Slide 1 Slide 3

Geometry and structure of porphyry Cu deposits Magma Genesis

Volatile Exsolution
PCD? •  Magma ascends to neutral buoyancy
level
PCD?
•  Shutdown of volcanism?
•  Volatiles exsolved during fractional
C crystallisation (mafic magma
Upper crustal magma
chamber involvement?)
B
Magma Construction of way station
flow in •  Collection and fractionation of
dykes
anhydrous phases leads to oxidized
Magma and hydrous magma
Magma
flow in flow in •  Feeds upper crustal fractionating
plugs and dykes
chamber
diapirs

Fertile Magma Production

Zone
Shear
Diatexite A •  Partial melting in migmatitic zone at
Richard M. Tosdal, Ph.D., PGeo Modified from base of crust
PicachoEx LLC (U.S.A) Magma
flow by Richards (2003)
•  Melts transferred to upper crust
percolat
ion
rtosdal@gmail.com
along dykes in shear zones
SEG student chapter, UNI, Lima, Peru, October 2015

Porphyry%systems%–%general%anatomy%
Slide 2 Slide 4
Porphyry%Cu%
Porphyry%Cu%forma.on%is%a%complex%
Some%facts%on%tectonic%input%into%porphyry%deposits:% interplay%between%magma.sm,%
deposits%are%crustal%
No#unique#large#scale#tectonic#se0ng#conducive#to#forma5on#of#PCD,#but….# tectonics,%and%hydrothermal%systems.%
scale%phenomenon%
# Porphyry%Cu%deposits%are%crustal=scale%
•  Represent#highly#oxidized#magmas#emplaced#during#tectonic#transi5on,#largely#in# phenomenon,%comprising:%
Porphyry#Cu#forma5on#is#a#
overall#low#magnitude#shortening#to#near#neutral#environment,#but#extensional# % complex#interplay#between#
environments#have#been#proposed# magma5sm,#tectonics,#and#
!  Input%of%magma%into%the%crust%
hydrothermal#systems.#
•  Commonly,#but#not#always#localized#along#older#faults# #
!  Construc.on%of%an%upper%crustal%
•  Evidence#for#synEporphyry#externally#driven#deforma5on#is#limited#to#none,#but#farE •  Input#of#magma#in#to#
magma%chamber%
crust#
field#stress#does#influence#vein#orienta5on#
!  Exsolu.on%of%hydrothermal%fluid%
•  Construc5on#of#upper#
and%its%buoyant%rise%into%the%
crustal#magma#chamber#
Some%facts%about%structure%of%porphyry%deposits% porphyry%or%epithermal%
environment%
•  Common#vein#geometry#
•  Geometry#of#porphyry#intrusions#influenced#by#country#rock#fabric.### Porphyry%deposits%are%the%product%of%
mul.ple%intrusion%and%vein%forma.on%
•  Porphyry#shape#influences#vein#geometry# events%
•  Veins#formed#through#interac5on#between#magma5c#and#farEfield#stresses#

Toquepala, 2005 Courtesy)of)B.)Davis)from)Tosdal)et)al.,)2009)

 Slide 5 Slide 7
Porphyry%Cu%deposits%overlie%upper%crustal%batholiths% Porphyry%Cu%district%may%contain%mul=ple%centers%
formed%at%6?12%km%depths%
1.  Middle#Jurassic#Luhr#Hill#
porphyri5c#monzogranite# But,)not)all)of)them)are)well)
mineralized)or)economic)nor)carry)the)
generated#4#porphyry#
4 km same)metal)contents)or)grades)
centers#from#10#x#15#x#5#km# 5 km
magma#chamber# )

2.  PCD#centered#on#dike# 6 km Reflects)formaAon)of)mulAple)cupolas)

in)underlying)magma)chamber)
swarms#
3.  Scouring%of%roof%rocks%
accomplished%during%
magma%convec=ons%
3 km
4.  Easily#eroded#roof#rocks# PCD on
form#apophyses#/#cupola# dike swam

Dilles & Proffett, 1995; Dilles, 2000

5 km
Yerington Batholith Plan (1-3 km depth)
with Luhr Hill cupolas

Slide 6 Slide 8
Subsurface batholith to porphyry Cu-Au centers Emplacement#of#magma5c#bodies#
imaged by inversion of ground magnetic data Ascent#of#magma#to#the#point#of#
emplacement#occurs#via#melt#
transport#in#dikes.##
#
Igneous#intrusions#emplaced#in#the#
upper#crust#typically#show#variably#
discordant#contact#rela5onships.#
#
Wallrock#temperatures#play#an#
important#role#in#the#emplacement#of#
igneous#bodies.##
#
When#ini5al#wallrock#temperatures#
are#low#(less#than#300°#C),#bri]le#
emplacement#processes,#such#as#
stoping,#cauldron#subsidence,#ring#
dykes,#cone#sheets,#or#wallrock#
transla5ons#(i.e.#roof#li^ing,#lateral#
shouldering#aside#on#faults)#are#
favoured.##
•  3 porphyry centers associated with dike and stocks emanating from #
At#depth,#a#dominance#of#duc5le#
underlying diorite, Tulare district, southern Serbia processes,#which#are#enhanced#by#the#
Image courtesy of Dunav Resources, 2013 heat#budget#of#the#magma.#
 Porphyry%systems%–%general%anatomy%
Slide 9 Slide 11

Emplacement#of#magma5c#bodies# Porphyry%Cu%
Porphyry%Cu%forma.on%is%a%complex%
0.8 Uplift from
interplay%between%magma.sm,%
TABLE 1. BEST-FIT STATISTICS deposits%are%crustal%
AND PARAMETERS
1975 to Data sets (1992–1999) tectonics,%and%hydrothermal%systems.%
Weight
0.7 1980 SAR 1992–1999 (points) 12,678 0.5 scale%phenomenon%
Solu5ons#to#volume#problems#with#
Elevation change (m)

•  0.6 1982 EDM 1992–1999 (baselines) 70 Porphyry%Cu%deposits%are%crustal=scale%

0.5
high#level#intrusions#can#be#par5ally# 1985 Best-fit statistics
0.5 1987 Final cost (χv2) 1.34 phenomenon,%comprising:%
Porphyry#Cu#forma5on#is#a#
solved#by#upli^#of#layered#hostrocks# 1992
SAR data: RMS (cm) 0.90 Null solution: 7.8
accompanied#by#infla5on#of#the# 2.06 % Null solution:complex#interplay#between#
0.4 1997
2006
EDM data: RMS (cm) 7.2
intrusion.#
0.3 Best-fit parameters Value!  magma5sm,#tectonics,#and#
Input%of%magma%into%the%crust%
Search interval 95% bounds
Semi-major axis a (m) 969 10–3000
0.2 Axis ratio b/a 0.660 0.000–1.000 hydrothermal#systems.#
0.56–0.84
•  Note#that#the#overlying#rocks#will#need# Depth (km) 7.643 3.000–9.000# 6.6–8.7
Construc.on%of%an%upper%crustal%
0.1 Strike angle (°) 216 !  0–360 196–302
to#‘stretch’#in#the#absence#of#any#bri]le# Dip angle (°) 63 •  Construc5on#of#magma#
magma%chamber%30–77
0–90
structures#that#may#dislocate#the#
0.0
Dome Source center E (UTM) 332764 330000–336000 chamber#and#forma5on#of#
hostrocks.# Tom’s Source center W (UTM) 4172754 4169000–4173000
10−4–0.800cupolas#above#convec5on#
Lee Vining Caldera
Place Volume change (km3) 0.068
!  Exsolu.on%of%hydrothermal%fluid%
cells#
Note: SAR—synthetic aperture radar; EDM—two-color electronic distance meter;
•  0 10 20 30
The#lower#figure#shows#the#influence#of 40 # 50 60 70 RMS—root mean square. and%its%buoyant%rise%into%the%
Distance (km)
faul5ng#on#the#shape#of#intrusions#and# porphyry%or%epithermal%
its#role#in#solving#volume#problems.#
•  Exsolu5on#of#
Figure 2. Vertical deformation along Highway 395 leveling route environment%
InSAR measurements have a spatial resolution of ~100 mhydrothermal#fluid#and#
and an accuracy
(Fig. 1). This route runs across Long Valley caldera resurgent of ~2 mm/yr for the deformation velocity and ~10 mmbuoyant#rise#into#porphyry
for surface dis-
dome. Symbols correspond to elevation differences from 1975 for #
specified time intervals (Dzurisin, Cascades Volcano Observatory, placements. The InSAR results are consistent with the leveling and GPS
Porphyry%deposits%are%the%product%of%
or#epithermal#
2008, personal commun.). measurements (Tizzani et al., 2007).
mul.ple%intrusion%and%vein%forma.on%
environment#
To minimize the influence from sources not related to the geological
events%
unrest, we selected for our analysis only those pixels for which the time
(e.g., Fialko et al., 2001; Battaglia et al., 2003), here we (1) determine the series had a correlation greater than 0.95 with respect to the time series
uplift using differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) of the coherent SAR pixel closer (less than 100 m) to the permanent GPS
deformation time series from 1992 to 2000; (2) increase the number of station RDOM (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] Earthquake Hazards
two-color EDM baselines to better constrain the source geometry; and Program [EHZ], 2008), which is located in the area of maximum uplift on Courtesy)of)B.)Davis)from)Tosdal)et)al.,)2009)
(3) we do not assume a vertical prolate spheroid model. As a result, we are the resurgent dome (Fig. 1).
able to better constrain the geometry of the deformation source and obtain In addition to the InSAR data, we included in our analysis leveling
a more robust estimate of its density. data from 1982 to 1999, two-color EDM data from 1992 to 2000 (U.S.
Geological Survey, 2008), and gravity data from 1982 to 1999 (Battaglia
OBSERVATIONS et al., 2003). Given the time distribution of the available geodetic and
Stretching%of%roof%above%magma%chamber%
Slide 10
To measure the deformation of the entire caldera floor and its sur- gravity data sets and the need to have the largest possible signal-to- Forma=on%of%a%porphyry%Cu%deposit%–%Cupola%forma=on% Slide 12

roundings, we analyzed a data set composed of 21 descending orbit SAR noise ratio, our modeling strategy was developed following a two-step
•  Interferometry#of#ac5ve#volcanos#has#clearly#demonstrated#that#magma#movement# •  Magma#chambers#convect#
images (track 485, frame 2845), acquired by the European Space Agency approach. First, we inverted EDM and InSAR data from 1992 to 1999
(chamber#replenishment?)#will#cause#the#chamber#lying#at#>6#km#depth#to#li^#the#roof#rocks.#
ERS-1/2 satellites, spanning the time interval from June 1992 to August to constrain the geometry of the source. We then used upliftS and gravity N
•  As#magma#rises,#fluid#exsolved#as#ver5cal#load#
2000 (Tizzani et al., 2007). The ERS-1/2 satellite data were processed changes between 1982 and 1999 to determine the density of that source
decreases,#and#rises#buoyantly#within#magma#
•  Implicit#in#the#event#will#be#tensional#stress#applied#to#the#roof#rocks#
using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS)–InSAR algorithm (Berardino (we assumed that the caldera deformation source 0
remained constant from Cogenetic volcanics
et al., 2002), which allows us to detect surface displacements and ana- 1982 to 1999, which is justified by the symmetry, over the past 33 yr, of
•  Erosion#of#roof#rocks#caused#by#convec5ng#magma#
lyze their temporal evolution by generating mean deformation velocity the displacement pattern measured along the leveling route that crosses
•  If#the#roof#of#the#pluton#is#fluid#saturated,#the#decrease#in#lithosta5c#load#may#enhance# 1 (GuillouEFro0er#and#Burov,#2003)#
maps and time series projected along the radar line of sight (LOS). The the resurgent dome; Fig. 2).
fluid#/#magma#rise# Deflation and inflation of a large magma body 465
# •  Cupola#maform#preferen5ally#along#wall#rock#
nSAR-data derived deformation source is modelled based on dif- 2 fabrics#(faults,#contacts,#bedding)#in#country#rocks#
erent assumptions, to confirm
Uturuncu,#Bolivia#
A the0 results10 by
km
Pritchard et al. that
Uplift (cm) B 0 10 km Model (cm) C 0 10 km Residual (cm)
he solutions at Uturuncu cover a broad range of reservoir shapes •  Leads#to#cupola#with#mix#of#magma#and#exsolved#
nd locations. Then, we perform Long#Valley,#USA#
a GIS investigation that focuses on 3
hydrothermal#fluid#
depth#

haracterization of lineaments, that is, dominant strikes of morphol-

Tizzani)et)al.,)2009) Erosion of roof rocks
gy caused by faults, folds, lakes, rivers and streams. We construct
umerical stress field models to better understand the formation
4
Magma & high-density
attern of the structure-related lineaments based on the Coulomb H2O -salt fluid
racture criterion.
5
e
ac
ap

3.1 InSAR time-series analysis

ar

6
ec

By performing an InSAR time-series analysis, we map the space–

lin

Magma rising &

ime evolution of the deformation signal at Uturuncu. Radar images
tal

exsolving fluid
ys

f the study area are acquired using the European Space Agency’s
7
Cr
Downloaded from http://gji.oxfo

ENVISAT spacecraft. The data set consists of 25 ASAR images Inward Magma & crystals
hat were recorded in a descending orbit (track 282) between 2003 crystallization
March and 2009 March. 8
To derive the time-dependent surface deformation from this data Walter)and)Motagh,)2014)
et, we follow a two-step process. First, using the DORIS software
Figure
http://doris.tudelft.nl) with the3. Modeling
90-m SRTM of
DEMdeformation at Long Valley caldera by fitting a spheroidal source in an elastic homogeneous half space (see Table 1 for
and the precise
rbits provided by ESA,parameters). (A) 1992–1999
we form a coherent network of synthetic
temporally aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) data, (B) model, and (C) residual. We used a nonlinear inversion
verlapped interferograms.algorithm based on Levenberg-Marquardt
The interferograms are processed using least-squares approach (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963). Coordinates are in UTM NAD27.
multi-looking factor of 4 pixels in range and 20 pixels in the
 Roof%cracks%–%fluid%rises%along%with%magma%
Slide 13
How do dikes / stocks intrude? Slide 15

S N
Or, how does intrusion drive PCD related fracturing?
•  Mul5ple#porphyry#intrusion#are# X section
0 Cogenetic volcanics localized#through#the#cupola# As#magma#rises:#
λv% #
1 Porphyry# •  Inward#crystalliza5on#drives# •  Ver5cal#(λv)#load#
deposit# forma5on#of#cupola#on#magma# decreases#
cooling#hydrothermal#
2 deeper#and#the#source#of#porphyry#
•  Hydrous#magma#
Buoyant#rising#&#

intrusions#are#sourced#deeper#
con5nues#to#exsolve#fluid#
3
•  Cupola#is#maintained#between#
depth#

intrusive#events#by#con5nued# •  Fluid#collects#near#5ps#
fluid#

4
convec5on#and#roof#erosion#
•  Lowers#effec5ve#stress#
5
•  Fluid#associated#with#younger#
ce

•  Enhances#permeability#
a

porphyry#intrusions#are#thus#also#
ap
ar

6
sourced#from#deeper#and#deeper# crea5on#in#advance#of#
ec
lin

in#magma#chamber,#thus#arriving# the#porphyry#
tal
ys

Magma rising &

7 at#the#site#of#metal#deposi5on#with#
Cr

exsolving fluid
Inward
crystallization different#physicochemical#
Magma & crystals
8 characteris5cs#

Slide 14 Slide 16
What are potential triggers for cracking the roof? Intrusion changes stress patterns above propagating tip
and creates damage zone on the margins
Extension#of#the#roof#rocks#above#the#magma#
chamber,#leading#to#dilatant#zones#for#magma#
rise#(ac5ve#faults#or#just#anistropy#in#the#roof#
rocks#
Injec5on#of#magma#at#base#may#start#magma#
chamber#to#vesiculate,#leading#to#volume#
expansion#of#magma#and#increased#stretch#in#

Increasing#magma#volume#
roof#rocks#
Large#farEfield#earthquakeEderived#energy#has#
been#interpreted#to#cause#vesicula5on#and#
Hammer)and)Rutherford,)2003) volume#expansion#of#magma,#leading#to#
increased#stretch#in#roof#rocks#
Replenishment of
Volume#expansion#leading#to#increase#
Pinatubo magma
stretching#of#roof#rocks#will#weakening#the#
chamber by basalt ver5cal#load#that#prohibits#magma#and#
intrusion hydrothermal#fluid#to#rise#buoyantly#
Vesiculation of
dacite trigger by
basalt intrusion led
to eruption Gudmundsson)and)Loetveit,)2005))
 Slide 17 Slide 19
Micro?apli=c%groundmass%and%onset%of%high%T%altera=on% Bingham, Utah (USA)
When#magma#ceases#to#rise,#volume#expansion#of#wall#rocks#leads#to#
quench#crystalliza5on#of#magma.##The#result#is:#
#
•  Forma5on#of#porous#microapli5c#groundmass#typical#of#porphyry#
intrusions#

•  Addi5onal#hydrofracturing#of#porphyry#stocks#

•  Onset#of#pervasive#K#silicate#(potassic)#altera5on#that#seals#
porosity,#enhances#hydrofracturing#
Porphyry deposits are:
•  Common subcircular to slightly elliptical; average ellipticity 2 or 3
to 1.
•  Rare deposits have elongate forms
•  Characterized by polyphase veins that are mutually cross cutting
•  Veins are not random BUT form coherent geometric patterns;
resolve into orthogonal or combined conjugate-orthogonal array
•  Grade generally correlates with vein density

Slide 18 Slide 20
Quartz veins record loss of volatiles upward from
Toquepala,
horizons marked by quartz UST layers Peru
Sample oriented so that
quartz grains in UST Many veins at top of sample;
PCD associated with
layers are pointing few veins at bottom of sample dacite porphyry.
downward and inward
Multiple generation
as stocks, blobby
Offsetting vein intrusives, and ring
dikes
yers Late diatreme
UST la
Gro destroys grade as does
wth
dire
ctio
n pebble breccia

Circles mark sites of

Fluids emanate from fluid release events:
below sample
earlier in lighter
colors, later in darker
colors
Lab 3/4 sample MP-B, Mineral Park, Arizona; courtesy of Eric Seedorff
From Richards and Coutright, 1958;
Zweng and Clark, 1995
 Slide 21 Slide 23
Bajo de Alumbrera, Argentina Bingham: Stocks elongate in NW and NE directions

Phillips et
al., 1997

Slide 22 Slide 24
Chuquicamata%Cu?Mo% Ossandon et al., 2001
El Salvador, Chile porphyry%deposit%

Cu-Mo associated with multiple

subcircular stocks

Elongate#and#superposed#porphyry#
systems#
Younger#qtzEenargiteEcovelliteE
chalcociteEbornite#veins#superposed#on#
older#chalcopyrite#–#bornite#±#K#silicate#
Radial pebble breccia altered#rocks#
pattern on surface (shallow) Early#qtzEMo#veins#

Pseudo radial but more Mul5ple#porphyry#systems#in#same#

loca5on.#
elliptical at depth
(Lindsay)et)al,)1995;))Ossandon)et)al.,)
2001))
 Slide 25
Vein density at Bajo de la Alumbrera Slide 27

>0.15 % Cu >1.0 % Cu
Porphyry
deposits
are the
product of
multiple >0.5 % Cu
intrusion
and vein Diagrams from Proffett, 2003

formation
Low
events grade
core
Series of porphry stocks intruded into slightly older volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks
Grade correlates with early stocks with younger stocks containing less Cu and the youngest being
barren

Slide 26 Slide 28
Bingham, Utah (USA)
Spa=al%rela=on%
between%veins%and%
porphyry%intrusions%

Fracture%and%hence%vein%
intensity%is%in=mately%
associated%with%the%porphyry%
intrusions,%and%drops%off%
Northparkes, NSW (Australia) drama=cally%with%distance%
from%the%contacts%
%
Mul=ple%intrusions%enhance%
vein%mesh%

Diagrams)from)Gruen)et)al.)(2010))
Relincho,#Chile# and)Harris)and)Holcomb,)(in)press))
 Slide 29 Slide 31
View looks south; Northparkes E26
Vein density
High temperature K-
silicate veins are
concentrated in core of
system, and diminish
outward
Late veins will be
concentrated along major
permeabilty zones
Separation of veins by
types and paragenetic
stage can lead to vectors

Bingham Utah USA

•  Porphyry dikes are discrete intrusions flanked by zones of intense alteration.
•  Note, the steep, darker bands, which reflect vein systems formed in the wall rocks to the Diagrams from Gruen et al., 2010
intrusions.

How do dikes / stocks intrude? Slide 30 Slide 32

Although grade
Or, how does intrusion drive PCD related fracturing? generally correlates
Based on seismicity record in volcanoes with veins, there are
X section X section locations within a
porphyry Cu deposit
where high quartz
Bingham% vein density lacks
PCD% grade.
Diagram from Gruen et al., 2010

Fracture Expansion These zones represent

propagates in generates lateral the high temperature
front of dike tip fractures due to bottoms of the
Favors extant dike inflation hydrothermal system.
mesh

Hydrofracturing of exsolved fluid Barren quartz veins in core of

enhances permeability Valley porphyry Cu-Mo,
Diagram from Roman and Cashman, 2007
(Canada) deposit with no Cu
 Slide 33
Hydrothermal minerals reflect P-T-ph conditions during permeability
creation and destruction
Veins#form#when#Pf#exceeds#
tensile#strength#of#rocks#
#
Type#of#veins#will#depend#upon#
temperature#and#rock#
composi5ons#
# alteration & ore
In#general,#rocks#at#high#
temperature#deform#in#duc5le#
fashion,#and#at#low#
temperature#in#bri]le#fashion#
# centerline, stable in K-
However#depending#upon#
composi5on#of#rocks,#different#
vein#types#may#form#
#
Vein#formed#at#high#T#are#
commonly#reopened#during#
lower#T#events,#or#even#postE
mineral.#
Slide 35
A, B & D veins (Gustafson
& Hunt, 1975)--linking
veins to alteration
Relation to Wall-rock
1. A aplitic quartz vns (Cp
± Bn ± Mag) assoc d
K-silicate alt n
2. B vns (qz-MoS2) with
silicate
3. D veins (Py or Cp-Py or
Py-Bn)//sericitic
alteration.
In a given ppy intrusion
center, A vns are cut by
B veins cut by D veins
(Temp decrease)

Vein%geometry%and%character%will%commonly%reflect%host%rock%composi=ons%
Slide 34 Slide 36

#
A#rock#rich#in#feldspar#will#
deform#in#bri]le#fashion#at#
temperatures#up#to#~450°#C#
#
#
#
#
#
Irregular#quartzEborniteEmagne5te#veins#—##Red#Chris,#Canada# #
In#contrast,#a#rock#rich#in#
sheet#silicates#(bio5te,#
chlorite,#muscovite)#and#
quartz#will#deform#in#duc5le#
fashion#at#temperatures#as#
low#as#250E300°#C#

A veins B veins D veins

Folded#and#broken#quartz#veins#in#bio5teEchloriteEquartz#
assemblage#—#SW#Oyu#Tolgoi,#Mongolia#
 Slide 37 Slide 39
Veins%form%common%geometric%array%that%has%been%called%a%stockwork.% Northparkes, NSW, Australia
Consists%of%sheeted%to%vein%meshes%consis=ng%of%mutually%crosscuOng%veins%

Quellaveco, Peru

PCD veins are far from randomly

oriented!

Sheeted quartz vein in K-silicate (weathered) core of the Oligocene

Kiseljak porphyry Cu-Au deposit, southwest Serbia Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia

Common%vein%orienta=on%in%porphyry%Cu%deposits%regardless%of%size;%% Slide 38 Slide 40

Varies%from%sheeted%to%orthogonal%network% •  Common orthogonal

geometry
•  One orientation will
dominate as a set of
sheeted or conjugate
veins
•  This orientation will
define long axis of
porphyry deposit
•  Subsidiary orientation
at very high angles

Examples from Batu

Hijau

Vein ventifact, Reko Diq, Pakistan Photos from Arif & Baker (2004)
 Slide 41 Slide 43
Cadia Hill, Australia
Whereas most PCD veins What does a rising dike of magma
form orthogonal or do to the rock column?
orthogonal-conjugate
arrays, others do not. When host rock is unfractured
(isotropic) then circular features can
form.
These are usually
dominated by sheeted veins Where fractured or under differential
with a single dominant horizontal stress, anisotropy will
Large but low grade (~0.2% Cu; 0.2 g/t Au) orientation, with veins exert influence on fracture geometry
leading to a preferred orientation
dispersed over large area

Note, most porphyry that contain

These are commonly but grade have multiple vein orientations
not always uneconomic;
much depends upon the
mineralogy

Slide 42 Slide 44
•  Veins#in#porphyry#Cu#systems#show# Examples of typical vein distribution from porphyry Cu-Mo-Au
systema5c#orienta5ons#in#space#that#
may#be#domainal#in#development# Bingham PCD Kiseljak PCD

•  Possess#dominant#orienta5on#but#
includes#subsidiary#orienta5ons##

•  Vein#track#geometry#of#intrusions#

Data from D.
N=514 N=1405 Dragic, Dunav
Gruen et al., 2010
Resources
Note)–)Bingham)has)been)Alted)~20T30°)eastward)whereas)Kiseljak)has)been)Alted)
~30°)southward)post)mineral))

Most porphyry Cu veins formed with steep dips, except where late
Kiseljak)porphyry)CuTAu,)Serbia)
quartz-sericite-pyrite conjugate veins are common, thus the intersection
Dragic)et)al,)in)prep.) Gustafson)and)Hunt,)1975) of the average vein orientation should plunge ±90°
 Slide 45 Slide 47

Topographic%lineaments%around%breathing%magma%system% Effect of depth of emplacement

For 1 km depth
Note T.R.
468 more or and
Walter less
M.radial
Motagh pattern
around volcano but with trends also seen outside on vein type
volcanic edifice. Pattern is similar to that seen in porphyry vein orientations, which
formed at depth Shallow (<2 km) fractures (veins) are
dominantly extensional regardless of
differential stress
Fractures (veins) will dip near 90°,
unless reopening an older steeply
dipping fabric
With increasing depth (up to 5 km),
extensional and an increased potential
for extensional shear veins are possible

Downloaded from http://gji.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of British Colombia Library on August 12, 2015
depending upon interplay between
N = 1406 differential stress and pore fluid factor
Explains the dominance of steeply
dipping veins in PCD, and why the
average vein dips can be used to
evaluate potential post-mineral
Kiseljak#Porphyry#CuEAu# Walgter)and)Motagh,)2014)
Figure 7. Lineament density (left-hand panel) and lineament azimuths (right-hand panel) close to Uturuncu. Density map suggests a girdle of lineaments
surrounding Uturuncu volcano (search radius of 0.05◦ , output cell size of 0.005◦ ); rose diagrams shown in four sectors (A, B, C and D) and in the centre deformation
(E) suggest a circumferential strike direction that markedly differs from the regional pattern shown in Fig. 6. Cox 2010
sector N101◦ ± 36◦ , the southwestern sector N141◦ ± 10◦ and in such conjugate systems at Uturuncu. Alternatively, the condition
the southeastern sector N025◦ ± 19◦ . Thus, the rose diagrams of the to form an extension fracture might be given, which is controlled
four sectors surrounding the Uturuncu volcano suggest a different by the tensile stress condition, so that the occurrence and spac-
strike from the far-field strike, which approximates a circumferen- ing of tension lineaments can be used to estimate the responsible
tial azimuth with respect to the volcano centre. The lineaments on amplitude of the stress. In solid mechanics, fracture experiments
the volcano centre are interpreted to occur mainly because of slope show that fracture initiation depends on the differential stressSlideand
How do dikes / stocks intrude?
erosion; thus they are radially oriented and do not have a deep-seated on the maximum horizontal tensile stress near the surface (Twiss &
46 Slide 48

structural origin. Moores 1992). Thus, the Uturuncu fracture girdle may represent
Or, how does intrusion drive PCD related fracturing? the pattern of the maximum tensile stress. No actual displacements
by lithology offsets or topographic throws could be observed by us 20
Preservation is key
3.2.2 Stress models based on lineaments
Based on seismicity
Lineaments may form for many reasons. Lineaments may develop
record in volcanoes
at the lineament locations, supporting our interpretation. Whether
faults, for example, normal faults, really exist at depth remains
to porphyry Cu
in episodes or anytime during the Xgeological
section history. If the linea-
ments are associated to deformations, then they can be examined by
speculative, which is why we concentrate our analysis on the tensile
X section
stress field near the surface. deposits in ancient
palaeostress analysis. As summarized in Section 3.2.1, lineaments
are commonly thought to be associated with faults and fractures.
To explore the majority of the fractures using the maximum-
tensile-stress pattern, we designed 3-D boundary element models terranes
Conjecturing that the bulk lineament pattern surrounding Uturuncu (Thomas 1993). The code uses triangular dislocations and calcu- 10
volcano is structural in origin, the reconstruction of the palaeostress lates the elastic fields from the solution for the angular dislocation
field requires knowledge or assumptions on the type of structures. in the elastic half-space (see also (Walter 2007)). For the magma
Lineaments associated with thrust, normal or strike-slip kinematics body source, we consider a spherical, oblate or prolate chamber of Cadia Hill buried by Silurian clastic
result in different interpretations. variable dimensions, locations and aspect ratios and we calculate
In a simplistic view, thrust faults may form when the minimum the tensile stress at the surface (Fig. 8).
rocks
compressive stress σ 3 is vertical, normal faults may form when the The forward inflation model simulations suggest that the maxi-
maximum compressive stress σ 1 is vertical and strike-slip fault- mum tensile stress at the surface occurs directly above the inflating 0
ing may form when the vertical principal stress is intermediate magma body. The high-tensile-stress region is local with a high am- 0 100 200 300 400 500
(Anderson 1951). Ideally conjugate shear fractures are observed by plitude for prolate and spherical sources, whereas it is wide and with
Fracture
lineaments, allowing detailed analysis on the principal stress axes. Expansion
a lower amplitude for flat-topped (e.g. sill-shaped) sources. The de- Age (Ma)
propagates in
In such a conjugate system, earlier studies (Hancock & Al-Kadhi
1978) showed that σ 1 bisects the smallest dihedral angle whilst σ 2
flation models also show a centralized maximum tensile stress above
generates lateral
the chamber for prolate and spherical sources. For the deflating flat-
Calc-alkalic
is front of dike
oriented parallel tip
to the intersection of the two conjugate fractures. topped magma chambers, we observe fractures due to
a ring of maximum tensile High-K calc-alkalic
As a result, the orientation of the three major stress directions can be stress at the surface that generally encircles the lateral edges of the
Favors
accurately extant
determined. However, in this study we could not observe dike magma
magma chamber beneath. Hence, a flat-topped inflation
body is the Alkalic
mesh Data source: Kirkham & Dunne, 1999

Hydrofracturing of exsolved fluid

enhances permeability
Diagram from Roman and Cashman, 2007
 Slide 49 Slide 51
Preserva=on%is%cri=cal%to%shallow%upper%crustal% 1122 Late%Ordovician%–%Early%Silurian%Cadia%Valley%District,%Australia%
HARRIS ET AL.

hydrothermal%systems%
Ridgeway
•  The#number#of#known#
Recent%porphyry%(%i.e.%<65%Ma)%deposits% shallowly#formed#deposits#
have%more%chance%of%being%preserved% Forest Reefs Volcanics
therefore%are%more%common%
dis5nctly#drops#with#deposit#
20 age,#completely#due#to# Harris et al.,
2014
erosion.# Monzonite Big Cadia Cenozoic basalt
Preserva=on%poten=al%%
decreases%with%=me%due%
to%erosion%and%crustal% •  Consequently,#limited# Cadia Quarry
recycling% exhuma5on,##OR#structural#
10 or#tectonic#burial#of#
Ancient%porphyry%( i.e. Cadia Hill
>65 Ma) deposits%have% shallowly#formed#ore# Little Cadia
less%chance%of%being%
preserved%therefore%are% deposits#is#important#to#their#
rarer% preserva5on!!# Weemalla Cadia East
Formation
0 Siltstone
•  What#are#environments#of#
0 100 200 300 400 500 preserva5on?#
Age (Ma) Silurian Sandstone
Exhumation rates: Factor of climate plus tectonics
Varies from 1 – 3 mm/a (Basin & Range; Irian Jaya; Andes) to 5- 10mm/a (Himalayas) to >10mm/a (New Zealand along Alpine fault)

Modified after Kirkham & Dunne, 1999; Wilson and Cooke, 2002. 2013#—#8.9Mt#Cu#&#47#Moz#Au#resource#with#37#Moz#Au#in#Cadia#East#
Geological Legend
Canobolas Volcanic Complex
Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Intrusives
undifferentiated basalts
Tunbridge Wells diorite
Waugoola Group diorite
conglomerate monzodiorite Caringle
siltstone and sandstone coarse monzodiorite monzodiorite
Forest Reefs Volcanics Cadiangullong monzodiorite
latite and trachyte dykes pyroxene phyric monzonite Tallwood
Slide 50 magnetite skarn and monzodiorite monzonite Slide 52
Boyongan-Bayugo, Philippines Example%of%sedimentary%and%tectonic%burial%/%preserva=on%
basaltic to basaltic-andesitic volcanic
and volcaniclastic rocks and limestone
undifferentiated monzonite
mafic monzodiorite
Forma5on#in#subduc5on#related#magma5c#arc,#eroded#and#preserved#in#transtensional#se0ng# Weemalla Formation
biotite pyroxene phyric monzonite
Errowan
feldspathic sandstone, monzonite
siltstone and silicious siltstone K-feldspar phyric monzonite
mine coarse crowded monzonite Cadia Intrusive
prospect diorite/syenite Complex
fault (indicated and inferred) monzodiorite dykes
Mid. Sil. Sed.
FIG. 4. District geology map of the Cadia Valley based on surface mapping by Newcrest Mining Ltd between 1997 and
2002. Geologic boundaries were further constrained using top-of-collar drill Cadia
rxs Cadia Min-
Cover Ridgewa Hill (unpub. data, Newcrest
hole information
sequence
ing Ltd). Washburn (2008) mapped the Silurian coverCadiarocks. Felsic intrusions and most of known ore deposits form a broad
East
ynorthwest trend that parallels the broader district trends evident in the previous map. Systematic logging of the drill holes
Quarry
across the Cadia Valley helps constrain the volcanic architecture. As has been shown elsewhere (Holliday et al., 2002; Wil-
son et al., 2003), the outcropping stratigraphy becomes younger to the east. The Forest Reefs Volcanics vary laterally and
vertically in terms of eruptive style and composition of volcanism. At Ridgeway, a narrow zone (300 m) of porphyry-style
alteration and mineralization occurs in and around multiphase monzonitic stocks. By contrast, the Cadia East deposit occu-
Forest
pies a mineralized zone 2 km long, 600 m wide, and >1,500 m in vertical extent. Here, hydrothermal alteration and miner-
alization is lithologically controlled at surface, becoming more structurally controlled (as stockwork and sheeted vein arrays)
at depth.
Reef (L.
Ord.)
existed regionally at this time (Pogson and Watkins, 1998). Forest Reefs Volcanics
Erosion of hydrothermal deposits (probably Darriwilian to
Weemall The Forest Reefs Volcanics are at least 2.5 km thick and
Gisbornian in age, based on the available 40Ar/39Ar and fossil include stratified clastic (volcanic-derived conglomerates and
a Fm
Exhumation rate approaches 2.5km/Ma or 2.5 mm/a data) is implied in the abundance of detrital vein quartz in breccias, sandstone, and siltstone) and coherent lithofacies
this unit (Packham et al., 1999). Similar depositional (Squire, 2001; Holliday et al., 2002; Wilson, 2003; Kitto,
Emplaced#2.1E2.3#Ma#at#1km# processes and environments persisted during deposition of 2005). Volcanic rocks are high-K calc-alkaline to alkaline and
Outcropping#and#eroding#by#1.6#Ma# the transitional sequence of the Forest Reef Volcanics.
Monzonite%complex%% vary in composition from basaltic to basaltic andesite,
Reburied#by#0.6#Ma# (L.%Ord.%to%E.%Sil.%
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1122

Braxton, 2010; East?West%Sec=ons%capture%prominent%structural%fabric%

Braxton et al.,
2012 SecAon)drawn)by)Anthony)Harris,)2007)(unpublished))
 Slide 53
Preserva=on%of%a%porphyry%Cu%system%
Slide 55
East%Wall%Cadia%Hill,%Australia%

Two#cri5cal#factors#
1.  Forma5on#in#the#upper#crust#(1#–#6+#km#paleodepth)#
2.  Forma5on#in#posi5ve#topography#and#therefore#subject#to#erosion#(normal#
rate#of#1#km#per#million#years)#

Inverted#normal#faults#
Preserva5on#requires#—##
Half#graben# 1.  Cessa5on#of#exhuma5on#
geometry# 2.  Rapid#burial#beneath#sedimentary#rocks#or#thrust#sheets#

Boulder#conglomerate#fault#
scarp#deposits# Failure#to#meet#the#criteria#will#lead#to#a#loss#from#the#geologic#record#and#
Redbeds#deposited#in# apparently#lack#of#porphyry#deposit#type#at#a#par5cular#geologic#5me#
oxidizing#condi5ons#
(subaerial)#
Washburn,)
2006)
•  Exhuma5on#within#few#million#years,#and#subsequent#burial#followed#by#shortening#and#
tectonic#burial.#
•  Inversion#of#normal#faults#leading#to#basement#reverse#faults#with#thinEskinned#style#in#
Silurian#cover#rocks# Highland)Valley,)BriAsh)Columbia)

Slide 54 Slide 56

Some%thoughts%on%tectonic%input%into%porphyry%deposits:%
Post-mineral No#unique#large#scale#tectonic#se0ng#conducive#to#forma5on#of#PCD,#
dismemberment, but….#
burial, and •  represent#highly#oxidized#magmas#emplaced#during#tectonic#
exhumation of transi5on,#largely#in#overall#low#magnitude#shortening#to#near#neutral#
dismembered pieces environment#
Common in Arizona
Kalamazoo – San Manuel
Resolute

Evidence#for#synEporphyry#externally#driven#deforma5on#is#limited#to#
Ajo

none#
Common#vein#geometry#
Ajo%(AZ),%rotated%>90°%
Geometry#of#porphyry#intrusions#influenced#by#country#rock#fabric.###
Porphyry#shape#influences#vein#geometry#
Veins#formed#through#interac5on#between#magma5c#and#farEfield#
stresses#

Toquepala, 2005
 Slide 57 Slide 59
Porphyry to Epithermal transition What happens when a fault propagates into the porphyry
hydrothermal environment?
Post?mineral%cover%
(Rusk)et)al.,)2008))
!

lithocap%

Serici=c%altered%rocks%

66 Ma

64 Ma

65 Ma

Centrali, Armenia – early Late Jurassic hydrothermal system buried by post-mineral Late Jurassic
Veins form when fault propagates into porphyry environment!
sedimentary and volcanic rock

Slide 58 Slide 60
What happens when a fault propagates into the porphyry
hydrothermal environment?
Butte, Montana – 2 porphyry Cu centers, 1 barren central sericitic center, and peripheral veins

Butte, Montana

Huston and Dilles, 2013

Houston)and)Dilles,)2014)

Butte Ore Distribution Rapid#exhuma5on#between#forma5on#of#porphyry#Cu#deposit#and#main#stage#veins#

changed#depth#of#forma5on#and#condi5ons#of#ore#deposi5on,#leading#to#superposi5on#
Early, pre-Main Stage porphyry Cu-Mo ores, cut by Main Stage veins of#epithermalElike#veins#on#top#of#older#porphyry#system#
 Slide 61

HS

LS
/IS

Telescoping commonly involves rapid exhumation during or between superposed

porphyry events, leading to overprint of deeper higher T ore bodies by deposits
generally formed at shallow crustal depths.