing a large
area of land

 Water pump  Used to draw


water from a
source

 Portable  Used to cut


chainsaw bigger trees

 Grass cutter  Used to cut/trim


weeds

 Power sprayer  Used for spraying


fruit trees

Importance of Proper Land Preparation


Proper land preparation is a major pre-requisite for a good yield. The benefits derived from well
prepared soil are as follows:

1. To help control weeds through uprooting or burying them

2. To soften the surface soil and prepare a good seedbed to allow easier seeding of crops

3. To expose the soil organic matter to oxygen and help release soil nutrients for crop growth

4. To reduce compaction of the soil and reduce its bulk density to allow for rooting and to improve
soil structure

5. To help improve the infiltration of water

6. To incorporate any soil amendments including organic materials, lime or basal fertilizers

7. To help control various pests and diseases associated with soils

8. To assist operations that are needed to shape or level the land in order to allow more uniform
water application
When to plow the field?

In tropical and sub-temperate areas, the land may be plowed and allowed idle for about two
weeks. The purpose is to allow weeds and plant debris to decay and allow weed seeds to germinate.
Plowing should be done when the soil is not too dry or too wet in order not to destroy the soil structure.

How to determine when the soil is in a workable condition?

Get a handful of soil and pressed into ball. When the fingers are relaxed and the mass is formed
into a compressed mud ball, the soil is too wet and sticky to work on. Working or plowing the soil in this
condition makes it cloddy and hard to work on.

On the other hand, if the soil crumbles easily in your hand, the soil is said to be friable or very dry.
This kind of soil is also not ideal to work on.

Therefore, the soil is in a workable condition when there are no droplets of water and does not
crumbles as you take in one hand and pressed into a ball.

How to prepare the land thoroughly?

1. Cleaning/clearing is done to remove litter materials, rocks, weeds, shrubs, trees


and other structures from the surface to make the next activities easier and to
prevent damage of tools and equipment

2. Plowing or hoeing is the initial breaking of soil surface. Depending on the degree
of hardness and presence of weeds/other plants, plowing or hoeing could be done
two to three times, 7 - 10 days after first operation.

3. Harrowing. This is done to further breakdown the plowed or hoed slice of soil to
smaller sizes and to loosen the soil particles using the spading fork or harrow as
needed. This makes the soil particles smooth and even in size using the same tools
or equipment until such time that the desired condition has been achieved.

The spading fork can be operated easily just like the hoe. While the harrow must
be drawn either by working animals like carabao, cow or tractor.

4. Make furrows or plot following the recommended distance of planting of crops.


Zero Tillage / No Till

Zero tillage farming is defined as farming where the soil is left relatively undisturbed from harvest
to planting. At planting time, narrow seedbed is prepared or holes are drilled in which the seeds are
placed. No-till is considered as a management tool under the conservation tillage practices.

Why no-till?
No-till with retained stubble has the potential to improve soil properties and increase
sustainability. It can do this by lifting and modifying soil biological activity that gives excellent
improvements in all aspects of soil fertility, being physical, chemical and biological. These improvements
lead to better farm management as well as improved sustainability.

The benefits of zero tillage include the following:

 Prevent weed seeds buried deep from germination


 Preserve the physical condition of the soil
 Permanent soils cover through stubble retention and cover crops
 Higher levels of organic matter and biological activity
 Minimize labor, fuel and machinery costs

What to Process?

Activity 2

Interview at least three (3) farmers in your community. Ask them on how
they prepare their area for planting vegetable crops. Take note on the tools, implements
and equipment they used. Discuss the results of your findings in your class.
What to Reflect and
Understand?

Activity 3

In preparation for your next activity, ask your teacher for a borrower’s slip and write down
the tools, implements and equipment needed in preparing the land. Then proceed to the tool room and
get the items you have listed.

What to Transfer?

Activity 4

This time, you are going to conduct a comparative study on Zero Tillage
and cultivated land planted with eggplant. Divide the class into two groups. Each
group will prepare a 300 square – meter land.

Group 1 – Zero Tillage

Group 2 – Cultivated

Use appropriate tools, implements and equipment in preparing the land.


Observe safety precautions by wearing your Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) to avoid accidents.

Your next lesson will teach you how to grow seedlings. Propagated
seedlings will be planted to your prepared area.
Summative Assessment

Direction: Let us find out how much have you learned. Read and understand the items
being described below. Choose the letter of the answer and write it in your quiz
notebook.

1. What are the factors to consider in proper land preparation?


e. Climatic factor
a. Soil
b. Availability of labor
c. All of the above
2. Which of the following is the primary purpose of plowing?
a. To control weeds
b. To provide dust mulch
c. To break compact soils and pulverized soil clods
d. To provide soil tilth
3. A type of cultivation in which the planting area is not loosened except for the
place where the seeds are set.
a. Zero tillage
b. Hoe cultivation
c. Cultivation/tillage
d. Interplant cultivation
4. Which of the following set of tools is used in preparing a garden plot?
a. Axe, knife, mattock pick
b. Shovel, pruning shear, scythe
c. Grub hoe, mattock pick, shovel
d. Plow and harrow
5. When is the best time to prepare the land for planting vegetable crops?
a. When the soil is too wet so that tilling would be easy
b. When the soil is too dry to avoid puddling
c. When the soil is not too wet and not to dry to facilitate cultivation
d. None of these
Summary/Synthesis/Feedback

Proper land preparation is a pre-requisite in producing vegetable crops. A well-prepared land


ensures the growth and development of crops.
Use appropriate farm tools, implements and simple equipment in preparing the land to make the
work easier and faster. Likewise, accidents will be minimized in the work area.
Know when and how to prepare the land for planting vegetable crops. Plow the land when the soil
is not too wet and not to dry so as not to destroy the soil structure. Follow strictly the steps in thorough
land preparation to attain the ideal texture of the soil.
One of the methods of cultivation used in organic farming is the ‘Zero tillage or No – till’ where the
soil is not loosened or cultivated. The benefits derived from zero tillage includes the preservation of
physical condition of the soil, minimize labor, fuel and machinery costs, has a higher level of organic
matter and biological activity and prevent weed seeds that are buried deep from germination.
Glossary of Terms
Clearing of land – the removal of materials from the land which makes cultural operations difficult
Climate – the average condition in a given locality in relation to temperature and moisture
Equipment - are machineries used in horticultural farm operations especially in producing vegetable
crops
Hand tools - are usually light and are used without the help of animals or machines. They are used in
performing farm activities that involve small areas like school garden and home garden.
Harrowing – to pulverize big clods. This activity is done after plowing.
Implements – are accessories either being pulled by animals or mounted to machineries
Plowing/Digging – this is intended to break compact soils, pulverized soil clods and remove rootstocks
especially in newly opened areas
Tillage or Cultivation – is a farm activity which involves the loosening of the soil for the purpose of
producing a crop or enhancing the growth of a crop
Topography – the physical features of the land surface, whether it is sloping, flat or level and hilly or
mountainous
Weather – the condition of the atmosphere with reference to its pressure, temperature, moisture, the
presence of clouds and the direction and velocity of the wind at any given moment
References and Other Reading Materials
Anonymous. Training Manual in Horticulture NC II. Maddela Institute of Technology. Maddela. 1pp
Derpsch, R.W. (2005). Situational Analysis of No-Tillage Systems in WA and Recommendations for the
Way Forward. A Report on a Consultancy to WANTFA, GRDC and DAFF.
Sá, J.C. M., 2004: Adubação Fosfatada no Sistema de Plantio Direto. In: Sympósio sobre Fósforo na
Agricultura Brasileira, Anais (ed.) T. Yamada, Silvia, R. S. Abdalla, p.201-222, Piracicaba, SP,
POTAFÓS, 2004, 726p.
http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/tibetmanual/03_landpreparation.htm

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