‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﯽ ﭘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ‪ ، TN‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺭﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑیﻮﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﯽ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﮑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ T.N‬ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ‪ 12‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﯽ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﯽ ﭘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ‪ ، TN‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﭽﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺑﻼﻍ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ – ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﺯﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻـﻼﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺑﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠـﺎﺯﻱ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺮﻕ ﻛـﻪ ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ ﺍﺯﻣـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ( ﻭﻳﺎﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴـﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﺍﻝ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻭﺳـﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻭﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻻﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ ﺍﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑـﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕـﻲ ﺍﺯﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ؟!‬
‫ﺩﺭﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻛـﻒ ﻭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﮔﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ؟!‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍﹰ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻄﺮﺑﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ )ﻣـﺪﺍﺭ( ﻓـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗﺤـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻓﺎﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ 1/73‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋـﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻻ"ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (3-1‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3-2‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻘﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺪﻧﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (4‬ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺠـﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻗـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺸﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ‪ 3 ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫـﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭ ‪ 5‬ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ) ‪(PE‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﺩﺭﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﻭﺳـﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ » ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ « ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻛﻢ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﮕﻨﺠﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ » ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ « ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭﻃـﻮﻝ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﻧـﻮﻝ ‪ +‬ﻫـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ T.N.C.S‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﻫﻤـﻪ ﺟـﺎ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻘـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻔﺎﺯ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬

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‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ T.N‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﻧـﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻫـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﹰ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺮﻭﺩﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﺪﻗﺖ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷـﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺑﻮﺩ‪(2).‬‬

‫‪ (5‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ * ‪TN‬‬

‫ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺍﺯﻧﻮﻉ ‪ TN‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺫﻳﻼﹰ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5-1‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﮐﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﮐﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮑﯽ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪ 3‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ)ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ ( ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ) ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺭﻩ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ( ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﯼ )ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺻﺎﻋﻘﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻻﺯﻣﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 20‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪(1).‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ" ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﯽ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 3‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺖ ) ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﺪﺭ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ( ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ (5-2‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻳﺎﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪TN‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫‪.‬ﺩﻭ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺎﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ RE = 5‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 65‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﺮﺳﺪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫) ‪RB ≤ RE = 65 / (220-65‬‬
‫ﺍﻫﻢ ‪RB = 2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫) ‪RB ≤ RE = 65 / (220-65‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﺎﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻳﻜﻔﺎﺯ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪ 250‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ 65‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪ 52/5‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪» .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ‪ 13‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪(1) « .‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻳﺎﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ 200‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺍﻫﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ (5-3‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ) ﻣﺴﻲ( ‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ )‪ ( PEN‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪ ) .‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ‪ 4‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻜﻔﺎﺯ ‪ 2‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ( ﺩﺭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ )‪ (PE‬ﻭﺍﺯﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ) ‪ (N‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ) ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ‪ 5‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻔﺎﺯ ‪ 3‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ(‪(3).‬‬

‫‪ (5-4‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ‪TN‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ )ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ )‪. ( RCD‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
‫)‪ (PE‬ﻭﺧﻨﺜﻲ )‪ (N‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5-5‬ﻫﻢ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﭘﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪(1) .‬‬

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 ‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ) ‪PE‬ﻳﺎ ‪(PEN‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ) ‪( N‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ )ﺭﺍﻳﺰﺭﻫﺎ( ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭﺁﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ (5-6‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﯼ ‪ TN‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-1‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭﻫﺮﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ»‪«Ia‬ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻻ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ‪ K‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪ 1/25 ≤ K≤ 5‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ KIn‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﺑﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪ K = 2.S‬ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ‪ K‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 2.5‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 3.5‬ﻳﺎ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ )ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺕ( ‪ K=1.25‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-2‬ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﮕﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ‪ 16‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺿﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ‪ 220‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ 110‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ %50‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪ (6-3‬ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 20‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ( ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 200‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬ﭘﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻓﻴﺪﺭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫‪(6-4‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ 16mm‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-5‬ﺩﺭﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻂ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-6‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﻨﮓ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ (6-7‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-8‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﺍﺯﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-9‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊﻱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﻧﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻻﻙ ﭘﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ‪ 50‬ﻭﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-10‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺁﻣﭙﺮﺍﮊ ﻛﻢ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ ) .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪(.‬‬
‫‪ (6-11‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺳﺮﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺳﺮﺭﺍﻩ ‪ In‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪RE = Ue / Kin = 50 / 3.5 In‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ‪6‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﭙﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 2/4‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ‪ 16‬ﺁﻣﭙﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ‪ 0/9‬ﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6-12‬ﺑﺎﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺿﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﺯﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻕ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ » ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ « ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺴﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (7‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﺯﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ( ﻭﻳﺎﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﺍﻝ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑـﺮﻕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕـﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
‫» ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ « ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ ﻛﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﻣﻴﮕـﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﮕﻨﺠﺪ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ » ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ « ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ +‬ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭﺩﺭﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ T.N.C.S‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻔﺎﺯ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ T.N‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﹰ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺮﻭﺩﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﺪﻗﺖ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ TN‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ‪TN‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻢ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﻠﺰﯼ ﭘﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻭﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﺯﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﻨﮓ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺩﺭﻃﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﺍﺯﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫* ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ TN‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ) ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ‪ ( N‬ﻭ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ) ‪ ( PE‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ )‪ (N‬ﻭ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﯼ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻨﺜﯽ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﯽ ) ‪ ( PE‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪TNC‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (8‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ VDE0190 ، VDE0100‬ﻭ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ »ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻗﯽ« ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪GROUNDING ELECTRODE CHARACTRISTICS(S.H.Armestrong) (3‬‬

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