General Outline General Outline..

Introduction Design for fire resistance

Fire as a process of Detection, alarm &
combustion. suppression.
Planning for fire protection. Smoke Venting.
Fire resistance Escape and refuge.
Effect on Materials. Risk Assessment.

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

Fire: process of combustion

Introduction
Burning: heat causes pyrolysis,
AVOID INITIATION
generation of volatile and reaction
IF INITIATED STOP
SPREAD

IF SPREADED
SUPPRESS

SAFE REFUGE &

ESCAPE

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Fire: process of combustion Fire: Effect of enclosure
COURSE OF FIRE
Q.c Km& A f Hc K W
FULLY GROWN
FIRE
qF qE qL
m&
FUEL DEPLETED Lv
FIRE
Flash Over

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1

Fire: Effect of enclosure Standard Fire

VENTILATION
CONTROLLED FIRE

FUEL CONTROLLED FIRE

T T0 345log (8t 1)
MODEL OF PRE FLASH OVER
FIRE

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1 v1
ho / H ho / H

Fire Resistance Fire Resistance

A structure should be able to withstand a standard
fire for a specified time. Hence Fire resistance is
defined in terms of ‘Time’. i.e. the time up to which it
will sustain the standard fire.
Collapse is one issue, but spread of fire is an equally
important issue.
Fire resistance is the time during for which the
element can endure the standard fire in terms if
stability, integrity and insulation.
Test for Integrity:
Look for crack
Bring a standard cotton pad to the crack.
If the pad catches fire within 10 secs, the structure is
said to have lost its integrity.
Test for insulation:
If the average temperature rises beyond 150 ºc, the
structure has lost its insulation. No individual point
shall exhibit a temperature rise more than 180 ºc .

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1

Fire Resistance
Fire Severity
Fire severity:
Manifestation of fire – temperature.
Fire severity is defined in terms of area under the time
– temperature curve.
Two fires are said to be equally severe if their areas
under the time-temperature curve is same.
Area under curve = Tdt

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Fire Severity Fire Resistance

n
mi H c (i )
i 1
Fire load q
Af
n
n mi Hc
mi Hc Fire load q i 1
inkg
Fire load q i 1 AI H c ( wood )
AI

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1
ho / H

Fire severity
Curve for fire resistance design
Equivalent fire resistance
te = 0.067 qf { AT/ Aw H1/2}1/2

Find out the fire severity I terms of equivalent fire

resistance of a compartment given following data.
Compartment size – 10 X 5 X 3
Window in 1 wall – 2m X 1.5 m high, 4 windows.
Calorific value of wood = 18000 kJ/kg.
Fire load = 50 kg/m2 of floor area

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1
ho / H

Fire severity
General Outline
qf = 18000 X 50 X 5 X 10/ (190)
Fire resistance
= 236.842 MJ/sq.m
Severity
Equivalent Fire resistance
Effect of fire on materials.
te = 0.67 qf [AT / Aw Hw1/2]1/2
= 0.067 X 236.5 [190/(12 X 1.5)]1/2
= 57.05 minutes.

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
18 2
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

Fire: Temperature in a room

Fire: process of combustion
Post Flash over temperature in a room can
be assumed to be uniform For points 1,2,3 and 4
Point 1, and 4 are inside
the compartment,
2 and 3 are just outside
Pressure at 1,2 as
function of y can be
written as
P1 = Po – 1 g y
P2 = Po – 0g y

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Fire: process of combustion Fire: process of combustion
1 and 0 are densities Pressure at 3,4 as a
of gas inside and outside function of y can be
air respectively, gas on written as given below
going out would expand P3 = Po - 0 g y
and attain nearly same P4= Po – 4g y
Density as outside air
For negative values of
y P3 and P4 are greater
than PO

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

Barnolies equation
Barnolies equation (recap) dV
V
ds
V
dt ;V is a function of t & s
s t
dV V ds V V V
as V
dt s dt t s t

Applying force balance

p
p A (p s) A g A s sin
s
V V z
A s V ; sin
s t s

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
 Barnolies equation Barnolies equation
Applying force balance V V 1 p z
V g
p V V t s s s
s A g A s sin A s V ; V
s s t For stead flow 0;integration result in
p z V V t
g V
s s s t V2 p
gz constant
2
V V 1 p z V2
V g 2
p gz total pressure is constant
t s s s
B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1 v1

Fire: process of combustion

For gas flow from point 1 to 2 Fire: process of combustion
P1 v12 P2 v22 2(
1/ 2
0 1 )gy
v2
1 2 2 2 1
v1 will be zero (no net directional flow), The pressure
difference is due to confinement of hot gases inside Using the subscripts ‘F’ (for the compartment gases)
the compartment and once it is out to point 2 at and ‘0’ for the ambient air)
atmosphere, it would expand & the density would
change to nearly atmospheric condition. Hot gases 1/2
flows so gas density is used in denominator. 2( o F ) gy
2 VF
p0 1 gy po o gy v2 F

1 1 2
B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1 v1

Fire: process of combustion

For air flow from point 3 to 4 Fire: process of combustion
P3 v32 P4 v42 2( ) gy
1/2
4 O
v4
3 2 4 2 o
v3 will be zero (no net directional flow), The pressure Using the subscripts ‘F’ (for the compartment gases)
difference is due to hot air inside the compartment as and ‘0’ for the ambient air) , recall uniform gas
the air acquires gas temperature on entry in to the temperature inside
room & the density would change leading to
convection upward. Out side air flows so air density 1/2
is used in denominator. 2( F o ) gy
2 Vo
p0 o gy po 4 gy v4 o

o o 2
B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1 v1

Fire: Burning & ventilation

Fire: process of combustion hF
hF Mass Flow of gases Ff = Cd BVF dy
Mass flow of gases Ff = Cd F BV(y)dy
F hF
2( ) gy
1/ 2
2(
F
0
)g
1/2 h
0
F

Ff Cd F B 0 1
dy Cd F B 0 1
y1/ 2 dy
0 1 1 0
B window width, Cd is discharge coefficient hF
0 1/2
y 3/2
Mass flow of oxygen Fo = Cd o BVo (y)dy Cd FB
2( 0 1 )g
3
ho 1
2 0

hF ho H
1/ 2 3
2 2( 0 1 )g
Cd F B h 2
F
3 1

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1 v1

Fire: process of combustion Fire: process of combustion

0 Mass Flow , thus notation m. replaces F,
Mass Flow of oxygen Fo = Cd o BVo dy subscript remains same 1/2
ho o
3/2
0
2( F o ) gy
1/2
2( O F )g
1/2 0
1/2 m&F 2
3 Cd B ( hF ) F 2g F
Ff Cd O B dy Cd O B y dy
hO o O hO
F 1/2
Substitute x y; dx dy; lim its will change accordingly o
0
m&air 2
3 Cd B (ho )3/2 o 2g F

1/ 2 o
2( )g x 3/2
Cd OB
O F
3
1 kg fuel r kg air (1 r )kg
O
2 h0 For non-stoichiometric burning
2 2( )g
1/ 2 3 r r
Cd O B O F
h
2
0
1 kg fuel kg air (1 )kg
3 O

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
17 18
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1 v1

Fire: process of combustion

ho / H
Fire: process of combustion
1/2
3/2 o F
1
2
3 Cd B ( hF ) 2g m&F 1 r/ (hF )3/2 F
2

m&F
F 1
F m&air r/ r (ho )3/2 o
1/2
m&air o Obtained after Substituting mass rates of flow
3/2 F
3 Cd B ( ho ) 2g
2 3 2
o hF O
o 1
1 hO r F
(hF )3/2 F
2
1
1 2 3
(ho ) 3/2 2 hF O
o 1
hO r F

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1 v1
ho / H ho / H
Fire: process of combustion Fire: process of combustion
1
2 3
O
ho 1
hF hO 1 1/3
r F
H 2
o
1 1
2
1
3 r F
O
H hF hO hO 1 hO Using typical value of r=5.7kg/kg of air for
r F wood, typical ratio of O / F varying from
1.8 to 5,
The ratio of hO to H can be obtained The ratio works out to be 0.34-0.42 for
=1, generally the ratio is 0.3 to 0.5

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
21 22
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1 v1
ho / H ho / H

Fire: Effect of ventilation

Fire: Effect of ventilation 3
2

m&F m&air (i.e. / r o), with assumption that 1/ 2

H o
m&a ir 2
3 Cd B 2g F

mass within the space remains constant 1 1

2
o
1/ 3 o
o

1/2 r
o F

m&air 2 3 Cd B (ho )3/2 o 2 g F 3

2

o 2 2
1
H 1

H
1/ 2
Cd Bg 2 1 o
2 o F
3
ho 1/3 1 o
3
AW BH
2 F
3 1
o
1 1 2 2
1
1
3 2
3
BH 2
AW H 2

r 3 1
o 1/ 2
Cd Bg H 2 2
1 2 o
F 3 F
o F

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
23 24
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
v1 v1
ho / H ho / H

Fire: Effect of ventilation

3
Fire: Ventilation factor
1
1
3 2 For stoichiometric burning, =1, and 1 kg of wood
2 2 1 1
1/2 requires 5.7 kg of air, thus burning rate
1/2 of wood:
m&air Cd g 2 AW H 2 1 o
o
2 o F 0.52 0.09 Aw H kg / s
3 F m&b Aw H 1/2
5.7 5.5 Aw H 1/2 kg / min
For density of air=1.2, coefficient=0.7ratio of
densities of air to gas as 1.8 to 5 (av. 3.4)and g=9.81 330 Aw H 1/2 kg / hr
3
1
3 2 Many assumptions, but empirical observations match
2 2 1.2 1
&air
m 0.7 9.81 1.2 1.2 1 o
3.4 AW H 2
3 3.4 F Aw H 1/2 is called ventilation factor
1
0.526AW H 2 kg / s

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI

v1
ho / H Fire: VC & FC Fire
Fire: Empirical relation VC& FC Opening Factor: AT =area of internal surfaces
Empirical relations for ventilation and Ventilation and excluding window area, Low VF is VC
Fuel controlled fire
If calculated mbÚ > mÚair/r kg/s ,
then Ventilation Controlled FC VC
If mbÚ < mÚair/r kg/s , then Fuel Controlled
Empirically obtained relations
1.2 Aw H 1/ 2
VC : g 0.235; A f is the surface area of the fuel
Af
1/ 2
1.2 Aw H
FC : g 0.290; is the density of the fuel
Af

B. Bhattacharjee B. Bhattacharjee
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI