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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 BACKGROUND
Indonesia, the largest archipelagic country in the world, is at the
forefront of the deadly disease of avian influenza or AI. The disease, better known
as bird flu, is caused by the H5N1 virus that is generally more common in poultry.
Since 2003, the disease has spread from birds in Asia to the Middle East, Europe
and Africa. In certain cases, humans may also be affected by the disease,
generally due to contact with sick poultry. To date, AI cases in humans have been
recorded worldwide, and more than 200 of them have died.
These tragic deaths are just the tip of the iceberg. Currently H5N1 is not
transmitted easily from bird to human, or from human to human. But experts say
that H5N1 has the potential to be the cause of an influenza pandemic in the world.
In the event of a pandemic, the number of people affected and deaths will be
overwhelming, followed by economic and social impacts, eventually there is a
worldwide health crisis. Indonesia is currently in the middle of the bird flu crisis.
The case of bird flu was first reported in Indonesia in 2003. The disease is now
endemic in chicken populations in some areas of Indonesia, millions of poultry
die from this disease and also destroyed as a form of handling cases of bird flu
transmission.
For bird flu cases in humans was first reported in 2005. Since then
Indonesia has recorded more than 130 cases of bird flu in humans and more than
110 victims died - the highest in the world. In Indonesia, children are one of the
groups most at risk for this disease because about 40 percent of the victims of bird
flu are those under the age of 18 years.
Therefore, given the dangers that may occur, this paper is prepared to
discuss in more detail both prevention, transmission mode and the danger of bird
flu disease that is increasingly widespread in Indonesian society.

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2.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. What is a bird flu virus?
2. What is the cause of bird flu disease?
3. How is the epidemiology of bird flu disease?
4. What are the risk factors for avian influenza?
5. How to spread / spread of bird flu?
6. How to handle bird flu disease?
7. How to prevent bird flu disease?
8. What are the obstacles in the prevention of bird flu disease?

2.3 OBJECTIVES
1. To know about bird flu virus
2. To determine the cause of bird flu disease
3. To know the epidemiology of bird flu disease
4. To determine the risk factors for avian influenza
5. To know the way of transmission / spread of bird flu
6. To know how to handle bird flu disease
7. To know how to prevent bird flu disease
8. To know what obstacles contained in the prevention of bird flu disease
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding Bird Flu

Avian Influenza (AI) is a poultry disease that is transmitted by type A
influenza virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family. This virus is most commonly
infected with poultry (eg, pet chickens, turkey, ducks, quails, and geese) as well as
various wild bird species. Some avian influenza viruses are also known to attack
mammals, including humans (Darel W. 2008: 17).
Bird flu is a disease of influenza in birds, birds, ducks, chickens, and
some animals such as pigs. Other data show this disease can also be hit on quails
and ostriches. Diseases of this animal have been discovered since 100 years ago in
Italy, exactly 1878. In 1924-1925 this epidemic broke out in the United States.
(Tjandra, 2005: 2).
Influenza virus is an RNA virus included in the family
Orthomyxoviridae. This single-stranded viral acid consists of 8 segments of genes
encoding about 11 types of proteins. Influenza viruses have sheaths / loops
composed of protein and carbohydrate complexes. This virus has a bulge (spikes)
that is used to attach to a specific receptor on its host cells when it infects the cell.
There are two types of spikes that contain hemagglutinin (HA) and which contain
neuraminidase (NA), which is located in the outermost part of the virion
(Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. 2001: 129-149).
According to (soejoedono, et al., 2005) avian influenza (avian influenza)
is a contagious disease that can occur in poultry and mammals caused by type A
influenza virus. A type A influenza virus has several subtypes characterized by
Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuramidase (N). Infected bird flu virus currently is a
subtype H5N1 which has an incubation time for 3-5 days. This virus can be
transmitted through the air or contact through food, drink, and touch. Clean and
healthy living behaviors such as hand washing with antiseptic, body hygiene and
clothing, and wearing personal protective equipment (APD) when direct contact
with poultry can prevent AI virus transmission.

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2.2 Causes / Aetiology of Avian Influenza

The cause of avian influenza is the influenza virus of the
Orthomyxoviridae family belonging to type A subtypes H 5, H 7, and H 9. The
H9N2 virus does not cause harmful diseases in birds, unlike H5 and H7. Bird flu
virus or avian influenza is only found in animals such as birds, ducks and
chickens, but since 1997 has started to be reported to "fly" also to humans. The
latest virus subtype found in our country is H5N1.
Symptoms of avian influenza in humans include fever, anorexia,
dizziness, respiratory distress, muscle aches and possibly conjunctivitis in patients
with a history of contact with infected poultry such as poultry farmers or poultry.
Symptoms are not typical and similar to other flu symptoms, but rapidly
symptoms become severe and can cause death due to inflammation of the lungs
(pneumonia).
Symptoms of infected poultry include bladder and bladder, blood out of
the nose, greenish stool and lots of water, on the thighs are often blood spots,
poultry deaths occur simultaneously in a matter of days besides, in wild birds will
become a career.

2.3 Epidemiology
Epidemiological data related to bird flu disease until June 2007 as many
as 313 people worldwide have contracted AI virus with 191 of them died (CFR =
61%). Cases of this disease increase from year to year. In 2003, there were 4 cases
in 4 cases (2004), 97 cases (2005), 116 cases (2006) and in 2007, 15 June, 50
cases with 66% mortality. The most affected countries are the countries in Asia
(Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China and Indonesia) but have now spread to Iraq
and Turkey.
AI case in Indonesia stems from the discovery of cases in poultry in
Pekalongan, Central Java in August 2003. Until 2006 the disease has attacked
poultry in 29 provinces covering 291 districts / cities. Areas that have a dense
population of poultry and followed by a densely populated population will
experience many cases in humans.
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In Indonesia from July 2005 to mid June 2007 there were recorded 100
cases with 80 deaths (CFR = 80%). Most cases come from Java and Sumatra. The
most affected provinces are West Java, DKI Jakarta and Banten. This disease has
been infected in 11 provinces and 37 districts / cities.

2.4 Risk Factors

The biggest risk factor for avian influenza is having contact with sick
birds or with surfaces contaminated by fur, saliva, or feces of infected poultry. In
some very rare cases, bird flu is reportedly transmitted from one human to
another. The pattern of transmission from human to human is still mysterious.
Various people of all ages are reported to have died after infection

2.5 Transmission / Spreading

Although the natural reservoir of the AI virus is wild birds that often
migrate (wild ducks), but the animals are resistant to this disease. According to
WHO, the animal contact with poultry causes the bird flu epidemic among
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poultry. Transmission of the disease occurs through air and excreta (feces, urine,
and snot) infected birds.
AI virus can live for 15 days outside the living network. The virus in
poultry will die on 80 ° C for one minute and the virus in the egg will die at 64 ° C
for five minutes. The virus will die by warming up sunlight and disinfecting.
Genetically influenza A type virus is very unstable and not difficult to
adapt to infect target species. This virus does not have the nature of proof reading,
namely the ability to detect errors and fix errors during replication. The instability
of viral genetic properties is what causes new strains / types / mutant viruses. As a
result of the process, the virulence of the AI virus can turn out to be more virulent
than before.
Another characteristic of this virus is its ability to exchange, mix, and
merge with other strains of influenza virus causing the emergence of new strains
that can be harmful to humans. This mechanism also causes difficulties in making
vaccines for countermeasures programs.
The mechanism of bird flu transmission in humans in several ways:
1. Virus à wild birds à domestic birds à man.
2. Virus à wild birds à domestic poultry à pig à man.
3. Virus à fowl wild à domestic birds à (and pigs) à human à man.
Until March 2006, human-to-human transmission was still very rare.
Nevertheless, experts fear the presence of family kalster cases as an indicator of
human interception. The emergence of small-scale and simultaneous cases of
clusters followed by large-scale clusters is a sign of the emergence of a pandemic

2.6 Countermeasures
According Ririh (2006: 189-192), Seeing the condition of farms that
deteriorate due to the outbreak of bird flu. Ministry of Agriculture issued several
policies. This policy is expected to help the farm so that it can run back cattle
breeding activities. The Department of Agriculture instructed the entire ranks of
the Animal Husbandry Department in the regions to do the same when it found an
indication of bird flu.
2.6.1 Increased biosecurity
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The main strategy to be implemented is to improve biosecurity. The act

of karatina or isolation should be applied to infected farms. Sanitation conditions
in cages, cage environment and workers should be healthy. Then outbound traffic
-including a cage including people and vehicles should be closely monitored.
Healthy farming areas are created with regular disinfection programs
and hygiene at work, for example by wearing gloves, masks, and long shoes.
The vaccination program is the second action chosen by Indonesia in the
prevention of avian influenza. Vaccination done to healthy animals, especially
those around chicken farms affected by the outbreak is done to provide immunity
to chickens so as not easily infected. The vaccinations used must meet the quality
standards set by the prevailing laws and regulations. Then the vaccine that can be
circulated and used is a vaccine that gets the registration number of the
Department of Agriculture.

2.6.2 Depopulation
The term "depopulation" is the act of destroying restricted birds or
animals. There are various ways that can be taken as an attempt to annihilation of
this. First, it is by burying dead birds from avian influenza. Second, breeders can
carry out depopulation by burning dead birds from the disease. The main purpose
of this action is to break the cycle of disease. The place where the destruction of
animals should be closed again then doused with lime or disinfectant water. As it
is known that in reviewing a disease, there are three things that must be
considered, namely the first is the agent or cause of disease, in this case avian
influenza virus. Second is a host or host, in this case that acts as a host is poultry,
pigs, and even humans when the virus infects. The third thing to note is the
environment (enviromental). This environment is where agents and hosts interact.
So if the environment does not provide an opportunity then a disease or an
outbreak will not happen.

2.6.3 Supervision of poultry products

Meat, eggs, and poultry carcasses need to be monitored to prevent the
spread of the virus that is still active and attached to the product. If the product
contains a virus that is still actively feared will move to poultry or even people.
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Some steps that can be used to obtain safe meat from bird flu include the
following:
a. Choose meat that does not contain red spots under the skin.
b. Choose fresh meat. The smell of fresh meat is usually typical or odorless.
c. Choose meat that is not mushy.
d. Make sure the processing is really mature

2.6.4 Monitor poultry traffic

Shipment of poultry ordered from outside the area where the buyer needs
to be monitored and checked. This is done to prevent the entry of endemic seeds
from outside the area. Examination is done by observing the physical condition,
animal health as well as testing laboratory samples of poultry blood against avian
influenza possibility. In the current epidemic condition, the control is also based
on zoning, there are 3 (three) divisions in the control effort:

a. Infected areas; areas where clinical cases and laboratory test results have
been documented.
b. Areas are threatened; areas adjacent to the affected areas or do not have
natural limits with infected areas.
c. Area free; areas where there are still no clinical or laboratory test cases, or
natural boundaries (provinces, islands).

This division of wilyah is an effort in controlling an outbreak so that

systematically support the control program. In technical implementation should be
combined with other programs. The objectives of control and eradication are as
follows:

a. Controlling outbreaks by suppressing poultry deaths

b. Control and reduce the extent of the disease to other parts of Indonesia.
c. Maintaining an area that is still free.
d. Prevent the transmission of disease to humans by eliminating the source of
the disease.
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2.6.5 Conducting socialization

The socialization of bird flu was carried out with auxiliaries to farms in
each region. The existence of socialization is expected residents around the
location of farms understand and understand the danger of bird flu. Thus, the
community will maintain the condition of the environment and health.
Understanding the community about the dangers of bird flu is expected to make
know the steps that must be done in the face of bird flu.

2.7 Prevention
According Ririh (2006: 187-188) Prevention actions that we can do is:
2.7.1 Maintain personal hygiene such as bathing and often wash hands with
soap, especially those often in contact with poultry.
2.7.2 Clean the environment around where we live.
2.7.3 Using Personal Protective Equipment (masks, shoes, glasses and hats
and gloves) for the usual contact with poultry.
2.7.4 Release shoes, sandals or other footwear outside the home.
2.7.5 Clean the personal protective equipment with de tert and warm water,
while objects that we can not clean properly can be destroyed.
2.7.6 Choosing healthy birds (no symptoms of bird flu) avoid buying poultry
from areas suspected of contracting bird flu.
2.7.7 Choosing good poultry meat that is fresh, chewy (when pressed meat
will return as before), clean not slimy, smelly and free of faeces and
other poultry dirt and away from flies and other insects.
2.7.8 Before storing poultry eggs washed first to be free of faeces and other
poultry droppings.
2.7.9 Cook meat and poultry eggs up to 70 ºC for at least 1 minute. So far the
existing scientific evidence says it is safe to consume poultry and its
origin product has been cooked well.
2.7.10 Healthy lifestyle in general can prevent flu like rest enough to keep the
immune system coupled with eating with balanced nutrition and regular
exercise and do not forget the consumption of vitamin C.
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2.7.11 Avoid direct contact with birds that are likely to be infected with bird
flu, and report to authorized officers when they see clinical symptoms
of bird flu in pets.
2.7.12 Cover your nose and mouth when exposed to the flu so as not to spread
the virus.
2.7.13 Influenza patients are recommended to have plenty of rest, plenty to
drink and eat nutritious food.
2.7.14 Bring animals to veterinarians or veterinary clinics to provide
immunizations.
2.7.15 Often wash cages or bird cages with disinfectant and dry them under the
sun, because ultraviolet rays can kill this bird flu virus.
2.7.16 If you visit a bird flu patient, follow the directions of the hospital staff to
wear protective clothing (coat lab) masks, gloves and eye protection.
Upon leaving the room the patient must remove all personal protective
equipment and wash hands with soap.
2.7.17 If there are birds that die suddenly with signs such as bird flu should be
destroyed by burning and buried as deep as 1 meter.

2.8 Barriers and Difficulties

The government has made various efforts to eradicate the bird flu disease
that is very feared by the public in connection with high mortality rates in poultry
and causing huge losses in the poultry industry in Indonesia, the transmission of
diseases in humans, and disrupt the national economy. The failure to eradicate
bird flu in Indonesia is due to the following factors:

2.8.1 Wild poultry as reservoir

One of the obstacles to eradicate avian influenza is that bird flu in
domestic and foreign poultry does not cause clinical symptoms if infected. Wild
poultry serves only as a reservoir, so that the body can contain the bird flu virus,
but does not show clinical symptoms of bird flu disease (looking healthy).
2.8.2. Animal husbandry and livestock systems in Indonesia
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Livestock systems in Indonesia are generally still traditional. The

majority of each family in Indonesia, especially in the village, has chickens that
are kept by removal during the day to find food. Chickens that are released will be
able to make contact with wild birds that become reservoirs of bird flu disease as
well as contact with material contaminated with AI virus, thus facilitating the
transmission of disease. If one of the chickens catches bird flu from wild birds,
then one flock may be infected all by the time it is back again.
2.8.3 Lifestyle of people in Indonesia
Unhealthy lifestyles of Indonesian people may cause bird flu disease
easily spread. We must begin to eliminate lifestyles such as letting dirty
enclosures, located below or very close to the house, allowing poultry to enter the
house, not changing clean clothes after handling poultry, and others.
2.8.4 Violations of government rules on animal traffic
In Indonesia, generally animal traffic, especially livestock and its
products which is a source of bird flu virus transmission, still found many
violations that will facilitate the bird flu virus spread everywhere.
2.8.5 Many people who do not know about bird flu
Until now, public awareness to participate in the success of government
programs in the control of bird flu is still lacking. This is because the average
level of community education is still low, especially in remote villages, so they
are generally passive and do not want to seek information if the government does
not conduct more intensive socialization.
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CHAPTER III

COVER

3.1 Conclusion
Avian Influenza (AI) is a poultry disease that is transmitted by type A
influenza virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family. This virus is most commonly
infected with poultry (eg, pet chickens, turkey, ducks, quails, and geese) as well
as various species of wild birds. Avian flu is a highly contagious type of disease,
contagious and can cause death. Prevention of this disease should be fast,
precise, and careful because it can cause death in poultry quickly. In addition to
poultry, this disease can also attack in humans. Countermeasures on this disease
by maintaining cleanliness, avoiding direct contact with infected animals and
cooking poultry for consumption.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Darrell Withworth, dkk. 2008. Burung Liar Dan Flu Burung. Jakarta: FAO
Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clin
Microbiol Rev. 2001. 14(1) : 129-149.
Ririh Y, Sudarmaji. 2006. Mengenal Flu Burung dan Bagimana Kita Menyikapinya.
Forum Penelitian, 1 (2): 183-196
Soejoedono, Retno D. dan Ekowati Handharyani, 2005. Flu Burung Seri Agriwawasan.
Depok ; Penebar Swadaya.
Yoga A, Tjandra. 2005. Flu Burung di Manusia. Jakarta: UI-PRESS

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