A us tralian Journal of Bas ic and A pplied Sciences , 3(3): 2706-2715, 2009

ISSN 1991-8178
© 2009, INSInet Publication

Analytical Analysis of Cascaded OXADM in Survivability Scheme for Tree-Based

EPON-FTTH Immediate Split Architecture

Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Namir M. Ali Abdul Amir & Siti Asma Che Aziz

Spectrum Technology Division Computer and Netw ork Security Research Group, Department of
Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abs tract: A failure in acces s networks can caus e s erious proble m, b e c a u s e acces s network trans mit
aggregated high-s peed traffic from hundreds of s ubs cribers . Therefore, Ethernet Pas s iv e Optical
Network (EPON) w a s propos ed to overcome the bandwidth bottleneck at the A cces s Network due to
its s implicity and cos t effectivenes s . In this paper, protection is provided to development of
s urvivability s cheme for Tree-Bas ed EPON-FTTH architecture. It des cribes als o the advanced cus tomer
acces s network through the development of an A cces s Control Sys tem (A CS). Th e A CS p rovides
s urvivability through the Optical Cros s A dd and Drop M ultiplexing (OXA DM ) agains t fa ilure by
means o f d e d icated and s hared protection that is applied in EPON-FTTH. Each OXA DM has a node
controller which receives reports on the s tatus periodically from acces s cont ro l s ys tem (A CS). W hen
a failure is detected, the A CS will s end a command to the related OXA DM to be activated. The
s pecial function of OXA DM ; accumulation and ‘U’ turn mechanis m play a important role in s witching
the traffic to the traffic fre e alternative path. The s urvivability of EPON is neces s ary to provide
s eamles s s ervices and ens ure network reliability. W e highlighted in this paper the analytical modeling
on cas caded OXA DM in FTTH us ing point-to -p o int configuration according to the number of
operating wavelength a nd number of ports . Finally we come out with comparis on res ult between
s imulation and analytical to prove the meas urement validnes s .

Key words : T re e -b a s ed architecture, s urvivability, EPON-FTTH, A cces s Control Sys tem (A CS),
Optical Cros s A dd and Drop M ultiplexer (OXA DM ).

INTRODUCTION

M as s iv e d e p lo yment of FTTH fiber network caus es protection to FTTH network a crucial need. M os t
FTTH acces s networks are protected from failure by having redundant netw o rk e q u ipments . Thes e are not
economical approaches , as the redundant s ys tems are not efficiently utilized by the network (P’ng, W .T., M .K.
A b d u lla h , 2005). W ith rapid decline in the cos t of Ethernet equipment, Ethernet-PON-FTTH is pois ed to
emerge as the technology of choice for next generation broadband acces s network (D e xia n g , J .X ., Y. W ei, E.
Ho, 2001). EPON w o rks o v e r point-to-multipoint topologies s uch as tree, ring and bus . In this res earch,
attention was focus ed on EPON tree architecture (Nadarajah, N., A . Nirmalathas , 2005). EPON is a PON
that carries Ethernet traffic. A PON is a point-to-multipoint fiber optical network with no active e le me n ts in
the s ignal's path. A ll trans mis s ion in a PON a re b e t we e n a n Optical Line Terminal (OLT) of Central Office
(CO) and Optical Network Unit (ONUs ) (H o s s a in , A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005). EPON-FTTH cons is ts of a
s ingle, s hared optical fiber c o n n e c t in g a s ervice provider’s central office to a pas s ive coupler with no active
elements in the path. The pas s ive coupler is pos itioned not more than 1 km from res idential cus tomers , in order
to minimize fiber us age. Each cus tomer has a dedicated s hort optical fiber but s hares the long dis tribution trunk
fiber which is not more th a n 19km (P ’n g, W .T., M .K. A bdullah,). A n EPON network includes an Optical Line
Terminal (OLT) and an Optical Network Unit (ONU) as s hown in Figure 1. The OLT re s ides in the CO and
the ONU res ides at or near the cus tomer premis e. It can be located at the s ubs criber res idence or in a building.
A ll trans mis s ions in a PON are between an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) of c e n t ra l o ffice (CO) and Optical

Corresponding Author: M ohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Spect rum Technology Division Computer and Network
Security Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Built Environment, Univers it i Kebangsaan M alaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, M alaysia.
E-mail: syuhaimi@vlsi.eng.ukm.my
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Network Units (ONUs ). Ethernet ba s e d P a s s ive Optical Network (PON) technology is emerging as a viable
choice for the next-generation broadband acces s network. (Tzanakaki, A ., I. Zacharopoulus , 2003).

Fig. 1: EPON Network with immediate s plit architecture

Three wavelengths are us ed ty p ic a lly 1310 nm for data/voice ups tream trans mis s ion and 1490 nm for the
downs tream data/voice trans mis s io n . M eanwhile 1550 nm is us ed to trans mit downs tream video s ignal. In the
downs tream direction (OLT to Us er), packets are broa d c a s t b y t h e OLT and extracted by their des tination
ONUs bas ed on their M edia Acces s Control (M A C) addres s . In the ups tream direction (Us er to OLT), each
ONU will us e a time shared channel (TDM ) arbitrated by the OLT. OLT is a function t o aggregate Ethernet
traffic from remote ONU devices through pas s ive optical s plitters (Hos s ain, A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005).
Protection at the optical layer agains t fiber cuts and equipment failure is mos t cos t effective for high bandwidth
s ervices (Rahma n , M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). A utomatic protection s witching (A PS) in which trans mis s ion is
s witch e d to a predetermined optical path upon detection of a fiber cable break may be us ed for res toration for
the affected channels (Hos s ain, A SM D., H. Erkan, 2005). In t h is le t t e r, w e propos ed an A CS s cheme to
monitor the s tatus of s ignals flow and pro v id e the res toration agains t failure by us ing Optical Cros s A dd and
Drop M ultiplexer (OXA DM ). OXA DM is exp e cted to be a key component which provides s urvivability
through optical res toration (& protection) by s witching to alternative ro u t es in the optical layer and acces s
network. The s w it c h in g p e rformed within the acces s node will be able to achieved high s peed res toration
agains t the failure/degradation of cables , fibers & als o optical amplifiers . Each OXA DM has a node con t ro ller
which receives reports on the s tatus periodically from acces s control s ys tem (A CS). W hen a failure is detected,
the A CS will s end a command to the related OXA DM to be activated (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. H u s in , 2006).
Two res toration mechanis m s chemes have been propos ed which are s uitable for s u rv ivability in FTTH-EPON.
Thes e res toration s chemes are dedicated protection and s hared protection. Dedicated protection is activated
when failure occurs in working fiber while the s hared protection is activated when failu re o c c u rs fo r both
working and protection fiber.

Optical Cross Add and Drop M ultiplexer (OXADM ) – Restoration Key Element:
The introduction o f new modeling device that is des igned to overcome drawbacks that occur in W DM
application in expected. The device us e combination concept of Optical Cros s Connect (OXC) and Optical A dd
and Dro p M ultiplexer (OA DM ) as depicted in Figure 2 (a). It’s enable the operating wavelengths on two
different optical trunks to be s witched to each other while implementing add and drop function s imultaneous ly
as s hown in Figure 2 (b) (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006)(Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). Here, the
operating wav e le n g t hs can be reus ed again as a carrier of new data s tream. The wavelength trans fer between
two different cores of fiber will increas e the flexibility and als o efficiency of the network s tructure. To make
device operational more efficient, M EM S mirror mechanis m is us ed to c o n t ro l t h e mechanis m of operation.
The s witches can be deployed in applications s uch as network protection and res tora t io n a n d dynamically
re c o n figurable add/drop modules . The M EM s s witch here is employed in the des ign to control the add / d ro p
wavelength and wavelength trans fer operation.
The two main element that differentiating OX A D M with other exis ting device is ‘ACCUMULAT ION’ features
t h a t multiplexing all s ignal on one path and ‘U T URN’ with internal routing mechanis m, here, the s ignal w ill
be reflected back to neighbor’s line agains t the direction of incoming s ignal W ith thes e excellence features will
extended the application OXA DM in s urvivability, topology migration and multifunc tional optical s witch
(Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006; Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006).
It can be a res toration s witc h in FTTH-EPON network via s haring the s ignals on the breakdown line to
the s econd working line. This feature differentiates the OXA DM from other exis ting s w itching device s uch as
OXC, TRN and OA DM (Dexiang, J.X., Y. W ei, E. Ho, 2001). On the other hand, the OXA DM provid e s t h e
cros s connection for the granularity of the individual optical channel of OC-N x N. The routin g o f in d iv id ual

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Fig. 2: (a) The block diagram of optical cros s add and drop multiplexing (OXA DM ). (b) In d u c t io n o f
incoherent cros s talk due to the leakage s ignal of each channel operating in an OXA DM

wavelengths makes it pos s ible to groom individual wavelength paths . Bes ides that, the ‘accumulation all s ignal
in one path’ als o becomes the value added of t h e s ys tem and will be the main feature. A s a res ult, the
OXA DM is capable of performing wavelength bas ed res toration, a s well as bandwidth management (bas ed on
wavelength), which will be requis ite in the optical layer for large numbers of incorporated wavelengths . In t his
res toration s cheme, the OXA DM is cas caded (only one output port). W ith 1x2 optical s p lit t e r to make the
s ignal pos s ible route into 3 ways .

Access Control System (ACS) – Heart of FTTH Network:

Due to lack of active devices in FTTH network, the function of ONUs are pas s iv e ly and don’t provide
any s ens or related to fault or breakdown. To overcome th e in c o mp le t e in FTTH technology, A cces s Control
Sys tem (A CS) is introduced to control the s urvivability in FTTH acces s network (Premadi, A ., M .S.A . Rahman,
2009). A CS is us ed to monitor the s tatus o f t he working and res toration fibers . The unique monitoring s ys tem
architecture requires a s ingle s witch element and coupler connection betwee n t h e A CS and both trans mis s ion
paths . Before activating a s uitable protection s cheme, A CS will recognize the type s o f failure and s end the
a c t ivation s ignal to the related OXA DM s witches according to the activated protection mechanis ms (Premadi,
A . and M .S.A . Rahman, 2008)(Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006).

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The architecture of A CS is s h o wn in Figure 3. It cons is ts of two major parts , monitoring s ignal s ection
and activation s ection. The function of A CS is t h e s a me as the optical performance monitor (OPM ) which is
applied in both ring and mes h metropolitan network. Norma lly, A CS is integrated in a s ingle s ys tem, which
als o includes s plitter and firs t OXA DM of each acces s line. Tapping 3% of the d o w n s t re a m and ups tream
s ignal by us ing coupler can recognize the s tatus of feeder s ection and drop s ectio n . If b re a kd o wn occurs in
feeder s ection, A CS will s end a s ignal to activate the dedicated protection s cheme. But if the bre a kdown is
detected in drop s ection, A CS will recognize the related acces s line by the 3% tapped s ignal that is conne cted
to eve ry a c c e s s line. The activation s ignal is then s ent to active the dedicated protection s cheme. But if fault
is s till not res tored, the s hared protection s cheme will be activated. The monitoring s ignal s ection is res pons ible
for s ens ing fault and its location whereas g eneration of activation of s ignal is s ent by activation s ection in
A CS. Table 1 des cribes the pos s ible condition in the monitoring s ys te m fro m t a pped s ignal and diagnos is of
the fault. The couplers will tap 3% of the downs tream and ups tream s ignal in tu rn , a n d s ending it to A CS for
interpretation. The condition of the tapped s ignal will repres ent the s tatus of fe e d e r s ection and drop s ection.
Figure 4 s hows the flow c h a rt o f res toration process that is controlled by A CS. A CS will determine the
mechanis m of prot e c t io n by detecting & analyzing the monitored s ignal to the end of res toration proces s . A ll
is des cribed in the flowchart.

Survivability in FTTH-EPON – The Critical Issue Solved:

In dedicated protection FTTH-EPON s cheme, each ONU is connected to s plitter output terminal by a
dedicated fiber working line for each ONU, and a s hared fiber protection line for each two ON U s . For working
line there are two O X A D M s w itches connect between an ONU and the s plitter. For the protection line which
is s hared between each two ONUs there are two OXA DM s witches connect between the O X A D M s w it c h es
for the working line of each ONU, als o there are fiber lines connect between the primary OXA DM s witches
of the protection line and another lines connect between the s econdary OXA DM s witches of the protection line.
A nd that is all controlled by A CS. The function of OXA DM is to s witch the s ignal to the protection line when
failure occurs in the working line. The route depends on the res toration mechanis m that is activated according
to the types of failure. Figure 5 depicted the s ignal flows through the working line in norma l c o n d ition for
ONU1 & ONU2. The OXA DM s witches are in bypas s s tate that allows s ignals to pas s through the device and
be received at ONUs . The two OXA DM s are allocated in the trans mis s ion line in which both ONU and s plitter
are located. Firs t OXA DM is us ed to s w it ch the s ignal to protection line at local trans mis s ion or s witch to
protection line at trans mis s ion line s econd n e a rb y o r t h ird nearby or fourth nearby, depending which is free
or not, or les s to s hare with others . The s econd OXA DM will s w it c h t he s ignal in protection line back to the
original path before s ending it to the local ONU.
W hen the failure occurs in the working line of an ONU, the firs t OXA DM will s witch the s ignal to the
local protection line and the s econd OXA DM will be activated s imultaneous ly to s witch the s ignal back to the
trans mis s ion line, as s hown in ONU3 & ONU4. Even if the two ON U s w o rkin g lin e are breakdown, they can
us e (s hare) the protection line together as s hown in ONU5 & ONU6. T h e res toration s cheme is referred to
dedicated protection s imilar to that deployed in ring configuration. ONU7 & ONU8 s hows the s hared protection
s cheme which diverts the s ignal to any free protection line for another ONUs (here we s u p p os e to us e the
p rotection line for ONU1 & ONU2 and that is s hown by violet das h line). The interruption in both workin g
and protection lines need the s hared protection s cheme to be activated. The firs t OXA DM is activated directly
but the s econd OXA DM is activated by s ending the activation s ignal utilizing the protection line us ed by A CS.
The protection line is connected to the drop-port of OXA DM 1 and add-port of OXA DM 2 and it will become
the third route of trans mis s ion in cas e of both local lines breakdown. The propos ed res toration functions above
are es s ential for ens uring s ignals flow continuous ly and s urvivability of drop region in optical acces s network.
Here the U turn mechanis m plays an important mechanis m to route the traffic to the alternative path.

Table 1: Possible status of tapping signal A and B and related fault diagnoses
A B Diagnose
o o Both feeder and drop region are in good condition
x o Fault occurs in feeder region, No fault in drop region
o x No fault in feeder region, Fault occurs in drop region
x x Both feeder and drop region are in breakdown
x = no signal detected
o = signal detected

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Fig. 3: A rchitecture of res toration in FTTH acc e s s network centralizing at A CS which control the monitoring
s ubs ys tem and res toration activation s ubs ys tem.

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Fig. 4: Flowchart of res toration mechanis m in FTTH acces s network in FTTH acces s network

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Fig. 5: M echanis ms of p ro t e c t io n in FTTH-PON acces s network in normal condition and three different
breakdown locations . (ONU1 & ONU2) Normal condition (ONU3 & ONU 4) Breakdown at
w o rkingLine in line B (ONU5 & ONU6) Breakdown at both working line in Line A & line B (ONU7
& ONU8) Breakdown at both working line in Line B and protection line.

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Analytical Analysis of Cascaded OXADM :

In a point-to-point topology, OXA DM s are located in the n o d e s , which have more than two s witching
directions in network. The function of the OXA DM s is to flexibly s witch the wavelengths among the different
input and output ports . Becaus e of the OXA DM ’s imperfect performance, ins ertio n lo s s a n d cros s talk are
induced. The magnitude of cros s talk depends on the number of input/output ports connected to the fiber lines ,
an d the number of wavelengths per line. Due to the pres ence of cros s talk, s ignal impairment occurs , and
ad d itional s ignal power is required to maintain a s pecified bit error rate (BER). Expres s ed in decibels , the
power penalty is defined as (Stevens , 2005),

P p en a lty = 10log 1 0 (1)

A s s uming aligned polarization, the probabilit y d e n s ity function (PDF) for the res ultant aggregate
interference is approximately Gaus s ian, which leads to a theoretical power penalty (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in,
2006):

P p en a lty = -5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 s2 RIN ] (2 )

w h ere Q is the Q factor corres ponding to the reference BER, s 2 RIN is the autocovariance of the beat n o is e
res ulting from interferometric intens ity nois e. Note there is an error floor, corres ponding to the BER at
4Q2 s 2 RIN=1, where the power penalty tends to be infinity. It is impos s ible to achieve BER s maller than t h e error
floor becaus e of the nature of cros s talk (Ra hman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006).). Here we apply the wors t cas e
s cenario depicted in Fig. 1b for the power penalty caus ed by incoh e re n t c ros s talk, which is induced when
optical propagation delay differences between s ignal and cros s talk in an OXA DM exc e e d s t h e coherent time
o f the las er (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006)(Stevens, 2005). A s s uming the OXA DM is fully loaded, eac h
s ignal pas s ing through the OXA DM will be interfered by M N-1 cros s talk, caus ed by leaked s ignals from
demultiplexer/multiplexer pairs . W here M is t h e number of operating wavelength and N is the number of
OXA DM ports . Bas ed on above as s umptions , the power penalty from cros s talk contributions in one OXA DM
is given in equation (3) (Rahman, M .S.A ., H. Hus in, 2006). T h e maximum power penalty (pp) caus ed by M N-
1 incoherent cros s talk contributions from one OXA DM is:

Max(pp OXADM ) = -5log 1 0 [1-4Q 2 Max(s 2 RIN )]

= -5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 e(MN-1)] (3 )

W here e is the optical power ratio of eac h c ro s s t a lk contribution to the s ignal. Thus , the OSNR analys is
for OXA DM ring network can be defined as

OSNR = Gp rea mp –(P Rx+NF Rx)

+S[P o u t–10log 1 0 (M ch )–losssp –NF AS E– 10log 1 0 (NUM sp a n +1)]
+5log 1 0 [1-4Q2 e(SN iM i- L)] (4)

F ig ure 6 depicts the power penalties at every cas caded 2×2 OXA DM node with the number of ope ra t in g
w a v e length M =2, 4, 6, 8. The increas e of the number of operating wavelengths will increas e t h e p o w e r
penalties . The s ame profile can als o be s een with the increas e of p o rt n u mb e rs (N=2, 4, 6, 8) as s hown in
Figure 7, due to the maximum autocovariance of the beat nois e res ulting fro m t h e in t e rferometric intens ity
nois e in OXA DM s being M ax(s 2 RIN) = S(M N-1).
A ccording to Figure 5, the maximum number o f cas caded OXA DM for the wors t cas e is 10 units .
Therefore the p o w e r penalty contributed from this connection is 0.5 dB. Similar to the increment of number
of port up to 4 that contributes only 1.1 d B of power penalty at 10 cas caded OXA DM s . Thus , the values are
s maller and the s ys tem is cons idered los s les s .
T h e e ffect on OSNR due to changing the s pan was als o s tudied analytically and the res ults has ve rifie d
the s imulation res ults obtained by us ing the Opt iS y s t e m s imu la tor. To verify that the analys is is correct, we
have characterized the OS N R v a lue for the point-to-point configuration us ing s imulation and analytical
calculation. The s ma ll d ifference (D = 1.4 dB at a wavelength of 1550 nm) can be obs erved from the graph
in Figure 8.

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Fig. 6: Power penalties of cas caded 2×2 OXA DM s with increas ing number of wavelengths .

Fig. 7: Power penalties of cas caded OXA DM s with increas ing number of ports .

Conclusion:
T h is paper des cribed the development of s urvivable s ys tem which us ed combined operation of OX A D M
and A CS. The A CS focus es on providing s urvivability through the OXA DM res toration s cheme agains t failure
by means of dedicated and s hared protection that can be applied in EP O N -F T T H . The s urvivability of EPON
is neces s ary to provide s eamles s s ervices and ens ure network reliability. Single failure in the line connected
will activate dedicated protection while s hared protection is a c t iv a t ed when both fiber (working and s tandby
fiber) are breakdown. The propos al of FTTH res t o ra tion s ys tem (A CS with OXA DM ) particularly in drop
s ection will make a d e b u t b e caus e no work has been reported on this area. The propos ed protection s cheme
was s imple but capable o f fa ilu re d e t ection within 2 ms and guaranteeing zero packet los s . The analytical
modeling of OXA DM devices has als o bee n s t u d ie d id e ntifying its limitation in term of number of operating
wavelengths and ports . The effect on OSNR due to changing the s p a n w a s a ls o s tudied analytically and the
res ults has verified the s imulation res ults obtained by us ing the OptiSys tem s imulator.

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Fig. 8: OSNR vs s pan in 2.5 Gbps point-to-point configuration s imulated by us ing Optis ys tem and calculated
analytically.
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