Presentation Transcript

Slide 1:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING Powerline Review
Center, Inc.

Slide 2:
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN for HIGH-RISE BUILDING These buildings
distinctively differ from industrial buildings for manufacturing with regards
to electric utilization equipment installed and the number of floors. The
latter are mostly single or two-storey structure due to operational
requirements and constraints. Exceptions are the taller silos for stockpiling
of materials or finished products. hotels / condominiums or their
combinations. The definitions as to number of floors and areas vary from
one party to another. commercial establishments general offices High – rise
buildings normally refer to occupancy for:

Slide 3:
General Lighting & Power 1 – HIGH RISE BUILDING POWER SUPPLY
REQUIREMENTS: sewage ejectors pumps / drainage water sprinkle (fire
suppression) potable and non-potable water supply 4. Water Pumps
conveyors, dumbwaiters, others elevators and escalators 3. Transport
System heaters for humidity control blowers and fans ventilation air-
conditioning for temperature control 2. Heating, Ventilation & Air-
conditioning (HVAC) System power for appliances and office machines light
for general illumination, seeing tasks, decorative features, hallways and
stairways, others

Slide 4:
5. Communication System Note: The latter items could be integrated into
the building automation system as may be provided in the design. noise
masking and acoustics, others sound reinforcement and video facilities
background music and paging fire suppression and alarm system intrusion
and hold-up control system 8. Auxiliaries Terminals CPU and peripherals 7.
Central Computer System garage and freight entrance and exit for
pedestrians 6. Automatic Doors Intercom PABX telephone system

Slide 5:
2 – HIGH-RISE BUILDING SYSTEM COMPONENTS A high-rise building
electrical system is composed of hundreds of components, designed and
assembled into a safe, functional power-delivery system. In figure 2.1 shows
a typical building electrical system riser diagram, where the building’s
electrical system is connected to the utility system. Here, it is a pad-
mounted transformer, but in other cases it might be a bank of transformers
mounted overhead on a utility pole (for a demand less than 1,000 kVA). The
underground service connects the utility system to building’s main
distribution panel (MDP). Located within the MDP is the main building over-
current device, or main disconnect, as well as individual over-current
devices for the system components connected to the MDP. The MDP may
also contain provisions for utility metering, as well as instrumentation for
the measurement of system voltage and current.

Slide 6:
The main disconnect device can be either a circuit breaker or a fused
switch. This main device often contains special circuitry for sensing low-level
faults (i.e. ground faults for more than 1,000 Amp main), which otherwise
might escape detection. The MDP might be thought of as the electrical
nerve center of the building. It is normally located near building exterior wall
and as close as possible to the utility transformer to minimize the cost of
main service feeders. Thus, all components of the system must be chosen
carefully based on design requirements and must function safely, under
normal operating conditions and also under abnormal conditions, such as
short circuits.

Slide 8:
3 – POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM The franchise utility power company serves at
nominal level of 230/115-volt, single- or three-phase, two-, three or four
wires depending on the type of load and as long as it does not exceed 1,000
kVA. For extremely large service entrance current, multiple conductors may
be used. Likewise, multiple protective/disconnect devices not exceeding six
(6) may be connected in parallel for the service entrance (as stated by
P.E.C.). The size of the load center depends on the proposed connected load
and allowances for future growth of the establishment; its configuration, on
the other hand, depends on the requirements and available facilities of the
utility company. For establishment of greater than 1,000 kVA load, as most
commercial and industrial consumers, the power company requires a load
center unit sub-station and serves power at primary line distribution level of
13.8 or 34.5k Volts or whatever potential level available in the vicinity.
Slide 9:
The major components of the load center are: Usually in large installations
with private load centers, the practice is to use 208/120-volt for general
lighting and power, and 460-volt for motors. This appears to be the more
economical and practical arrangements. 3.1 – Utilizing Voltage For lighting
and appliances, 460-volt line can likewise be used but availability of fixtures
for such potential may not be easily procured, i.e. 265-volt ballasts for
fluorescent and convenience outlet with built-in unit transformers of 50 to
100 VA, 460-230/115-volt ratings. Three-phase electric motors are normally
dual-voltage, i.e. 460/230 volts and using the higher 460-volt rating will
result in half-as-much ampere draw, hence smaller wires, lower circuit
breaker rating (although higher voltage) and smaller starter unit. (4)
Metering equipment (3) Low-voltage switchgear; secondary side (2) Power
transformer section (1) High-voltage switchgear; primary side

Slide 10:
For total load of 1,000 kVA or less, the power supply is 208/120-volt or
230/115-volt only. In some cases, and for temporary construction power, the
power company would serve 460-volt for use of construction equipment,
subject to their requirements, rules and regulations. Should the customer
enterprise be required to provide its own load center unit substation, several
options are available, again subject to approval of the power utility
company. 3.2 – Configuration of Load Centers

Slide 11:
OPTION – 1 : High-voltage supply line from power company transformed to
utilization voltage of 208/120-volt for general lighting and power, and 460-
volt for motors using two separate power transformers as shown in fig.
3.2(a).

Slide 12:
OPTION – 2 : High-voltage supply line from power company transformed to
460-volts; general lighting and power fed by the 460-volt line through a unit
dry-type transformer, 460-208 / 120-volt, as shown in fig. 3.2(b).

Slide 13:
OPTION – 3 : Similar to Option – 2 “except” several units of smaller units of
smaller dry-type transformers are distributed in the areas or floors for
general lighting and power system; these unit transformers are fed by 460-
volt line or lines from the load center as shown in fig 3.2 (c).

Slide 14:
Any of these configurations will serve the purpose of transforming the
incoming high-voltage line from the utility company to acceptable utilization
equipment level. The final choice of the desired system is normally dictated
by costs and equipment availability. Power transformers are either dry-type
or oil-immersed. While a “fail-safe” system could not be adopted due to its
prohibitive cost, still some degree of flexibility and reliability of the system
can be reasonably reached. 3.3 – Load Center Flexibility & Reliability The
load center can be split into two (2) equal or identical units to serve the
likewise equally, as far as practicable, divided electrical loads. In cases of
failure of any of the major components of either unit, the remaining half is
still operational. System selectivity can be attained, either on the primary or
secondary sides or both, by using “tie-breaker”. The common disadvantage
of all of the above load center configurations is its inflexibility. In cases of
breakdown of any of the main components, i.e. high or low-voltage
switchgear mains, or the transformer itself will result in total system shut-
down.

Slide 15:
Properly coordinated interlocking system should be provided between the
tie and main breakers to prevent accidents. The load centers described in
the proceeding paragraph will be served on two (2) separate ends and thus
termed “double-ended” unit. Customarily, the power company serves this
type of load center from two (2) separate distribution feeder lines to further
enhance the system’s selectivity. Figure 3.3 shows the one line diagram of a
typical “double-ended” system as adopted from Option 3. The same can be
done for both Option 1 and 2.

Slide 17:
Note: The interlock, mechanical/electrical, will prevent putting “ON” the tie-
breaker until either of the main breaker is “OFF”; metering CT’s and PT’s are
to be installed in both the high-voltage incoming lines 1 and 2. The power
requirements of the building can be sufficiently supplied by the power
company at acceptable level, continuity and characteristics. There are,
however, instances when the power may be interrupted due to the system
fault or deficiencies, some of which are inherent in the power transmission
and distribution. Longer interruptions will greatly inconvenience the building
occupants and may even be dangerous to life and limbs. Losses in terms of
unproductive man-hours and business opportunity may also substantial. 4 –
EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM The suggested solution, other than the self-
contained battery-powered emergency lights, is a stand-by diesel engine-
generator set or sets. It is not economically sound, and probably poor
engineering practice, to provide 100% back-up or stand-by power because
of the tremendous costs of the generator set or sets to be used in relatively
short time of main power interruptions.

Slide 18:
The more essential loads of the building are to be supplied with emergency
power in cases of main power failure. Normally, these are the following:
Power transfer to stand-by generator can be done manually by double-throw
transfer-switch or automatically by automatic-transfer-switch (ATS). For the
latter, it is necessary that the feeder/s or line/s serving the essential loads
should not include the non-essential facilities. Separate emergency lines
and panel boards will be provided exclusively for the purpose. A typical one-
line diagram is shown in fig. 4.1 as adopted from fig. 3.3. Stairways’ and
hallways’ lighting for safety purposes Rooms or suites of top executives
Computer system One or two elevators to be used by physically
handicapped Water pumps and fire pumps Counter areas for public
transactions

Slide 20:
The system operates as follows: Voltage level and time setting as
mentioned may be adjusted to the desired level of the user, but instant
transfer from main to stand-by power is not possible since it will require
sometime for the generator voltage to build-up. The ATS could also be
programmed to automatically “exercise” or operate the generator at no-
load for 15-minute, twice-a-week periods in order to keep the set and
auxiliaries in good running conditions. When main power is restored to its
rated level, the ATS instantly transfer the load back to the main power
feeder; after 1 or 2 minutes of main power stabilized conditions, the
generator set automatically stops; When main power voltage dips to 70 to
80% of nominal value, the ATS automatically starts the generator and build-
up same to its rated output voltage; after 20 seconds of such power
condition, the ATS automatically transfer the emergency feeder mains to
generator;
Slide 21:
For uninterruptible power supply as may be required by computer
hardwares and the like, a different equipment configuration is necessary. It
is discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. Computer hardware and
operations require controlled environment as to temperature, humidity and
dust for satisfactory performance. The same is true for its electric power
supply. Power Supply for Computer System On power interruptions, the
time-lag for the emergency generator to build-up and supply power through
the ATS is a way beyond the recovery time of the computer. Hence, the
computer will shut-down, will have to be reset and re-started. If the
computer is on a long-batch run schedules, it may be necessary to re-run
the batch (viz. program) from the start. There is also the possible errors and
damages to the computer hardwares and softwares which may prove very
costly. Power hits and dips which is normal occurrences in AC power system
are sometimes beyond the tolerable limits of the computer. Some hardwares
can not tolerate power disturbance of more than 1/5 of a cycle of the normal
60 Hz power. While specially designed automatic-voltage-regulators (AVR)
may serve the purpose, the problem will be in the response time to correct
the abnormalities, not to mention actual power interruptions.

Slide 22:
The recommended conditioned power system for computer is the
“uninterruptible power supply” system or UPS. In the country most UPS are
static type. A typical block diagram is show in fig. 4.2.

Slide 23:
The rectifier-charger, fed from emergency feeder thru “RCB” breaker,
supplies the D-C bus. The battery is charged and at the same time supplies
power to the inverter where D-C power is inverter to A-C output for the
computer load. Charging of the battery is appropriately controlled. When
power is interrupted, the floating battery will supply D-C bus such that the
inverter will not suffer any power stoppage; the battery bank is normally
rated to supply power for 10 to 15 minutes, time enough to build-up and put
on the line the emergency generator. The battery bank composed of 100 to
150 industrial type-heavy duty units, each with a rated terminal voltage of 2
to 2 ½ Volts for higher capacity units. Hits and dips will not be reflected in
the A-C output lines as this is absorbed in the rectifier / charger only; the
UPS in effect, filters the power to the computer. In cases of power supply
and system infirmities: The output feeder line to the computer is protected
by the inverter circuit breaker “ICB”.

Slide 24:
There are several supplies of imported and locally manufactured UPS who
can assists the users in selecting the configuration most suited to their
respective purposes. Several options of Redundancy features are available
to enhance the reliability of the system. When the UPS itself fails, the static-
transfer switch “SS” will automatically transfer the output to the by-pass
line; the transfer is of the make-before-break operation that the A-C output
will not detect the switch made; Manual transfer to the by-pass line can also
be made thru the commercial circuit breaker “CCB”. A rotary type
combination of an A-C motor-driven-alternator and stand-by diesel engine
prime mover with “flywheel” is another configuration of a UPS system as
shown in fig. 4.3, this is sometimes termed as “dynamic UPS” system. The
flywheel stores and supplies the rotating power (i.e. kinetic energy) for the
alternator before the stand-by prime mover assumes the A-C motor drive
functions in cases of power failure. This is similar with the principle of
rotating regulators in maintaining the speed of a D-C generator.

Slide 26:
5 – FEEDER : NUMBER & SIZES Feeder line can either be bus way (bus bar
trunking) or insulated conductors or combination of both. The former is
more versatile, neat in appearance but decidedly more expensive Bus ways
are very popular especially for high ampere capacity lines. It can carry up to
7,000 Amp as compared against wires of 540 Amp maximum per set. There
is no limit placed in determining the number of feeders, its maximum load
and hence its corresponding circuit protection. This is decided by the
individual’s perception as regards to flexibility, functionality and economy.
All feeder runs will terminate in the low-voltage switchgear and will be
protected with appropriately rated circuit breakers or fuses. (see fig. 5.0)
Bus ways, however, should not be used in highly corrosive atmospheres as
in battery rooms, in concealed locations, and where it may be subjected to
serve mechanical injury as in hoist ways. For these cases, only insulated
conductors in rigid steel conduit will suffice.

Slide 28:
5.1 – Consideration in the Design of Feeders and Protections While a single
feeder may sufficiently supply several areas or floors or loads, so the scope
of it affects in cases of breakdown. The same principle could be adopted for
air conditioning, elevators, pumps and other motor loads The idea is to
minimize areas affected by a single feeder breakdown; and so forth; if the
floor is sufficiently large, it may even be divided into zones and fed from
different feeders. Feeder III - to serve 6th, 8th, 10th … Feeder II - to serve
Basement, 2nd, 4th Feeder I - to serve Ground, 3rd, 5th floors Flexibility For
the general lighting and power system of a high-rise building, some
designer distribute the loads among several feeders, example:

Slide 29:
Conveniently Available Sizes of Bus ways or Conductors A set of feeder
breakers, say 10 units of 1,000 Amperes each, another set of 10 units of 500
amperes each and so forth will require lesser number of replacement units
in stocks as compared against numerous feeders of substantially different
sizes of breakers. Minimized Number of Replacement Breakers in Stock to
Reduce Inventory Carrying Costs While multiple bus ways or conductors can
be used to meet desired current-carrying capacity of the line, there should
be some limit to this multiplicity for practical purposes in handling and
where building spaces are restricted. for example, three or more sets of
large sized conductors can not be conveniently terminated in a single
receiving or originating lugs or breaker terminal.

Slide 30:
Allowable Voltage Drops in the Conductors for motors, owing to its starting
current and occasional overload runs, the sizes shall be computed as
follows. branch circuit wires for lighting, heating, and similar loads should
have a capacity of not less than 125% of the load supplied with over current
protection not exceeding the capacity of the conductors or 150% of the
rating of the load; it is considered good engineering practice if the capacity
of the conductor is not less than 150% of the load supplied. Note: The sizes
of feeder and branch circuit wires are based on the connected load,
allowances for future growth, demand factor and diversity factors. The
following can be used as reference for this purpose: for branch circuits the
allowable voltage drop not exceeding 3% at the farthest outlet of power,
heating and lighting loads. While for both feeder and branch circuits to the
farthest outlet the allowable voltage drop not exceeding 5% to provide
reasonable efficiency of operation.

Slide 31:
Single motor load Use: 3 - 125 mm² or 250 MCM THW Cu wire @ 225 Amp
capacity in 65 mm ø or 2 ½ inch ø rigid metal conduit (RMC) Size of
conductor = 125% of 180 A = 225 A Example: A 150 hp, 3-phase 440-Volt
squirrel cage induction motor with auto-transformer starter and full load
ampere draw of 180 Amp. 150 to 200% for bigger motors with reduce
voltage, wye-delta or autotransformer starters. 250 to 300% for smaller
motors, less than 7 ½ hp with full-voltage or across-the –line starters.
Approximately it will be: Where the multiplier M% value depends on the
type or class of motor as well as the starter or controller to be used, Size of
circuit breaker protection = M% times motor full-load ampere Size of
conductor = 125% of motor full-load ampere (FLA)

Slide 32:
Size of circuit breaker = 150% of 180 A = 270 A Example : Given a group of
motors with their corresponding full-load ampere (FLA) and other loads
being supplied by several feeders referring to fig. 5.1, provide the
appropriate size of main feeder conductor and rating of circuit breaker for
protection. Assume 3- phase, 460-volt, 60 Hz supply. Group of motor and
other loads From the tables, it shows the approximate sizes of conductors
and circuit protection for different sizes of electric motors. Note that the
equivalent rating for safety switch is slightly higher than those of the circuit
breaker. Use: 300 AT, 400 AF, 3P, 500V circuit breaker

Slide 34:
Size of conductor = (125% full-load ampere of highest rated motor plus full
load current of other loads) x demand factor Where computed load exceeds
the maximum available wire size, multiple or parallel runs can be used.
Voltage drops should also be computed to determine the propriety of the
selected size of conductors; Note: 325 mm² (700 MCM) wire with 425 Amp
capacity may be sufficient, but the next bigger wire is chosen to allow for
future growth. Use: 3 - 400 mm² or 800 MCM THW Cu wires @ 485 AMP
capacity in 100 mm ø or 5 inch ø rigid metal conduit (RMC) = 383 Amperes
= [125% of 180 Amp + 27+14+65+27+27+ (75,000/ 3 x 460)] x 80%
(assume an 80% demand factor refer to P.E.C. for the provision this item)

Slide 35:
Size of circuit breaker protection = (highest motor breaker rating plus full-
load ampere of other loads) x demand factor Ideally, load centers and panel
boards should be located on the center of the loads to be served to save on
wire runs and to minimize line voltage drops. However most of the time the
designing architect, for aesthetic purposes, has the final decision on the
matter. 6 – LOAD CENTER, PANEL BOARDS or SWITCHGEARS The size of
feeder conductor should be maintained through-out. It should not be
reduced, say at point “x” regardless of the reduced current beyond the said
point-of-tap. Such reduction in conductor size may be allowed if
appropriately sized breaker is installed to serve as protection for the
reduced line. The exception are for runs not exceeding 25 feet and within
sight, provided that the reduce line capacity is not less than 1/3 of the main
run capacity. Use: 500 AT, 600 AF, 3P, 500V ACB = 443 Amperes

Slide 36:
The electrical engineer should, however, strive to locate the panel boards at
point where the farthest load to be served is within 30 meters. Otherwise,
larger sized wires may be necessary to compensate for the voltage drop.
Panel board mounting of motor starter units may also be involved. b) Power
distribution panels a) Lighting & appliance panels They are generally
classified into two categories: A panel board consists of a metal enclosure
containing bus bars to which circuit breakers or fused switches are attached.
The interior space of the housing provides sufficient physical space for safe
installation of the circuit conductors to their respective over current devices
(see fig. 6.1). In general panel boards and switchgear are used as control
protection points for groups of feeder or branch circuits serving the
electrical loads in building area, usually a floor or a section of the floor.
Panel boards, Switchboards & Switchgears

Slide 37:
A switchboard & switchgear, on the other hand are free standing assemblies
of switches, fuses and circuit breakers, which serve as locations for larger
over current devices, or as main distribution panels for an entire building.
Switchboards are physically larger than panel boards, due to the size of the
over current devices involved, and are design to provide the necessary
space for installation of larger cables (see fig. 6.2). c) Cubicle (with number
of compartments less than that required for metal-clad or compartmented
switchgear, usually having partition. b) Compartmented (with one or more
non-metallic partitions) a) Metal-clad Other types of metal-enclosed
switchgear are: Main metal-enclosed switchgear for commercial, industrial,
and public buildings is invariably located in the basement, and housed in a
separate well-ventilated electrical switchgear rooms. There is no clear
distinction made between the terms “switchboard” and “switchgear”,
although often high-voltage equipment (above 600 Volts) is referred to as
switchgear. When molded case circuit breakers are utilized in a switchboard
it is often known as building type switchboard.

Slide 40:
7 – SUGGESTED STEPS in BUILDING WIRING DESIGN Prepare an electrical
load estimate based on areas of the building and other pertinent data; for
office buildings, the P.E.C. has information on the estimated general
illumination load, some other books can furnish data for other loads. An
estimated load of 0.1 kilowatt per square meter of habitable area may be
used to countercheck the estimated load. Determine from other designers
the exact electrical rating of all equipment, viz. HVAC, plumbing elevators
and escalators, kitchen and others; the electrical designer may be asked for
comparative characteristics of these equipment as regards the electrical
supply. Consult the local company as regards the point of service entrance,
service voltage, metering equipment and other requirements for power
connections; the same should be done for the telephone system.

Slide 41:
Determine the location and estimated sizes of the different electric supply
equipment such as load center, switchboards, electrical panel board, rooms
or enclosures; this will enable the architect to allocate spaces for these
equipment. This estimated space requirements could be checked and
adjusted as may be necessary after the completion of the detailed plans.
Assign circuitry for all lighting and power system to appropriate panels
including emergency lines, and compute panel loads. Design the lighting
system, using either the lumens or point-by-point methods, after due
consultation with the architect and lighting designer as to the type of
luminaires, ceiling and wall finished. For clarity of the plans, the lighting
design which is mostly a reflection of the ceiling is separate from those of
power layout showing the floor plans. A separate sets of plans may be
prepared for auxiliaries, viz. fire alarm, hold-up and burglar, paging and
background music, noise masking and the like.

Slide 42:
Check and coordinate with other trades, architectural structural, VAC,
mechanical, plumbing, others to minimize conflicts in the work execution.
Prepare riser or one line diagram to include main distribution panels, load
centers, switchboards or switchgears and other service equipment.
Compute feeder, sub-feeder sizes and all protective equipment ratings. (the
latter may belong to the project management team or the construction
manager)

Slide 44:
Table – 1: Typical Molded Case Circuit Breaker Frame Sizes, Trip Settings and
Interrupting Rating

Slide 45:
Typical Interrupting Rating (r.m.s. symmetrical Amperes)

Slide 46:
Standard Ampere Ratings for Low Voltage Fuses

Slide 47:
Distribution Switchgear (Construction, Performance, Selection & Installation)
By : R. W. Blower Philippine Electrical Code (part I & II) By : Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engrs. Of the Phils. Inc. Design & Analysis of Building
Electrical Systems By : J.H. Mathews Electrical Wiring Commercial – based
from NEC (6th ed) By : R.L. Smith & S.L. Herman R e f e r e n c e s : Prepared
by: ROMEO QUISTO, PEE#3004