Part 9

Hz
WRITTEN ABBREVIATION FOR hertz

I noun [ C ] LETTER
1. ( ALSO i ) the 9th letter of the English alphabet
I noun [ C ] NUMBER
2. ( ALSO i ) the sign used in the Roman system for the number 1 and as part of
the numbers 2 (ii), 3 (iii), 4 (iv), 6 (vi), 7 (vii), 8 (viii), and 9 (ix)
I pronoun
(used as the subject of a verb) the person speaking
I love you.
Am I invited?
I'm not mistaken, am I?
I'd like a coffee, please.
iambic adjective SPECIALIZED
describes a rhythm (= pattern of words) used in poetry, in which each short
syllable that is not stressed is followed by a long or stressed syllable
Most of Shakespeare's verse is written in iambic pentameter (= rhythm with
each line made of five iambic pairs) .
Iberian adjective
of Spain and Portugal
the Iberian Peninsula
ibid adverb SPECIALIZED
used in formal writing to refer to a book or article that has already been
mentioned
-ibility suffix
used to form nouns from adjectives ending '-ible' or 'able'
accessibility
-ible , suffix ( ALSO -able )
used to form adjectives meaning 'able to be'
convertible
accessible
permissible
IBS noun [ U ]
ABBREVIATION FOR irritable bowel syndrome
Hz
I noun [ C ] LETTER
I noun [ C ] NUMBER
I pronoun
I love you.
Am I invited?
Iberian adjective
mentioned
-ibility suffix
accessibility
convertible
accessible
permissible
IBS noun [ U ]
ibuprofen noun [ U ]
a drug used to reduce pain and swelling
-ic suffix ( ALSO )
used to form adjectives
scenic
economic
-ical suffix
added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'relating to'
historical
political
ICBM noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR intercontinental ballistic missile: a flying bomb that can travel a
long distance
ice noun FROZEN WATER
1. [ U ] water which has frozen and become solid, or pieces of this
The pond was covered in ice all winter.
Would you like ice in your juice?
I've put a couple of bottles of champagne on ice (= in a container of ice to get
cold) .
He skidded on a patch of ice.
ice noun ICE CREAM
2. [ C ] UK OLD-FASHIONED an ice cream, especially one bought in a shop
The shop sign said 'Drinks, Cakes, Ices!'
ice noun JEWELLERY
3. [ U ] INFORMAL jewellery, especially diamonds
be on ice
If a plan is on ice, a decision has been made to delay it for a period of time
Both projects are on ice until the question of funding is resolved.
ice verb [ T ] COVER CAKES
1. UK ( US frost ) to cover a cake with icing (= a food made mainly with sugar)
I've made her a chocolate cake - now I just need to ice it.
ice verb [ T ] KILL
2. US SLANG to murder someone
ice over phrasal verb
If an area of water ices over, it becomes covered with a layer of ice
The lake has iced over.
ice up phrasal verb
to become covered in ice and often stop working
The plane was delayed because the engine had iced up.
ˈ ice ˌ age noun [ C ] ( SPECIALIZED glacial period )
a time in the past when the temperature was very cold and glaciers (= large
masses of ice) spread over large parts of the Earth
iceberg noun [ C ]
iceberg
a very large mass of ice that floats in the sea
iceblock noun [ C ]
AUSTRALIAN ice lolly
ice-blue adjective
very pale blue in colour
icebox noun [ C ] US OLD-FASHIONED
a fridge (= container which uses electricity to keep food cold)
ice-breaker noun [ C ] ACTIVITY
1. a game or joke that makes people who do not know each other feel more
relaxed together
ice-breaker noun [ C ] SHIP
2. a strong ship that can break a passage through ice
ˈ ice ˌ bucket noun [ C ]
a container in which pieces of ice for cooling drinks or bottles of wine are kept
ˈ ice ˌ cap noun [ C ] ( ALSO ice sheet )
a thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
polar ice caps
ice-cold adjective
extremely cold
I felt her hand and it was ice-cold.
I'd love an ice-cold beer.
ice cream noun [ C or U ]
a very cold sweet food made from frozen milk or cream, sugar and a flavour
a tub of ice cream
chocolate chip/vanilla ice cream
ice-cream soda noun [ C ]
a sweet dish made from ice cream, thick fruit juice and soda (= water with
bubbles) usually served in a tall glass
ˈ ice ˌ cube noun [ C ]
a small block of ice that you put into drinks to make them cold
iced adjective
An iced drink has been made very cold, usually by having ice added to it
iced tea
iced water
ˈ ice ˌ floe noun [ C ]
a large area of ice floating in the sea
Hz
I noun [ C ] LETTER
I noun [ C ] NUMBER
I pronoun
I love you.
Am I invited?
Iberian adjective
mentioned
-ibility suffix
accessibility
convertible
accessible
permissible
IBS noun [ U ]
ibuprofen noun [ U ]
a drug used to reduce pain and swelling
-ic suffix ( ALSO )
used to form adjectives
scenic
economic
-ical suffix
added to nouns to form adjectives meaning 'relating to'
historical
political
ICBM noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR intercontinental ballistic missile: a flying bomb that can travel a
long distance
ice noun FROZEN WATER
1. [ U ] water which has frozen and become solid, or pieces of this
The pond was covered in ice all winter.
Would you like ice in your juice?
I've put a couple of bottles of champagne on ice (= in a container of ice to get
cold) .
He skidded on a patch of ice.
ice noun ICE CREAM
2. [ C ] UK OLD-FASHIONED an ice cream, especially one bought in a shop
The shop sign said 'Drinks, Cakes, Ices!'
ice noun JEWELLERY
3. [ U ] INFORMAL jewellery, especially diamonds
be on ice
If a plan is on ice, a decision has been made to delay it for a period of time
Both projects are on ice until the question of funding is resolved.
ice verb [ T ] COVER CAKES
1. UK ( US frost ) to cover a cake with icing (= a food made mainly with sugar)
I've made her a chocolate cake - now I just need to ice it.
ice verb [ T ] KILL
2. US SLANG to murder someone
ice over phrasal verb
If an area of water ices over, it becomes covered with a layer of ice
The lake has iced over.
ice up phrasal verb
to become covered in ice and often stop working
The plane was delayed because the engine had iced up.
ˈ ice ˌ age noun [ C ] ( SPECIALIZED glacial period )
a time in the past when the temperature was very cold and glaciers (= large
masses of ice) spread over large parts of the Earth
iceberg noun [ C ]
iceberg
a very large mass of ice that floats in the sea
iceblock noun [ C ]
AUSTRALIAN ice lolly
ice-blue adjective
very pale blue in colour
icebox noun [ C ] US OLD-FASHIONED
a fridge (= container which uses electricity to keep food cold)
ice-breaker noun [ C ] ACTIVITY
1. a game or joke that makes people who do not know each other feel more
relaxed together
ice-breaker noun [ C ] SHIP
2. a strong ship that can break a passage through ice
ˈ ice ˌ bucket noun [ C ]
a container in which pieces of ice for cooling drinks or bottles of wine are kept
ˈ ice ˌ cap noun [ C ] ( ALSO ice sheet )
a thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
polar ice caps
ice-cold adjective
extremely cold
I felt her hand and it was ice-cold.
I'd love an ice-cold beer.
ice cream noun [ C or U ]
a very cold sweet food made from frozen milk or cream, sugar and a flavour
a tub of ice cream
chocolate chip/vanilla ice cream
ice-cream soda noun [ C ]
a sweet dish made from ice cream, thick fruit juice and soda (= water with
bubbles) usually served in a tall glass
ˈ ice ˌ cube noun [ C ]
a small block of ice that you put into drinks to make them cold
iced adjective
An iced drink has been made very cold, usually by having ice added to it
iced tea
iced water
ˈ ice ˌ floe noun [ C ]
a large area of ice floating in the sea
ˈ ice ˌ hockey noun [ U ] ( US ALSO hockey )
ice hockey
a game played on ice between two teams of players who each have a curved stick
with which they try to put a puck (= a small hard disc) into the other team's goal
Iceland noun [ U ]
See table of Geographical names .
Icelander noun [ C ]
Icelandic adjective
ˌ ice ˈ lolly noun [ C ] UK ( AUSTRALIAN iceblock , US TRADEMARK Popsicle )
a sweet piece of ice with a fruit flavour on a small stick
icemaker noun [ C ]
a device that makes small pieces of ice to put in drinks, etc.
ICE (number) noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR in case of emergency: the telephone number of a friend or family
member that should be told if you suddenly become ill or are involved in an accident
ˈ ice ˌ pack noun [ C ]
a bag containing ice which is put on a part of a person's body to make it cool and
reduce swelling
ˈ ice ˌ pick noun [ C ]
ice pick
a sharp tool for breaking large blocks of ice
ˈ ice ˌ rink noun [ C ]
a level area of ice, often inside a building, that is kept frozen for people to skate
on
ˈ ice ˌ skate noun [ C ]
a special shoe with a thin metal bar fixed to the bottom that you wear to move
quickly on ice
See picture skate
ˈ ice ˌ skate verb [ I ]
to move across ice using ice skates
ice skating noun [ U ]
Would you like to go ice skating?
iceskater noun [ C ]
ˈ ice ˌ water noun [ U ] MAINLY US
water that has been made extremely cold
icicle noun [ C ]
icicle
a long pointed stick of ice that is formed when drops of water freeze
Icicles hung from the roof.
icicle noun [ C ]
icicle
icing noun [ U ] ( US ALSO frosting )
a sweet food used to cover or fill cakes, made from sugar and water or sugar and
butter
chocolate butter icing
the icing on the cake UK ( US the frosting on the cake )
something which makes a good situation even better
I was just content to see my daughter in such a stable relationship but a
grandchild, that really was the icing on the cake.
ˈ icing ˌ sugar noun [ U ] UK ( US powdered sugar , ALSO confectioners' sugar )
soft powdery sugar used to make icing for cakes
ick exclamation US INFORMAL
used to express a feeling of being so shocked you feel sick
Then he kissed her! Ick!
icky adjective US INFORMAL
unpleasant, especially to look at
an icky shade of green
icon noun [ C ] COMPUTER SYMBOL
1. a small picture or symbol on a computer screen that you point to and click on
(= press) with a mouse (= small control device) to give the computer an instruction
See picture computer
icon noun [ C ] FAME
2. a very famous person or thing considered as representing a set of beliefs or a
way of life
Marilyn Monroe and James Dean are still icons for many young people.
icon noun [ C ] HOLY PAINTING
3. ( ALSO ikon ) a painting, usually on wood, of Jesus Christ, or of a person
considered holy by some Christians, especially in Russia, Greece and other countries
iconic adjective FORMAL
very famous or popular, especially being considered to represent particular
opinions or a particular time
John Lennon gained iconic status following his death.
icicle noun [ C ]
icicle
butter
way of life
iconoclast noun [ C ] FORMAL
a person who strongly opposes generally accepted beliefs and traditions
Rogers, an iconoclast in architecture, is sometimes described as putting the
insides of buildings on the outside.
iconoclastic adjective
strongly opposing generally accepted beliefs and traditions
His plays were fairly iconoclastic in their day.
iconoclastic views
iconoclasm noun [ U ]
iconography noun [ U ]
the use of images and symbols to represent ideas, or the particular images and
symbols used in this way by a religious or political group, etc
religious/political iconography
The iconography of this picture is fascinating.
I am studying the iconography of Islamic texts, with special reference to the
representation of women.
-ics suffix
used to form nouns which refer to an area of work or study
the world of politics
the study of economics/physics/ethics
ICT noun [ U ]
ABBREVIATION FOR information and communication technology: a school subject in
which students learn to use computers and other electronic equipment to store and
send information
icy adjective COLD
1. covered in ice
icy roads
an icy pavement
2. extremely cold
She opened the window and I was hit by an icy blast of air.
He fell into the icy waters of the Moscow river.
Her skin was icy to the touch.
icy adjective UNFRIENDLY
3. unfriendly and showing no emotion
an icy stare
icily adverb
She stared icily at us.
ID noun [ U ] INFORMAL
any official card or document with your name and photograph or other
information on it that you use to prove who you are
Have you got any ID? A driving licence or cheque card will do.
ID verb [ T ] INFORMAL
US INFORMAL to look at a person or a body and say who they are to someone in
authority
He had to go to the morgue to ID the body.
id noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
in psychoanalysis , the deepest part of the unconscious mind that represents the
most basic natural human needs and emotions such as hunger, anger and the wish for
pleasure
I'd short form
1. I had
I'd just got in the bath when the phone rang.
2. I would
Of course I'd love to see you.
ID card noun [ C ]
an identity card
idea noun SUGGESTION
1. [ C ] a suggestion or plan for doing something
I've had an idea - why don't we go to the coast?
"Let's go swimming." "That's a good idea!"
If you have any ideas for what I could buy Jack, let me know.
That's when I first had the idea of start ing (= planned to start) my own
business.
I like the idea of liv ing in the countryside but I'm not sure I'd like the reality.
She's full of bright (= good) ideas.
[ + to infinitive ] It was Kate's idea to hire bikes.
It 's not a good idea to drive for hours without a rest.
idea noun KNOWLEDGE
2. [ S or U ] an understanding, thought or picture in your mind
Do you have any idea of what he looks like?
Can you give me an idea of the cost (= Can you tell me approximately how much
the cost is) ?
I don't like the idea of liv ing so far away from my family.
[ + question word ] I haven't the slightest/faintest idea wh ere they've gone.
I've got a pretty good idea wh y they left early.
"Where's Serge?" "I' ve no idea (= I do not know) ".
idea noun BELIEF
3. [ C ] a belief or opinion
We have very different ideas about disciplining children.
[ + that ] Leach puts forward the idea that it is impossible to spoil a child.
I'm not married - where did you get that idea (= what made you believe that) ?
idea noun PURPOSE
4. [ S ] a purpose or reason for doing something
The idea of the game is to get rid of all your cards as soon as you can.
The whole idea (= only purpose) of advertising is to make people buy things.
The idea behind the national lottery is to raise money for good causes.
your idea of sth
what you consider to be something
Playing card games is not my idea of fun.
Is this your idea of a joke (= Do you think that this is amusing) ?
put ideas into sb's head
to make someone want to do something they had not thought about before,
especially something stupid
Don't go putting ideas into his head. We can't afford a new car.
What an idea! ( ALSO The idea of it! ) OLD-FASHIONED
something you say to show that you think a suggestion is stupid
I can't turn up at a funeral in a pink jacket. What an idea!
you have no idea
said for emphasis when you are describing how good or bad an experience is
Flying a plane is wonderful, you have no idea.
You have no idea how embarrassed I was.
ideal adjective
without fault; perfect, or the best possible
the ideal employer
She's the ideal person (= exactly the right type of person) for the job.
The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or
kitchen use.
It's the ideal opportunity to meet people.
In an ideal world no one would go hungry.
ideal noun PRINCIPLE
1. [ C ] a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard
democratic ideals
We are committed to the ideal of equality.
They share the same high ideals.
ideal noun PERFECT
2. [ S ] a perfect thing or situation
The ideal would be to have a place in the town and one in the country.
idealism noun [ U ]
1. the belief that your ideals can be achieved, often when this does not seem
likely to others
She never lost her youthful idealism and campaigned for just causes all her life.
Compare realism
2. SPECIALIZED the belief in philosophy that objects in the world are ideas which
only exist in the mind of God or people who see them
idealist noun [ C ]
someone who believes that very good things can be achieved, often when this
does not seem likely to others
idealistic adjective
When I was young and idealistic I believed it was possible to change the world.
idealistically adverb
idealize , UK USUALLY idealise verb [ T ]
to think of or represent someone or something as better than they are
Why do people idealize their school days?
idealized , UK USUALLY idealised adjective
The film presents a very idealized view of 19th-century Ireland (= making it seem
more pleasant than it was) .
idealization , UK USUALLY idealisation noun [ U ]
icicle noun [ C ]
icicle
butter
way of life
iconoclastic views
-ics suffix
ICT noun [ U ]
send information
icy adjective COLD
1. covered in ice
icy roads
an icy pavement
2. extremely cold
an icy stare
icily adverb
authority
pleasure
I'd short form
1. I had
2. I would
ID card noun [ C ]
an identity card
business.
idea noun KNOWLEDGE
the cost is) ?
idea noun BELIEF
idea noun PURPOSE
your idea of sth
you have no idea
ideal adjective
the ideal employer
kitchen use.
democratic ideals
ideal noun PERFECT
idealism noun [ U ]
likely to others
Compare realism
idealist noun [ C ]
ideally adverb
used when describing the perfect situation
Ideally, I'd like to work at home but it's just not practical.
She's ideally (= perfectly) suited to the job.
identical adjective
exactly the same, or very similar
I've got three identical blue suits.
The two rooms were virtually identical.
The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap
considerably.
The tests are identical to those carried out last year.
identically adverb
The two sisters were always dressed identically (= in the same clothes) .
i ˌ dentical ˈ twin noun [ C usually plural ]
one of two babies of the same sex who were born at the same time, developed
from the same egg, and look very similar
icicle noun [ C ]
icicle
butter
way of life
iconoclastic views
-ics suffix
ICT noun [ U ]
send information
icy adjective COLD
1. covered in ice
icy roads
an icy pavement
2. extremely cold
an icy stare
icily adverb
authority
pleasure
I'd short form
1. I had
2. I would
ID card noun [ C ]
an identity card
business.
idea noun KNOWLEDGE
the cost is) ?
idea noun BELIEF
idea noun PURPOSE
your idea of sth
you have no idea
ideal adjective
the ideal employer
kitchen use.
democratic ideals
ideal noun PERFECT
idealism noun [ U ]
likely to others
Compare realism
idealist noun [ C ]
ideally adverb
used when describing the perfect situation
Ideally, I'd like to work at home but it's just not practical.
She's ideally (= perfectly) suited to the job.
identical adjective
exactly the same, or very similar
I've got three identical blue suits.
The two rooms were virtually identical.
The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap
considerably.
The tests are identical to those carried out last year.
identically adverb
The two sisters were always dressed identically (= in the same clothes) .
i ˌ dentical ˈ twin noun [ C usually plural ]
one of two babies of the same sex who were born at the same time, developed
from the same egg, and look very similar
identifiable adjective
able to be recognized
In her bright yellow coat, she was easily identifiable in the crowd.
identification noun [ U ]
1. when you recognize and can name someone or something
Most of the bodies were badly burned, making identification almost impossible.
2. ( ALSO ID ) an official document that shows or proves who you are
We were asked to show some identification before the security guards would let
us in.
identify verb [ T ]
1. to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are
Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an
unemployed truck driver.
[ R ] The police officer identified him self (= gave his name or proved who he
was) and asked for our help.
2. to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists
The research will be used to identify training needs.
You need to identify your priorities.
identify with sb phrasal verb
to feel that you are similar to someone in some way and that you can understand
them or their situation because of this
Many women of normal weight feel unable to identify with the super-thin models
in glossy magazines.
identify sb/sth with sth phrasal verb [ usually passive ]
to believe that someone or something is closely connected or involved with
something
Many football fans are unfairly identified with violent behaviour.
Identikit noun [ C ] UK TRADEMARK
a picture of the face of someone who the police want to question, usually because
that person is thought to have been involved in a crime. The picture is made from a
collection of drawings of noses, eyes, ears, etc. and is based on the descriptions of
witnesses to the crime
an Identikit picture
Police have issued an Identikit of the man they want to question.
See also Photofit (picture)
identikit adjective [ before noun ]
very similar in appearance, in a way that is boring and has no character
He's been seen out at nightclubs and restaurants with a series of identikit
blondes.
identity noun [ C or U ]
who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group which make them different
from others
The man's identity was being kept secret while he was helping police with
enquiries.
I cannot reveal the identity of my source.
The informant was given a new identity (= a different name and new official
documents) for protection.
The newspaper photo apparently showed him in Rome but it was a case of
mistaken identity (= it was the wrong person) .
In prison people often suffer from a loss of identity.
I think my job gives me a sense of identity.
identity noun [ C or U ]
who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group which make them different
from others
The man's identity was being kept secret while he was helping police with
enquiries.
I cannot reveal the identity of my source.
The informant was given a new identity (= a different name and new official
documents) for protection.
The newspaper photo apparently showed him in Rome but it was a case of
mistaken identity (= it was the wrong person) .
In prison people often suffer from a loss of identity.
I think my job gives me a sense of identity.
i ˈ dentity ˌ card noun [ C ] ( ALSO ID card )
an official document or card with your name, date of birth, photograph or other
information on it which proves who you are
i ˈ dentity ˌ crisis noun [ C usually singular ]
a feeling of being uncertain about who or what you are
For some people, becoming a parent can bring on an identity crisis.
i ˈ dentity pa ˌ rade noun [ C ] UK ( US lineup )
a row of people, including a person who is believed to have committed a crime,
who are shown to a witness (= person who saw the crime) to find out whether the
witness recognises that person
ideogram noun [ C ] ( ALSO ideograph )
a written sign or symbol used in some writing systems such as Chinese, which
represents an idea or object
ideological adjective
based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs
ideological differences
There are some fairly profound ideological disagreements within the movement.
ideologically adverb
The government is ideologically opposed to spending more on the arts (= this is in
opposition to its political beliefs) .
Little separates the two women ideologically (= they believe in similar things) .
ideologue noun [ C ] FORMAL
a person who believes very strongly in particular principles and tries to follow
them carefully
ideology noun [ C or U ]
a theory, or set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system,
party or organization is based
socialist/capitalist ideology
The people are caught between two opposing ideologies.
idiocy noun [ C or U ]
a stupid action, or stupidity
the idiocies of war
the idiocy of the whole scheme
idiocy noun [ C or U ]
a stupid action, or stupidity
the idiocies of war
the idiocy of the whole scheme
idiolect noun [ C or U ]
the form of a language that a particular person speaks
idiom noun
1. [ C ] a group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning that is
different from the meanings of each word understood on its own
To "have bitten off more than you can chew" is an idiom that means you have
tried to do something which is too difficult for you.
2. [ C or U ] FORMAL the style of expression in writing, speech or music that is
typical of a particular period, person or group
Both operas are very much in the modern idiom.
idiomatic adjective
1. containing or consisting of an idiom
"Bite the bullet" is an idiomatic expression that means to accept something
unpleasant without complaining.
2. containing expressions that are natural and grammatically correct
She was born in Italy but her English is fluent and idiomatic.
idiomatically adverb
idiosyncrasy noun [ C usually plural ]
a strange or unusual habit, way of behaving or feature that someone or
something has
She often cracks her knuckles when she's speaking - it's one of her little
idiosyncrasies.
One of the idiosyncrasies of this printer is that you can't stop it once it has started
to print.
idiosyncratic adjective
The film, 3 hours long, is directed in his usual idiosyncratic style.
idiot noun [ C ]
a stupid person or someone who is behaving in a stupid way
Some idiot left the tap running in the bathroom and there's water everywhere.
[ as form of address ] You stupid idiot - that's a month's work you've lost!
idiotic adjective
stupid
idiotically adverb
idiotic adjective
stupid
idiotically adverb
idiot-proof adjective
extremely easy to use
The DVD player comes with idiot-proof instructions.
idle adjective NOT WORKING
1. not working or being used
Half these factories now stand idle.
It's crazy to have £7000 sitting idle in the bank.
2. An idle moment or period of time is one in which there is no work or activity
If you have an idle moment, call me.
3. without work; unemployed
Almost half of the workforce are now idle.
idle adjective NO PURPOSE
4. [ before noun ] without any particular purpose
idle chatter/gossip/speculation
an idle glance
This is no idle threat.
idle adjective LAZY
5. lazy and not willing to work
He's a very able student, he's just bone idle (= very lazy) .
idleness noun [ U ]
idle verb [ I ] ( UK ALSO tick over )
If an engine or machine idles, it runs slowly but does not move or do any work
He left the engine idling and ran into the shop.
idle sth away phrasal verb [ M ]
to spend a period of time relaxing and doing very little
We idled away the hours drinking and playing cards.
idly adverb
1. without any particular purpose
I was just glancing idly through a magazine.
2. doing nothing
She lay idly on the grass.
We cannot stand idly by while these people suffer.
idol noun [ C ]
1. someone who is admired and respected very much
a pop/sporting idol
The Hollywood film idols of the 1940s were glamorous figures, adored by millions.
2. a picture or object that people pray to as part of their religion
The ancient people of this area worshipped a huge bronze idol in the shape of an
elephant.
idiotic adjective
stupid
idiotically adverb
idiot-proof adjective
extremely easy to use
The DVD player comes with idiot-proof instructions.
idle adjective NOT WORKING
1. not working or being used
Half these factories now stand idle.
It's crazy to have £7000 sitting idle in the bank.
2. An idle moment or period of time is one in which there is no work or activity
If you have an idle moment, call me.
3. without work; unemployed
Almost half of the workforce are now idle.
idle adjective NO PURPOSE
4. [ before noun ] without any particular purpose
idle chatter/gossip/speculation
an idle glance
This is no idle threat.
idle adjective LAZY
5. lazy and not willing to work
He's a very able student, he's just bone idle (= very lazy) .
idleness noun [ U ]
idle verb [ I ] ( UK ALSO tick over )
If an engine or machine idles, it runs slowly but does not move or do any work
He left the engine idling and ran into the shop.
idle sth away phrasal verb [ M ]
to spend a period of time relaxing and doing very little
We idled away the hours drinking and playing cards.
idly adverb
1. without any particular purpose
I was just glancing idly through a magazine.
2. doing nothing
She lay idly on the grass.
We cannot stand idly by while these people suffer.
idol noun [ C ]
1. someone who is admired and respected very much
a pop/sporting idol
The Hollywood film idols of the 1940s were glamorous figures, adored by millions.
2. a picture or object that people pray to as part of their religion
The ancient people of this area worshipped a huge bronze idol in the shape of an
elephant.
idolize , UK USUALLY idolise verb [ T ]
to admire and respect someone very much, often too much
She idolized her father.
idyll , idyl noun [ C ]
a very happy, peaceful and simple situation or period of time, especially in the
countryside, or a piece of music, literature, etc. that describes this
Every year thousands of people flee the big cities in search of the pastoral/rural
idyll.
idyllic adjective
An idyllic place or experience is extremely pleasant, beautiful or peaceful
an idyllic childhood/summer
an idyllic village in the Yorkshire Dales
idyllically adverb
They seem idyllically happy in their cottage.
i.e.
used especially in writing before a piece of information that makes the meaning of
something clearer or shows its true meaning
The hotel is closed during low season, i.e. from October to March.
The price must be more realistic, i.e. lower.
if conjunction IN THAT SITUATION
1. used to say that a particular thing can or will happen only after something else
happens or becomes true
I'll pay you double if you get the work finished by Friday.
We'll have the party in the garden if the weather's good. If not (= If the weather
is not good) , it'll have to be inside.
If anyone rings for me, please tell them I'll be back in the office at 4 o'clock.
If she hadn't called, I wouldn't have known.
I wouldn't work for them (even) if they paid me twice my current salary.
We'll deal with that problem if and when it arises.
If disturbed, the bird may abandon the nest, leaving the chicks to die.
2. although
She's a lovely woman, even if she can be a bit tiring at times.
LITERARY It was a hot, if windy day.
3. every time
If water is heated to 100°C it turns to steam.
If I don't get enough sleep I get a headache.
4. used to mean 'if it is true that'
I'm very sorry if I've offended you.
if conjunction WHETHER
5. (used to introduce a clause, often in indirect speech ) whether
Mrs Kramer rang half an hour ago to ask if her cake was ready.
I don't care if he likes it or not - I'm coming!
I was wondering if you'd like to come to the cinema with me this evening?
if conjunction REQUEST
6. used when you want to make a polite request or remark
If you'd like to take a seat, Mr Chang will be with you in a moment.
Would you mind if I open/opened (= Can I open) the window?
There are, if you don't mind me saying so, one or two problems with this plan.
if I were you
used when you give someone advice
If I were you, I'd probably go.
I think I'd take the money if I were you.
if noun [ C usually singular ] INFORMAL
something which is not certain or not yet decided
There's a big if hanging over the project still (= it is uncertain whether the project
will happen) .
no ifs and buts UK ( US no ifs, ands or buts )
something that you say to a child to stop them arguing with you when you want
them to do something
I want no ifs and buts - just get on and tidy your room now.
iffy adjective INFORMAL
1. not certain or decided
Simon's still kind of iffy about going to Columbia.
2. not completely good, honest or suitable
The milk smells a bit iffy.
I was hoping to go to the park but the weather's looking a bit iffy.
-ify , suffix
used to form verbs meaning to cause an increase in the stated quality; to become
simplify
beautify
igloo noun [ C ]
igloo
a circular house made of blocks of hard snow, especially as built by the Inuit
people of northern North America
igneous adjective SPECIALIZED
(of rocks) formed from magma (= very hot liquid rock that has cooled)
ignite verb
1. [ I or T ] FORMAL to (cause to) start burning or explode
The fuel spontaneously ignites because of the high temperature and pressure.
2. [ T ] to cause a dangerous, excited or angry situation to begin
The proposed restrictions have ignited a storm of protest.
ignition noun
1. [ C usually singular ] the electrical system in an engine that causes the fuel to
burn or explode in order to start the engine
Switch/Turn the ignition on.
an ignition key
2. [ U ] FORMAL the act or process of something starting to burn
ignoble adjective FORMAL
morally bad and making you feel ashamed
an ignoble action/idea
ignobly adverb LITERARY
ignominious adjective LITERARY
(especially of events or behaviour) embarrassing because of being a complete
failure
an ignominious defeat/failure/retreat
ignominiously adverb
ignominy noun [ U ] LITERARY
public embarrassment
The Workers' Coalition experienced the ignominy of total defeat in the last
election.
ignoramus noun [ C ]
a person who knows nothing
I'm a complete ignoramus where computers are concerned.
ignorance noun [ U ]
lack of knowledge, understanding or information about something
Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern.
Patients, it is claimed, were kept/left in ignorance of what was wrong with them.
Ignorance is bliss. SAYING
said to emphasize that sometimes it is better for you if you do not know all the
facts about a situation
ignorant adjective
1. not having enough knowledge, understanding or information about something
Many teenagers are surprisingly ignorant about current politics.
We remained blissfully ignorant of the troubles that lay ahead.
2. UK INFORMAL not polite or respectful
Ignorant lout!
ignore verb [ T ]
to intentionally not listen or give attention to
She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her.
Safety regulations are being ignored by company managers in the drive to
increase profits.
How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority?
I smiled at her but she just ignored me.
iguana noun [ C ]
iguana
a large greyish green lizard of tropical America
IIRC , iirc
INTERNET ABBREVIATION FOR if I remember correctly
ileum noun [ C usually singular ] SPECIALIZED
the last and narrowest part of the small intestine (= part of bowels after the
stomach) , where substances from food are absorbed
ilk noun [ S ] MAINLY DISAPPROVING
a particular type
The worst of her criticism was reserved for journalists, photographers and others
of their ilk.
ill adjective NOT WELL
1. not feeling well, or suffering from a disease
I felt ill so I went home.
He's been ill with meningitis.
Sophia fell ill/ was taken ill (= became ill) while on holiday.
He is critically (= very badly) ill in hospital.
ill adjective BAD
2. [ before noun ] FORMAL OR OLD-FASHIONED bad
ill health
Did you experience any ill effects from the treatment?
be ill at ease
to be worried and not relaxed
He seemed ill at ease and not his usual self.
It's an ill wind (that blows nobody any good). SAYING
said to show that even a very bad situation must have some good results
ill adverb
1. LITERARY badly
He treated her very ill.
2. speak ill of sb
FORMAL OR OLD-FASHIONED to say unkind things about someone
I realize one shouldn't speak ill of the dead.
3. augur/bode ill
FORMAL OR OLD-FASHIONED to be a sign of bad things in the future
This weather bodes ill for the garden party tonight.
4. can ill afford (to do sth )
FORMAL OR OLD-FASHIONED If you can ill afford to do something, it will cause
problems for you if you do it
We can ill afford to lose another member of staff.
ill noun
1. [ U ] FORMAL OR OLD-FASHIONED harm
I wish her no ill.
2. [ C usually plural ] a problem
There seems to be no cure for Britain's economic/social ills.
I'll short form
I shall or I will
I'll be there at 6:00.
ill- prefix
in a way which is bad or not suitable
ill-prepared
an ill-judged remark
ill-advised adjective
not wise, and likely to cause problems in the future
an ill-advised career move
ill-assorted adjective MAINLY UK
looking strange together and not seeming to be a good match
ill-assorted furniture
an ill-assorted couple
ill-bred adjective OLD-FASHIONED
rude and behaving badly
an ill-bred young man
ill-conceived adjective
badly planned and unwise
The whole project was ill-conceived.
ill-disposed adjective FORMAL
be ill-disposed towards sb
to not be friendly to someone or not support them
Most of the audience seemed ill-disposed towards the speaker.
illegal adjective
against the law; not allowed by law
a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16
Prostitution is illegal in some countries.
It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured.
Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances .
illegally adverb
They entered the country illegally.
an illegally parked car
illegal adjective
against the law; not allowed by law
a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16
Prostitution is illegal in some countries.
It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured.
Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances .
illegally adverb
They entered the country illegally.
an illegally parked car
il ˌ legal ˈ immigrant noun [ C ] ( US ALSO illegal alien )
someone who goes to live or work in another country when they do not have the
legal right to do this
illegality noun [ C or U ]
the state of being illegal, or an illegal action
illegible adjective
(of writing or print) impossible or almost impossible to read because of being very
untidy or not clear
His writing is almost illegible.
illegibly adverb
illegitimate adjective
1. born of parents not married to each other
2. FORMAL not legal or fair
The rebels regard the official parliament as illegitimate.
illegitimacy noun [ U ]
ill-equipped adjective
without the ability, qualities or equipment to do something
[ + to infinitive ] He seems to me ill-equipped to cope with the responsibility.
school leavers ill-equipped for adult life
ill-fated adjective [ before noun ]
unlucky and unsuccessful, often resulting in death
The ill-fated aircraft later crashed into the hillside.
ill-fitting adjective
Ill-fitting clothes do not fit well.
ill-gotten adjective [ before noun ] MAINLY HUMOROUS
dishonestly obtained
He deposited his ill-gotten gains in foreign bank accounts.
illiberal adjective FORMAL
limiting freedom of expression, thought, behaviour, etc
illiberal policies
illiberal adjective FORMAL
limiting freedom of expression, thought, behaviour, etc
illiberal policies
illicit adjective
illegal or disapproved of by society
illicit drugs such as cocaine and cannabis
the illicit trade in stolen vehicles
an illicit love affair
illicitly adverb
ill-informed adjective
knowing less than you should about a particular subject
illiterate adjective
1. unable to read and write
A surprising percentage of the population are illiterate.
Compare innumerate
2. knowing little or nothing about a particular subject
computer illiterate
financially/technologically illiterate
illiteracy noun [ U ]
In the rural areas, illiteracy is widespread.
illiterate noun [ C ]
someone who is illiterate
ill-mannered adjective
rude and unpleasant
illness noun
1. [ C ] a disease of the body or mind
He died at home after a long illness.
2. [ U ] when you are ill
She had five days off work due to illness.
illogical adjective
not reasonable, wise or practical, usually because directed by the emotions rather
than by careful thought
It is an illogical statement, because if one part is true, then the other must be
false.
illogically adverb
illogicality noun [ U ]
ill-starred adjective [ before noun ] ( ALSO ill-omened ) LITERARY
ill-fated
ill-starred adjective [ before noun ] ( ALSO ill-omened ) LITERARY
ill-fated
ill-tempered adjective
1. FORMAL easily annoyed
2. If an occasion, such as a game, is ill-tempered, people get angry during it
An increasingly ill-tempered match saw three players sent off before half-time.
ill-timed adjective
done or made at a wrong or unsuitable time
an ill-timed comment
ill-treat verb [ T ]
to treat someone badly, especially by being violent or by not taking care of them
The child had been severely ill-treated by his parents.
illuminate verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to light something and make it brighter
The streets were illuminated with strings of coloured lights.
2. to explain and show more clearly something that is difficult to understand
an article which illuminates the issues at stake
illuminated adjective
An illuminated book or other piece of writing is one decorated with added colour,
gold paint and small pictures
an illuminated manuscript
illuminating adjective FORMAL
giving you new information about a subject or making it easier to understand
The book is full of illuminating detail on the causes of the war.
a most illuminating discussion
illumination noun FORMAL
1. [ C or U ] light
The only illumination was from a skylight.
2. illuminations MAINLY UK
coloured decorative lights outside which make a town look bright and exciting at
night
the Blackpool illuminations
illusion noun
1. [ C or U ] an idea or belief which is not true
He had no illusions about his talents as a singer.
I'm under no illusions (= I understand the truth) about the man I married.
My boss is labouring under the illusion that (= wrongly believes that) the
project will be completed on time.
2. [ C ] something that is not really what it seems to be
A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space.
The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion.
illusion noun
1. [ C or U ] an idea or belief which is not true

He had no illusions about his talents as a singer.
I'm under no illusions (= I understand the truth) about the man I married.
My boss is labouring under the illusion that (= wrongly believes that) the
project will be completed on time.
2. [ C ] something that is not really what it seems to be
A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space.
The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion.
illusionist noun [ C ]
an entertainer who performs tricks where objects seem to appear and then
disappear
illusory adjective ( ALSO illusive ) FORMAL
not real; based on illusion
Their hopes of a peaceful solution turned out to be illusory.
illustrate verb [ T ] EXPLAIN
1. to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving
examples
The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.
This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN.
[ + question word ] The exhibition will illustrate how life evolved from water.
illustrate verb [ T ] PICTURES
2. to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc
a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript
illustration noun [ C or U ] EXPLAIN
1. an example that explains or proves something
This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system.
A couple of examples are included, by way of illustration (= to show the meaning
more clearly) .
illustration noun [ C or U ] PICTURES
2. a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something
a full-page illustration
colour/black and white illustrations
illustrative adjective FORMAL
helping to explain or prove something
Falling house prices are illustrative of the crisis facing the construction industry.
illustrator noun [ C ]
a person who draws pictures, especially for books
illustrator noun [ C ]
a person who draws pictures, especially for books
illustrious adjective FORMAL
famous, well respected and admired
She comes from an illustrious political family which includes two former Cabinet
ministers.
ˌ ill ˈ will noun [ U ]
1. bad feelings between people because of things that happened in the past
2. bear sb ill will FORMAL
to feel angry with someone because of something they have done
I bear him no ill will.
I'm short form
I am
I'm so happy for you!
image noun MENTAL PICTURE
1. [ C ] a picture in your mind or an idea of how someone or something is
I have an image in my mind of how I want the garden to be.
He doesn't fit (= he is different to) my image of how an actor should look.
2. [ C or U ] the way that something or someone is thought of by other people
The aim is to improve the public image of the police.
The company has made strenuous attempts to improve its image in recent years.
He's terribly image -conscious (= tries to dress and behave in a way that other
people will admire) .
3. [ C ] SPECIALIZED a mental picture or idea which forms in a reader's or listener's
mind from the words that they read or hear
The poem is full of images of birth and new life.
image noun PICTURE
4. [ C ] any picture, especially one formed by a mirror or a lens
television images of starving children
The image you see in the mirror.
be the (living/spitting) image of sb
to look very similar to someone
She's the spitting image of her mother.
imagery noun [ U ]
the use of words or pictures in books, films, paintings, etc. to describe ideas or
situations
The imagery in the poem is mostly to do with death.
imagery noun [ U ]
the use of words or pictures in books, films, paintings, etc. to describe ideas or
situations
The imagery in the poem is mostly to do with death.
imaginable adjective
possible to think of
The school offers courses in every subject imaginable.
ice cream of every imaginable flavour
imaginary adjective
describes something that is created by and exists only in the mind; that is not real
As a child I had an imaginary friend called Polly.
The story is set in an imaginary world.
imaginary fears
imagination noun
1. [ C or U ] the ability to form pictures in the mind
My younger son has a very vivid (= active) imagination.
I can never make up stories - I have absolutely no imagination.
For some reason the story captured/caught the imagination of the public (=
made them very interested) .
It couldn't by any stretch of the imagination be described as a (= it is certainly
not a) beautiful city.
There's a sex scene in the film which apparently leaves nothing to the
imagination (= shows sexual parts of the body very clearly) .
2. [ U ] something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or
true
Was she paying him a lot of attention or was it just my imagination?
Is it my imagination or is David behaving strangely at the moment?
3. [ U ] the ability to think of new ideas
It's a job that needs someone with a bit of imagination.
imaginative adjective APPROVING
1. new, original and clever
an imaginative new approach/policy
The architects have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic.
2. good at producing ideas or things that are unusual, clever or showing skill in
inventing
an imaginative designer
imaginatively adverb
imagine verb [ T ]
1. to form or have a mental picture or idea of something
Imagine Robert Redford when he was young - that's what John looks like.
[ + ( that ) ] Imagine (that) you're eating an ice cream - try to feel how cold it
is.
[ + question word ] Can you imagine how it feels to be blind?
[ + -ing verb ] She imagined herself sitt ing in her favourite armchair back home.
They hadn't imagined (= expected) (that) it would be so difficult.
I can't imagine (= I really don't know) what he wants from us.
2. to believe that something is probably true
[ + ( that ) ] I imagine (that) he's under a lot of pressure at the moment.
I don't imagine (that) they have much money.
"Will they change it?" "I imagine so ."
3. to think that something exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true
"Did you hear a noise?" "No, you're imagining things /No, you must have
imagined it."
I've never heard her criticize you - I think you imagine it.
4. used to express shock or surprise, often at someone else's behaviour
She got married at 16! Imagine that!
[ + -ing verb ] Imagine spend ing all that money on a coat!
5. you can't imagine
UK used to emphasize a statement
You can't imagine what a mess the house was in after the party.
imagine verb [ T ]
1. to form or have a mental picture or idea of something
Imagine Robert Redford when he was young - that's what John looks like.
[ + ( that ) ] Imagine (that) you're eating an ice cream - try to feel how cold it
is.
[ + question word ] Can you imagine how it feels to be blind?
[ + -ing verb ] She imagined herself sitt ing in her favourite armchair back home.
They hadn't imagined (= expected) (that) it would be so difficult.
I can't imagine (= I really don't know) what he wants from us.
2. to believe that something is probably true
[ + ( that ) ] I imagine (that) he's under a lot of pressure at the moment.
I don't imagine (that) they have much money.
"Will they change it?" "I imagine so ."
3. to think that something exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true
"Did you hear a noise?" "No, you're imagining things /No, you must have
imagined it."
I've never heard her criticize you - I think you imagine it.
4. used to express shock or surprise, often at someone else's behaviour
She got married at 16! Imagine that!
[ + -ing verb ] Imagine spend ing all that money on a coat!
5. you can't imagine
UK used to emphasize a statement
You can't imagine what a mess the house was in after the party.
imaging noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
the process of producing an exact picture of something, especially on a computer
screen
computer/digital imaging
imam noun [ C ]
a leader in the Islamic religion
IMAX noun [ U ] TRADEMARK
a system for making and showing specially photographed films on an extremely
large screen
an IMAX cinema/theatre
imbalance noun [ C ]
when two things which should be equal or are normally equal are not
There is huge economic imbalance between the two countries.
imbecile noun [ C ]
a person who behaves in a stupid way
What an imbecile that boy is!
imbecilic adjective ( ALSO imbecile )
That was an imbecilic thing to do!
She looked at me with an imbecile grin.
imbed verb US
embed
imbibe verb
1. [ I or T ] FORMAL OR HUMOROUS to drink, especially alcohol
Have you been imbibing again?
2. [ T ] to receive and accept information, etc.
imbroglio noun [ C ] FORMAL
an unwanted, difficult and confusing situation, full of trouble and problems
The Soviet Union became anxious to withdraw its soldiers from the Afghan
imbroglio.
imbue verb
imbue sth/sb with sth phrasal verb FORMAL
to fill something or someone with a particular feeling, quality or idea
His poetry is imbued with deep, religious feeling.
imbue verb
imbue sth/sb with sth phrasal verb FORMAL
to fill something or someone with a particular feeling, quality or idea
His poetry is imbued with deep, religious feeling.
the IMF noun [ S ]
ABBREVIATION FOR the International Monetary Fund: a part of the United Nations
which encourages international trade and gives financial help to poor countries
IMHO , imho
INTERNET ABBREVIATION FOR in my humble opinion: used when you tell somebody
your opinion
imitate verb [ T ]
to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech
or behaviour, etc. of someone or something
Some of the younger pop bands try to imitate their musical heroes from the past.
They produce artificial chemicals which exactly imitate particular natural ones.
imitation adjective
made to look like something else
an imitation leather watch-strap
It's not real silk - it's just imitation.
imitation noun
1. [ C or U ] when someone or something imitates another person or thing
Ten-year-olds have started wearing lipstick and make-up in imitation of the older
girls.
She can do a wonderful imitation of a blackbird's song.
2. [ C ] a copy
His songs are just cheap (= low quality) imitations of Beatles tunes.
imitative adjective MAINLY DISAPPROVING
copying someone or something
All these magazines are imitative of each other.
He's an imitative artist, with very little originality in his work.
imitator noun [ C usually plural ]
a person who copies someone or something that they think is good
The difference between Ms McArthur and her countless imitators is the elegance of
her writing.
immaculate adjective APPROVING
1. perfectly clean or tidy
dressed in an immaculate white suit
an immaculate garden
2. perfect and without any mistakes
He gave an immaculate performance as the aging hero.
immaculately adverb
immaculately dressed
immaculate adjective APPROVING

1. perfectly clean or tidy
dressed in an immaculate white suit
an immaculate garden
2. perfect and without any mistakes
He gave an immaculate performance as the aging hero.
immaculately adverb
immaculately dressed
the Im ˌ maculate Con ˈ ception noun [ S ]
the Christian belief that Jesus Christ's mother Mary, or, more generally, Jesus
Christ himself, was born free from sin (= offence against religious law)
immaterial adjective
not important, or not relating to the matter you are interested in
Whether the book is well or badly written is immaterial ( to me) - it has an
important message.
immature adjective
1. DISAPPROVING not behaving in a way which is as calm and wise as people expect
from someone of your age
Stop being so silly and immature, Ben!
She's rather immature for her age, don't you think?
2. DISAPPROVING not experienced in a particular matter
politically immature
3. SPECIALIZED not yet completely grown or developed
While the animals are still immature, they do not breed.
immaturity noun [ U ]
immeasurable adjective
so large or great that it cannot be measured or known exactly
Her films had an immeasurable effect on a generation of Americans.
immeasurably adverb
The damage from the 1956 hurricane was immeasurably greater.
immediacy noun [ U ]
when something seems real and important, so that you feel involved with it
Pre-recorded TV programmes have so much less immediacy and warmth than live
theatre.
immediate adjective
1. happening or done without delay or very soon after something else
We must make an immediate response.
Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect.
2. describes something or someone that is close to, or is a cause of or an effect
of, something or someone else
There are few facilities in the immediate area.
An immediate result/effect of the war was a breakdown of law and order.
3. in the present or as soon as possible
We have no immediate plans.
MPs have demanded his immediate resignation.
4. the immediate future
the period of time that is coming next
5. your immediate family
your closest relations, such as your parents, children, husband or wife
immediately adverb
1. now or without waiting or thinking
We really ought to leave immediately.
The purpose of the meeting wasn't immediately obvious.
2. close to something or someone in distance or time
Milton Street is on the left, immediately after the bank.
They moved in immediately before Christmas.
We heard a loud crash from the room immediately above us.
3. closely or directly
The people most immediately affected by the drought are the farmers themselves.
immediately conjunction UK
as soon as
Immediately she'd gone, the boys started to mess about
I'll call you immediately I hear anything.
immediately adverb
1. now or without waiting or thinking
We really ought to leave immediately.
The purpose of the meeting wasn't immediately obvious.
2. close to something or someone in distance or time
Milton Street is on the left, immediately after the bank.
They moved in immediately before Christmas.
We heard a loud crash from the room immediately above us.
3. closely or directly
The people most immediately affected by the drought are the farmers themselves.
immediately conjunction UK
as soon as
Immediately she'd gone, the boys started to mess about
I'll call you immediately I hear anything.
immemorial adjective
1. from/since time immemorial
LITERARY for a very long time
Her family had farmed that land since time immemorial.
2. FORMAL existing or traditional for an extremely long time
She said it was the immemorial custom of the villagers to have a feast after the
harvesting.
immense adjective
1. extremely large in size or degree
immense wealth/value
They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.
2. SLANG extremely good
He's an immense goalkeeper.
immensely adverb
extremely
He was immensely popular in his day.
She's an immensely talented young athlete.
immensity noun [ U ] FORMAL
the extremely large size of something
The immensity of the task is daunting.
immerse verb
1. [ R ] to become completely involved in something
She got some books out of the library and immersed her self in Jewish history
and culture.
2. [ T ] FORMAL to put something or someone completely under the surface of a
liquid
The shells should be immersed in boiling water for two minutes.
immersion noun [ C or U ]
im ˈ mersion ( ˌ heater) noun [ C ]
a type of electric heater used for heating water
immigrant noun [ C ] ( AUSTRALIAN ALSO migrant )
a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently
a large immigrant population
Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.
immigrate verb [ I ]
to come to live in a different country
He immigrated with his parents in 1895, and grew up in Long Island.
immigration noun [ U ]
1. when someone comes to live in a different country
There are strict limits on immigration ( into the country).
2. the process of examining your passport and other documents to make certain
that you can be allowed to enter the country, or the place where this is done
After you've been through immigration (control) , you can go and get your
luggage.
immigration policy
immigration officers
imminent adjective
coming or likely to happen very soon
imminent disaster/danger
A strike is imminent.
imminently adverb
imminence noun [ U ]
immiscible adjective SPECIALIZED
An immiscible liquid cannot be mixed with another liquid without separating from
it
Oil is immiscible with/in water.
Compare miscible
immobile adjective
not moving or not able to move
She sat immobile, wondering what to do next.
immobility noun [ U ]
immobilize , UK USUALLY immobilise verb [ T ]
to stop something or someone from moving
You can immobilize the car by removing the spark plugs.
The broken limb must be immobilized as soon as possible.
immobilization , UK USUALLY immobilisation noun [ U ]
immigrate verb [ I ]
to come to live in a different country
He immigrated with his parents in 1895, and grew up in Long Island.
immigration noun [ U ]
1. when someone comes to live in a different country
There are strict limits on immigration ( into the country).
2. the process of examining your passport and other documents to make certain
that you can be allowed to enter the country, or the place where this is done
After you've been through immigration (control) , you can go and get your
luggage.
immigration policy
immigration officers
imminent adjective
coming or likely to happen very soon
imminent disaster/danger
A strike is imminent.
imminently adverb
imminence noun [ U ]
immiscible adjective SPECIALIZED
An immiscible liquid cannot be mixed with another liquid without separating from
it
Oil is immiscible with/in water.
Compare miscible
immobile adjective
not moving or not able to move
She sat immobile, wondering what to do next.
immobility noun [ U ]
immobilize , UK USUALLY immobilise verb [ T ]
to stop something or someone from moving
You can immobilize the car by removing the spark plugs.
The broken limb must be immobilized as soon as possible.
immobilization , UK USUALLY immobilisation noun [ U ]
immobilizer , UK USUALLY immobiliser noun [ C ]
a device fitted to a car which stops it from moving so that it cannot be stolen
immoderate adjective FORMAL
too much or many, or more than is usual or reasonable
immoderate drinking
immoderate demands
immoderately adverb
immodest adjective FORMAL DISAPPROVING
1. showing too much self-confidence
He makes these immodest statements of his own brilliance.
2. showing too much of the body
showing an immodest amount of leg
immodesty noun [ U ] FORMAL
immolate verb [ T ] FORMAL
to kill yourself or someone else, or to destroy something, usually by burning, in a
formal ceremony
immolation noun [ U ]
immolate verb [ T ] FORMAL
to kill yourself or someone else, or to destroy something, usually by burning, in a
formal ceremony
immolation noun [ U ]
immoral adjective
1. not within society's standards of acceptable, honest and moral behaviour;
morally wrong
an immoral act
immoral behaviour
It's an immoral tax, because the poor will pay relatively more.
Compare amoral ; moral
2. immoral earnings
money earned from prostitution (= having sex in exchange for money)
If convicted, she could be jailed for five years for living off immoral earnings.
immorally adverb
immorality noun [ U ]
immortal adjective
1. living or lasting forever
immortal God
The priest said he was endangering his immortal soul.
2. very special and famous and therefore likely to be remembered for a long time
In the immortal words of Samuel Goldwyn, "Include me out".
immortality noun [ U ]
FIGURATIVE The Wright brothers achieved immortality with the first powered flight
in 1903.
immortal noun LITERARY
1. [ C ] someone who is so famous that they are remembered for a long time
after they are dead
She is one of the immortals of classical opera.
2. the immortals
the Greek or Roman gods
immortalize , UK USUALLY immortalise verb [ T often passive ]
to make someone or something so famous that they are remembered for a very
long time
Marlene Dietrich was immortalized through her roles in films like 'The Blue Angel'.
immovable adjective
1. fixed and impossible to move
The rock weighed over a ton and was completely immovable.
2. describes a firm opinion that is impossible to change, or someone with such an
opinion
immovable adjective
1. fixed and impossible to move
The rock weighed over a ton and was completely immovable.
2. describes a firm opinion that is impossible to change, or someone with such an
opinion
immune adjective
1. protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood
Most people who've had chicken pox once are immune to it for the rest of their
lives.
He seems to be immune to colds - he just never gets them.
2. [ after verb ] not affected or upset by a particular type of behaviour or emotion
The press had criticised her so often that in the end she had become immune ( to
it).
3. [ after verb ] not able to be punished or damaged by something
Journalists, he insisted, must be immune (= protected) from prosecution.
im ˈ mune res ˌ ponse noun [ C usually singular ]
the reaction within the body which is caused by antigens (= foreign substances)
and results in the production of antibodies which can fight disease by killing the bacteria
or viruses which cause it
im ˈ mune ˌ system noun [ C usually singular ]
the cells and tissues in the body which make it able to protect itself against
infection
immunity noun [ U ]
when you are protected against disease or from legal action
The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months.
He was granted immunity from prosecution because he confessed the names of
the other spies.
immunize , UK USUALLY immunise verb [ T ]
to give a person or animal protection against a particular disease by introducing a
special substance into their body, usually by injection
Children are routinely immunized against polio.
immunization , UK USUALLY immunisation noun [ C or U ]
mass/routine immunization
immunodeficiency noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
when a body is unable to produce enough antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses,
often resulting in infection and disease
immunodeficiency noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
when a body is unable to produce enough antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses,
often resulting in infection and disease
immunology noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
the study of immunity (= the ability of the body to fight disease and infection)
and its causes and effects
immunosuppression noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
when the body's immune system is intentionally stopped from working, or is made
less effective, usually by drugs, especially in order to help the body accept an organ
which has been taken from another person's body
immured adjective LITERARY
kept as a prisoner or closed away and out of sight
Immured in a dark airless cell, the hostages waited six months for their release.
immutable adjective FORMAL
not changing, or unable to be changed
an immutable law
Some people regard grammar as an immutable set of rules.
immutability noun [ U ]
IMO , imo
INTERNET ABBREVIATION FOR in my opinion
imp noun [ C ]
1. a small evil spirit
2. OFTEN HUMOROUS a badly behaved but playful child
Come here, you little imp!
impact noun [ C usually singular U ]
1. the force or action of one object hitting another
The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length.
The bullet explodes on impact (= when it hits another object) .
2. a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation
or person
The anti-smoking campaign had had/made quite an impact on young people.
The new proposals were intended to soften the impact of the reformed tax
system.
impact verb [ I or T ] MAINLY US
to have an influence on something
Falling export rates have impacted (on) the country's economy quite
considerably.
impacted adjective
describes a tooth that cannot grow in the right way, usually because it is growing
against another tooth below the gum
impacted adjective
describes a tooth that cannot grow in the right way, usually because it is growing
against another tooth below the gum
impair verb [ T ]
to spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective
A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the
tournament.
impaired adjective
She suffers from impaired vision/hearing.
impairment noun [ U ]
physical/mental impairment
impale verb [ T often passive ]
to push a sharp object through something, especially the body of an animal or
person
The dead deer was impaled on a spear.
impalpable adjective LITERARY
difficult to feel or understand
an impalpable beauty/quality
impanel verb [ T ]
to empanel
impart verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to communicate information to someone
to impart the bad news
I was rather quiet as I didn't feel I had much wisdom to impart on the subject.
2. to give something a particular feeling, quality or taste
Preservatives can impart colour and flavour to a product.
impartial adjective
not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument
impartial advice
A trial must be fair and impartial.
impartially adverb
impartiality noun [ U ]
The state must ensure the independence and impartiality of the justice system.
impassable adjective
describes a road or path that cannot be travelled on because of bad weather
conditions or because it is blocked
Many roads were flooded and impassable following the storm.
impassable adjective
describes a road or path that cannot be travelled on because of bad weather
conditions or because it is blocked
Many roads were flooded and impassable following the storm.
impasse noun [ U ]
a situation in which further development is impossible
The dispute had reached an impasse, as neither side would compromise.
impassioned adjective
describes speech or writing that is full of strongly felt and strongly expressed
emotion
Relatives of the dead made an impassioned plea for the bodies to be flown back
to this country.
impassive adjective
describes a person's face when it expresses no emotion, because they seem not
to be affected by the situation they are experiencing
impassively adverb
The defendant sat impassively in the dock while evidence was given against him.
impassivity noun [ U ]
impatience noun [ U ]
1. when you are annoyed by someone's mistakes or because you have to wait
"Well, I have shown you how to do this before, " she said, unable to disguise her
impatience.
There's a growing impatience among the electorate with the old two-party
system.
2. when you want something to happen as soon as possible
[ + to infinitive ] He was already half an hour late which explains his impatience
to leave.
impatient adjective
1. easily annoyed by someone's mistakes or because you have to wait
He's a good teacher, but inclined to be a bit impatient with slow learners.
You'd be hopeless looking after children - you're far too impatient!
2. wanting something to happen as soon as possible
He's got a lot of exciting ideas and he's impatient to get started.
People are increasingly impatient for change in this country.
impatiently adverb
"Yes, you said that before, " she said, impatiently.
We were waiting impatiently for the show to begin (= wanting it to start) .
impeach verb [ T ]
to make a formal statement saying that a public official is guilty of a serious
offence in connection with their job, especially in the US
The governor was impeached for wrongful use of state money.
impeachable adjective
an impeachable offence
impeachment noun [ C or U ]
impeach verb [ T ]
to make a formal statement saying that a public official is guilty of a serious
offence in connection with their job, especially in the US
The governor was impeached for wrongful use of state money.
impeachable adjective
an impeachable offence
impeachment noun [ C or U ]
impeccable adjective
perfect, with no problems or bad parts
impeccable taste/manners/credentials
His English is impeccable.
impeccably adverb
She was impeccably dressed.
impecunious adjective FORMAL
having very little money; poor
I first knew him as an impecunious student living in a tiny bedsit.
impede verb [ T ] FORMAL
to slow down or cause problems for the achievement or finishing of something
Although he's shy, it certainly hasn't impeded his career in any way.
impediment noun [ C ] FORMAL
something that makes progress, movement, or achieving something difficult or
impossible
In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment to
progress.
See also speech impediment
impedimenta plural noun MAINLY HUMOROUS
the objects which you need for a particular activity that are heavy or difficult to
carry
We were weighed down with sleeping bags, gas cookers and pans - all the
impedimenta of camping.
impel verb [ T ]
to make someone feel that they must do something
[ + to infinitive ] She was in such a mess I felt impelled to (= felt I had to) offer
your services.
I wonder what it is that impels him to exercise all the time.
impending adjective [ before noun ]
describes an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to
happen soon
impending disaster/doom
Lineker announced his impending retirement from international football before the
1992 European Championships.
impenetrable adjective
1. impossible to see through or go through
Outside, the fog was thick and impenetrable.
an impenetrable barrier
2. impossible to understand
Some of the lyrics on their latest album are completely impenetrable.
impenetrably adverb
impenetrable adjective
1. impossible to see through or go through
Outside, the fog was thick and impenetrable.
an impenetrable barrier
2. impossible to understand
Some of the lyrics on their latest album are completely impenetrable.
impenetrably adverb
impenitent adjective FORMAL
not sorry or ashamed about something bad you have done
To this day she remains impenitent about her criminal past.
imperative adjective URGENT
1. extremely important or urgent; needing to be done or given attention
immediately
[ + that ] The president said it was imperative that the release of all hostages be
secured.
[ + to infinitive ] It's imperative to act now before the problem gets really
serious.
imperative adjective GRAMMAR
2. SPECIALIZED used to describe the form of a verb which is usually used for giving
orders
In the phrase 'Leave him alone!', the verb 'leave' is in the imperative form.
imperative noun GRAMMAR
1. [ S ] SPECIALIZED the form of a verb which is usually used for giving orders
In the phrase 'Leave him alone!', the verb 'leave' is an imperative/is in the
imperative.
imperative noun URGENT
2. [ C ] something which is extremely important or urgent
Getting the unemployed back to work, said the minister, is a moral imperative.
imperceptible adjective
unable to be noticed or felt because of being very slight
She heard a faint, almost imperceptible cry.
imperceptibly adverb
Gradually, almost imperceptibly, her condition had worsened.
imperfect adjective NOT PERFECT
1. damaged, containing problems or not having something
We're living in an imperfect world.
I explained as well as I was able, given my own imperfect understanding of the
situation.
imperfect adjective GRAMMAR
2. SPECIALIZED the imperfect form of a verb describes an action in the past which
was continuous or was not completed
In the sentence 'He was hit by a car as he was crossing the road', the verb 'cross'
is in the imperfect form.
imperfectly adverb
imperfect noun [ S ]
the imperfect (tense) SPECIALIZED
the tense of a verb which describes an action which has not been completed in
the past, used, for example, to refer to an action which was happening when it was
suddenly interrupted, or to describe an existing situation at the beginning of a story
In the sentence 'He was hit by a car as he was crossing the road', the verb 'cross'
is in the imperfect.
imperfection noun [ C or U ]
a fault or weakness
Gradually she began to notice one or two little imperfections in his character.
She won't tolerate imperfection in her own or anyone else's work.
imperfection noun [ C or U ]
a fault or weakness
Gradually she began to notice one or two little imperfections in his character.
She won't tolerate imperfection in her own or anyone else's work.
imperial adjective EMPIRE
1. belonging or relating to an empire or the person or country that rules it
Imperial China
Britain's imperial past
the Imperial palace
imperial grandeur
imperial adjective MEASUREMENT
2. describes a system of measurement that uses units such as inches , miles and
pints
Imperial units have in many cases been replaced by metric ones in Britain.
Compare metric
imperialism noun [ U ] OFTEN DISAPPROVING
1. a system in which a country rules other countries, sometimes having used force
to get power over them
the age of imperialism
2. when one country has a lot of power or influence over others, especially in
political and economic matters
She accused the United States of economic imperialism.
imperialist noun [ C ] OFTEN DISAPPROVING
someone who supports imperialism
imperialist adjective ( ALSO imperialistic ) OFTEN DISAPPROVING
supporting or relating to imperialism
an imperialist power
imperil verb [ T ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL
to put something or someone at risk or in danger of being harmed or destroyed
A police raid would imperil the lives of the hostages.
imperious adjective
unpleasantly proud and expecting obedience
an imperious manner/voice
She sent them away with an imperious wave of the hand.
imperiously adverb
imperiousness noun [ U ]
imperishable adjective LITERARY
lasting forever, or never becoming weaker with age
impermanent adjective
not lasting forever or not lasting for a long time
Acrylic paint is quick-drying but impermanent.
impermanence noun [ U ]
the impermanence and fragility of life
impermeable adjective
not allowing liquid or gas to go through
an impermeable membrane
impermissible adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
not allowed
There are certain topics of conversation that are impermissible in polite society.
impersonal adjective DISAPPROVING
without human warmth and interest
Hospitals always seem such impersonal places - rows of identical beds in dull grey
rooms.
She has a very cold and impersonal manner.
impersonate verb [ T ]
1. to intentionally copy another person's characteristics, such as their behaviour,
speech, appearance or expressions, especially to make people laugh
She's the woman who impersonates the Queen on TV.
2. to attempt to deceive someone by pretending that you are another person
He was fined for impersonating a police officer.
impersonation noun [ C or U ]
He does a brilliant impersonation of Charles.
impersonator noun [ C ]
someone who impersonates another person
an Elvis impersonator
impertinent adjective
rude and not respectful, especially towards someone older or in a higher position
than you
I hope he didn't think me impertinent when I asked him about his private life.
an impertinent remark/question
impertinently adverb
impertinence noun [ C or U ]
She even had the impertinence to lecture Loretta on the importance of hygiene.
impermanent adjective
not lasting forever or not lasting for a long time
Acrylic paint is quick-drying but impermanent.
impermanence noun [ U ]
the impermanence and fragility of life
impermeable adjective
not allowing liquid or gas to go through
an impermeable membrane
impermissible adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
not allowed
There are certain topics of conversation that are impermissible in polite society.
impersonal adjective DISAPPROVING
without human warmth and interest
Hospitals always seem such impersonal places - rows of identical beds in dull grey
rooms.
She has a very cold and impersonal manner.
impersonate verb [ T ]
1. to intentionally copy another person's characteristics, such as their behaviour,
speech, appearance or expressions, especially to make people laugh
She's the woman who impersonates the Queen on TV.
2. to attempt to deceive someone by pretending that you are another person
He was fined for impersonating a police officer.
impersonation noun [ C or U ]
He does a brilliant impersonation of Charles.
impersonator noun [ C ]
someone who impersonates another person
an Elvis impersonator
impertinent adjective
rude and not respectful, especially towards someone older or in a higher position
than you
I hope he didn't think me impertinent when I asked him about his private life.
an impertinent remark/question
impertinently adverb
impertinence noun [ C or U ]
She even had the impertinence to lecture Loretta on the importance of hygiene.
imperturbable adjective
always staying calm and controlled, even in difficult situations that would cause
other people to worry
imperturbably adverb FORMAL
impervious adjective SUBSTANCE
1. SPECIALIZED not allowing liquid to go through
How does glue bond with impervious substances like glass and metal?
impervious adjective PERSON
2. describes a person who is not influenced or affected by something
He is impervious to criticism and rational argument.
impetigo noun [ U ]
an infectious skin disease in which yellowish areas appear on the body
impetigo noun [ U ]
an infectious skin disease in which yellowish areas appear on the body
impetuous adjective
1. likely to act on a sudden idea or wish, without considering the results of your
actions
He's so impetuous - why can't he think things over before he rushes into them?
2. An impetuous word or action is said or done suddenly, without considering the
likely results
The Prime Minister may now be regretting her impetuous promise to reduce
unemployment by half.
impetuously adverb
impetuousness noun [ U ] ( FORMAL ALSO impetuosity )
impetus noun [ S or U ]
something which encourages a particular activity or makes that activity more
energetic or effective
The recent publicity surrounding homelessness has given (a) fresh impetus to
the cause.
impiety noun [ U ]
a lack of respect, especially for God or religion; lack of piety
The church accused him of impiety and had all his writings burned.
impinge verb
impinge on/upon sb/sth phrasal verb
to have an effect on something, often causing problems by limiting it in some way
The government's spending limits will seriously impinge on the education budget.
impious adjective
showing no respect, especially for God or religion
impiously adverb
impiousness noun [ U ]
impish adjective
showing a child's pleasure in being playful and making trouble
At seventy, he still retains his impish grin.
impishly adverb
impishness noun [ U ]
impish adjective
showing a child's pleasure in being playful and making trouble
At seventy, he still retains his impish grin.
impishly adverb
impishness noun [ U ]
implacable adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
describes (someone who has) strong opinions or feelings which are impossible to
change
an implacable enemy
implacable hostility
implacably adverb
implant verb [ T ] OBJECT
1. to put an organ, group of cells, or device into the body in a medical operation
The owner's name and address is stored on a microchip and implanted in the
dog's body.
Compare transplant
implant verb [ T ] IDEA
2. to fix ideas, feelings or opinions in someone else's mind
He implanted some very strange attitudes in his children.
There is much debate on the issue of "therapists" implanting false memories of
sexual abuse in adults.
implant noun [ C ]
an organ, group of cells, or device that has been put into the body in a medical
operation
breast/heart valve implants
implausible adjective
difficult to believe, or unlikely
The whole plot of the film is ridiculously implausible.
implausibly adverb
implausibility noun [ U ]
implement verb [ T ]
to put a plan or system into operation
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
implementation noun [ U ]
implementation of the law/agreement
implement noun [ C ]
a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface
garden/household/agricultural implements
Shopkeepers are not supposed to sell knives and other sharp implements to
children.
implicate verb [ T ]
to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something
bad that has happened
Have they any evidence to implicate him in the robbery?
implicate verb [ T ]
to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something
bad that has happened
Have they any evidence to implicate him in the robbery?
implication noun
1. [ C or U ] when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
[ + that ] From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.
She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too.
2. [ C usually plural ] the effect that an action or decision will have on something
else in the future
The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will
be for our department.
What are the implications of the new law?
3. [ U ] when you suggest or show that someone is involved in a crime
The case depended upon his implication of his co-workers in the fraud.
implicit adjective SUGGESTED
1. suggested but not communicated directly
He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the government.
Implicit in the poem's closing lines are the poet's own religious doubts.
Compare explicit
implicit adjective COMPLETE
2. complete and without any doubts
implicit trust
All her life she had implicit faith in socialism.
implicitly adverb
He trusts her implicitly.
implode verb [ I ]
1. SPECIALIZED to fall towards the inside with force
The vacuum inside the tube caused it to implode when the external air pressure
was increased.
Compare explode
2. to fail suddenly and completely and be unable to operate
Their economy is in danger of imploding.
implosion noun [ C or U ] SPECIALIZED
implore verb
1. [ T + to infinitive ] to ask someone to do or not do something in a very sincere,
emotional and determined way
She implored her parents not to send her away to school.
2. [ T ] LITERARY to ask for something in a sincere and emotional way
She clasped her hands, and glancing upward, seemed to implore divine
assistance.
imploring adjective
He had an imploring look in his eyes.
imploringly adverb
implore verb
1. [ T + to infinitive ] to ask someone to do or not do something in a very sincere,
emotional and determined way
She implored her parents not to send her away to school.
2. [ T ] LITERARY to ask for something in a sincere and emotional way
She clasped her hands, and glancing upward, seemed to implore divine
assistance.
imploring adjective
He had an imploring look in his eyes.
imploringly adverb
imply verb [ T ]
1. to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly
[ + ( that ) ] Are you implying (that) I'm fat?
I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated.
2. FORMAL to involve something or make it necessary
Socialism implies equality.
impolite adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
rude
impolite language/behaviour
It is impolite to point at people.
impolitely adverb
impoliteness noun [ U ]
impolitic adjective FORMAL
describes unwise words or actions which are likely to cause offence or problems,
especially in social situations
I thought it impolitic to ask any questions about her ex-husband.
imponderable noun [ C ] FORMAL
something that cannot be guessed or calculated because it is completely unknown
There are too many imponderables to make an accurate forecast.
imponderable adjective
import verb [ T ]
1. to buy or bring in products from another country
We import a large number of cars from Japan.
Compare export
2. to introduce new goods, customs or ideas to one country from another
The fashion for wearing baseball hats was imported directly from the States.
3. SPECIALIZED to copy information from one computer or computer program to
another
I need to import data from the database into my word processor.
imported files
import noun BRINGING IN
1. [ C ] goods bought by one country from another
restrictions on foreign imports
2. [ U ] ( ALSO importation ) the action of bringing goods or fashions into a country
the illegal importation of drugs
an import licence
import duties
import noun IMPORTANCE
3. [ U ] FORMAL importance or meaning
Whether it is to be a 'working' visit or an 'official' visit is of little/no import.
importance noun [ U ]
the quality of being important
The health report stresses the importance of fresh food in a diet.
She attaches a lot of importance to personal possessions.
importance noun [ U ]
the quality of being important
The health report stresses the importance of fresh food in a diet.
She attaches a lot of importance to personal possessions.
important adjective
1. necessary or of great value
I think his career is more important to him than I am.
It 's important for children to learn to get on with each other.
The important thing is to keep the heat low or the sugar will burn.
He's not amazingly handsome, but he's nice and that's more important.
Opposite unimportant
2. having great effect or influence
He was one of the most important writers of that period.
an important person/decision
importantly adverb
If we served more soft drinks, there would be fewer hangovers and, more
importantly, fewer drink-driving incidents.
importer noun [ C ]
a person, country, or company that buys products from another country in order
to sell them
After the USA, Japan is the second biggest importer of oil.
He is an importer of African foodstuffs.
importunate adjective FORMAL
1. repeatedly asking for something, in a forceful and annoying way
an importunate beggar/crowd
2. An importunate request or question is repeated and forceful in an annoying
way
importunate demands
importune verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to make repeated forceful requests for something, usually in a way that is
annoying or causing slight problems
As a tourist, you are importuned for money the moment you step outside your
hotel.
2. to request sex with someone in return for payment
He was arrested for importuning a young boy outside the station.
impose verb FORCE
1. [ T ] to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
2. [ T ] to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.
impose verb EXPECT
3. [ I ] to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when
they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them
Are you sure it's all right for me to come tonight? I don't want to impose.
She's always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do
things for her.
impose verb FORCE
1. [ T ] to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
2. [ T ] to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.
We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.
impose verb EXPECT
3. [ I ] to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when
they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them
Are you sure it's all right for me to come tonight? I don't want to impose.
She's always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do
things for her.
imposing adjective
having an appearance which looks important or causes admiration
an imposing mansion
He was an imposing figure on stage.
imposition noun EXPECTING
1. [ S ] when someone expects another person to do something that they do not
want to do or that is not convenient for them
Would it be too much of an imposition to ask you to pick my parents up from the
airport?
imposition noun NEW LAW
2. [ U ] the introduction of a new law or system
the imposition of the death penalty/martial law/sanctions
impossible adjective
1. If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achieved
It was impossible to sleep because of the noise.
It seems impossible that I could have walked by without noticing her.
He made it impossible for me to say no.
She ate three plates of spaghetti and a dessert? That's impossible. I don't believe
it!
2. describes a situation which is extremely difficult to deal with or solve
It's an impossible situation - she's got to leave him but she can't bear losing her
children.
3. describes a person who behaves very badly or is extremely difficult to deal with
I had to leave the job because my boss was impossible.
My niece is impossible when she's tired - you can't do anything to please her.
impossibility noun [ C or U ]
What you're asking just can't be done - it's an impossibility.
impossible noun [ S ]
the impossible
something which cannot be expected to happen or exist
She wants a man who is bright, attractive and funny as well, which is asking the
impossible in my opinion.
impossibly adverb
1. extremely or more than is usual
Doctors are being forced to work impossibly long hours.
She has an impossibly thin waist.
2. in a way which cannot happen or be expected to happen
impossibly adverb
1. extremely or more than is usual
Doctors are being forced to work impossibly long hours.
She has an impossibly thin waist.
2. in a way which cannot happen or be expected to happen
impostor , imposter noun [ C ]
a person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others
He felt like an impostor among all those intelligent people, as if he had no right to
be there.
imposture noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
the act of pretending to be someone else in order to deceive others
impotence noun [ U ] LACK OF POWER
1. lack of power to change or improve a situation
political impotence
a sense of impotence
impotence noun [ U ] SEXUAL PROBLEM
2. a medical condition in which a man cannot have sex because his penis cannot
become hard or stay hard
Men sometimes suffer from impotence after a serious illness.
impotent adjective LACKING POWER
1. not having the power or ability to change or improve a situation
You feel so impotent when your child is ill and you cannot help them.
impotent adjective SEXUAL PROBLEM
2. If a man is impotent, he cannot have sex because his penis cannot become
hard or stay hard.
impound verb [ T ]
If the police or someone in authority impounds something that belongs to you,
they take it away because you have broken the law
The police impounded cars and other personal property belonging to the drug
dealers.
The vehicle was impounded by customs.
impoverished adjective FORMAL
1. very poor
She's going out with an impoverished young actor.
2. made weaker or worse in quality
He warned that the breakdown of the family unit would lead to an impoverished
society.
impoverish verb [ T ]
Excessive farming had impoverished the soil.
The new law is likely to further impoverish single parents.
impoverishment noun [ U ] FORMAL
cultural/economic/spiritual impoverishment
impoverished adjective FORMAL
1. very poor
She's going out with an impoverished young actor.
2. made weaker or worse in quality
He warned that the breakdown of the family unit would lead to an impoverished
society.
impoverish verb [ T ]
Excessive farming had impoverished the soil.
The new law is likely to further impoverish single parents.
impoverishment noun [ U ] FORMAL
cultural/economic/spiritual impoverishment
impracticable adjective
If a course of action, plan, etc. is impracticable, it is impossible to do in an
effective way
The changes to the tax system proved impracticable as they were impossible to
enforce.
impractical adjective
1. Impractical people are not naturally good at doing useful jobs such as making
or repairing things.
2. Impractical arrangements, ideas or methods cannot be done or used easily or
effectively
It's impractical to have so many people all trying to use this equipment at the
same time.
3. Impractical clothes, devices, etc. cause problems when used in normal
situations
I love high heels but they're rather impractical.
imprecation noun [ C ] FORMAL
a swear word
The old woman walked along the street muttering imprecations.
imprecise adjective
not accurate or exact
The figures are imprecise because they're based on a prediction of next year's
sales.
imprecision noun [ U ]
impregnable adjective
1. A building or other place that is impregnable is so strongly built and/or
defended that it cannot be entered by force
Despite burglar alarms and window locks, homes are never impregnable against
determined thieves.
2. MAINLY UK powerful and impossible to beat, especially in sport
Surrey have been building up an impregnable lead in this season's County
Championship.
impregnate verb [ T ] ABSORB
1. FORMAL to cause something, usually a solid substance, to absorb something,
usually a liquid
This cloth has been impregnated with special chemicals for cleaning computer
screens.
impregnate verb [ T ] MAKE PREGNANT
2. SPECIALIZED to make a woman or female animal pregnant
impresario noun [ C ]
a person who arranges different types of public entertainment, such as theatre,
musical and dance events
London's leading theatrical impresario
impresario noun [ C ]
a person who arranges different types of public entertainment, such as theatre,
musical and dance events
London's leading theatrical impresario
impress verb [ I or T not continuous ]
to cause someone to admire or respect you because of something that you have
done or said
I remember when I was a child being very impressed with how many toys she
had.
Your mother was clearly not impressed by our behaviour in the restaurant.
He tried to impress me with his extensive knowledge of wine.
FORMAL I'm afraid the new theatre fails to impress.
impress sth on/upon sb phrasal verb
to make someone understand or be familiar with the importance or value of
something
Mr Simmons tried to impress on me how much easier my life would be if I were
better organized.
impression noun OPINION
1. [ C ] an idea or opinion of what something is like
I didn't get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we
drove through it.
What was your impression of Charlotte's husband?
I don't tend to trust first impressions (= the opinion you form when you meet
someone or see something for the first time) .
[ + that ] When I first met him I got/had the impression that he was a shy sort
of a bloke.
2. be under the impression
to think or understand a particular stated thing
I was under the impression (that) you didn't get on too well.
He was under the mistaken (= false) impression (that) you were married.
impression noun EFFECT
3. [ S ] the way that something seems, looks or feels to a particular person
It makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview.
[ + ( that ) ] He likes to give the impression (that) he's terribly popular and has
loads of friends.
impression noun COPY
4. [ C ] an attempt at copying another person's manner and speech, etc. or an
animal's behaviour, especially in order to make people laugh
She does a really good impression of the president.
impression noun MARK
5. [ C ] a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object onto it
There were impressions round her ankles made by the tops of her socks.
impression noun BOOKS
6. [ C usually singular ] ( US ALSO printing ) all the copies of a book that have
been printed at the same time without any changes being made
This is the second impression of the encyclopedia.
make an impression on sb
to cause someone to notice and admire you
He made quite an impression on the girls at the tennis club.
impressionable adjective OFTEN DISAPPROVING
describes someone, usually a young person, who is very easily influenced by the
people around them and by what they are told, and who sometimes copies other
people's behaviour
He's at that impressionable age when he's very easily led by other children.
impressionable adjective OFTEN DISAPPROVING
describes someone, usually a young person, who is very easily influenced by the
people around them and by what they are told, and who sometimes copies other
people's behaviour
He's at that impressionable age when he's very easily led by other children.
Impressionism noun [ U ]
a style of painting, which began in France in the 1860s, in which the artist tries to
represent the effects of light on an object, person, area of countryside, etc.
Impressionist noun [ C ]
an artist who paints in the style of Impressionism
Monet is one of the great Impressionists.
Impressionist adjective
relating to Impressionism
Impressionist paintings
an Impressionist painter/style
impressionist noun [ C ]
a person who copies other people's manner and speech in order to entertain other
people and make them laugh
impressionistic adjective
giving a general view or representation of something instead of particular details
or facts
The new play at the Youth Theatre is an impressionistic view of life in the fifties.
impressive adjective
1. If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually
because it is special, important or very large
That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.
an impressive collection of modern paintings
There are some very impressive buildings in the town.
Opposite unimpressive
2. An impressive person causes you to admire or respect them for their special
skills or abilities
She's a very impressive public speaker.
impressively adverb
imprimatur noun [ S ] FORMAL
official permission to do something that is given by a person or group in a position
of power
When he suspended the constitution and dissolved Congress, he had the i imprimatur
noun [ S ] FORMAL
official permission to do something that is given by a person or group in a position

of power
When he suspended the constitution and dissolved Congress, he had the

imprimatur of the armed forces.
imprint verb [ T ]
1. to mark a surface by pressing something hard into it
2. to fix an event or experience so firmly in the memory that it cannot be

forgotten although you do not try to remember it
That look of grief would be imprinted on her mind forever.
imprint noun BOOK
1. [ C ] the name of a publisher (= a company that produces books) as it appears

on a particular set of books
imprint noun MARK
2. [ C usually singular ] when an object presses on something and leaves a mark
The button had left an imprint on my arm.
3. [ S ] when an event or experience becomes fixed in someone's memory or

leaves its mark in some way on their appearance
War has left its imprint on the strained faces of these people.
imprison verb [ T usually passive ]
to put someone in prison
He was imprisoned in 1965 for attempted murder.
FIGURATIVE Unable to go out because of the deep snow, she felt imprisoned in her
own house.
imprisonment noun [ C or U ]
She was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
improbable adjective
not likely to happen or be true
It 's highly improbable that Norris will agree.
an improbable-sounding excuse
improbably adverb
improbably cheap prices
improbably large/long
improbability noun [ C or U ]
impromptu adjective
done or said without earlier planning or preparation
an impromptu party/performance
mprimatur of the armed forces.
impromptu adjective
done or said without earlier planning or preparation
an impromptu party/performance
improper adjective DISHONEST
1. FORMAL dishonest and against a law or a rule
The governor has denied making improper use of state money.
improper adjective WRONG
2. SLIGHTLY FORMAL unsuitable or not correct for a particular use or occasion
improper prescription of medicines
Is it considered improper to wear such a short skirt to a formal occasion?
improper adjective RUDE
3. related to sex in a way that is rude or socially unacceptable
I trust you're not making improper suggestions to my husband!
improperly adverb FORMAL
im ˌ proper ˈ fraction noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a fraction in which the number below the line is smaller than the number above it
3 2 is an improper fraction.
impropriety noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
behaviour that is dishonest, socially unacceptable, or unsuitable for a particular
situation
financial/legal impropriety
allegations of sexual impropriety
improve verb [ I or T ]
to (cause something to) get better
He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers.
I thought the best way to improve my French was to live in France.
Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this new diet.
improve on/upon sth phrasal verb
to do something in a better way or with better results than before
Last time she ran the race in twenty minutes, so she's hoping to improve on that.
improvement noun [ C or U ]
when something gets better or when you make it better
a slight improvement in the economy
home improvements
These white walls are a big improvement on that disgusting old wallpaper.
He's been having treatment for two months now without any improvement.
home improvements
improver noun [ C ]
someone who is becoming better at a skill
We run swimming classes for improvers.
improvident adjective FORMAL
spending money in a way that is not sensible, and/or not planning carefully for
the future
improvidence noun [ U ]
improvisation noun [ C or U ]
1. a performance which an actor, musician, etc. has not practiced or planned
a blues/jazz improvisation
There are classes in movement, dance and improvisation.
2. when you make or do something with whatever is available at the time
I'm afraid we don't have all the necessary equipment, so a little improvisation
might be required.
improvise verb [ I or T ]
1. to invent or make something, such as a speech or a device, at the time when it
is needed without already having planned it
I hadn't prepared a speech so I suddenly had to improvise.
To sleep on, we improvised a mattress from a pile of blankets.
2. When actors or musicians improvise, they perform without fixed speech or
music, making it up as they perform it
During certain scenes of the play there isn't any script and the actors just
improvise (the dialogue).
imprudent adjective FORMAL
unwise, by failing to consider the likely results of your actions
The report criticizes the banks for being imprudent in their lending.
imprudence noun [ U ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL
impudent adjective
rude and not respectful, especially towards someone who is older or in a more
important position
an impudent remark/child
impudence noun [ U ]
home improvements
improver noun [ C ]
the future
might be required.
impudent adjective
important position
impugn verb [ T ] FORMAL
to cause people to doubt someone's character, qualities or reputation by criticizing
them
Are you impugning my competence as a professional designer?
impulse noun WISH
1. [ C + to infinitive ] a sudden strong wish to do something
I had this sudden impulse to shout out "Rubbish!" in the middle of her speech.
2. on (an) impulse
because you suddenly want to, although you haven't planned to
"I didn't know you were looking for some new shoes." "Oh, I wasn't - I just
bought them on impulse."
impulse noun SIGNAL
3. [ C ] a short electrical, radio or light signal which carries information or
instructions between the parts of a system
an electrical/nerve impulse
impulse noun REASON
4. [ C usually singular ] FORMAL something that is the force behind or reason for
something else
a creative/commercial impulse
ˈ impulse ˌ buying noun [ U ]
when you buy something that you had not planned to buy, because you suddenly
want it when you see it
They display chocolates next to supermarket checkouts to encourage impulse
buying.
impulse buy noun [ C ]
something that you buy suddenly and without thinking carefully
I hadn't intended to get one - it was an impulse buy.
home improvements
improver noun [ C ]
the future
might be required.
impudent adjective
important position
impugn verb [ T ] FORMAL
to cause people to doubt someone's character, qualities or reputation by criticizing
them
Are you impugning my competence as a professional designer?
impulse noun WISH
1. [ C + to infinitive ] a sudden strong wish to do something
I had this sudden impulse to shout out "Rubbish!" in the middle of her speech.
2. on (an) impulse
because you suddenly want to, although you haven't planned to
"I didn't know you were looking for some new shoes." "Oh, I wasn't - I just
bought them on impulse."
impulse noun SIGNAL
3. [ C ] a short electrical, radio or light signal which carries information or
instructions between the parts of a system
an electrical/nerve impulse
impulse noun REASON
4. [ C usually singular ] FORMAL something that is the force behind or reason for
something else
a creative/commercial impulse
ˈ impulse ˌ buying noun [ U ]
when you buy something that you had not planned to buy, because you suddenly
want it when you see it
They display chocolates next to supermarket checkouts to encourage impulse
buying.
impulse buy noun [ C ]
something that you buy suddenly and without thinking carefully
I hadn't intended to get one - it was an impulse buy.
impulsive adjective
showing behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any planning and
without considering the effects they may have
Don't be so impulsive - think before you act.
an impulsive man/decision/gesture
impulsively adverb
impunity noun [ U ]
freedom from punishment or from the unpleasant results of something that has
been done
Criminal gangs are terrorizing the city with apparent impunity.
impure adjective MIXED
1. mixed with other substances and therefore lower in quality
impure heroin/gold
impure adjective BAD
2. LITERARY OR HUMOROUS involving sexual thoughts or behaviour that are wrong or
not moral
She was accused of having impure thoughts about her male students.
impurity noun MIXED
1. [ C or U ] when a substance is mixed with another substance and makes it dirty
or lower in quality
Impurities are removed from the blood by the kidneys.
The impurity of the water is a health risk.
impurity noun BAD
2. [ U ] LITERARY OR HUMOROUS sexual thoughts or behaviour that are wrong or not
moral
impurity noun MIXED
or lower in quality
impurity noun BAD
moral
impute verb
impute sth to sb phrasal verb ACCUSE
1. FORMAL to say that someone is responsible for something that has happened, or
that something is the cause of something else
They imputed the error to the lawyer who was handling her case.
impute sth to sb phrasal verb BELIEVE
2. FORMAL to believe that someone or something has a particular characteristic,
quality or meaning
He arrogantly imputed stupidity to anyone who disagreed with him.
imputation noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
imputations of dishonesty
in preposition INSIDE
1. inside or towards the inside of a container, place or area, or surrounded or
closed off by something
Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it.
Is Mark still in bed?
I got stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour.
They live in a charming old cottage.
How much is that coat on display in the window (= in the space behind the
window of the shop) ?
I've got a pain in my back.
What's that in your hand?
I've got something in (= on the surface of) my eye.
They used to live in Paris, but now they're somewhere in Austria.
He's always looking at himself in the mirror (= at the image of his face produced
by the mirror) .
I never know what's going on in her head (= what she's thinking about) .
My daughter's UK in hospital/ US in the hospital having her tonsils out.
US Is Erika still in school (= does she still go to school) ?
in preposition INTO
2. into something
Come on, we're late - get in the car.
Put it in the cupboard.
They threw him in the swimming pool.
in preposition PART
3. forming a part of something
He used to be the lead singer in a rock 'n' roll band.
There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay.
I've been waiting in this queue for ages.
What do you look for in a relationship?
I can see a future champion in Joely (= I think that Joely might become a
champion) .
Talent like hers is rare in someone so young.
in preposition DURING
4. during part or all of a period of time
We're going to Italy in April.
Some trees lose their leaves in (the) autumn.
I started working here in 1991.
Life in the 19th century was very different from what it is now.
Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning) .
She was a brilliant gymnast in her youth (= when she was young) .
How many civilians died in the Vietnam War?
This is the first cigarette I've had in three years.
I haven't had a decent night's sleep in years/ages (= for a long time) .
5. in between
between the two times mentioned
I have breakfast at 7.30, lunch at 1 o'clock and sometimes a snack in between.
in preposition NO MORE THAN
6. needing or using no more time than a particular amount of time
Can you finish the job in two weeks?
She could get that essay done in a couple of hours if she really tried.
They completed the journey in record time (= faster than ever done before) .
in preposition BEFORE THE END
7. before or at the end of a particular period
Dinner will be ready in ten minutes.
We'll all be dead in a hundred years so there's no point worrying about it.
I'm just setting off, so I should be with you in half an hour.
in preposition EXPERIENCING
8. experiencing a situation or condition, or feeling an emotion
We watched in horror as they pulled the bodies from the wreckage.
He's living in luxury in the south of France.
She left in a bit of a hurry.
You're in great danger.
Could I have a word with you in private?
Have you ever been in love?
Your car's in very good condition, considering how old it is.
in preposition EXPRESSED
9. expressed or written in a particular way
Cheques should be written in ink.
She usually paints in watercolour.
They spoke in Russian the whole time.
He always talks in a whisper.
in preposition RESULT
10. used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else
I'd like to do something for you in return / exchange for everything you've done
for me.
The changes are in response to demand from our customers.
He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions.
in preposition ARRANGEMENT
11. used to show how things or people are arranged or divided
We all sat down in a circle.
The desks were arranged in rows of ten.
Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups.
Sometimes customers buy books in twos and threes, but rarely in larger
quantities than that.
Cut the potatoes in two.
People are dying in their thousands from typhoid, cold and starvation.
in preposition AGE/TEMPERATURE
12. used when referring approximately to someone's age or the weather
temperature
Nowadays many women are in their late thirties when they have their first child.
Temperatures will be in the mid-twenties (= about 25 degrees) .
in preposition INVOLVED
13. involved or connected with a particular subject or activity
I never knew you were in publishing.
a degree in philosophy
advances in medical science
in preposition WEARING
14. wearing
Do you recognize that man in the grey suit?
Pat can't resist men in uniform.
You look nice in green (= green clothes) .
in preposition COMPARING AMOUNTS
15. used to compare one part of an amount of something with the total amount of
it
Apparently one in ten people/one person in ten has problems with reading.
UK The basic rate of income tax is 25 pence in ( US on ) the pound.
in preposition CHARACTERISTIC
16. used to show which characteristic or part of a person or thing is being
described
The new version is worse in every respect - I much preferred the original.
Are the two bags equal in weight?
She's deaf in her left ear.
in preposition CAUSE
17. [ + -ing verb ] used to show when doing one thing is the cause of another
thing happening
In refus ing (= Because she refused) to work abroad, she missed an excellent job
opportunity.
The government banned tobacco advertising and, in doing so (= because of this)
, contributed greatly to the nation's health.
18. in that FORMAL
because
This research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and
alcohol.
be nothing/not much/very little in it INFORMAL
said when two things that are being compared are the same or very similar
One house has a slightly bigger garden, but there's really not much in it.
in all
with everything added together to make a total
The bill came to £25 in all.
in all honesty/seriousness/truthfulness
said when expressing your opinion honestly, seriously or truthfully
In all honesty, I do have some criticisms to make.
in adverb FROM OUTSIDE
1. from outside, or towards the centre
Could you bring the clothes in for me?
The roof of their house caved in during a hurricane.
Cut the pastry into a square and turn in the corners.
2. be in and out of somewhere INFORMAL
to often be staying in and receiving treatment in a particular place
She's been in and out of hospitals ever since the accident.
in adverb AT PLACE
3. at home or at work
When did you get home? I never heard you come in.
Mr Ellis isn't in this week.
in adverb INSIDE
4. within an object, area or substance
We've been shut in all day.
Has the soup got any salt in?
in adverb TRANSPORT
5. having arrived at the place where people can get on or off
What time is Roz's flight due in?
in adverb GIVEN
6. given or sent to someone official in order to be read
When does your essay have to be in?
Remember to get your application in by the end of the week.
in adverb COAST
7. towards the coast, beach or harbour
The tide comes in very quickly here and you can soon find yourself stranded.
We stood watching the ship come in.
in adverb COMPLETION
8. used to refer to an activity which makes something complete
Just pencil in the answer unless you're sure it's correct.
The text is finished, but the pictures will have to be pasted in later.
UK Would you mind filling in a questionnaire about what you watch on television?
in adverb SPORT
9. If the ball is in during a game of tennis or a similar sport, it has not gone
outside the edges of the area on which the game is played
I won that point, I'm telling you! The ball was definitely in!
10. taking your turn to play, especially taking your turn to hit the ball
Who's in next for our team?
It started to rain just as our team was going in to bat.
be/get in with sb
to be or become popular or friendly with someone
He's trying to get in with the teachers.
in on sth
involved with or knowing about a particular activity or plan
He seems to be in on everything that happens at work.
She's trying to get in on a research project organised by the university.
be well in there UK INFORMAL
to be likely to experience something good because of a situation you are in
She's well in there now that she's married her boss's son.
in adjective INFORMAL
fashionable or popular
High heels are in this season.
The new jazz club seems to be the in place to go at the moment.
-in suffix
used to form a noun which describes an activity in which many people take part
a sit-in/phone-in
impurity noun MIXED
or lower in quality
impurity noun BAD
moral
impute verb
impute sth to sb phrasal verb ACCUSE
1. FORMAL to say that someone is responsible for something that has happened, or
that something is the cause of something else
They imputed the error to the lawyer who was handling her case.
impute sth to sb phrasal verb BELIEVE
2. FORMAL to believe that someone or something has a particular characteristic,
quality or meaning
He arrogantly imputed stupidity to anyone who disagreed with him.
imputation noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
imputations of dishonesty
in preposition INSIDE
1. inside or towards the inside of a container, place or area, or surrounded or
closed off by something
Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it.
Is Mark still in bed?
I got stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour.
They live in a charming old cottage.
How much is that coat on display in the window (= in the space behind the
window of the shop) ?
I've got a pain in my back.
What's that in your hand?
I've got something in (= on the surface of) my eye.
They used to live in Paris, but now they're somewhere in Austria.
He's always looking at himself in the mirror (= at the image of his face produced
by the mirror) .
I never know what's going on in her head (= what she's thinking about) .
My daughter's UK in hospital/ US in the hospital having her tonsils out.
US Is Erika still in school (= does she still go to school) ?
in preposition INTO
2. into something
Come on, we're late - get in the car.
Put it in the cupboard.
They threw him in the swimming pool.
in preposition PART
3. forming a part of something
He used to be the lead singer in a rock 'n' roll band.
There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay.
I've been waiting in this queue for ages.
What do you look for in a relationship?
I can see a future champion in Joely (= I think that Joely might become a
champion) .
Talent like hers is rare in someone so young.
in preposition DURING
4. during part or all of a period of time
We're going to Italy in April.
Some trees lose their leaves in (the) autumn.
I started working here in 1991.
Life in the 19th century was very different from what it is now.
Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning) .
She was a brilliant gymnast in her youth (= when she was young) .
How many civilians died in the Vietnam War?
This is the first cigarette I've had in three years.
I haven't had a decent night's sleep in years/ages (= for a long time) .
5. in between
between the two times mentioned
I have breakfast at 7.30, lunch at 1 o'clock and sometimes a snack in between.
in preposition NO MORE THAN
6. needing or using no more time than a particular amount of time
Can you finish the job in two weeks?
She could get that essay done in a couple of hours if she really tried.
They completed the journey in record time (= faster than ever done before) .
in preposition BEFORE THE END
7. before or at the end of a particular period
Dinner will be ready in ten minutes.
We'll all be dead in a hundred years so there's no point worrying about it.
I'm just setting off, so I should be with you in half an hour.
in preposition EXPERIENCING
8. experiencing a situation or condition, or feeling an emotion
We watched in horror as they pulled the bodies from the wreckage.
He's living in luxury in the south of France.
She left in a bit of a hurry.
You're in great danger.
Could I have a word with you in private?
Have you ever been in love?
Your car's in very good condition, considering how old it is.
in preposition EXPRESSED
9. expressed or written in a particular way
Cheques should be written in ink.
She usually paints in watercolour.
They spoke in Russian the whole time.
He always talks in a whisper.
in preposition RESULT
10. used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else
I'd like to do something for you in return / exchange for everything you've done
for me.
The changes are in response to demand from our customers.
He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions.
in preposition ARRANGEMENT
11. used to show how things or people are arranged or divided
We all sat down in a circle.
The desks were arranged in rows of ten.
Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups.
Sometimes customers buy books in twos and threes, but rarely in larger
quantities than that.
Cut the potatoes in two.
People are dying in their thousands from typhoid, cold and starvation.
in preposition AGE/TEMPERATURE
12. used when referring approximately to someone's age or the weather
temperature
Nowadays many women are in their late thirties when they have their first child.
Temperatures will be in the mid-twenties (= about 25 degrees) .
in preposition INVOLVED
13. involved or connected with a particular subject or activity
I never knew you were in publishing.
a degree in philosophy
advances in medical science
in preposition WEARING
14. wearing
Do you recognize that man in the grey suit?
Pat can't resist men in uniform.
You look nice in green (= green clothes) .
in preposition COMPARING AMOUNTS
15. used to compare one part of an amount of something with the total amount of
it
Apparently one in ten people/one person in ten has problems with reading.
UK The basic rate of income tax is 25 pence in ( US on ) the pound.
in preposition CHARACTERISTIC
16. used to show which characteristic or part of a person or thing is being
described
The new version is worse in every respect - I much preferred the original.
Are the two bags equal in weight?
She's deaf in her left ear.
in preposition CAUSE
17. [ + -ing verb ] used to show when doing one thing is the cause of another
thing happening
In refus ing (= Because she refused) to work abroad, she missed an excellent job
opportunity.
The government banned tobacco advertising and, in doing so (= because of this)
, contributed greatly to the nation's health.
18. in that FORMAL
because
This research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and
alcohol.
be nothing/not much/very little in it INFORMAL
said when two things that are being compared are the same or very similar
One house has a slightly bigger garden, but there's really not much in it.
in all
with everything added together to make a total
The bill came to £25 in all.
in all honesty/seriousness/truthfulness
said when expressing your opinion honestly, seriously or truthfully
In all honesty, I do have some criticisms to make.
in adverb FROM OUTSIDE
1. from outside, or towards the centre
Could you bring the clothes in for me?
The roof of their house caved in during a hurricane.
Cut the pastry into a square and turn in the corners.
2. be in and out of somewhere INFORMAL
to often be staying in and receiving treatment in a particular place
She's been in and out of hospitals ever since the accident.
in adverb AT PLACE
3. at home or at work
When did you get home? I never heard you come in.
Mr Ellis isn't in this week.
in adverb INSIDE
4. within an object, area or substance
We've been shut in all day.
Has the soup got any salt in?
in adverb TRANSPORT
5. having arrived at the place where people can get on or off
What time is Roz's flight due in?
in adverb GIVEN
6. given or sent to someone official in order to be read
When does your essay have to be in?
Remember to get your application in by the end of the week.
in adverb COAST
7. towards the coast, beach or harbour
The tide comes in very quickly here and you can soon find yourself stranded.
We stood watching the ship come in.
in adverb COMPLETION
8. used to refer to an activity which makes something complete
Just pencil in the answer unless you're sure it's correct.
The text is finished, but the pictures will have to be pasted in later.
UK Would you mind filling in a questionnaire about what you watch on television?
in adverb SPORT
9. If the ball is in during a game of tennis or a similar sport, it has not gone
outside the edges of the area on which the game is played
I won that point, I'm telling you! The ball was definitely in!
10. taking your turn to play, especially taking your turn to hit the ball
Who's in next for our team?
It started to rain just as our team was going in to bat.
be/get in with sb
to be or become popular or friendly with someone
He's trying to get in with the teachers.
in on sth
involved with or knowing about a particular activity or plan
He seems to be in on everything that happens at work.
She's trying to get in on a research project organised by the university.
be well in there UK INFORMAL
to be likely to experience something good because of a situation you are in
She's well in there now that she's married her boss's son.
in adjective INFORMAL
fashionable or popular
High heels are in this season.
The new jazz club seems to be the in place to go at the moment.
-in suffix
used to form a noun which describes an activity in which many people take part
a sit-in/phone-in
in- , BEFORE L il- , BEFORE B, M OR P im- , BEFORE R ir- prefix
used to add the meaning 'not', ' lacking ', or 'the opposite of' to adjectives and to
words formed from adjectives
incomplete/incompletely
illegal/illegally
impossible/impossibly
irregular/irregularly
Compare dis- ; non- ; un-
inability noun [ S or U ]
lack of ability to do something
[ + to infinitive ] Inability to use a computer is a serious disadvantage when you
are applying for jobs.
Compare disability
in absentia , adverb FORMAL
while the person involved is not present
An Italian court convicted him in absentia for his terrorist activities.
inaccessible adjective PLACE
1. very difficult or impossible to travel to
one of the most inaccessible places in the world
Some of the houses on the hillside are inaccessible to cars.
inaccessible adjective MEANING
2. difficult to understand or admire
Why is opera so inaccessible to so many people?
I found his lecture completely inaccessible.
inaccessibility noun [ U ]
inaccuracy noun [ C or U ]
when a fact or measurement is not completely correct or exact
The film is full of historical inaccuracies.
The inaccuracy of the missiles greatly diminishes their effectiveness.
inaccurate adjective
not completely correct or exact, or not able to do something correctly or exactly
Their estimate of the cost of the project was wildly (= extremely) inaccurate.
an inaccurate device/weapon
inaccurately adverb
inaction noun [ U ] FORMAL
failure to do anything which might provide a solution to a problem
The West's inaction has put millions of people at risk of starvation.
This announcement follows months of inaction and delay.
inactive adjective
doing nothing
It's bad for your health to be physically inactive.
The property market remains largely inactive.
inactivity noun [ U ]
a period of inactivity
economic/physical inactivity
inadequacy noun
1. [ C or U ] when something is not good enough or too small in amount
Economic growth is hindered by the inadequacies of the public transport system.
The inadequacy of the budget is likely to cause problems.
2. [ U ] a lack of confidence which makes you feel unable to deal with a situation
I always suffer from feelings of inadequacy when I'm with him.
inadequate adjective
1. not good enough or too low in quality
This work is woefully (= extremely) inadequate - you'll have to do it again.
2. too small in amount
She rejected the $2 million offer as totally inadequate.
3. not confident enough to deal with a situation
Maddie's a real expert on art, so I feel completely inadequate whenever I talk to
her about it.
inadequately adverb
Our scientific research is inadequately funded.
inadmissible adjective FORMAL
unable to be accepted in a law court
Her confession was ruled inadmissible as evidence because it was given under
pressure from the police.
inadvertently adverb
not intentionally
He inadvertently deleted the file.
inadvertent adjective
All authors need to be wary of inadvertent copying of other people's ideas.
inadvertence noun [ U ]
inadvisable adjective
unwise and likely to have unwanted results and therefore worth avoiding
Skiing is inadvisable if you have a weak heart.
It is inadvisable to generalize from the results of a single experiment.
inalienable adjective FORMAL
unable to be removed
an inalienable right
inamorata , , noun [ C usually singular ] LITERARY
a woman someone is in love with
He's had a tattoo with the name of a former lover removed, to avoid hurting the
feelings of his current inamorata.
inane adjective
extremely silly or with no real meaning or importance
He's always making inane remarks.
There are too many inane quiz shows on television these days.
inanely adverb
He grinned inanely.
inanity noun [ C or U ]
His speech was full of inanities that were meant to be funny.
I was amazed at the inanity of her comments.
inanimate adjective
having none of the characteristics of life that an animal or plant has
He looks at me as if I'm an inanimate object .
inapplicable adjective
not directed at, intended for, or suitable for someone or something
These regulations are inapplicable to visitors from outside the European
Community.
inappropriate adjective
unsuitable
His casual behaviour was wholly inappropriate for such a formal occasion.
I think it would be inappropriate ( for you) to invite her to a party so soon after
her husband's death.
inappropriately adverb
inappropriateness noun [ U ]
inapt adjective
not suitable for the situation
His comments were perhaps inapt.
inarticulate adjective
unable to express feelings or ideas clearly, or expressed in a way that is difficult
to understand
When it comes to expressing their emotions, most men are hopelessly
inarticulate.
His speech was inarticulate and it was obvious he had been drinking.
inarticulately adverb
inarticulacy noun [ U ] ( ALSO inarticulateness )
inasmuch as conjunction FORMAL
used to introduce a phrase which explains why or how much something described
in another part of the sentence is true
Inasmuch as you are their commanding officer, you are responsible for the
behaviour of these men.
inattention noun [ U ]
failure to give attention
Her disappointing exam results are entirely due to her inattention in class.
inattentive adjective DISAPPROVING
not giving attention to someone or something
He was wholly inattentive to the needs of his children.
inattentively adverb
inaudible adjective
unable to be heard
The noise of the machinery made her voice inaudible.
inaudibly adverb
inaudibility noun [ U ]
inaugural adjective [ before noun ] ,
1. an inaugural speech is the first speech someone gives when starting an
important new job
the President's inaugural address to the nation
2. an inaugural event is the first in a series of planned events
the inaugural meeting of the archaeological society
inaugurate verb [ T ]
1. to put someone into an official position with a ceremony
American presidents are always inaugurated on January 20th.
2. to put something into use or action officially
The European Community inaugurated the Single European Market in 1993.
3. to mark the beginning of a new period, style or activity
The change of government inaugurated a new era of economic prosperity.
inauguration noun [ C or U ]
an inauguration ceremony
Inaugur ˈ ation ˌ Day noun [ C usually singular ]
in the United States, the day when a person officially becomes President in a
special ceremony and takes responsibility from the previous President
inauspicious adjective FORMAL
showing signs that something will not be successful or positive
After an inauspicious start , Scotland went on to win the match.
inauspiciously adverb
in-between adjective [ before noun ]
between two definite or accepted stages or states, and therefore difficult to
describe or know exactly
He knows quite a lot of French, but he's at an in-between stage and not fluent
yet.
inborn , adjective
describes a mental or physical characteristic that someone has from birth
Apparently some people have an inborn tendency to develop certain kinds of
tumour.
She seems to have an inborn talent for physics.
inbound adjective
travelling towards a particular point
We expect delays to both inbound and outbound trains.
in-box noun [ C ]
1. a place on a computer where email messages which are sent to you are kept
2. US FOR in-tray
inbred adjective ESTABLISHED
1. describes a quality or characteristic firmly established in a person
an inbred sense of right and wrong
inbred racism
inbred adjective RELATED
2. produced by breeding between closely related plants, animals or people
an inbred population/family/strain
inbreeding noun [ U ]
when plants, animals or people are produced by breeding between closely related
plants, animals, or people
the dangers/effects of inbreeding
in-built adjective MAINLY UK ( US USUALLY built-in )
describes something that is an original part of something or someone which
cannot be separated from them
an in-built advantage/problem
Inc. adjective [ after noun ]
ABBREVIATION FOR incorporated: used in the names of US companies that are legally
established
Bishop Computer Services, Inc.
incalculable adjective
extremely large and therefore unable to be measured
The ecological consequences of a nuclear war are incalculable.
incalculably adverb
ˌ in ˈ camera adverb LEGAL
in private, without the public, newspaper reporters , etc. being there
The trial was held in camera because the accused was only 14 years old.
incandescent adjective LIGHT
1. producing a bright light from a heated filament or other part
an incandescent lamp
2. LITERARY extremely bright
The mountain's snow-white peak was incandescent against the blue sky.
incandescent adjective QUALITY
3. showing extreme anger or happiness
He was incandescent with rage .
Her beauty had an incandescent quality to it.
4. extremely good, special or skilled
an incandescent performance/career
incandescence noun [ U ]
incantation noun [ C or U ]
(the performance of) words that are believed to have a magical effect when
spoken or sung
Around the fire, tribal elders chanted incantations.
incapable adjective
unable to do something
He seems incapable of walk ing past a music shop without going in and buying
another CD.
I think she's incapable of love.
incapacitate verb [ T often passive ]
to make someone unable to work or do things normally, or unable to do what
they intended to do
The accident left me incapacitated for seven months.
Rubber bullets are designed to incapacitate people rather than kill them.
incapacitating adjective
Extreme shyness can be very incapacitating.
incapacity noun [ U ]
when you are unable to do something because you do not have the ability or you
are too weak
[ + to infinitive ] the incapacity of the police to limit the rise in crime
incarcerate verb [ T ]
1. FORMAL to put or keep someone in prison or in a place used as a prison
Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or incarcerated.
2. to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it
We were incarcerated in that broken elevator for four hours.
incarceration noun [ U ]
incarnate adjective [ after noun ]
in human form
One survivor described his torturers as devils incarnate.
incarnation noun
1. [ C ] a particular life, in religions that believe that we have many lives
He believes that he was a Roman warrior in a previous incarnation.
Compare reincarnation
2. [ C ] a particular physical form or condition of something or someone that is
changing or developing
This film is the latest incarnation of a fairy tale that dates back to the Middle
Ages.
3. the incarnation of sth
an extreme example, in human form, of a particular characteristic or type of
behaviour
He was the incarnation of evil (= was extremely evil) .
She's the incarnation of everything I hate about politics.
4. [ U ] the appearance of a god as a human
incautious adjective FORMAL
not showing or giving careful thought to the possible results
Bill and Sandra haven't spoken to each other since he made an incautious
remark about her husband's drinking problem.
incautiously adverb
incendiary adjective FIRE
1. [ before noun ] designed to cause fires
an incendiary bomb/device
incendiary adjective CAUSING ANGER
2. likely to cause violence or strong feelings of anger
incendiary remarks
incense noun [ U ]
a substance that is burnt to produce a sweet smell, especially as part of a
religious ceremony
an incense burner/stick
incense verb [ T usually passive ]
to cause someone to be extremely angry
The editor said a lot of readers would be incensed by my article on abortion.
I was so incensed by what he was saying I had to walk out.
incensed adjective
extremely angry
The villagers are incensed at the decision to close the railway station.
incentive noun [ C or U ]
something which encourages a person to do something
Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest
more of their income.
[ + to infinitive ] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home
when public transport remains so expensive.
Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder.
incentivize , UK USUALLY incentivise verb [ T ]
to make someone want to do something
We need to incentivize our sales managers to achieve these targets.
inception noun [ S ]
the beginning of an organization or official activity
Since its inception in 1968, the company has been at the forefront of computer
development.
incessant adjective
never stopping, especially in an annoying or unpleasant way
incessant rain/noise/complaints
incessantly adverb
She talked incessantly about the most trivial things.
incest noun [ U ]
sexual activity involving people who are closely related and not legally allowed to
marry
a victim of incest
incestuous adjective
1. involving incest
The film is about Auteil's incestuous love for his sister.
2. DISAPPROVING involving only a close or limited group of people, who do not
communicate or do business with people outside the group
Journalists and politicians often have a rather incestuous relationship .
incestuously adverb
incestuousness noun [ U ]
inch noun [ C ]
a unit used for measuring length, which is approximately equal to 2.54
centimetres, sometimes shown by the symbol ″
Twelve inches are equal to one foot.
He had a cut an inch long above his left eye.
The snow was six inches deep in some places.
a piece of wood 2″ by 2″
by inches
very closely or only just
The car skidded and I avoided the dog by inches (= I very nearly hit the dog) .
come within an inch of sth
to very nearly do something, especially something dangerous or exciting
I came within an inch of losing my life on the rocks below.
every inch
exactly like
She looked every inch a vampire in her costume.
every inch of sth/somewhere
all of a thing or place
Every inch of her bedroom wall is covered with photos of pop stars.
inch by inch
in great detail and in many very small stages
Detectives searched the area around the murder scene inch by inch.
not give/budge/move an inch
to not change your opinion
She's definite that she wants to do it, and she'll not give an inch, however hard
you try to persuade her.
Give someone an inch and they'll take a mile. SAYING
said about someone who has been given a small amount of power or freedom to
do something, and then has tried to get a lot more
inch verb [ I or T + adv/prep ]
to move very slowly or in a lot of short stages
We are inching towards an agreement.
Share prices inched up/higher during the day.
Residents watched the flames inch closer and closer.
inchoate adjective LITERARY
only recently or partly formed, or not completely developed or clear
She had a child's inchoate awareness of language.
incidence noun [ C usually singular ] FORMAL
an event, or the rate at which something happens
There have been quite a few incidences of bullying in the school this year.
an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power stations
incident noun
1. [ C ] an event which is either unpleasant or unusual
an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night.
2. without incident
with nothing unpleasant or unusual happening
Despite fears of violence, the demonstration passed off without incident.
incidental adjective
less important than the thing something is connected with or part of
Try not to be distracted by incidental details.
The points you make are true, but they're incidental to the main problem.
incidentally adverb
1. used before saying something that is not as important as the main subject of
conversation, but is connected to it in some way
We had a marvellous meal at that restaurant you recommended - incidentally, I
must give you the number of a similar one I know.
2. used when mentioning a subject that has not been discussed before, often
making it seem less important than it really is
Incidentally, I wanted to have a word with you about your expenses claim.
ˌ incidental ˈ music noun [ U ]
music that is played during a film, broadcast or play to create or strengthen a
particular mood
incidentals plural noun
incidental details or costs
Take some foreign currency to cover incidentals like the taxi fare to your hotel.
ˈ incident ˌ ray noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
in physics, a ray of light which hits a surface
Compare reflected ray
incinerate verb [ T ]
to burn something completely
to incinerate waste
The spacecraft and its crew were incinerated by the billion-degree temperatures
generated by the fireball.
incineration noun [ U ]
incinerator noun [ C ]
a device for burning things which are no longer wanted
a garbage/hazardous-waste incinerator
a hospital incinerator
incipient adjective FORMAL
just beginning
signs of incipient public frustration
incise verb [ T usually passive ] FORMAL
to cut the surface of something carefully with a sharp tool
The design is incised into a metal plate.
a shield incised with Celtic symbols
incision noun [ C or U ]
an opening that is made in something with a sharp tool, especially in someone's
body during an operation
The surgeon makes a small incision into which a tube is inserted.
incisive adjective
expressing an idea or opinion in a clear and direct way which shows good
understanding of what is important
incisive questions/comments
incisively adverb
incisiveness noun [ U ]
incisor noun [ C ]
one of the sharp teeth at the front of the mouth which cut food when you bite into
it
Compare canine ; molar
incite verb [ T ]
to encourage someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent
She incited racial hatred by distributing anti-Semitic leaflets.
[ + to infinitive ] She was expelled for inciting her classmates to rebel against
their teachers.
They denied inciting the crowd to violence.
incitement noun [ U ]
[ + to infinitive ] They were imprisoned for incitement to commit grievous bodily
harm.
incivility noun [ U ] FORMAL
rudeness
See also uncivil
incl
WRITTEN ABBREVIATION FOR including or inclusive
$449 incl delivery
car hire £35 per day incl.
inclement adjective FORMAL
describes weather which is unpleasant, especially cold or stormy
inclination noun FEELING
1. [ C or U ] a preference or tendency , or a feeling that makes a person want to
do something
[ + to infinitive ] My own inclination would be to look for another job.
We should be basing our decisions on solid facts, not inclinations and hunches.
inclination noun MOVEMENT
2. [ C ] FORMAL a small downwards movement
a solemn inclination of the head
3. [ C usually singular U ] SPECIALIZED the angle at which something slopes
incline verb FORMAL FEEL
1. [ I or T usually + adverb or preposition ] to (make someone) feel something or
want to do something
The Prime Minister is believed to be inclining towards an April election.
incline verb FORMAL MOVE
2. [ T ] to (cause to) slope at a particular angle
The ground inclined steeply towards the ridge in the distance.
3. incline your head
to bend your head slightly forward and down
He inclined his head and said nothing.
incline to/towards sth phrasal verb
to think that a belief or opinion is probably correct
I incline to the view that peace can be achieved.
incline noun [ C ] FORMAL
a slope
a steep/gentle incline
inclined adjective [ after verb + to infinitive ]
1. tending or wanting to do something
Tom is inclined to be lazy.
No one seemed inclined to help.
2. artistically/technically, etc. inclined
having natural artistic/technical, etc. ability
She's very bright, but she's not academically inclined.
include verb [ T ]
to contain something as a part of something else, or to make something part of
something else
The bill includes tax and service.
Tax and service are included in the bill.
[ + -ing verb ] Your responsibilities will include mak ing appointments on my
behalf.
Compare exclude
included adjective [ after noun ]
The trip cost a total of £250, insurance included.
inclusion noun [ C or U ]
She is being considered for inclusion in the England team.
Two last-minute inclusions in the team are the Dunstable twins from Bristol.
including preposition
used for saying that a person or thing is part of a particular group or amount
Eight people, including two children, were injured in the explosion.
Including Christmas Day and Boxing Day, I've got a week off work.
inclusive adjective
1. An inclusive price or amount includes everything
My rent is $700 a month inclusive ( of bills).
2. [ after noun ] including the first and last date or number stated
I'll be away from the 20th to the 31st of May inclusive.
3. describes a group or organization which tries to include many different types of
people and treat them all fairly and equally
Our aim is to create a fairer, more inclusive society.
incognito adverb
avoiding being recognized, by changing your name or appearance
The prince often travelled abroad incognito.
incoherent adjective
1. expressing yourself in a way that is not clear
He was confused and incoherent and I didn't get much sense out of him.
2. expressed in a way that is not clear, especially with words or ideas that are
joined together badly
The talk she gave was incoherent and badly prepared.
incoherently adverb
She was muttering incoherently.
incoherence noun [ U ]
income noun [ C or U ]
money that is earned from doing work or received from investments
Average incomes have risen by 4.5% over the past year.
More help is needed for people on low incomes.
I haven't had much income from my stocks and shares this year.
ˌ income sup ˈ port noun [ U ]
in the United Kingdom, money that is paid by the government to people who have
no income or a very low income
Many single mothers are on income support.
ˈ income ˌ tax noun [ C or U ]
a tax that you have to pay on your income, which is usually higher for people with
larger incomes
incoming adjective [ before noun ]
1. arriving at or coming towards a place
incoming mail/telephone calls
an incoming flight
2. soon to start something such as a job because recently chosen or elected
the incoming government
What are the biggest problems faced by the incoming president?
US Incoming freshmen (= students in the first year at college) start a week before
everyone else.
incommunicado adjective [ after verb ] , adverb FORMAL
not communicating with anyone else because you do not want to or are not
allowed to
His secretary says he will be incommunicado for the rest of the day.
He was held incommunicado for the first 48 hours after he was arrested.
incomparable adjective
so good or great that nothing or no one else could achieve the same standard
incomparable beauty/skill
the incomparable Mohammed Ali
incomparably adverb
His second novel was incomparably better than his first.
incompatible adjective
not able to exist or work with another person or thing because of basic differences
When we started living together we realized how incompatible we were - our
interests were so different.
Maintaining quality is incompatible with increasing output.
Any new video system that is incompatible with existing ones has little chance of
success.
incompatibility noun [ U ]
An incompatibility problem prevents the two pieces of software from being used
together.
incompetence noun [ U ]
lack of ability or skill to do something successfully or as it should be done
Management have demonstrated almost unbelievable incompetence in their
handling of the dispute.
allegations/accusations of incompetence
incompetent adjective
not having the ability or skill to do something as it should be done
an incompetent teacher/doctor
He has described the government as corrupt and incompetent.
incompetently adverb
incompetent noun [ C ]
someone who does not have the ability or skill to do something as it should be
done
The country's being governed by a bunch of incompetents.
incomplete adjective
not having some parts, or not finished
The decision was based on incomplete or inaccurate information.
The building is still incomplete.
incompletely adverb
The chemical properties of coal are still incompletely understood.
incompleteness noun [ U ]
incomprehensible adjective
impossible or extremely difficult to understand
These accounts are utterly incomprehensible. Can you explain them to me?
It's incomprehensible to me why he would want to kill himself.
incomprehensibly adverb
incomprehensibility noun [ U ]
incomprehension noun [ U ] FORMAL
a person's failure or inability to understand something
She stared at him in total incomprehension.
a look of blank incomprehension
inconceivable adjective
1. impossible to imagine or think of
The idea that they might not win was inconceivable to them.
It would be inconceivable for her to change her mind.
2. extremely unlikely
Another nuclear accident in the same place is virtually/almost inconceivable.
It is not inconceivable (= It is possible) that she could be lying.
inconceivably adverb
inconclusive adjective
not giving or having a result or decision
The evidence is inconclusive.
The medical tests were inconclusive, and will need to be repeated.
inconclusively adverb
incongruity noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
when something is incongruous
incongruous adjective
unusual or different from what is around or from what is generally happening
The new computer looked incongruous in the dark book-filled library.
It seems incongruous to have a woman as the editor of a men's magazine.
inconsequential adjective
not important
an inconsequential matter/remark
Most of what she said was pretty inconsequential.
inconsequentially adverb
inconsiderable adjective [ usually in negatives ]
very small and therefore not important or not worth considering
He inherited a not inconsiderable (= a large) sum/amount .
inconsiderate adjective DISAPPROVING
not thinking or worrying about other people or their feelings; selfish
Our neighbours are very inconsiderate - they're always playing loud music late at
night.
inconsiderately adverb
inconsiderateness noun [ U ]
inconsistent adjective NOT AGREEING
1. If a reason, idea, opinion, etc. is inconsistent, different parts of it do not agree,
or it does not agree with something else
These findings are inconsistent with those of previous studies.
inconsistent adjective CHANGING
2. not staying the same in behaviour or quality
The teacher said that Alex's schoolwork was very inconsistent.
Problems arise if the parents' approach to discipline is inconsistent.
inconsistently adverb
inconsistency noun [ C or U ]
There are a few inconsistencies in what you've written.
Logan showed his inconsistency in missing half his kicks.
inconsolable adjective
impossible to comfort because of great sadness or unhappiness
They were inconsolable after the death of their young son.
inconsolably adverb
The child was crying inconsolably.
inconspicuous adjective
not easily or quickly noticed or seen; not attracting attention
This type of bird is very inconspicuous because of its dull feathers.
At parties, he always stands in a corner and tries to look inconspicuous.
inconspicuously adverb
inconstant adjective LITERARY
not staying the same, especially in emotion, behaviour or choice of sexual partner
an inconstant lover
inconstancy noun [ U ]
incontestable adjective FORMAL
impossible to question because of being obviously true
There is now incontestable evidence that the killings did take place.
incontestably adverb
incontinent adjective
unable to control the excretion of urine or the contents of the bowels
Many of our elderly patients are incontinent.
As the illness progressed, she became doubly incontinent (= unable to control
the excretion both of urine and the contents of the bowels) .
incontinence noun [ U ]
incontrovertible adjective FORMAL
impossible to doubt because of being obviously true
incontrovertible proof/evidence
Her logic is utterly incontrovertible.
incontrovertibly adverb
Your assertion is incontrovertibly true.
inconvenience noun [ C or U ]
a state or an example of problems or trouble, which often causes a delay or loss
of comfort
We apologize for any inconvenience caused by the late arrival of the train.
We had the inconvenience of being unable to use the kitchen for several weeks.
Having to wait for ten minutes was a minor inconvenience.
inconvenience verb [ T ]
to cause problems or difficulties for someone
The strike inconvenienced many people.
inconvenient adjective
causing problems or difficulties
an inconvenient time/place
It will be very inconvenient for me to have no car.
inconveniently adverb
incorporate verb [ T ]
to include something as part of something larger
Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design.
This aircraft incorporates several new safety features.
incorporation noun [ U ]
the regular incorporation of organic material into garden soil
Incorporated adjective [ after noun ] ( ABBREVIATION Inc. )
used after the name of a company organized as a legal corporation (= a group of
people acting as one) especially in business
Bishop Computer Services Incorporated
incorporeal adjective FORMAL
not having a physical body but a spiritual form
In the film, the house was visited by a strange incorporeal being.
incorrect adjective
1. not correct or not true
an incorrect answer/diagnosis
The assumptions made about the economy's rate of growth proved to be
incorrect.
2. not acceptable or not as it should be
It's incorrect to address people by their first names at these formal events.
incorrect grammar
incorrectly adverb
For many years the sculpture was incorrectly thought to be by Donatello.
incorrigible adjective MAINLY HUMOROUS
An incorrigible person or behaviour is bad and impossible to change or improve
an incorrigible liar/rogue
incorrigibly adverb
incorruptible adjective
1. morally strong enough not to be persuaded into doing something wrong
Most politicians genuinely believe they are incorruptible.
2. FORMAL If something is incorruptible, it will not decay or be destroyed
Some people think the soul, unlike the body, is incorruptible.
incorruptibly adverb
incorruptibility noun [ U ]
increase verb [ I or T ]
to (make something) become larger in amount or size
Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years.
The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began.
Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point.
Increased/Increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute.
Compare decrease
increase noun [ C or U ]
1. a rise in the amount or size of something
price / tax increases
There were 39, 000 new cases last year - an increase of 7 per cent.
Any increase in production would be helpful.
2. on the increase
increasing
Homelessness is on the increase in many cities.
increasingly adverb
more and more
to be increasingly important/common
Increasingly, there is pressure on the council to reverse its decision.
incredible adjective DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
1. impossible, or very difficult, to believe
an incredible story
The latest missiles can be fired with incredible accuracy.
It seems incredible that no one foresaw the crisis.
incredible adjective EXTREME
2. INFORMAL extremely good
Yeah, it was an incredible performance.
What an incredible motorbike!
incredibly adverb DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
1. used for saying that something is very difficult to believe
Incredibly, no one was hurt in the accident.
incredibly adverb EXTREMELY
2. extremely
He was incredibly rich/angry/quick.
An incredibly loud bang followed the flash.
incredulous adjective
not wanting or not able to believe something, and usually showing this
A few incredulous spectators watched as Paterson, ranked 23rd in the world, beat
the champion.
incredulously adverb
"Did you see that?" she asked incredulously.
incredulity noun [ U ]
He felt a sense of incredulity, anger and pain at the accusation made against him.
increment noun [ C ]
one of a series of increases
You will receive annual salary / pay increments every September.
incremental adjective
1. in a series of amounts
Most research proceeds by small incremental advances.
2. small
Changes at the newspaper are more incremental than radical.
incrementally adverb
incriminate verb [ T ]
to make someone seem guilty, especially of a crime
A secret report incriminating the company was leaked last week.
[ R ] He refused to say anything on the grounds that he might incriminate him
self .
incriminating adjective
incriminating remarks/statements
incrimination noun [ U ]
See self-incrimination
incrustation noun [ C ] ( US ALSO encrustation )
a layer of material, such as dirt or a chemical, which forms on something,
especially slowly
incubate verb [ I or T ] EGG
1. When a bird, etc. incubates its eggs, it keeps them warm until the young come
out, and when eggs incubate, they develop to the stage at which the young come out
The female bird incubates the eggs for about sixteen days while the male brings
food.
incubate verb [ I or T ] DISEASE
2. When harmful bacteria or viruses incubate, they grow and reproduce in a
human or an animal but do not yet produce the effects of disease, and when the body
of a person or animal incubates bacteria or viruses, it has them growing and
reproducing inside, but does not yet show the effects of disease.
incubation noun [ U ]
The incubation period varies depending on the time of year when the eggs were
laid.
In smallpox, there is an incubation period of 8-18 days between initial infection
and first symptoms.
incubator noun [ C ]
1. a container that has controlled air and temperature conditions in which a weak
or premature baby (= one which was born too early) can be kept alive
2. a device for keeping birds' eggs at the correct temperature to allow young birds
to develop until they break out of the shell
inculcate verb [ T ] FORMAL
to fix beliefs or ideas in someone's mind, especially by repeating them often
Our football coach has worked hard to inculcate a team spirit in/into the players.
inculcation noun [ U ]
incumbency noun [ C ]
the period during which someone has a particular official position
During her incumbency ( as commissioner), several changes were introduced.
incumbent adjective
1. [ before noun ] officially having the named position
The incumbent president faces problems which began many years before he took
office.
incumbent adjective
2. be incumbent on/upon sb FORMAL
to be necessary for someone
She felt it incumbent upon/on her to raise the subject at their meeting.
incumbent noun [ C ]
the person who has or had a particular official position
the first/last/previous incumbent
The present incumbent ( of the post) is due to retire next month.
incur verb [ T ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL
to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you
have taken
to incur debts/fines/bills
The play has incurred the wrath/anger of both audiences and critics.
Please detail any costs/expenses incurred by you in attending the interview.
incurable adjective DISEASE
1. not able to be healed or cured
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating and incurable disease of the nervous system.
incurable adjective PERSONALITY
2. [ usually before noun ] describes someone whose personality type does not
change or cannot be changed
an incurable romantic/optimist/pessimist
incurably adverb
She was told that she was incurably ill .
He's incurably cheerful.
incurious adjective FORMAL
not interested in knowing what is happening, or not wanting to discover anything
new
He's strangely incurious about what goes on around him.
incursion noun [ C ]
1. a sudden attack on or act of going into a place, especially across a border
incursions into enemy territory
2. FORMAL when people suddenly involve themselves in another person's private
situation
incus noun [ C usually singular ] SPECIALIZED
one of three very small bones that carry sound from the eardrum to the inner ear
Compare malleus; stapes
indebted adjective GRATEFUL
1. [ after verb ] grateful because of help given
We're deeply indebted to you for your help.
indebted adjective OWING
2. owing money
indebted countries
The company is heavily indebted.
indebtedness noun [ U ]
indecency noun [ U ]
morally offensive behaviour
acts of gross indecency
indecent adjective IMMORAL
1. morally offensive, especially in a sexual way
an indecent act/photograph
She accused him of making indecent suggestions to her.
indecent adjective NOT SUITABLE
2. not suitable or correct for a situation
The premier left his residence with almost indecent haste following his
resignation.
indecently adverb
in ˌ decent as ˈ sault noun [ C or U ] UK LEGAL
an attack on someone which usually involves sexual actions but not rape (=
forced sex)
in ˌ decent ex ˈ posure noun [ U ] LEGAL
when someone shows their sexual organs in public in a way which is intended to
upset people
indecipherable adjective
unable to be read or understood
Her handwriting is virtually indecipherable.
indecision noun [ U ] ( ALSO indecisiveness )
the state of being unable to make a choice
A moment's indecision when you've got the ball and you could lose the game.
There is a great deal of indecision about/over how to tackle the problem.
indecisive adjective
1. not good at making decisions
He is widely thought to be an indecisive leader.
2. not having a clear meaning or producing a decision
indecisively adverb
indecorous adjective FORMAL
behaving badly or rudely
indecorously adverb
indeed adverb
1. really or certainly, often used to emphasize something
Indeed, it could be the worst environmental disaster in Western Europe this
century.
Evidence suggests that errors may indeed be occurring.
We live in strange times indeed.
MAINLY UK Many people are very poor indeed.
2. used to express that something is correct
"Is this your dog?" "It is indeed."/"Indeed it is."
Yes, I did indeed say that.
3. used to add some extra information which develops or supports something you
have just said
For such creatures, speed is not important - indeed it is counterproductive.
I am happy, indeed proud, to be associated with this project.
indeed exclamation
used to express surprise, anger, or lack of belief or interest
"She said she won't come back until Monday." "Won't she, indeed?"
"When will we get a pay rise?" "When indeed?"
indefatigable adjective FORMAL
always determined and energetic in attempting to achieve something and never
willing to admit defeat
Annie was an indefatigable campaigner for better community services.
indefatigably adverb
indefensible adjective
1. too bad to be protected from criticism
The war is morally indefensible.
His opinions/attitudes are completely indefensible.
2. not able to be protected against attack
indefensible borders
indefensibly adverb
indefinable , US ALSO undefinable , adjective
impossible to clearly describe or explain
She had that indefinable something that went beyond mere sex appeal.
indefinably , US ALSO undefinably , adverb
The two versions are indefinably different.
indefinite adjective
not exact, not clear, or without clear limits
The project has been postponed for an indefinite period .
an indefinite number of people
in ˌ definite ˈ article noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
the grammatical name for the words 'a' and 'an' in English or words in other
languages which have a similar use
Compare definite article
indefinitely adverb
for a period of time with no fixed end
The negotiations have been put off/postponed indefinitely.
indelible adjective
1. describes a mark or substance that is impossible to remove by washing or in
any other way
indelible ink
The blood had left an indelible mark on her shirt.
2. [ before noun ] Indelible memories or actions are impossible to forget, or have
a permanent influence or effect
I have an indelible memory of that meeting with Anastasia.
In his twenty years working for the company, Joe Pearson made an indelible
impression on it.
indelibly adverb
indelicate adjective
describes words or actions that are not suitable for a situation and likely to be
offensive
an indelicate comment
Would it be indelicate to mention the fee at this point?
indelicacy noun [ U ]
indemnify verb [ T ]
to protect someone or something against possible damage or loss by paying an
indemnity to cover the costs
The insurance also indemnifies the house against flooding.
indemnity noun [ C or U ] FORMAL OR SPECIALIZED
protection against possible damage or loss, especially a promise of payment, or
the money paid if there is such damage or loss
indent verb [ T ] SPACE
1. [ T ] to make a space in the edge or on the surface of something
Each new paragraph should be indented about two centimetres from the margin.
indent verb [ T ] REQUEST
2. [ I ] UK SPECIALIZED to make an official request for goods
We indented for the engine spares last month.
indent noun [ C ] SPACE
1. a space at the edge or on the surface of something
indent noun [ C ] REQUEST
2. an official request for goods
We made an indent for the engine spares last week.
indentation noun HOLE
1. [ C ] a hole or mark on the surface of something
The heels of her shoes had left indentations in the mud.
indentation noun SPACE
2. [ C or U ] a space left at the edge of a line of writing, or the process of leaving
such a space
indenture verb [ T ] MAINLY OLD USE
to officially agree that someone, often a young person, will work for someone
else, especially in order to learn a job
He was indentured to a carpenter.
The land was worked on by indentured labourers.
independence noun [ U ]
1. freedom from being governed or ruled by another country
Mexico gained its independence from Spain in l821.
2. the ability to live your life without being helped or influenced by other people
It's important that parents should allow their children some independence.
Inde ˈ pendence ˌ Day noun [ C ] US
1. in the US, the official name for the Fourth of July holiday
Inde ˈ pendence ˌ Day noun [ C ] OTHER COUNTRIES
2. a day on which a country celebrates its independence from foreign rule
independent adjective NOT INFLUENCED
1. not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events or things
an independent enquiry / organization
They all made the same comment, quite independent of each other (= without
deciding together to do so) .
2. describes a politician who does not agree or vote with any particular political
party
3. SPECIALIZED describes a grammatical clause which forms part of a sentence but
can also form a separate sentence
independent adjective NOT RULED
4. An independent country is not governed or ruled by another country
Belize became fully independent from Britain in 1981.
Tibet, once an independent country, is now part of China.
independent adjective NOT HELPED
5. not taking help or money from other people
Grandma's very independent and does all her own shopping and cooking.
I've always been financially independent.
independently adverb
The two scientists both made the same discovery independently, at roughly the
same time.
Each part of the organization operates independently of the others.
party
same time.
ˌ independent ˈ means plural noun
income which you have from investments , etc. rather than from a job
As a woman of independent means, she spent most of her life in voluntary work.
He has independent means.
ˌ independent ˈ school noun [ C ]
in Britain, a school which does not receive money from the government
Compare public school
ˌ independent ˈ variable noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a number or amount whose value does not depend on the value of another
element in the same mathematical expression (= group of symbols representing an
amount or idea)
Compare dependent variable
in-depth adjective [ before noun ]
done carefully and in great detail, or discovering the real reasons which cause
something
an in-depth report/interview/analysis
indescribable adjective
impossible to describe, especially because of being extremely good or bad
a scene of indescribable beauty
The pain was indescribable.
indescribably adverb
indescribably awful
indestructible adjective
impossible to destroy or break
These plastic cups are virtually indestructible.
Whatever the degradation, the human spirit can be indestructible.
indestructibility noun [ U ]
indeterminate adjective
not measured, counted or clearly described
An indeterminate number of workers have already been exposed to the danger.
a man of indeterminate age
indeterminacy noun [ U ]
party
same time.
ˌ independent ˈ means plural noun
income which you have from investments , etc. rather than from a job
As a woman of independent means, she spent most of her life in voluntary work.
He has independent means.
ˌ independent ˈ school noun [ C ]
in Britain, a school which does not receive money from the government
Compare public school
ˌ independent ˈ variable noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a number or amount whose value does not depend on the value of another
element in the same mathematical expression (= group of symbols representing an
amount or idea)
Compare dependent variable
in-depth adjective [ before noun ]
done carefully and in great detail, or discovering the real reasons which cause
something
an in-depth report/interview/analysis
indescribable adjective
impossible to describe, especially because of being extremely good or bad
a scene of indescribable beauty
The pain was indescribable.
indescribably adverb
indescribably awful
indestructible adjective
impossible to destroy or break
These plastic cups are virtually indestructible.
Whatever the degradation, the human spirit can be indestructible.
indestructibility noun [ U ]
indeterminate adjective
not measured, counted or clearly described
An indeterminate number of workers have already been exposed to the danger.
a man of indeterminate age
indeterminacy noun [ U ]
index noun LIST
1. [ C ] an alphabetical list, such as one printed at the back of a book showing
which page a subject, name, etc. is found on
Try looking up 'heart disease' in the index.
2. [ C ] a collection of information stored on a computer or on a set of cards, in
alphabetical order
He has all his friends' names and addresses on a card index.
index noun COMPARISON
3. [ C ] a system of numbers used for comparing values of things which change
according to each other or a fixed standard
the FTSE 100 Index
the Dow Jones Index
a wage/price index
4. [ C usually singular ] something which shows how strong or common a
condition or feeling is
Consumer spending is often a good index of public confidence in the economy.
index verb [ T ] MAKE LIST
1. to prepare an index for a book or collection, or arrange it in an index
Our computer indexes several thousand new records every second.
The book contains a lot of information, but it's not very well indexed.
index verb [ T ] COMPARE
2. to change a system of numbers according to each other or a fixed standard
Living expenses will be indexed to/in line with inflation (= to take inflation into
consideration) .
indexation noun [ U ]
when the value of something is varied in relation to another value or fixed
standard
Indexation of pay rises to productivity will give people an incentive to work
harder.
indexation noun [ U ]
when the value of something is varied in relation to another value or fixed
standard
Indexation of pay rises to productivity will give people an incentive to work
harder.
ˈ index ˌ finger noun [ C ]
the finger next to the thumb
See picture hand 1
index-linked adjective UK ( US indexed )
describes an investment or government payment that changes by the same
amount as the general level of prices
an index-linked pension/benefit
ˌ index of ˌ leading eco ˌ nomic ˈ indicators plural noun
the US government's system for describing how active the national economy will
be
India noun [ U ]
Indian noun [ C ] INDIA
1. a person from India
Indian noun [ C ] AMERICA
2. OFFENSIVE OLD-FASHIONED a Native American
playing cowboys and Indians
Indian adjective INDIA
1. from, belonging to or relating to India
an Indian family
the Indian ambassador
Indian adjective AMERICA
2. OFFENSIVE OLD-FASHIONED belonging or relating to Native Americans
an Indian chief
ˌ Indian ˈ club noun [ C ]
an object shaped like a bottle, used especially by jugglers (= performers who
throw objects into the air and catch them)
See picture club
ˌ Indian ˈ ink noun [ U ] UK ( US India ink )
a thick black ink used especially for drawing
ˌ Indian ˈ ink noun [ U ] UK ( US India ink )
a thick black ink used especially for drawing
the ˌ Indian ˈ Ocean noun [ S ]
ˌ Indian ˈ summer noun [ C ] WEATHER
1. a period of calm warm weather which sometimes happens in the early autumn
ˌ Indian ˈ summer noun [ C ] SUCCESSFUL TIME
2. a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of someone's life, job or other
period
A star of the 1960s, she's enjoying an Indian summer with her second highly
acclaimed film this year.
indicate verb SHOW
1. [ T ] to show, point or make clear in another way
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
[ + question word ] Please indicate wh ich free gift you would like to receive.
[ + ( that ) ] She indicated to me (that) she didn't want me to say anything.
indicate verb SIGNAL
2. [ I or T ] UK to show other road users that you intend to turn left or right when
you are driving a vehicle
3. [ T ] When a device indicates a value or change, it signals it
The gauge indicates a temperature below freezing point.
indicate verb SUGGEST
4. [ T ] to suggest something as being suitable
SPECIALIZED Antihistamine is indicated for this patient as a treatment for her
allergies.
HUMOROUS I'm so hot and tired - I think a long cool drink is indicated!
indication noun SIGN
1. [ C or U ] a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
There are few indications (that) the economy is on an upswing.
Helen's face gave no indication of what she was thinking.
indication noun SUGGESTION
2. [ C ] a suitable action that is suggested by something
The indication from the trade figures is to reduce stock by at least 30%.
indicative adjective
being or relating to a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
Resumption of the talks is indicative of an improving relationship between the
countries.
indicative adjective
being or relating to a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
Resumption of the talks is indicative of an improving relationship between the
countries.
indicator noun [ C ] SHOWING
1. something that shows what a situation is like
Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation, he claimed.
an economic indicator
indicator noun [ C ] SIGNAL
2. UK ( US turn signal ) one of the lights at the front and back of a road vehicle
which flash to show which way the vehicle is turning
See pictures car exterior , car interior
3. a device which indicates a value or a change in level, speed, etc
The car has an overhead console with a compass and outside temperature
indicator.
indices
PLURAL OF index
indict verb [ T ] LEGAL
If a law court or a grand jury indicts someone, it accuses them officially of a crime
UK He was indicted on drug charges at Snaresbrook Crown Court.
US Five people were indicted for mak ing and sell ing counterfeit currency.
indictable adjective
Robbery is an indictable offence .
indictment noun
1. [ C usually singular ] a reason for giving blame
This seems to me to be a damning indictment of education policy.
2. [ C ] LEGAL a formal statement of accusing someone
The charges on the indictment include murder and attempted murder.
indie adjective
describes music or films made by small companies which are not owned by larger
companies
an indie movie/film/record label
The popularity of indie bands has soared in recent years.
indie noun [ C ]
1. a small music, film or television company that is not owned by a larger
company
She made five records with indies in the early 90s.
2. a film or recording made by a small company which is not owned by a larger
company
indifference , noun [ U ]
lack of interest in someone or something
Many native speakers of a language show indifference to/towards grammatical
points.
His attitude was one of bored indifference.
indifference , noun [ U ]
lack of interest in someone or something
Many native speakers of a language show indifference to/towards grammatical
points.
His attitude was one of bored indifference.
indifferent , adjective NOT INTERESTED
1. not thinking about or interested in someone or something
Why don't you vote - how can you be so indifferent ( to what is going on)!
He found it very hard teaching a class full of indifferent teenagers.
indifferent , adjective NOT GOOD
2. not good, but not very bad
We didn't like the restaurant much - the food was indifferent and the service
rather slow.
indifferently , adverb
She shrugged indifferently.
indigenous adjective
naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place
Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area?
So who are the indigenous people of this land?
indigent adjective FORMAL
very poor
indigence noun [ U ]
indigestible adjective FOOD
1. describes food that is difficult or impossible for the stomach to break down
a tough and indigestible piece of steak
indigestible adjective INFORMATION
2. DISAPPROVING describes information that is difficult or impossible to understand
The statistics are virtually indigestible presented in this form.
indigestibility noun [ U ]
indigestion noun [ U ]
pain caused in the region of the stomach by the stomach not correctly breaking
down food so that it can be used by the body
Do you suffer from indigestion after you have eaten?
You'll give yourself indigestion if you swallow your dinner so quickly.
indignant adjective
angry because of something which is wrong or not fair
She wrote an indignant letter to the paper complaining about the council's action.
He became very indignant when it was suggested he had made a mistake.
indignantly adverb
"I said no such thing!" she cried indignantly.
indignation noun [ U ]
anger about a situation that you think is wrong or not fair
indignity noun [ C or U ]
a loss of respect or self-respect, or something which causes this
They were subjected to various indignities and discomforts, including having to
get dressed and undressed in public.
Clint suffered the indignity of being called 'Puppy' in front of his girlfriend.
indigo adjective , noun [ C or U ]
(having) a bluish purple colour
indirect adjective NOT OBVIOUS
1. happening in addition to an intended result, often in a way that is complicated
or not obvious
The benefits from pure research are often indirect.
Indirect effects of the fighting include disease and food shortages.
2. avoiding clearly mentioning or saying something
indirect criticism
indirect adjective NOT STRAIGHT
3. not following a straight line, or not directly or simply connected
to take an indirect route/flight
indirectly adverb
She still controls the company indirectly through her son, who is the managing
director.
ˌ indirect ˈ cost noun [ C ]
an amount of money spent by a business on things other than the products they
make
indignant adjective
angry because of something which is wrong or not fair
She wrote an indignant letter to the paper complaining about the council's action.
He became very indignant when it was suggested he had made a mistake.
indignantly adverb
"I said no such thing!" she cried indignantly.
indignation noun [ U ]
anger about a situation that you think is wrong or not fair
indignity noun [ C or U ]
a loss of respect or self-respect, or something which causes this
They were subjected to various indignities and discomforts, including having to
get dressed and undressed in public.
Clint suffered the indignity of being called 'Puppy' in front of his girlfriend.
indigo adjective , noun [ C or U ]
(having) a bluish purple colour
indirect adjective NOT OBVIOUS
1. happening in addition to an intended result, often in a way that is complicated
or not obvious
The benefits from pure research are often indirect.
Indirect effects of the fighting include disease and food shortages.
2. avoiding clearly mentioning or saying something
indirect criticism
indirect adjective NOT STRAIGHT
3. not following a straight line, or not directly or simply connected
to take an indirect route/flight
indirectly adverb
She still controls the company indirectly through her son, who is the managing
director.
ˌ indirect ˈ cost noun [ C ]
an amount of money spent by a business on things other than the products they
make
ˌ indirect ˈ object noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
the person or thing which receives the effect of the action of a verb with two
objects
In the sentence 'Give Val some cake', 'Val' is the indirect object.
See also object
ˌ indirect ˈ question noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a question that is reported to other people in speech or writing, rather than the
exact words of the original question, for example 'He asked me what was wrong.'
ˌ indirect ˈ speech noun [ U ] ( UK ALSO reported speech , US ALSO indirect discourse )
SPECIALIZED
the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same
words
Compare direct speech
ˌ indirect ˈ tax noun [ C ]
1. UK a tax charged on goods and services rather than on the money that people
earn
Compare direct tax
2. US a tax charged on goods before they reach their final buyer
indirect taxation noun [ U ]
indiscernible adjective
impossible to see, see clearly, or understand
an indiscernible change/shape/reason
indiscipline noun [ U ] FORMAL
a lack of control or obedience
The school was given three months to sort out the problem of indiscipline.
indiscreet adjective
saying or doing things which tell people things that should be secret or which
embarrass people
In an indiscreet moment, the president let his genuine opinions be known.
They have been rather indiscreet about their affair.
indiscreetly adverb
indiscretion noun
1. [ U ] when a person or their behaviour is indiscreet
Jones was censured for indiscretion in leaking a secret report to the press.
2. [ C ] something, especially a sexual relationship, that is considered
embarrassing or morally wrong
We should forgive him a few youthful indiscretions.
indiscriminate adjective
not showing careful thought or planning, especially so that harm results
an indiscriminate terrorist attack on civilians
The indiscriminate use of fertilizers can cause long-term problems.
indiscriminately adverb
They fired indiscriminately into the crowd.
indispensable adjective
Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you
could not manage without them
This book is an indispensable resource for researchers.
His long experience at the United Nations makes him indispensable to the talks.
indispensability noun [ U ]
indisposed adjective FORMAL ILL
1. ill, especially in a way that makes you unable to do something
Sheila Jones is indisposed, so the part of the Countess will be sung tonight by
Della Drake.
indisposed adjective FORMAL NOT WILLING
2. [ after verb + to infinitive ] not willing
After their rude attitude in the past, we feel distinctly indisposed to help them
now.
indisposition noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
when someone is unable to do something because they are ill or not willing
an indisposition to cooperate
indisputable adjective
true, and impossible to doubt
an artist of indisputable skill
One fact is indisputable - this must never be allowed to happen again.
indisputably adverb
Segovia, she said, was indisputably the finest guitar player of the twentieth
century.
indissoluble adjective
impossible to take apart or bring to an end; existing for a very long time
an indissoluble bond of friendship
The links between the two nations are indissoluble.
indissolubly adverb
indissolubility noun [ U ]
indistinct adjective
not clear
an indistinct shape/sound/recollection
Compare distinct
indistinctly adverb
indistinct adjective
not clear
an indistinct shape/sound/recollection
Compare distinct
indistinctly adverb
indistinguishable adjective
impossible to judge as being different when compared to another similar thing
These forgeries are so good that they are more or less indistinguishable from the
originals.
individual noun [ C ] SINGLE
1. a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which
they belong
Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.
Like many creative individuals, she can be very bad-tempered.
We try to treat our students as individuals.
individual noun [ C ] DIFFERENT
2. a person who thinks or behaves in their own original way
If nothing else, the school will turn her into an individual.
individual adjective SINGLE
1. [ before noun ] existing and considered separately from the other things or
people in a group
Each individual table is finished by hand.
2. [ before noun ] given to or relating to a single, separate person or thing
We deal with each case on an individual basis.
individual adjective DIFFERENT
3. belonging or relating to, or suitable for, people or things that are different or
particular in some way
children with individual needs
Marion has a very individual writing style.
individualism noun [ U ] SINGLE
1. the idea that freedom of thought and action for each person is the most
important quality of a society, rather than shared effort and responsibility
individualism noun [ U ] DIFFERENT
2. the quality of being different or original
individualistic adjective
Her approach is highly individualistic and may not be suitable for everyone.
individualistically adverb
individualist noun [ C ]
someone who is different or original
individualist adjective
individualist noun [ C ]
someone who is different or original
individualist adjective
individuality noun [ U ]
the qualities that make a person or thing different from others
It's a competent essay but it lacks individuality.
individualized MAINLY US , UK USUALLY individualised adjective
prepared or suitable for individual people
The hospital gives individualized care/attention/treatment to all its patients.
individually adverb SINGLE
1. separately
The children will first sing individually and then as a group.
individually adverb DIFFERENT
2. in a different and usually original way
indivisible adjective
not able to be separated from something else or into different parts
He regards e-commerce as an indivisible part of modern retail.
A country's language is indivisible from its culture.
indivisibly adverb
indivisibility noun [ U ]
Indo- prefix
of or connected with India
Indo-European languages
the Indo-Chinese border
indoctrinate verb [ T ] DISAPPROVING
to often repeat an idea or belief to someone in order to persuade them to accept
it
Some parents were critical of attempts to indoctrinate children in green ideology.
They have been indoctrinated by television to believe that violence is normal.
indoctrination noun [ U ]
religious/political/ideological indoctrination
indolent adjective LITERARY
lazy; showing no real interest or effort
an indolent wave of the hand
an indolent reply
indolently adverb
indolence noun [ U ]
After a sudden burst of activity, the team lapsed back into indolence.
indolent adjective LITERARY
lazy; showing no real interest or effort
an indolent wave of the hand
an indolent reply
indolently adverb
indolence noun [ U ]
After a sudden burst of activity, the team lapsed back into indolence.
indomitable adjective
describes someone strong, brave, determined and difficult to defeat or frighten
The indomitable Mrs Furlong said she would continue to fight for justice.
indomitably adverb
indomitably cheerful
to fight indomitably
Indonesia noun [ U ]
Indonesian noun [ C ] , adjective
indoor adjective [ before noun ]
happening, used or situated inside a building
indoor sports/activities
an indoor racetrack/swimming pool
Opposite outdoor
indoors adverb
into or inside a building
Come indoors, it's cold outside.
Spring bulbs can be grown indoors.
indubitable adjective FORMAL
that cannot be doubted
an indubitable fact
indubitably adverb
He looked different, but it was indubitably John.
induce verb FORMAL PERSUADE
1. [ T + object + to infinitive ] to persuade someone to do something
They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom.
Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a
mountain/ride a bike.
induce verb FORMAL CAUSE
2. [ T ] to cause something to happen
Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness.
3. [ T ] to cause a pregnant woman to give birth to her baby earlier than she
would naturally, or cause a baby to be born earlier than it would be naturally
In this hospital, twins are often induced.
-induced suffix
caused by the stated person or activity
a self-induced illness
work-induced stress
-induced suffix
caused by the stated person or activity
a self-induced illness
work-induced stress
inducement noun [ C or U ]
an act or thing that is intended to persuade someone or something
financial / cash inducements
Those tenants are not going to swap life-time security for shorter-term leases
without some inducement.
[ + to infinitive ] They offered voters a massive inducement to oust the president
by announcing that sanctions would be lifted if there was 'democratic change'.
induct verb [ T ] FORMAL
to introduce someone formally or with a special ceremony to an organization or
group, or to beliefs or ideas
Li Xiannian was inducted into the Politburo in 1956.
induction noun INTRODUCTION
1. [ C or U ] when someone is formally introduced into a new job or organization,
especially through a special ceremony
Their induction into the church took place in June.
Her induction as councillor took place in the town hall.
an induction course/program/ceremony
induction noun CAUSING
2. [ U ] FORMAL when someone or something causes an event or process to happen
the induction of labour
induction noun THINKING
3. [ U ] SPECIALIZED the process of discovering a general principle from a set of
facts
induction noun ELECTRICITY
4. [ U ] SPECIALIZED when electrical power goes from one object to another without
the objects touching
an induction coil/motor
inductive adjective SPECIALIZED
using a particular set of facts or ideas to form a general principle
inductive reasoning
inductively adverb SPECIALIZED
indulge verb
1. [ I or T ] to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable,
especially more than is good for you
The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs.
[ R ] I love champagne but I don't often indulge myself.
We took a deliberate decision to indulge in a little nostalgia.
2. [ T ] to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly
My aunt indulges the children dreadfully.
indulge verb
1. [ I or T ] to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable,
The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs.
[ R ] I love champagne but I don't often indulge myself.
We took a deliberate decision to indulge in a little nostalgia.
2. [ T ] to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly
My aunt indulges the children dreadfully.
indulgence noun
1. [ C or U ] when you allow someone or yourself to have something enjoyable,
Chocolate is my only indulgence.
All the pleasures and indulgences of the weekend are over, and I must get down
to some serious hard work.
His health suffered from over- indulgence in (= too much) rich food and drink.
See also self-indulgence
2. [ U ] when you allow or do not mind someone's failure or bad behaviour
My inability to do needlework was treated with surprising indulgence by my
teacher.
indulgent adjective
allowing someone to have or do what they want, especially when this is not good
for them
indulgent relatives
an indulgent smile
He had been a strict father but was indulgent to/towards his grandchildren.
indulgently adverb
industrial adjective
in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc
industrial output
industrial expansion
an industrial landscape/nation
He has an industrial background (= He has worked in industry) .
industrially adverb
industrial noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a company whose main business is producing goods, or a share in such a
company when it is traded on the stock market
He owns a series of industrials across the US and beyond.
Industrials were up 1.2% at the close of trading.
in ˌ dustrial ˈ action noun [ U ]
when workers act in a way that is intended to force an employer to agree to
something, especially by stopping work
Workers at the plant are threatening industrial action.
in ˌ dustrial ˈ action noun [ U ]
when workers act in a way that is intended to force an employer to agree to
something, especially by stopping work
Workers at the plant are threatening industrial action.
in ˌ dustrial archae ˈ ology noun [ U ]
the study of the buildings and places related to early types of industry
in ˌ dustrial di ˈ sease noun [ C or U ]
an illness related to the work that someone does
in ˌ dustrial ˈ espionage noun [ U ]
when one company steals secrets from another company with which it is
competing
in ˈ dustrial es ˌ tate noun [ C ] UK ( US industrial park )
a special area on the edge of a town where there are a lot of factories and
businesses
industrialism noun [ U ]
the idea or state of having a country's economy, society or political system based
on industry
industrialist noun [ C ]
an owner or an employee in a high position in industry
industrialization , UK USUALLY industrialisation noun [ U ]
the process of developing industries in a country
industrialize , UK USUALLY industrialise verb [ I or T ]
to develop industry
It was the first country to industrialize.
industrialized , UK USUALLY industrialised adjective
having developed a lot of industry
industrialized nations/countries
in ˌ dustrial re ˈ lations plural noun
the relationships between companies and their workers
the in ˌ dustrial revo ˈ lution noun [ S ]
the period of time during which work began to be done more by machines in
factories than by hand at home
the in ˌ dustrial revo ˈ lution noun [ S ]
the period of time during which work began to be done more by machines in
factories than by hand at home
industrial-strength adjective
1. If a product is industrial strength, it is much stronger or more powerful than
the product normally available to use
an industrial-strength cleaner
2. HUMOROUS extremely strong, or greater than necessary
She arrived in a cloud of industrial-strength perfume.
in ˌ dustrial tri ˈ bunal noun [ C ]
a type of law court which decides on disagreements between companies and their
workers
industrious adjective
having the characteristic of regularly working hard
an industrious worker
She's extremely competent and industrious.
industriously adverb
Marco was working industriously at his desk.
industriousness noun [ U ]
industry noun PRODUCTION
1. [ U ] the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods
for sale, especially in a factory or special area
trade and industry
industry and commerce
The city needs to attract more industry.
The strike seriously reduced coal deliveries to industry.
industry noun TYPE OF WORK
2. [ C ] the people and activities involved in one type of business
the gas/electricity industry
the tourist industry
manufacturing industries
The computer industry has been booming.
3. [ C ] DISAPPROVING something which is produced or available in large quantities
and which makes a lot of money
the heritage industry
industry noun QUALITY
4. [ U ] FORMAL the quality of regularly working hard
I must say that I'm very impressed by her industry.
industrywide , adjective , adverb
happening or existing in all or most parts of a particular type of business
an industrywide practice
Similar changes are happening industrywide.
industrywide , adjective , adverb
happening or existing in all or most parts of a particular type of business
an industrywide practice
Similar changes are happening industrywide.
inebriated adjective FORMAL
having drunk too much alcohol
In her inebriated state, she was ready to agree to anything.
inebriation noun [ U ]
He was in an advanced state of inebriation.
inedible adjective
not suitable as food
The meat was inedible.
ineffable adjective FORMAL
causing so much emotion, especially pleasure, that it cannot be described
ineffable joy/beauty
ineffective adjective
not producing the effects or results that are wanted
They made an ineffective attempt to get the rules changed.
The army has proved ineffective in protecting the civilian population.
ineffectively adverb
ineffectual adjective FORMAL
not skilled at achieving, or not able to produce, good results
an ineffectual leader
The teachers were ineffectual at maintaining discipline.
ineffectually adverb
inefficient adjective
not organized, skilled or able to work satisfactorily
Existing methods of production are expensive and inefficient.
I'm hopelessly inefficient at mending things.
inefficiently adverb
The hotel is inefficiently run.
inefficiency noun [ U ]
They were accused of gross inefficiency in their handling of the case.
inelastic adjective
not changing much, or not allowing much change
For skilled occupations the supply of labour is typically fairly inelastic, because few
workers are capable of doing the work.
The demand for services such as water, gas and electricity is relatively inelastic.
inelastic adjective
not changing much, or not allowing much change
For skilled occupations the supply of labour is typically fairly inelastic, because few
workers are capable of doing the work.
The demand for services such as water, gas and electricity is relatively inelastic.
inelegant adjective
not attractive
an inelegant posture
inelegant surroundings
ineligible adjective
not allowed to do or have something, according to particular rules
He was declared ineligible for the competition because he worked for the
company that ran it.
Many people became ineligible to receive state aid because their earnings were
above the new limit.
ineligibility noun [ U ]
inept adjective
not skilled or effective
an inept comment/remark
He was always rather inept at sport.
He was criticized for his inept handling of the situation.
Dick was socially inept and uncomfortable in the presence of women.
ineptitude noun [ U ]
political/social/economic ineptitude
inequality noun [ C or U ]
a situation in which there is no equality or fair treatment in the sharing of wealth
or opportunities between different groups in society
The law has done little to prevent racial discrimination and inequality.
sexual inequality
There remain major inequalities of opportunity in the workplace.
inequitable adjective FORMAL
not fair; good for some and bad for others
The current health care system is inequitable and unjust, with huge disparities
between rich and poor.
inequity noun [ C or U ]
when a situation is not fair
inequities in the health care system
ineradicable adjective FORMAL
not able to be removed
Some experiences in early life have ineradicable effects.
ineradicable adjective FORMAL
not able to be removed
Some experiences in early life have ineradicable effects.
inert adjective NOT MOVING
1. not moving or not able to move
The inert figure of a man could be seen lying in the front of the car.
2. not energetic or interesting
The narrative is inert and sloppy, as if the author had been writing half-asleep.
inert adjective CHEMICAL
3. SPECIALIZED not reacting chemically with other substances
inert gases
inertly adverb
inertia noun [ U ] LACK OF ACTIVITY
1. lack of activity or interest, or unwillingness to make an effort to do anything
The organization is stifled by bureaucratic inertia.
inertia noun [ U ] FORCE
2. SPECIALIZED the physical force that keeps something in the same position or
moving in the same direction
in ˈ ertia ˌ reel noun [ C ]
describes a safety belt or seat belt which allows you to move about but holds you
firmly in position if it is suddenly pulled
in ˈ ertia ˌ selling noun [ U ] UK
the practice of sending products to people who have not asked for them, and then
demanding payment
inescapable adjective
If a fact or a situation is inescapable, it cannot be ignored or avoided.
inescapably adverb
We are inescapably conditioned by our upbringing.
inessential adjective
not necessary
make-up and other inessential items
inessential noun [ C usually plural ]
something which is not necessary
There's very little space for inessentials.
inessential adjective
not necessary
make-up and other inessential items
inessential noun [ C usually plural ]
something which is not necessary
There's very little space for inessentials.
inestimable adjective FORMAL
extremely great, or too great to be described or expressed exactly
The medical importance of this discovery is of inestimable value.
inestimably adverb
inevitable adjective
1. certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness.
2. the inevitable
something that is certain to happen and cannot be prevented
Eventually the inevitable happened and he had a heart attack.
inevitability noun [ U ]
the inevitability of change
inevitably adverb
in a way that cannot be avoided
Their arguments inevitably end in tears.
inexact adjective
not exact or not known in detail
Estimates of the numbers involved remain inexact.
inexcusable adjective
(of behaviour) too bad to be accepted
His drunken outbursts during the mayor's speech were inexcusable.
It 's inexcusable that such young children were left in the house alone.
inexcusably adverb
inexhaustible adjective
existing in very great amounts that will never be finished
There seemed to be an inexhaustible supply of champagne at the wedding.
inexhaustible adjective
existing in very great amounts that will never be finished
There seemed to be an inexhaustible supply of champagne at the wedding.
inexorable adjective FORMAL
continuing without any possibility of being stopped
the inexorable progress of science
inexorably adverb
These events led inexorably to war.
inexorability noun [ U ]
inexpedient adjective [ + to infinitive ] FORMAL
not suitable or convenient
It was inexpedient for him to be seen to approve of the decision.
inexpensive adjective
not costing a lot of money
It's an inexpensive perfume.
inexperience noun [ U ]
lack of knowledge or experience
As a leader, he's been criticized for his inexperience in foreign affairs.
inexperienced adjective
having little knowledge or experience
They are young inexperienced parents and need support.
inexpert adjective
having little skill
She had made an inexpert attempt to repair the car.
inexpertly adverb
inexplicable adjective
unable to be explained or understood
For some inexplicable reason, he's decided to cancel the project.
inexplicably adverb
Inexplicably, the men were never questioned about where the explosives came
from.
inexpressible adjective
describes a feeling that is too strong to be described
The news filled him with inexpressible delight/joy/horror/pain.
inexpressibly adverb
The jokes were inexpressibly awful.
inexpressible adjective
describes a feeling that is too strong to be described
The news filled him with inexpressible delight/joy/horror/pain.
inexpressibly adverb
The jokes were inexpressibly awful.
inexpressive adjective
showing no feelings
Although the shock must have been great, her face remained inexpressive.
inextinguishable adjective
unable to be stopped from burning or existing
in extremis , adverb
1. FORMAL in an extremely difficult situation
I'll only ask the bank for a loan in extremis.
2. SPECIALIZED at the point of death
inextricable adjective
unable to be separated, released or escaped from
In the case of King Arthur, legend and truth are often inextricable.
inextricably adverb
His name was inextricably linked with the environmental movement.
infallible adjective
never wrong, failing or making a mistake
Even the experts are not infallible.
infallibility noun [ U ]
infallibly adverb
always
He's infallibly cheerful, despite his difficulties.
infamous adjective
famous for something considered bad
The list included the infamous George Drake, a double murderer.
He's infamous for his bigoted sense of humour.
infamy noun FORMAL
1. [ U ] when someone or something is famous for something considered bad
Franklin D. Roosevelt described the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1947 as 'a day
that will live in infamy'.
2. [ C ] a bad and shocking act or event
For the relatives of those who had died in the war, the final infamy was the
pardoning of the draft-dodgers.
infamy noun FORMAL
1. [ U ] when someone or something is famous for something considered bad
Franklin D. Roosevelt described the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1947 as 'a day
that will live in infamy'.
2. [ C ] a bad and shocking act or event
For the relatives of those who had died in the war, the final infamy was the
pardoning of the draft-dodgers.
infancy noun [ U ]
1. the time when someone is a baby or a very young child
Her youngest child died in infancy.
2. be in its infancy
to be very new and still developing
The system is still in its infancy.
infant noun YOUNG CHILD
1. [ C ] a baby or a very young child
a newborn infant
infant noun SCHOOL
2. [ C ] UK a student at an infant school
Jenny is a top-year infant now.
3. the infants UK
infant school
Andrew's still in the infants.
infant adjective UK
related to or connected with the first stage of school in the UK, for children aged 4
to 7 years
an infant teacher/class
See also junior school
ˈ infant ˌ formula noun [ U ]
US FOR baby milk
infanticide noun [ U ] FORMAL
the crime of killing a child
infantile adjective DISAPPROVING
typical of a child and therefore unsuitable for an adult
infantile behaviour
infantilize , infantilise verb [ T ] DISAPPROVING
to treat someone as if they are a child so that they start acting like one
He argues that giving money to the poor infantilizes them and stops them from
helping themselves.
infantry noun [ U + sing/pl verb ]
the part of an army that fights on foot
The infantry was/were sent into battle.
It's a light/heavy infantry unit.
Compare cavalry
infantry noun [ U + sing/pl verb ]
the part of an army that fights on foot
The infantry was/were sent into battle.
It's a light/heavy infantry unit.
Compare cavalry
infantryman , noun [ C ]
a soldier who fights on foot
ˈ infant ˌ school noun [ C ] ( ALSO the infants )
in the UK, a school or part of a school for children who are 4 to 7 years old
Erik starts infant school in September.
infatuated adjective
having a very strong but not usually lasting feeling of love or attraction for
someone or something
She was infatuated with her boss.
infatuation noun [ C or U ]
strong but not usually lasting feelings of love or attraction
It's just an infatuation. She'll get over it.
No one expected their infatuation with each other to last.
infeasible adjective
US FOR unfeasible
infect verb [ T ] DISEASE
1. to pass a disease to a person, animal or plant
The ward was full of children infected with TB.
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus.
infect verb [ T ] FEELING
2. to make someone have the same feeling or emotion as you
Her optimism seemed to infect all those around her.
infect verb [ T ] COMPUTERS
3. to pass harmful programs from one computer to another, or within files in the
same computer
A computer virus may lurk unseen in a computer's memory, calling up and
infecting each of the machine's data files in turn.
infected adjective DISEASE
1. containing bacteria, dirt or other things that can cause disease
an infected wound/cut
After the operation the wound became infected.
infected adjective COMPUTER
2. An infected computer file contains a computer virus (= a program that can
harm computers and their files) .
infected adjective DISEASE
1. containing bacteria, dirt or other things that can cause disease
an infected wound/cut
After the operation the wound became infected.
infected adjective COMPUTER
2. An infected computer file contains a computer virus (= a program that can
harm computers and their files) .
infection noun [ C or U ]
a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus
a serious infection
a throat infection
Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection.
infectious adjective
1. able to pass a disease from one person, animal or plant to another
an infectious disease/patient
2. describes something that has an effect on everyone who is present and makes
them want to join in
an infectious laugh
infectious enthusiasm
infelicitous adjective FORMAL
not suitable; not fitting the occasion
an infelicitous remark
infelicity noun [ C usually plural ] FORMAL
His article was full of mistakes and verbal infelicities (= unsuitable expressions) .
infer verb [ T ] FORMAL
to form an opinion or guess that something is true because of the information that
you have
What do you infer from her refusal?
[ + that ] I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
inference noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
when you guess that something is true or form an opinion because of the
information that you have
They were warned to expect a heavy air attack and by inference many casualties.
His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had
persuaded him.
inferior adjective
1. not good, or not as good as someone or something else
These products are inferior to those we bought last year.
She cited cases in which women had received inferior health care.
It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially
inferior.
Compare superior
2. SPECIALIZED lower, or of lower rank
an inferior officer
Compare superior
inferiority noun [ U ]
His ill treatment as a child had given him a strong sense of inferiority.
Compare superiority
inferior adjective
1. not good, or not as good as someone or something else
These products are inferior to those we bought last year.
She cited cases in which women had received inferior health care.
It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially
inferior.
Compare superior
2. SPECIALIZED lower, or of lower rank
an inferior officer
Compare superior
inferiority noun [ U ]
His ill treatment as a child had given him a strong sense of inferiority.
Compare superiority
inferi ˈ ority ˌ complex noun [ C ]
a feeling that you are not as good, as intelligent, as attractive, etc. as other
people
He's always had an inferiority complex about his height.
infernal adjective
1. [ before noun ] OLD-FASHIONED very bad or unpleasant
What an infernal noise !
2. having the qualities of hell (= place to which bad people go after death)
He described a journey through the infernal world.
inferno noun [ C ]
a very large uncontrolled fire
a raging inferno
The building was an inferno by the time the fire service arrived.
infertile adjective
1. An infertile person, animal or plant cannot reproduce
It has been estimated that one in eight couples is infertile.
2. Infertile land or soil is not good enough for plants or crops to grow well there
Poor farmers have little option but to try to grow food on these infertile soils .
infertility noun [ U ]
male/female infertility
infer ˈ tility ˌ clinic noun [ C ]
a special building or part of a hospital where people go to get medical treatment
or advice when they are unable to produce children
infest verb [ T ]
(of animals and insects which carry disease) to cause a problem by being present
in large numbers
The barn was infested with rats.
infestation noun [ C or U ]
a flea infestation
an infestation of cockroaches/head lice
infidel noun [ C or U ] OLD USE DISAPPROVING
(used especially between Christians and Muslims) someone who does not have
the same religious beliefs as the person speaking
He lived among infidels/ the infidel.
infidel armies
infidel noun [ C or U ] OLD USE DISAPPROVING
(used especially between Christians and Muslims) someone who does not have
the same religious beliefs as the person speaking
He lived among infidels/ the infidel.
infidel armies
infidelity noun [ C or U ]
(an act of) having sex with someone who is not your husband, wife or regular
sexual partner, or (an example of) not being loyal or faithful
marital/sexual infidelity
She could not forgive his many infidelities.
the infield noun [ S ]
the part of a cricket or baseball field that is closest to the player who hits the ball,
or the group of players there
Compare the outfield
infielder noun [ C ]
(In baseball) an infielder is any of the four players who regularly play between the
positions of first base and third base .
infighting noun [ U ]
competition between people within a group, especially to improve their own
position or to get agreement for their ideas
political infighting
Years of infighting among the leaders have destroyed the party.
infiltrate verb [ I + adv/prep T ]
1. to secretly become part of a group in order to get information or to influence
the way that group thinks or behaves
A journalist managed to infiltrate the powerful drug cartel.
2. to move slowly into a substance, place, system or organization
At about this time the new ideas about 'corporate management' had begun to
infiltrate (into) local government.
infiltration noun [ U ]
infiltrator noun [ C ]
a person who secretly becomes part of a group in order to get information or to
influence the way the group thinks or behaves
The infiltrator was identified and killed.
infinite adjective
without limits; extremely large or great
an infinite number/variety
The universe is theoretically infinite.
With infinite patience , she explained the complex procedure to us.
in sb's infinite wisdom DISAPPROVING
used to show that you do not understand why someone has done something and
that you think it was a stupid action
The authorities, in their infinite wisdom, decided to close the advice centre.
infinite noun
the Infinite
God
infinite adjective
without limits; extremely large or great
an infinite number/variety
The universe is theoretically infinite.
With infinite patience , she explained the complex procedure to us.
in sb's infinite wisdom DISAPPROVING
used to show that you do not understand why someone has done something and
that you think it was a stupid action
The authorities, in their infinite wisdom, decided to close the advice centre.
infinite noun
the Infinite
God
infinitely adverb
very or very much
Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
infinitesimal adjective FORMAL
extremely small
The amounts of radioactivity present were infinitesimal.
infinitesimally adverb
infinitesimally small
infinitive noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
the basic form of a verb that usually follows 'to'
In the sentences 'I had to go' and 'I must go', 'go' is an infinitive.
'Go' is the infinitive form .
infinity noun
1. [ U ] time or space that has no end
the infinity of the universe
the concept of infinity
2. [ U ] a point which is so far away that it cannot be reached
FIGURATIVE The mountain range stretched away into infinity.
3. [ U ] a number that is larger than all other numbers
4. [ S ] an extremely large number of something
an infinity of stars in the galaxy
infirm adjective FORMAL
ill or needing care, especially for long periods and often because of old age
She was too elderly and infirm to remain at home.
infirm plural noun FORMAL
the infirm
people who are ill for long periods
The old and the infirm are the most susceptible to this disease.
infirmary noun [ C ]
1. UK OLD USE a hospital. It is now used mainly in the names of hospitals
Leeds General Infirmary
the Royal Infirmary
2. US In the US, an infirmary is a room in a school, college or university where
students who are injured or feeling ill can go to a nurse for treatment.
infirmary noun [ C ]
1. UK OLD USE a hospital. It is now used mainly in the names of hospitals
Leeds General Infirmary
the Royal Infirmary
2. US In the US, an infirmary is a room in a school, college or university where
students who are injured or feeling ill can go to a nurse for treatment.
infirmity noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
illness, especially for long periods or because of old age
an advanced state of infirmity
She suffered from a long list of infirmities.
inflame verb [ T ]
to cause or increase very strong feelings such as anger or excitement
Reducing the number of staff is certain to inflame the already angry medical
profession.
Pictures of the bombed and burning city inflamed feelings/passions further.
inflamed adjective
(of a part of the body) red, painful and swollen, especially because of infection
an inflamed eye/toe
You should call the doctor if the area around the wound becomes inflamed.
inflammable adjective FIRE
1. describes something that burns very easily
a highly inflammable liquid such as petrol
inflammable adjective VIOLENCE
2. likely to become violent or angry very quickly and in an uncontrolled way
an inflammable situation/region
a highly inflammable mix of outrage and bitterness
inflammation noun [ C or U ]
a red, painful and often swollen area in or on a part of your body
Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation.
an inflammation of the eye/toe/ear
inflammatory adjective ANGER
1. intended or likely to cause anger or hate
The men were using inflammatory language /making inflammatory remarks
about the other team's supporters.
inflammatory adjective SWELLING
2. causing or related to swelling and pain in the body
SPECIALIZED
inflatable noun [ C ]
a boat or something similar which must be filled with air in order to float on the
water
inflatable adjective
able to be inflated
inflatable pillows/mattresses
water
able to be inflated
inflate verb FILL WITH AIR
inflate
1. [ I or T ] to cause to increase in size by filling with air
He inflated the balloons with helium.
We watch the hot-air balloon slowly inflate.
inflate verb MAKE LARGER
2. [ T ] to make something larger or more important
They inflated their part in the rescue every time they told the story.
inflated adjective
Inflated prices, costs, numbers, etc. are higher than they should be, or higher
than people think is reasonable.
inflation noun [ U ]
a general, continuous increase in prices
high/low inflation
the rate of inflation
3% inflation
Compare deflation
inflationary adjective
causing price increases and inflation
inflationary policies/pressures/trends
in ˌ flationary ˈ spiral noun [ C ]
a situation in which prices increase, then people are paid more in their jobs, which
then causes the price of goods and services to increase again, and so on
inflected adjective
An inflected form of a word has a changed spelling or ending which shows the way
it is used in sentences.
'Finds' and 'found' are inflected forms of 'find'.
in ˌ flected ˈ language noun [ C ]
one which changes the form or ending of some words when the way in which they
are used in sentences changes
Latin, Polish and Finnish are all highly inflected languages.
water
able to be inflated
inflate verb FILL WITH AIR
inflate
1. [ I or T ] to cause to increase in size by filling with air
He inflated the balloons with helium.
We watch the hot-air balloon slowly inflate.
inflate verb MAKE LARGER
2. [ T ] to make something larger or more important
They inflated their part in the rescue every time they told the story.
inflated adjective
Inflated prices, costs, numbers, etc. are higher than they should be, or higher
than people think is reasonable.
inflation noun [ U ]
a general, continuous increase in prices
high/low inflation
the rate of inflation
3% inflation
Compare deflation
inflationary adjective
causing price increases and inflation
inflationary policies/pressures/trends
in ˌ flationary ˈ spiral noun [ C ]
a situation in which prices increase, then people are paid more in their jobs, which
then causes the price of goods and services to increase again, and so on
inflected adjective
An inflected form of a word has a changed spelling or ending which shows the way
it is used in sentences.
'Finds' and 'found' are inflected forms of 'find'.
in ˌ flected ˈ language noun [ C ]
one which changes the form or ending of some words when the way in which they
are used in sentences changes
Latin, Polish and Finnish are all highly inflected languages.
inflection , UK ALSO inflexion noun GRAMMAR
1. [ C ] a change in or addition to the form of a word which shows a change in the
way it is used in sentences
If you add the plural inflection '-s' to 'dog' you get 'dogs'.
inflection , UK ALSO inflexion noun SPEECH
2. [ C or U ] the way in which the sound of your voice changes during speech, for
example when you emphasize particular words
His voice was low and flat, with almost no inflection.
inflexible adjective USUALLY DISAPPROVING
(especially of opinions and rules) fixed and unable or unwilling to change
The prime minister has adopted an inflexible position on immigration.
This type of computer is too slow and inflexible to meet many business needs.
inflexibility noun [ U ]
inflict verb [ T ]
to force someone to experience something very unpleasant
These new bullets are capable of inflicting massive injuries.
The suffering inflicted on these children was unimaginable.
infliction noun [ U ]
inflict verb [ T ]
to force someone to experience something very unpleasant
These new bullets are capable of inflicting massive injuries.
The suffering inflicted on these children was unimaginable.
infliction noun [ U ]
in-flight adjective [ before noun ]
happening or available during a flight
in-flight entertainment
I always read the in-flight magazine .
inflorescence noun SPECIALIZED
1. [ C ] in a plant, a flower or group of flowers on the stem, or the way they are
arranged
2. [ U ] the formation of buds and flowers on a plant
inflow noun [ C or U ]
the action of people or things arriving somewhere
The government wanted an inflow of foreign investment.
influence noun [ C or U ]
the power to have an effect on people or things, or a person or thing that is able
to do this
Helen's a bad/good influence on him.
He has a huge amount of influence over the city council.
Christopher hoped to exert his influence to make them change their minds.
At the time she was under the influence of her father.
under the influence
drunk
Driving under the influence is a very serious offence.
influence verb [ T ]
to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves or thinks
She's very good at making friends and influencing people.
[ + object + to infinitive ] What influenced you to choose a career in nursing?
influential adjective
having a lot of influence on someone or something
She wanted to work for a bigger and more influential (= powerful) newspaper.
Johnson was influential (= important) in persuad ing the producers to put money
into the film.
influenza noun [ U ]
FORMAL FOR flu
influenza noun [ U ]
FORMAL FOR flu
influx noun [ U ]
the arrival of a large number of people or things at the same time
Turkey is expecting an influx of several thousand refugees over the next few
days.
info noun [ U ]
INFORMAL FOR information
infomercial noun [ C ] MAINLY US
an especially long television advertisement, which contains a lot of information
and seems like a normal programme
inform verb [ T ]
to tell someone about particular facts
The name of the dead man will not be released until his relatives have been
informed.
Why wasn't I informed about this earlier?
Walters was not properly informed of the reasons for her arrest.
[ + that ] I informed my boss that I was going to be away next week.
inform against/on sb phrasal verb
If you inform on/against someone, you give the police information, usually
secretly, about that person, showing that he or she has done something wrong
The terrorists said that anyone caught informing on them would be killed.
informal adjective
(of situations) not formal or official, or (of clothing, behaviour, speech) suitable
when you are with friends and family but not for official occasions
The two groups agreed to hold an informal meeting.
He's the ideal sort of teacher - direct, friendly and informal.
'Hi' is an informal way of greeting people.
informally adverb
It's an outdoor party, so dress informally.
They've agreed informally to separate.
informality noun [ U ]
informant noun [ C ]
someone who gives information to another person or organization
a police/secret informant
Our survey is based on information from over 200 informants.
informant noun [ C ]
someone who gives information to another person or organization
a police/secret informant
Our survey is based on information from over 200 informants.
information noun [ U ] ( INFORMAL info )
facts about a situation, person, event, etc
Do you have any information about/on train times?
I read an interesting bit/piece of information in the newspaper.
For further information (= if you want to know more) , please contact your local
library.
[ + that ] We have reliable information that a strike is planned next month.
Too much information INFORMAL
used when you want to tell someone that what they have said should be kept
private or is embarrassing
informational adjective
containing information
infor ˌ mation ˈ overload noun [ U ]
when you receive too much information at one time and cannot think about it in a
clear way
Spread your visit to the museum over two days if you want to avoid information
overload.
infor ˌ mation re ˈ trieval noun [ U ]
the process of finding stored information on a computer
infor ˌ mation tech ˈ nology noun [ U ] ( ABBREVIATION IT )
the science and activity of using computers and other electronic equipment to
store and send information
informative adjective
providing a lot of useful information
This is an interesting and highly informative book.
informed adjective
having a lot of knowledge or information about something
an informed choice/opinion
The school promised to keep parents informed about the situation.
Elizabeth is remarkably well -informed.
informer noun [ C ]
a person who gives information in secret, especially to the police
Most police informers receive a reward for their information.
informer noun [ C ]
a person who gives information in secret, especially to the police
Most police informers receive a reward for their information.
infotainment noun [ U ] MAINLY DISAPPROVING
(in television) the reporting of news and facts in an entertaining and humorous
way rather than providing real information
It wasn't a real documentary - it was more what you'd call infotainment.
infraction noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
when someone breaks a rule or law
Any attempt to influence the judges will be seen as an infraction of the rules.
infra dig adjective [ after verb ] UK OLD-FASHIONED
below what you consider to be socially acceptable
[ + to infinitive ] Diane thinks it's a bit infra dig to do her own housework.
infrared adjective
a type of light that feels warm but cannot be seen
Their pilots are guided by an infrared optical system that shows images clearly
even at night.
infrastructure noun [ C usually singular ]
the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a
country or organization uses in order to work effectively
The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure.
infrequent adjective
not happening very often
His letters became infrequent, then stopped completely.
infrequently adverb
infringe verb [ T ] FORMAL
to break a rule, law, etc
They infringed building regulations.
infringe on/upon sth phrasal verb
If something infringes on/upon someone's rights or freedom, it takes away some
of their rights or limits their freedom
These restrictions infringe upon basic human rights.
infringement noun [ C or U ]
an action that breaks a rule, law, etc
copyright infringement
Even minor infringements of the law will be severely punished.
infringement noun [ C or U ]
an action that breaks a rule, law, etc
copyright infringement
Even minor infringements of the law will be severely punished.
infuriate verb [ T ]
to make someone extremely angry
His sexist attitude infuriates me.
infuriating adjective
extremely annoying
It's infuriating when people keep spelling your name wrong, isn't it?
infuse verb EMOTION
1. [ T + object + prep ] to fill someone or something with an emotion or quality
The pulling down of the Berlin Wall infused the world with optimism.
The arrival of a group of friends on Saturday infused new life into the weekend.
infuse verb DRINK
2. [ I or T ] If you infuse a drink or it infuses, you leave substances such as tea
leaves or herbs in hot water so that their flavour goes into the liquid
Allow the tea to infuse for five minutes.
infusion noun [ C or U ]
when one thing is added to another to make it stronger or better
An infusion of $100 000 into the company is required.
She drinks an infusion of herbs (= a drink made by leaving herbs in hot water) .
-ing suffix
used to form the present participle of regular verbs
calling
asking
ingenious adjective
(of a person) very clever and skilful, or (of a thing) cleverly made or planned and
involving new ideas and methods
an ingenious idea/method/solution
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the
most ordinary materials.
ingeniously adverb
The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into your pocket.
ingenue noun [ C ] FORMAL
a young woman who has little experience and is very trusting, especially as
played in films and plays
ingenue noun [ C ] FORMAL

a young woman who has little experience and is very trusting, especially as
played in films and plays
ingenuity noun [ U ]
someone's ability to think of clever new ways of doing something
Drug smugglers constantly use their ingenuity to find new ways of getting drugs
into a country.
ingenuous adjective FORMAL
honest, sincere and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems silly
It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look
after his luggage.
ingenuously adverb
ingest verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED
to eat or drink something
The chemicals can be poisonous if ingested.
ingestion noun [ U ]
inglenook noun [ C ]
inglenook
a partly closed space by a large open fireplace built so that you can sit close to
the fire
inglorious adjective LITERARY
not honourable (= fair and honest) or not to be proud of
That country has a long, inglorious record of dealing harshly with political
prisoners.
ingot noun [ C ]
a piece of metal, usually in the shape of a narrow brick
a gold/silver ingot
ingrained adjective BELIEFS
1. (of beliefs) so firmly held that they are not likely to change
Such ingrained prejudices cannot be corrected easily.
The belief that you should own your house is deeply ingrained in British society.
ingrained adjective DIRT
2. Ingrained dirt has got under the surface of something and is difficult to remove
The oil had become ingrained in his skin.
ingrained adjective BELIEFS
1. (of beliefs) so firmly held that they are not likely to change
Such ingrained prejudices cannot be corrected easily.
The belief that you should own your house is deeply ingrained in British society.
ingrained adjective DIRT
2. Ingrained dirt has got under the surface of something and is difficult to remove
The oil had become ingrained in his skin.
ingrate noun [ C ] LITERARY
a person who is not grateful
ingratiate yourself verb [ R ] DISAPPROVING
to make someone like you by praising or trying to please them
He's always trying to ingratiate himself with his boss.
ingratiating adjective DISAPPROVING
describes behaviour that is intended to make people like you
an ingratiating smile/manner
ingratitude noun [ U ]
when someone is not grateful for something
ingredient noun [ C ]
1. a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish
The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds.
2. one of the parts of something successful
Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage.
in-group noun [ C ] MAINLY DISAPPROVING
a social group whose members are very loyal to each other and share a lot of
interests, and who usually try to keep other people out of the group
ingrowing adjective ( US USUALLY ingrown )
growing into the flesh
She's having an operation on an ingrowing toenail .
an ingrowing hair
inhabit verb [ T often passive ]
to live in a place
These remote islands are inhabited only by birds.
inhabitable adjective
able to be lived in or on
Opposite uninhabitable
inhabitant noun [ C ]
a person or animal that lives in a particular place
a city of 5 million inhabitants
inhabitant noun [ C ]
a person or animal that lives in a particular place
a city of 5 million inhabitants
inhale verb BREATHE
1. [ I or T ] to breathe air, smoke, or gas into your lungs
She flung open the window and inhaled deeply.
She became ill shortly after inhaling the fumes.
Compare exhale
inhale verb EAT
2. [ T ] US INFORMAL to eat something extremely fast
Tony inhaled his burger.
inhalation noun [ U ]
Two firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation.
inhaler noun [ C ]
a small device you use to breathe in particular medicines
inherent , adjective
existing as a natural or basic part of something
There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport.
I have an inherent distrust of lawyers.
inherently adverb
There's nothing inherently wrong with his ideas.
inherit verb FROM DEAD PERSON
1. [ I or T ] to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died
Who will inherit the house when he dies?
All her children will inherit equally.
inherit verb QUALITY
2. [ T ] to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your
parents or grandparents
Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother.
inherit verb PROBLEM
3. [ T ] to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously
existed or belonged to another person
When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems.
inheritance noun [ C usually singular U ] FROM DEAD PERSON
1. money or objects that someone gives you when they die
The large inheritance from his aunt meant that he could buy his own boat.
At twenty-one she came into her inheritance (= it was given to her) .
inheritance noun [ C usually singular U ] QUALITY
2. a physical or mental characteristic inherited from your parents, or the process
by which this happens
genetic inheritance
A particular gene is responsible for the inheritance of eye colour.
inheritance noun [ C usually singular U ] FROM DEAD PERSON
1. money or objects that someone gives you when they die
The large inheritance from his aunt meant that he could buy his own boat.
At twenty-one she came into her inheritance (= it was given to her) .
inheritance noun [ C usually singular U ] QUALITY
2. a physical or mental characteristic inherited from your parents, or the process
by which this happens
genetic inheritance
A particular gene is responsible for the inheritance of eye colour.
in ˈ heritance ˌ tax noun [ C or U ]
a tax paid on money or property you have received from someone who has died
inheritor noun [ C ]
a person who has been given something by someone who is dead
FIGURATIVE We are the inheritors of Greek and Roman culture.
inhibit verb [ T ]
to prevent someone from doing something, or to slow down a process or the
growth of something
Some workers were inhibited ( from speaking) by the presence of their
managers.
This drug inhibits the growth of tumours.
inhibited adjective
not confident enough to say or do what you want
The presence of strangers made her feel inhibited.
inhibition noun [ C or U ]
a feeling of embarrassment or worry that prevents you from saying or doing what
you want
After a couple of drinks he lost his inhibition and started talking and laughing
loudly.
She was determined to shed her inhibitions and have a good time.
in-home adjective [ before noun ] US
provided at someone's home
in-home care for the disabled
inhospitable , adjective PERSON
1. not welcoming or generous to people who visit you
I'll have to cook them a meal or they'll think I'm inhospitable.
inhospitable , adjective PLACE
2. describes an area which is not suitable for humans to live in
They had to trek for miles through inhospitable countryside.
in-house adjective , adverb
Something that is done in-house is done within an organization or business by its
employees rather than by other people
an in-house training scheme
All our advertising material is designed in-house.
in-house adjective , adverb
Something that is done in-house is done within an organization or business by its
employees rather than by other people
an in-house training scheme
All our advertising material is designed in-house.
inhuman adjective
extremely cruel, or not human in an unusual or frightening way
Prisoners of war were subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment.
Most people feel that there is something almost inhuman about perfection.
inhumane adjective
cruel and not finding the suffering of people or animals important
Conditions for prisoners were described as inhumane.
Many people believe factory farming is inhumane.
inhumanely adverb
inhumanity noun [ U ]
extremely cruel behaviour
They were accused of inhumanity in their treatment of the hostages.
inimical adjective FORMAL
harmful or limiting
Excessive managerial control is inimical to creative expression.
inimitable adjective
very unusual or of very high quality and therefore impossible to copy
He was describing, in his own inimitable style/way , how to write a best-selling
novel.
She appeared at the Oscar's wearing one of Versace's inimitable creations.
iniquitous adjective FORMAL
very wrong and unfair
It is an iniquitous system that allows a person to die because they have no
money to pay for medicine.
iniquity noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
a very wrong and unfair action or situation
They fought long and hard against the iniquities of apartheid.
The writer reflects on human injustice and iniquity.
initial adjective [ before noun ]
of or at the beginning
My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.
Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been
confirmed.
initial noun [ C usually plural ]
the first letter of a name, especially when used to represent a name
He wrote his initials, P.M.R., at the bottom of the page.
Paul M. Reynolds refused to say what the initial "M" stood for .
They carved their initials into a tree.
initial verb [ T ]
to write your initials on something
initial adjective [ before noun ]
of or at the beginning
My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.
Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been
confirmed.
initial noun [ C usually plural ]
the first letter of a name, especially when used to represent a name
He wrote his initials, P.M.R., at the bottom of the page.
Paul M. Reynolds refused to say what the initial "M" stood for .
They carved their initials into a tree.
initial verb [ T ]
to write your initials on something

I initialled the documents and returned them to personnel.
initialize verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED
to set the numbers, amounts etc. in a computer program so that it is ready to

start working
initially adverb
at the beginning
Initially, most people approved of the new scheme.
The damage was far more serious than initially believed.
initiate verb [ T ] START
1. SLIGHTLY FORMAL to cause something to begin
Who initiated the violence?
initiate verb [ T ] TEACH
2. to teach someone about an area of knowledge, or to allow someone into a

group by a special ceremony
At the age of eleven, Harry was initiated into the art of golf by his father.
Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
initiate noun [ C ] FORMAL
a person who has recently joined a group and has been taught its secrets
initiation noun START
1. [ U ] FORMAL when something starts
Lawyers for the couple have announced the initiation of divorce proceedings.
initiation noun INTRODUCTION
2. [ C or U ] when someone is first introduced to an activity or skill
My initiation into the mysteries of home brewing was not a success.
initi ˈ ation ˌ ceremony noun [ C ]
a process or event that a person takes part in to become an official member of a

group
initiative noun NEW ACTION
1. [ C ] a new action or movement, often intended to solve a problem
The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.

initiative noun JUDGMENT
2. [ U ] the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without
needing to be told what to do
Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted
to manager after a year.
I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your
own judgment to decide what to do) !
3. on your own initiative
If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it yourself
without anyone telling you what to do.
initiative noun ADVANTAGE
4. the initiative
the power or opportunity to win an advantage
to seize/take/lose the initiative
I initialled the documents and returned them to personnel.

initiative noun NEW ACTION
1. [ C ] a new action or movement, often intended to solve a problem
The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.
initiative noun JUDGMENT
2. [ U ] the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without
needing to be told what to do
Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted
to manager after a year.
I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your
own judgment to decide what to do) !
3. on your own initiative
If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it yourself
without anyone telling you what to do.
initiative noun ADVANTAGE
4. the initiative
the power or opportunity to win an advantage
to seize/take/lose the initiative
inject verb [ T ] DRUG
1. to use a needle and syringe (= small tube) to put a liquid such as a drug into a
person's body
Phil's a diabetic and has to inject himself with insulin every day.
inject verb [ T ] SOMETHING NEW
2. to introduce something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or
process
A large amount of money will have to be injected into the company if it is to
survive.
I tried to inject a little humour into the meeting.
injection noun [ C or U ] DRUG
1. when someone puts a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a
needle and a syringe (= small tube)
Daily insulin injections are necessary for some diabetics.
This steroid is sometimes given by injection.
injection noun [ C or U ] SOMETHING NEW
2. the introduction of something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or
process
A cash injection of £20 million will be used to improve the health service.
an injection of humour/excitement
in-joke noun [ C ]
a private joke which can only be understood by a limited group of people who
have a special knowledge of something that is referred to in the joke
injudicious adjective FORMAL
unwise; showing bad judgment
an injudicious remark
injunction noun [ C ]
an official order given by a court of law, usually to stop someone from doing
something
[ + to infinitive ] The court has issued an injunction to prevent the airline from
increasing its prices.
[ + -ing verb ] She is seeking an injunction bann ing the newspaper from
publishing the photographs.
injure verb [ T ]
to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal
A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people.
She fell and injured her shoulder.
He was badly injured in the crash.
He claimed that working too hard was injuring his health.
injure verb [ T ]
to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal
A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several people.
She fell and injured her shoulder.
He was badly injured in the crash.
He claimed that working too hard was injuring his health.
injured adjective
1. hurt or physically harmed
She was told to stay in bed to rest her injured back.
injured adjective
2. If your feelings are injured, someone has offended or upset you.
It's nothing more than injured pride.
injured plural noun
the injured
people who are injured, considered as a group
The injured were taken to several nearby hospitals.
injurious adjective FORMAL
harmful
Too much alcohol is injurious to your health.
injury noun [ C or U ]
physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or an attack
a head/back/knee injury
Several train passengers received/sustained serious injuries in the crash.
Injuries to the spine are common amongst these workers.
They were lucky to escape (without) injury.
do yourself an injury UK INFORMAL
to hurt yourself
Don't even think about lifting me up, Ted, you might do yourself an injury.
ˈ injury ˌ time noun [ U ] UK
a period of time added to the end of a sports game because play was stopped
during the game to take care of players who were hurt
injustice noun [ C or U ]
(an example of) a situation in which there is no fairness and justice
The sight of people suffering arouses a deep sense of injustice in her.
They were aware of the injustices of the system.
See also unjust
ink noun [ C or U ]
coloured liquid used for writing, printing and drawing
a bottle of ink
blue/black/red ink
Please write in ink, not in pencil.
The book is printed in three different coloured inks.
the ink is not dry/still wet
You say that the ink is not dry/still wet on a document if it has just been written
or produced
The ink was barely dry on the peace agreement when fighting broke out again.
ink verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED
to put ink on something
The printing plates have to be inked before they will print on the paper.
ink noun [ C or U ]
a bottle of ink
blue/black/red ink
or produced
ink-jet printer noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
an electronic printer which blows ink onto paper using very small jets (= small
openings which push out liquid)
inkling noun [ C usually singular U ]
when you think that something is true or likely to happen, although you are not
certain
[ + that ] I didn't have the slightest inkling that she was unhappy.
He must have had some inkling of what was happening.
inkstand noun [ C ]
a container for bottles of ink, pens and pencils, etc.
inkwell noun [ C ]
a container for ink, used in the past, which fitted into a hole in a table
inky adjective
1. covered with ink
inky stains/fingers
2. LITERARY very dark
It was night and the water looked cold and inky black .
inland , , adjective [ before noun ]
in the middle of a country, away from the sea
The Black Sea is a large inland sea.
inland , , adverb
towards the middle of a country, away from the sea
Seabirds often come inland to find food.
the ˌ Inland ˈ Revenue noun [ S + sing/pl verb ]
in the UK, the government office which collects the main taxes
in-laws plural noun INFORMAL
the parents of your husband or wife and other members of their family
inlay noun [ C or U ]
a decorative pattern put into the surface of an object
The walls of the palace are marble with silver inlay.
inlaid adjective
The top of the wooden chest was inlaid with ivory.
ink noun [ C or U ]
a bottle of ink
blue/black/red ink
or produced
ink-jet printer noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
an electronic printer which blows ink onto paper using very small jets (= small
openings which push out liquid)
inkling noun [ C usually singular U ]
when you think that something is true or likely to happen, although you are not
certain
[ + that ] I didn't have the slightest inkling that she was unhappy.
He must have had some inkling of what was happening.
inkstand noun [ C ]
a container for bottles of ink, pens and pencils, etc.
inkwell noun [ C ]
a container for ink, used in the past, which fitted into a hole in a table
inky adjective
1. covered with ink
inky stains/fingers
2. LITERARY very dark
It was night and the water looked cold and inky black .
inland , , adjective [ before noun ]
in the middle of a country, away from the sea
The Black Sea is a large inland sea.
inland , , adverb
towards the middle of a country, away from the sea
Seabirds often come inland to find food.
the ˌ Inland ˈ Revenue noun [ S + sing/pl verb ]
in the UK, the government office which collects the main taxes
in-laws plural noun INFORMAL
the parents of your husband or wife and other members of their family
inlay noun [ C or U ]
a decorative pattern put into the surface of an object
The walls of the palace are marble with silver inlay.
inlaid adjective
The top of the wooden chest was inlaid with ivory.
inlet noun [ C ] CHANNEL
1. a narrow strip of water that goes from a sea or lake into the land or between
islands
inlet noun [ C ] MACHINE PART
2. UK SPECIALIZED the part of a machine through which liquid or gas enters
an inlet pipe/manifold/valve
ˌ in-line ˈ skate noun [ C ] US
a Rollerblade
in-line skating noun [ U ]
the activity of skating whille wearing special skates with a single row of wheels on
the bottom of each one
in loco parentis adjective [ after verb ] , adverb FORMAL
being responsible for a child while the child's parents are absent
While children are in school, teachers are legally in loco parentis.
inmate noun [ C ]
a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
inmate noun [ C ]
a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
inn noun [ C ]
1. UK a pub where you can stay for the night, usually in the countryside
2. US a small hotel, usually in the countryside
3. Inn
used in the names of some hotels and restaurants
the Holiday Inn, Harrogate
innards plural noun INFORMAL
the inner organs of a person or animal, or the inside parts of a machine
innate adjective
An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you have
learned
Cyril's most impressive quality was his innate goodness.
innately adverb
I don't believe that human beings are innately evil.
inner adjective [ before noun ]
1. inside or contained within something else
Leading off the main hall is a series of small inner rooms.
HUMOROUS Few people ever managed to penetrate the director's inner sanctum
(= very private room) .
2. Inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other people
Sarah seemed to have a profound sense of inner peace.
ˌ inner ˈ child noun [ C usually singular ]
Your inner child is the part of your personality that still reacts and feels like a child
Many therapists think it's important for adults to get in touch with their inner
child.
ˌ inner ˈ circle noun [ C ]
the small group of people who control an organization, political party, etc
Dr Simpson was a member of the inner circle of government officials.
ˌ inner ˈ city noun [ C ]
the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems
because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad houses
a child from the inner city
an inner-city area
an inner-city area
ˌ inner ˈ ear noun , [ C ]
the inner part of the ear, that controls balance and the ability to hear, and
contains the cochlea
innermost adjective [ before noun ] ( OLD USE OR LITERARY inmost )
most secret and hidden, or nearest to the centre
This was the diary in which Gina recorded her innermost thoughts and secrets.
The spacecraft will fly through the innermost rings of Saturn.
ˈ inner ˌ tube noun [ C ]
a tube filled with air that fits inside a car or bicycle tyre
inning noun [ C ]
one of the nine playing periods in a game of baseball
innings noun [ C ]
the period in a game of cricket in which a team or a player bats (= tries to hit the
ball)
innit short form UK SLANG
isn't it. Used in a non-standard way at the end of a statement for emphasis
"It's wrong, innit?"
"They're such a wicked band, innit."
innkeeper noun [ C ] MAINLY OLD USE
a person, especially in the past, who owns or looks after an inn
innocence noun [ U ]
when someone is not guilty of a crime, or does not have much experience of life
and does not know about the bad things that happen in life
She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her.
He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty) .
She has a child-like innocence which I find very appealing.
innocent adjective
1. (of a person) not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the
unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing) not intended to harm anyone
He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.
She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her.
It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings.
Compare guilty
2. An innocent person is someone who is not involved with any military group or
war
Several innocent bystanders were injured in the explosion.
innocently adverb
"Have I done something wrong?", she asked innocently (= seeming not to have
done anything wrong) .
He said he had obtained the television innocently, not knowing it had been stolen.
innocent noun [ C ]
a person who has very little experience and does not know about the bad things
that happen in life
an inner-city area
ˌ inner ˈ ear noun , [ C ]
the inner part of the ear, that controls balance and the ability to hear, and
contains the cochlea
innermost adjective [ before noun ] ( OLD USE OR LITERARY inmost )
most secret and hidden, or nearest to the centre
This was the diary in which Gina recorded her innermost thoughts and secrets.
The spacecraft will fly through the innermost rings of Saturn.
ˈ inner ˌ tube noun [ C ]
a tube filled with air that fits inside a car or bicycle tyre
inning noun [ C ]
one of the nine playing periods in a game of baseball
innings noun [ C ]
the period in a game of cricket in which a team or a player bats (= tries to hit the
ball)
innit short form UK SLANG
isn't it. Used in a non-standard way at the end of a statement for emphasis
"It's wrong, innit?"
"They're such a wicked band, innit."
innkeeper noun [ C ] MAINLY OLD USE
a person, especially in the past, who owns or looks after an inn
innocence noun [ U ]
when someone is not guilty of a crime, or does not have much experience of life
and does not know about the bad things that happen in life
She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her.
He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty) .
She has a child-like innocence which I find very appealing.
innocent adjective
1. (of a person) not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the
unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of a thing) not intended to harm anyone
He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.
She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her.
It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings.
Compare guilty
2. An innocent person is someone who is not involved with any military group or
war
Several innocent bystanders were injured in the explosion.
innocently adverb
"Have I done something wrong?", she asked innocently (= seeming not to have
done anything wrong) .
He said he had obtained the television innocently, not knowing it had been stolen.
innocent noun [ C ]
a person who has very little experience and does not know about the bad things
that happen in life
innocuous adjective
completely harmless (= causing no harm)
Some mushrooms look innocuous but are in fact poisonous.
innocuously adverb
innocuousness noun [ U ]
innovate verb [ I ]
to introduce changes and new ideas
The fashion industry is always desperate to innovate.
innovator noun [ C ]
someone who introduces changes and new ideas
innovate verb [ I ]
to introduce changes and new ideas
The fashion industry is always desperate to innovate.
innovator noun [ C ]
someone who introduces changes and new ideas
innovation noun [ C or U ]
(the use of) a new idea or method
the latest innovations in computer technology
innovative adjective ( UK ALSO innovatory )
using new methods or ideas
innovative ideas/methods
She was an imaginative and innovative manager.
the ˌ Inns of ˈ Court plural noun UK
the four societies in London for students of law, one of which a barrister (= lawyer
who argues cases in a court of law) must belong to
innuendo noun [ C or U ]
(the making of) a remark or remarks that suggest something sexual or something
unpleasant but do not refer to it directly
There's always an element of sexual innuendo in our conversations.
innumerable adjective
too many to be counted
The project has been delayed by innumerable problems.
innumerate adjective
unable to understand and use numbers in calculations
Compare illiterate
innumeracy noun [ U ]
inoculate verb [ T ]
to give a weak form of a disease to a person or animal, usually by injection , as a
protection against that disease
My children have been inoculated against polio.
inoculation noun [ C or U ]
inoffensive adjective
(especially of a person or their behaviour) not causing any harm or offence
an inoffensive article
He seemed like a quiet, inoffensive sort of a guy.
inoperable adjective DISEASE
1. If a tumour (= a growth) or other medical condition is inoperable, doctors are
unable to remove or treat it with an operation.
inoperable adjective NOT WORKING
2. If a system, plan, machine, etc. is inoperable, it cannot be done or made to
work.
inoperative adjective FORMAL
(of a law, rule, etc.) not having effect or power, or (of a machine, system, etc.)
not working or not able to work as usual
The old regulations became inoperative when the new ones were issued.
inopportune adjective FORMAL
happening or done at a time which is not suitable or convenient
I'm sorry, you've called at an inopportune moment .
inopportunely adverb
inordinate adjective FORMAL
much more than usual or expected
Margot has always spent an inordinate amount of time on her appearance.
inordinately adverb
She was inordinately fond of her pets.
inorganic adjective SPECIALIZED
not being or consisting of living material, or (of chemical substances) containing
no carbon or only small amounts of carbon
Salt is an inorganic chemical.
The meteorites contained only inorganic material.
Compare organic
ˌ inorganic ˈ chemistry noun [ U ]
the scientific study of chemical substances which do not contain carbon
inoperable adjective DISEASE
1. If a tumour (= a growth) or other medical condition is inoperable, doctors are
unable to remove or treat it with an operation.
inoperable adjective NOT WORKING
2. If a system, plan, machine, etc. is inoperable, it cannot be done or made to
work.
inoperative adjective FORMAL
(of a law, rule, etc.) not having effect or power, or (of a machine, system, etc.)
not working or not able to work as usual
The old regulations became inoperative when the new ones were issued.
inopportune adjective FORMAL
happening or done at a time which is not suitable or convenient
I'm sorry, you've called at an inopportune moment .
inopportunely adverb
inordinate adjective FORMAL
much more than usual or expected
Margot has always spent an inordinate amount of time on her appearance.
inordinately adverb
She was inordinately fond of her pets.
inorganic adjective SPECIALIZED
not being or consisting of living material, or (of chemical substances) containing
no carbon or only small amounts of carbon
Salt is an inorganic chemical.
The meteorites contained only inorganic material.
Compare organic
ˌ inorganic ˈ chemistry noun [ U ]
the scientific study of chemical substances which do not contain carbon
inpatient noun [ C ]
a person who goes into hospital to receive medical care, and stays there one or
more nights while they are being treated
Compare outpatient
input noun
1. [ C or U ] something such as energy, money or information that is put into a
system, organization or machine so that it can operate
I didn't have much input into the project (= The help I gave or work I did on it
was small) .
The power input will come largely from hydroelectricity.
2. [ C ] SPECIALIZED the part that carries information to a machine, or the place
where this is connected
The inputs for the CD-ROM are at the back of the computer.
an input device
input verb [ T ]
to put information into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment
I've spent the morning inputting data into the computer.
inquest noun [ C ]
1. an official process to discover the cause of someone's death
An inquest is always held if murder is suspected.
2. an examination of or discussion about the reasons for someone's or
something's failure
an inquest into the department's poor performance
inquest noun [ C ]
1. an official process to discover the cause of someone's death
An inquest is always held if murder is suspected.
2. an examination of or discussion about the reasons for someone's or
something's failure
an inquest into the department's poor performance
inquire , UK ALSO enquire verb [ I or T ]
to ask for information
Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
[ + question word ] She rang up to inquire when her car would be ready.
[ + speech ] "Where are we going?" he inquired politely.
inquire within MAINLY UK
written on a notice on a building, meaning that information can be found inside
Saturday staff needed - Inquire within.
inquire after sb MAINLY UK , UK ALSO enquire after sb phrasal verb
to ask for information about someone, especially about their health, in order to be
polite
She inquired after his grandfather's health.
inquire into sth , UK ALSO enquire into sth phrasal verb FORMAL
to try to discover the facts about something
When the authorities inquired into his background, they found he had a criminal
record.
inquirer , UK ALSO enquirer noun [ C ] FORMAL
someone who asks about something
inquiring , UK ALSO enquiring adjective
(of someone's behaviour) always wanting to learn new things, or (of someone's
expression) wanting to know something
You have a very inquiring mind , don't you?
He gave her an inquiring look.
inquiringly , UK ALSO enquiringly adverb
She looked at her mother inquiringly.
inquiry , UK ALSO enquiry noun QUESTION
1. [ C or U ] (the process of asking) a question
I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
FORMAL Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything.
inquiry , UK ALSO enquiry noun PROCESS
2. [ C ] an official process to discover the facts about something bad that has
happened
a judicial inquiry
Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government's handling of the
epidemic.
inquisition noun [ C ] FORMAL DISAPPROVING
a period of asking questions in a detailed and unfriendly way
The police subjected him to an inquisition that lasted 12 hours.
the Inquisition noun [ S ]
in the past, an official organization in the Roman Catholic Church whose purpose
was to find and punish people who opposed its beliefs
inquisitive adjective
wanting to discover as much as you can about things, sometimes in a way that
annoys people
an inquisitive child
an inquisitive mind
She could see inquisitive faces looking out from the windows next door.
inquisitively adverb
The mouse looked around the room inquisitively.
inquisitiveness noun [ U ]
inquisitor noun [ C ] FORMAL DISAPPROVING
someone who asks a lot of questions
The prime minister found himself arraigned before the media inquisitors.
inquisitorial adjective FORMAL DISAPPROVING
asking a lot of questions, especially in a way that makes you feel annoyed
an inquisitorial manner
inquorate adjective MAINLY UK FORMAL
(of a meeting) not having enough people present and so unable to make any
official decisions
in-residence adjective [ after noun ]
A painter, poet, etc. in-residence works with an organization, usually for a limited
period.
inroads plural noun
make inroads
to start to have a direct and noticeable effect (on something)
The government is definitely making inroads into the problem of unemployment.
insalubrious adjective FORMAL
unpleasant, dirty or likely to cause disease
insalubrious adjective FORMAL
unpleasant, dirty or likely to cause disease
the ˌ ins and ˈ outs plural noun
the detailed or complicated facts of something
I know how to use computers, but I don't really understand the ins and outs of
how they work.
insane adjective
1. mentally ill
For the last ten years of his life he was clinically insane.
INFORMAL I sometimes think I'm going insane (= I feel very confused) .
2. INFORMAL extremely unreasonable
In a fit of insane jealousy he tried to stab her.
insane plural noun
the insane
mentally ill people
a hospital for the criminally insane
insanely adverb
extremely and unreasonably
She gets insanely jealous if he so much as looks at another woman.
insanitary adjective
UK FOR unsanitary
insanity noun [ U ]
1. when someone is seriously mentally ill
He was found not guilty of murder by reason of insanity.
He suffered from periodic bouts of insanity.
2. when something is not sensible and is likely to have extremely bad results
It would be insanity to expand the business now.
insatiable adjective
(especially of a desire or need) too great to be satisfied
Like so many politicians, he had an insatiable appetite/desire/hunger for
power.
Nothing, it seemed, would satisfy his insatiable curiosity .
insatiably adverb
inscribe verb [ T ] FORMAL
to write words in a book or carve (= cut) them on an object
The prize winners each receive a book with their names inscribed on the first
page.
The wall of the church was inscribed with the names of the dead from the Great
War.
inscribe verb [ T ] FORMAL
to write words in a book or carve (= cut) them on an object
The prize winners each receive a book with their names inscribed on the first
page.
The wall of the church was inscribed with the names of the dead from the Great
War.
inscription noun [ C ]
words that are written or cut in something
The inscription read 'To darling Molly. Christmas 1904.'
The inscriptions on the gravestones were worn away.
inscrutable adjective
(especially of a person or their expression) not showing emotions or thoughts and
therefore very difficult to understand or get to know
an inscrutable face/expression/smile
inscrutably adverb
She smiled inscrutably.
inscrutability noun [ U ]
inseam noun [ C ]
US FOR inside leg
insect noun [ C ]
a type of very small animal with six legs, a body divided into three parts and
usually two pairs of wings, or, more generally, any similar very small animal
Ants, beetles, butterflies and flies are all insects.
I've got some sort of insect bite on my leg.
insecticide noun [ C or U ]
a chemical substance made and used for killing insects, especially those which eat
plants
Compare herbicide ; pesticide
insectivore noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
an animal which eats only insects
insectivorous adjective
insecure adjective NOT CONFIDENT
1. Insecure people have little confidence and are uncertain about their own
abilities and about whether other people really like them
I wonder what it was about her upbringing that made her so insecure.
He still feels insecure about his ability to do the job.
insecure adjective NOT SAFE
2. (of objects or situations) not safe or not protected
The situation is still insecure, with many of the rebels roaming the streets.
Nations which are not self-sufficient in energy will face an insecure future.
We've gone through a few financially insecure years.
insecurely adverb
The shelves were insecurely fastened and fell to the floor.
insecurity noun [ C or U ]
a sense/feeling of insecurity
She had developed an outgoing personality to mask her deep insecurities.
financial insecurity
inseminate verb [ T ]
to put a male animal's sperm into a female animal, either by the sexual act or by
an artificial method
insemination noun [ U ]
artificial insemination
inseminate verb [ T ]
to put a male animal's sperm into a female animal, either by the sexual act or by
an artificial method
insemination noun [ U ]
artificial insemination
insensible adjective FORMAL
1. unconscious
We found her lying on the floor, drunk and insensible.
2. be insensible of/to sth
to not care about something or be unwilling to react to it
I think he's largely insensible to other people's distress.
insensibility noun [ C or U ]
insensitive adjective
1. DISAPPROVING (of a person or their behaviour) not feeling or showing sympathy
for other people's feelings, or refusing to give importance to something
It was a bit insensitive of Fiona to go on so much about fat people when she
knows Mandy is desperate to lose weight.
The police have been criticized for being insensitive to complaints from the public.
2. SPECIALIZED not showing the effect of something as a reaction to it, or unable to
feel something
The protective covering must be insensitive to light and heat.
His feet seem to be insensitive to pain.
insensitively adverb
insensitivity noun [ U ]
His insensitivity towards the feelings of others is remarkable.
an insensitivity to pain/light/noise
inseparable adjective
describes two or more people who are such good friends that they spend most of
their time together, or two or more things that are so closely connected that they
cannot be considered separately
When we were kids Zoe and I were inseparable.
Unemployment and inner city decay are inseparable issues which must be tackled
together.
inseparably adverb
These two causes are inseparably linked.
insert verb [ T ]
to put something inside something else, or to add something, especially words, to
something else
Insert the key in/into the lock.
I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your bank details and
date of birth.
insert noun [ C ]
something that is made to go inside or into something else
These magazines have too many annoying inserts (= extra loose pages)
advertising various products.
insert verb [ T ]
something else
date of birth.
insert noun [ C ]
insertion noun
1. [ U ] the act of putting something inside something else, or adding something,
especially words to something else
Scientists hope that the insertion of normal genes into the diseased cells will
provide a cure.
2. [ C ] something you put inside something else or something, especially words
that you add to something else
Any editorial insertions you make should be enclosed in square brackets.
in-service adjective [ before noun ]
happening during your time at work
Instead of sending employees away on courses, the company relies on in-service
training .
inset noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
something positioned within a larger object
The map has an inset (= small extra map) in the top corner, that shows the city
centre in more detail.
inset adjective [ after verb ]
He bought her a gold necklace inset with rubies.
inshore adjective , adverb
near or towards the coast
an inshore fishing zone
an inshore lifeboat
The ships moved slowly inshore.
inside noun
1. [ C usually singular ] the inner part, space or side of something
Did you clean the inside of the car?
The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside.
the insides of people's houses
Compare outside
2. [ C usually singular ] The inside of a part of the body such as the arm or leg is
the part facing in towards the rest of the body
She dabbed perfume on the inside of her wrist.
3. insides INFORMAL
a person's or animal's internal organs, especially their stomach or bowels
The dead seal's insides were spread all over the snow.
on the inside INFORMAL
If someone is on the inside, they have a job or position in which they have special
or secret information
Who do we know on the inside who can help us?
inside adverb , preposition , adjective
1. in or into a room, building, container, or something similar
"Is Anna in the garden?" "No, she's inside (= in the house) ."
What's inside the box?
Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed.
FIGURATIVE She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside.
FIGURATIVE Who can tell what goes on inside his head?
He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket (= pocket on the inside of a
jacket or coat) .
2. inside out
If something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual
outside part on the inside
She had her jumper on inside out.
turn a place inside out UK INFORMAL
to search a place very thoroughly
I've turned the house inside out but I still can't find my keys.
know sth inside out INFORMAL
to know everything about a subject
He knows the system inside out.
inside preposition ( ALSO inside of )
If you do something or if something happens inside (of) a particular time or limit,
you do it or it happens in less than that amount of time or under the limit
The new faster trains can do the journey inside two hours.
He finished it inside of two hours.
inside , adjective [ before noun ]
(of information) obtained by someone in a group, organization or company and
therefore involving special or secret knowledge
inside information/knowledge
I'll call up Clare and get the inside story (= a true report of the facts) .
have the inside track
to have a special position within an organization, or a special relationship with a
person that gives you advantages that other people do not have
inside adverb INFORMAL
in prison
Her husband's inside for armed robbery.
ˈ inside ˌ job noun [ C ]
a crime, especially stealing, committed by someone in the place where they work
insert verb [ T ]
something else
date of birth.
insert noun [ C ]
insertion noun
1. [ U ] the act of putting something inside something else, or adding something,
especially words to something else
Scientists hope that the insertion of normal genes into the diseased cells will
provide a cure.
2. [ C ] something you put inside something else or something, especially words
that you add to something else
Any editorial insertions you make should be enclosed in square brackets.
in-service adjective [ before noun ]
happening during your time at work
Instead of sending employees away on courses, the company relies on in-service
training .
inset noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
something positioned within a larger object
The map has an inset (= small extra map) in the top corner, that shows the city
centre in more detail.
inset adjective [ after verb ]
He bought her a gold necklace inset with rubies.
inshore adjective , adverb
near or towards the coast
an inshore fishing zone
an inshore lifeboat
The ships moved slowly inshore.
inside noun
1. [ C usually singular ] the inner part, space or side of something
Did you clean the inside of the car?
The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside.
the insides of people's houses
Compare outside
2. [ C usually singular ] The inside of a part of the body such as the arm or leg is
the part facing in towards the rest of the body
She dabbed perfume on the inside of her wrist.
3. insides INFORMAL
a person's or animal's internal organs, especially their stomach or bowels
The dead seal's insides were spread all over the snow.
on the inside INFORMAL
If someone is on the inside, they have a job or position in which they have special
or secret information
Who do we know on the inside who can help us?
inside adverb , preposition , adjective
1. in or into a room, building, container, or something similar
"Is Anna in the garden?" "No, she's inside (= in the house) ."
What's inside the box?
Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed.
FIGURATIVE She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside.
FIGURATIVE Who can tell what goes on inside his head?
He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket (= pocket on the inside of a
jacket or coat) .
2. inside out
If something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual
outside part on the inside
She had her jumper on inside out.
turn a place inside out UK INFORMAL
to search a place very thoroughly
I've turned the house inside out but I still can't find my keys.
know sth inside out INFORMAL
to know everything about a subject
He knows the system inside out.
inside preposition ( ALSO inside of )
If you do something or if something happens inside (of) a particular time or limit,
you do it or it happens in less than that amount of time or under the limit
The new faster trains can do the journey inside two hours.
He finished it inside of two hours.
inside , adjective [ before noun ]
(of information) obtained by someone in a group, organization or company and
therefore involving special or secret knowledge
inside information/knowledge
I'll call up Clare and get the inside story (= a true report of the facts) .
have the inside track
to have a special position within an organization, or a special relationship with a
person that gives you advantages that other people do not have
inside adverb INFORMAL
in prison
Her husband's inside for armed robbery.
ˈ inside ˌ job noun [ C ]
a crime, especially stealing, committed by someone in the place where they work
ˌ inside ˈ lane noun [ C ] ROAD
1. UK the part of the road nearest the edge, used especially by slower vehicles
2. US the part of the road nearest the vehicles going in the opposite direction
ˌ inside ˈ lane noun [ C ] RACE
3. the part of a racetrack nearest the middle
ˌ inside ˈ leg noun [ C usually singular ] UK ( US inseam )
the measurement from the top of your inner leg to your ankle
insider noun [ C ]
someone who is an accepted member of a group and who therefore has special or
secret knowledge or influence
According to insiders, the committee is having difficulty making up its mind.
in ˌ sider ˈ dealing noun [ U ] ( ALSO insider trading )
the illegal buying and selling of company shares (= a financial part of the
ownership of a company) by people who have special information because they are
involved with the company
insidious adjective
(of something unpleasant or dangerous) gradually and secretly causing harm
High-blood pressure is an insidious condition which has few symptoms.
insidiously adverb
insidiousness noun [ U ]
insidious adjective
(of something unpleasant or dangerous) gradually and secretly causing harm
High-blood pressure is an insidious condition which has few symptoms.
insidiously adverb
insidiousness noun [ U ]
insight noun [ C or U ]
(the ability to have) a clear, deep and sometimes sudden understanding of a
complicated problem or situation
It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships.
insightful adjective APPROVING
insignia noun [ C ]
an object or mark which shows that a person belongs to a particular organization
or group, or has a particular rank
the royal insignia
insignificant adjective
not important or thought to be valuable, especially because of being small
Why bother arguing about such an insignificant amount of money?
The difference between the two results was insignificant.
insignificantly adverb
insignificance noun [ U ]
The traumas of my own upbringing pale/fade into insignificance (= seem very
unimportant) when I hear stories about the way Peter's parents treated him.
insincere adjective DISAPPROVING
pretending to feel something that you do not really feel, or not meaning what you
say
an insincere apology
And all this praise just because the poor man has died - doesn't it strike you as a
bit insincere?
insincerely adverb
insincerity noun [ U ]
insinuate verb [ T ]
to suggest, without being direct, that something unpleasant is true
[ + ( that ) ] Are you insinuating (that) I'm losing my nerve?
What are you insinuating, Daniel?
insinuation noun [ C or U ]
[ + that ] We resent these insinuations that we are not capable of leading the
company forward.
insinuate yourself into sth phrasal verb [ R ] FORMAL DISAPPROVING
to use clever, secret and often unpleasant methods to gradually become part of
something
Over the years she insinuated herself into the great man's life.
insinuate verb [ T ]
to suggest, without being direct, that something unpleasant is true
[ + ( that ) ] Are you insinuating (that) I'm losing my nerve?
What are you insinuating, Daniel?
insinuation noun [ C or U ]
[ + that ] We resent these insinuations that we are not capable of leading the
company forward.
insinuate yourself into sth phrasal verb [ R ] FORMAL DISAPPROVING
to use clever, secret and often unpleasant methods to gradually become part of
something
Over the years she insinuated herself into the great man's life.
insinuating adjective
suggesting ideas without stating them directly
She didn't reply - she merely smiled that insinuating smile.
Both songs are in danger of being banned for their sexy, insinuating lyrics.
insipid adjective DISAPPROVING
not having a strong taste or character, or having no interest or energy
a pale insipid wine
He's an insipid old bore.
Why anyone buys music with such insipid lyrics is a mystery.
insipidly adverb
insipidness noun [ U ] ( ALSO insipidity )
insist verb [ I ]
to state or demand forcefully, especially despite opposition
[ + ( that ) ] Greg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong.
Please go first - I insist!
She insisted on see ing her lawyer.
insistence noun [ U ]
when you demand something and refuse to accept opposition, or when you say
firmly that something is true
Insistence on better working conditions by the union has resulted in fewer
employee absences.
At her father 's insistence, Amelia's been moved into a new class.
[ + that ] Her insistence that she should have the best room annoyed everyone.
insistent adjective
firmly saying that something must be true or done
insistent demands/appeals/signals
The teacher is insistent that the school is not to blame for the situation.
insistently adverb
in situ adjective , adverb FORMAL
in the original place instead of being moved to another place
in situ adjective , adverb FORMAL
in the original place instead of being moved to another place
insofar as conjunction FORMAL
to the degree that
insole noun [ C ] ( ALSO inner sole )
a piece of material inside a shoe on which your foot rests, or a piece of material
that you put in a shoe to make it warmer or more comfortable
insolent adjective
rude and not showing respect
an insolent child/young man
an insolent gesture/remark
insolently adverb
insolence noun [ U ]
insoluble adjective PROBLEM
1. ( US ALSO insolvable ) (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to solve
Traffic congestion in large cities seems to be an insoluble problem.
insoluble adjective SUBSTANCE
2. (of a substance) impossible to dissolve
These minerals are all insoluble in water.
insolubility noun [ U ]
insolvent adjective SPECIALIZED
(especially of a company) not having enough money to pay debts, buy goods, etc.
insolvency noun [ U ]
insomnia noun [ U ]
when someone is unable to sleep, over a period of time
Holly suffered from insomnia for months after her daughter was born.
insomniac noun [ C ]
someone who often finds it difficult to sleep
insomniac noun [ C ]
someone who often finds it difficult to sleep
insouciance noun [ U ] LITERARY
a relaxed and happy way of acting without feeling worred or guilty
I admired his youthful insouciance.
insouciant adjective
inspect verb [ T ]
1. to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information,
especially about their quality or condition
After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage.
She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully .
2. to officially visit a place or a group of people in order to check that everything
is correct and legal
An official from the Department of Health will be inspecting the restaurant this
afternoon.
The King inspected the troops.
inspection noun [ C or U ]
when you look at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or
organization to check that everything is correct and legal
Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have
been altered.
She arrived to carry out/make a health and safety inspection of the building.
inspector noun [ C ]
1. someone whose job is to officially inspect something
a tax inspector
a school inspector/an inspector of schools
2. UK a police officer of middle rank, above a sergeant and below a
superintendent
inspectorate noun [ C ] MAINLY UK
an official organization which sends inspectors to visit places and organizations in
order to make certain they are in good condition and that the rules are being obeyed
the education/pollution/schools inspectorate
inspiration noun
1. [ C or U ] someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something
The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting.
He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration.
2. [ C ] a sudden good idea
He had an inspiration - why not apply for some government money?
3. [ S ] an example which people admire
She has been an inspiration to us all.
inspiration noun
1. [ C or U ] someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something
The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting.
He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration.
2. [ C ] a sudden good idea
He had an inspiration - why not apply for some government money?
3. [ S ] an example which people admire
She has been an inspiration to us all.
inspirational adjective
making you feel hopeful or encouraged
He gave an inspirational reading of his own poems.
inspire verb [ T ]
1. to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it
His confident leadership inspired his followers.
[ + to infinitive ] After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish.
2. to make someone have a particular strong feeling or reaction
She inspires great loyalty among her followers.
The captain's heroic effort inspired them with determination.
3. to give someone an idea for a book, film, product, etc
a piece of music inspired by dolphin sounds
The design of the car has inspired many imitations.
inspired adjective
excellent, or resulting from inspiration
an inspired performance/choice
an inspired suggestion/guess
inspiring adjective
encouraging, or making you feel you want to do something
She was an inspiring example to her followers.
instability noun [ U ]
uncertainty caused by the possibility of a sudden change in the present situation
political/economic instability
The instability of the euro continues.
The building's instability makes it extremely dangerous.
install , UK ALSO instal verb [ T ] READY TO USE
1. to put furniture, a machine or a piece of equipment into position and make it
ready to use
The plumber is coming tomorrow to install the new washing machine.
2. SPECIALIZED to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer
can use it
Andrew, can you help me install this software?
install , UK ALSO instal verb [ T ] GIVE JOB
3. to place someone in an official position
She has installed a couple of young academics as her advisers.
install , UK ALSO instal verb [ T ] PLACE
4. install sb/yourself in/at somewhere
UK to put someone/yourself in a comfortable position where you want to stay
He seems to have installed himself in your spare room for good!
installation noun EQUIPMENT/FURNTIURE
1. [ U ] when equipment or furniture is put into position
Do you have to pay extra for installation?
installation noun PLACE
2. [ C ] a nearly permanent place with people, buildings and equipment which
have a particular, especially military, purpose
a nuclear installation
The Americans still have several military bases and installations on the island.
installation noun JOB
3. [ U ] when someone is put in an official position
The installation of the new archbishop will take place in January.
installation noun ART
4. [ C ] a form of modern sculpture where the artist uses sound, movement or
space as well as objects in order to make an often temporary work of art
installation noun EQUIPMENT/FURNTIURE
1. [ U ] when equipment or furniture is put into position
Do you have to pay extra for installation?
installation noun PLACE
2. [ C ] a nearly permanent place with people, buildings and equipment which
have a particular, especially military, purpose
a nuclear installation
The Americans still have several military bases and installations on the island.
installation noun JOB
3. [ U ] when someone is put in an official position
The installation of the new archbishop will take place in January.
installation noun ART
4. [ C ] a form of modern sculpture where the artist uses sound, movement or
space as well as objects in order to make an often temporary work of art
installer noun [ C ] SOFTWARE
1. software that tells your computer how to copy a program from a disk onto the
computer
Just pop the CD into your computer and start the installer.
installer noun [ C ] PERSON
2. someone whose job is to put furniture, equipment, a machine, etc. into the
correct position and make it ready to use
a carpet installer
a cable television installer
in ˈ stallment ˌ plan noun [ C ]
US FOR hire purchase
instalment UK , US installment noun [ C ]
one of a number of parts into which a story, plan or amount of money owed has
been divided, so that each part happens or is paid at different times until the end or
total is reached
The novel has been serialized for radio in five instalments.
We agreed to pay for the car by/in instalments.
instance noun [ C ]
a particular situation, event or fact, especially an example of something that
happens generally
There have been several instances of violence at the school.
I don't usually side with the management, but in this instance I agree with what
they're saying.
for instance
for example
In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost.
instance verb [ T ] UK FORMAL
to give something as an example
She argued the need for legal reform and instanced several recent cases with
grossly unfair verdicts.
instant adjective
1. happening immediately, without any delay
This type of account offers you instant access to your money.
Contrary to expectations, the film was an instant success .
2. Instant food or drink is dried, usually in the form of a powder, and can be
prepared very quickly by adding hot water
instant coffee/soup
instant noun [ S ]
an extremely short period of time; a moment
In an instant her mood had changed.
The startled boy froze for an instant, then fled.
"Stop that noise this instant (= now) !"
I'll call you the instant (= as soon as) I get home.
instant adjective
1. happening immediately, without any delay
This type of account offers you instant access to your money.
Contrary to expectations, the film was an instant success .
2. Instant food or drink is dried, usually in the form of a powder, and can be
prepared very quickly by adding hot water
instant coffee/soup
instant noun [ S ]
an extremely short period of time; a moment
In an instant her mood had changed.
The startled boy froze for an instant, then fled.
"Stop that noise this instant (= now) !"
I'll call you the instant (= as soon as) I get home.
instantaneous adjective
happening immediately, without any delay
an instantaneous response/reply/reaction
instantaneously adverb
instantly adverb
immediately
Both drivers were killed instantly.
ˌ instant ˈ messaging noun [ U ]
a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to exchange written
messages with someone else who is using the service at the same time
ˌ instant ˈ replay noun [ C ]
US FOR action replay
instead adverb
in place of someone or something else
There's no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead?
You can go instead of me, if you want.
instep noun [ C ]
the curved upper part of the foot between the toes and the heel , or the part of a
shoe or sock which fits around this
See picture foot
instigate verb [ T ] FORMAL
to cause an event or situation to happen by making a set of actions or a formal
process begin
The government will instigate new measures to combat terrorism.
The revolt in the north is believed to have been instigated by a high-ranking
general.
instigation noun [ U ]
The inquiry was begun at the instigation of a local MP.
instigator noun [ C ]
a person who causes something to happen, especially something bad
The instigators of the disturbance have not yet been identified.
instigator noun [ C ]
a person who causes something to happen, especially something bad
The instigators of the disturbance have not yet been identified.
instil UK , US instill verb [ T ]
to put a feeling, idea or principle gradually into someone's mind, so that it has a
strong influence on the way they think or behave
It is part of a teacher's job to instil confidence in/into his or her students.
instinct noun [ C or U ]
the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or
learn about it
All his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help.
[ + to infinitive ] Her first instinct was to run.
It is instinct that tells the birds when to begin their migration.
FIGURATIVE Bob seems to have an instinct for (= is naturally good at) knowing
which products will sell.
instinctive adjective
Instinctive behaviour or reactions are not thought about, planned or developed by
training
an instinctive reaction
instinctively adverb
She knew instinctively that he was dangerous.
institute noun [ C ]
an organization where people do a particular kind of scientific, educational or
social work, or the buildings which it uses
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
institute verb [ T ] FORMAL
to start or cause a system, rule, legal action, etc. to exist
She is threatening to institute legal proceedings against the hospital.
institution noun ORGANIZATION
1. [ C ] a large and important organization, such as a university or bank
a medical/educational/financial institution
Oxford and Cambridge universities are internationally respected institutions.
institution noun PLACE
2. [ C ] MAINLY DISAPPROVING a place or building where people are sent to be cared
for, especially a hospital or prison
institution noun CUSTOM
3. [ C ] a custom or tradition that has existed for a long time and is accepted as
an important part of a particular society
the venerable institution of marriage
FIGURATIVE Mrs Daly is an institution - she's been with the company 40 years and
knows absolutely everyone.
institution noun START
4. [ U ] when a law, system, etc. begins or is introduced
The institution of a Freedom of Information Act has had a significant effect.
institutional adjective MAINLY DISAPPROVING
relating to an institution
The hospital provides typically awful institutional food.
institutional adjective MAINLY DISAPPROVING
relating to an institution
The hospital provides typically awful institutional food.
institutionalize , UK USUALLY institutionalise verb [ T ] PLACE
1. MAINLY DISAPPROVING to send someone, especially someone who is not capable of
living independently, to live in an institution
institutionalize , UK USUALLY institutionalise verb [ T ] CUSTOM
2. to make something become part of a particular society, system, or organization
What was once an informal event has now become institutionalized.
institutionalized , UK USUALLY institutionalised adjective MAINLY DISAPPROVING
If someone becomes institutionalized, they gradually become less able to think
and act independently, because they have lived for a long time under the rules of an
institution
We need to avoid long-stay patients in the hospital becoming institutionalized.
insti ˌ tutionalized ˈ racism noun [ U ] MAINLY UK
racism (= when someone is treated unfairly because of their race) that has
become part of the normal behaviour of people within an organization
The police had to fend off allegations of institutional racism after a black suspect
was beaten by four white police officers.
in-store adjective [ before noun ]
happening or established inside a large shop, or available for customers to use or
buy inside a large shop
an in-store bakery/cafe
in-store banking
instruct verb ORDER
1. [ T + to infinitive ] to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a
formal way
The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area.
2. [ T ] UK to employ a lawyer to represent you in court
3. [ T ] When a judge instructs a jury , they tell it what the law means and how to
use it.
instruct verb TEACH
4. [ T ] to teach someone how to do something
He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment.
instruction noun ORDER
1. [ C usually plural ] something that someone tells you to do
The police who broke into the house were only acting on/under instructions.
[ + to infinitive ] He gave me strict instructions to get there by eight o'clock.
instruction noun TEACHING
2. instructions
advice and information about how to do or use something, often written in a small
book or on the side of a container
The cooking instructions say bake it for half an hour.
You obviously didn't read the instructions properly.
They need clear instructions on what to do next.
3. [ U ] the teaching of a particular skill or subject
The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
The course gives you basic instruction in car maintenance.
Have you seen the instruction manual for the washing machine?
instruction noun ORDER
1. [ C usually plural ] something that someone tells you to do
The police who broke into the house were only acting on/under instructions.
[ + to infinitive ] He gave me strict instructions to get there by eight o'clock.
instruction noun TEACHING
2. instructions
advice and information about how to do or use something, often written in a small
book or on the side of a container
The cooking instructions say bake it for half an hour.
You obviously didn't read the instructions properly.
They need clear instructions on what to do next.
3. [ U ] the teaching of a particular skill or subject
The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
The course gives you basic instruction in car maintenance.
Have you seen the instruction manual for the washing machine?
instructive adjective APPROVING
giving useful or interesting information
instructively adverb
instructor noun [ C ]
1. a person whose job is to teach people a practical skill
an aerobics instructor
a driving/ski/swimming instructor
2. US a teacher of a college or university subject, who usually teaches a limited
number of classes
a history/science/sociology instructor.
instrument noun [ C ] MUSIC
1. ( ALSO musical instrument ) an object, such as a piano, guitar or drum, which is
played to produce musical sounds
Which instrument do you play ?
instrument noun [ C ] TOOL
2. a tool or other device, especially one without electrical power, used for
performing a particular piece of work
surgical instruments
instruments of torture
The man's injuries had obviously been caused by a blunt instrument.
3. a device used for measuring speed, height, etc. in vehicles, especially aircraft
the instrument panel
The lightning had damaged the plane's instruments, and they weren't giving any
readings.
4. FORMAL a way of achieving or causing something
He saw the theatre as an instrument of change - a way of forcing people to
consider social and political issues.
instrumental adjective INFLUENCE
1. [ after verb ] FORMAL If someone or something is instrumental in a process, plan
or system, they are one of the most important influences in causing it to happen
She was instrumental in bring ing about the prison reform act.
instrumental adjective MUSIC
2. involving only musical instruments, and no singing
instrumental music
an instrumental piece/arrangement
instrumental noun [ C ]
a piece of music without singing
instrumentalist noun [ C ]
a person who plays a musical instrument, especially as a job
He was one of the finest instrumentalists of his day.
instrumentalist noun [ C ]
a person who plays a musical instrument, especially as a job
He was one of the finest instrumentalists of his day.
instrumentation noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED MUSIC
1. the particular combination of musical instruments that are used to play a piece
of music
instrumentation noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED TOOL
2. the set of instruments that are used to operate a machine
insubordinate adjective DISAPPROVING
(of a person) not willing to obey orders from people in authority, or (of actions
and speech, etc.) showing that you are not willing to obey orders
an insubordinate child
insubordination noun [ U ] DISAPPROVING
refusing to obey orders from people in authority
an act of insubordination
Several officers were arrested for insubordination.
insubstantial , adjective NOT ENOUGH
1. not enough or not strong enough
an insubstantial meal
insubstantial evidence
insubstantial , adjective IMAGINARY
2. LITERARY not existing as a physical person or thing; imaginary
She seemed somehow insubstantial - a shadow of a woman.
insufferable adjective
very annoying, unpleasant or uncomfortable, and therefore extremely difficult to
bear
She disliked the president, whom she once described as an 'insufferable bore'.
The metro is insufferable in this heat.
insufferably adverb
insufficient adjective
not enough
insufficient information/time
[ + to infinitive ] There was insufficient money to fund the project.
insufficiently adverb
I felt that the whole project was insufficiently researched.
insufficiency noun [ C or U ]
insular adjective DISAPPROVING
interested only in your own country or group and not willing to accept different or
foreign ideas
insularity noun [ U ]
insular adjective DISAPPROVING
interested only in your own country or group and not willing to accept different or
foreign ideas
insularity noun [ U ]
insulate verb [ T ] COVER
1. to cover and surround something with a material or substance in order to stop
heat, sound or electricity from escaping or entering
You can insulate a house against heat loss by having the windows double-glazed.
insulate verb [ T ] PROTECT
2. to protect someone or something from outside influences
Children should be insulated from the horrors of war.
Until recently the country's economy has been insulated from recession by its
reserves of raw materials.
ˈ insulating ˌ tape noun [ U ]
a strip of sticky material which is put around a piece of electrical wire in order to
stop someone or something from being harmed by the electricity
insulation noun [ U ]
1. when you cover something to stop heat, sound or electricity from escaping or
entering, or when something is covered in this way
The animal's thick fur provides very good insulation against the arctic cold.
2. material which is used to stop heat, sound or electricity from escaping or
entering
Glass fibre is often used as roof insulation.
insulator noun [ C ]
a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannot go through
Generally, plastics tend to be good insulators.
insulin noun [ U ]
a hormone in the body which controls the amount of sugar in the blood
She has to have insulin injections for her diabetes.
insult noun [ C ]
an offensive remark or action
She made several insults about my appearance.
The steelworkers' leader rejected the 2% pay-rise saying it was an insult to the
profession.
The instructions are so easy they are an insult to your intelligence (= they seem
to suggest you are not clever if you need to use them) .
insult verb [ T ]
to say or do something to someone that is rude or offensive
First he drank all my wine and then he insulted all my friends.
insulting adjective
rude or offensive
You can't offer such a low salary to someone who is so highly skilled - it's
insulting.
insultingly adverb
The questions were insultingly easy.
insulting adjective
rude or offensive
You can't offer such a low salary to someone who is so highly skilled - it's
insulting.
insultingly adverb
The questions were insultingly easy.
insuperable adjective FORMAL
(especially of a problem) so great or severe that it cannot be defeated or dealt
with successfully
insuperably adverb
insupportable adjective FORMAL
difficult or impossible to bear
The war had put an insupportable financial burden on the country.
insurance noun [ U ]
an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you
have an accident, injury, etc
life/health/car/travel insurance
I'll need to take out extra car insurance for another driver.
The insurance doesn't cover you for (= include) household items.
Compare assurance
in ˈ surance ˌ policy noun [ C ]
a written agreement between an insurance company and a person who wants
insurance which states the rules of the agreement
I took out a travel insurance policy before I boarded the plane.
FIGURATIVE There's one particular job I'm after but I'm applying for several others
as an insurance policy (= because I might not get the job I want) .
insure verb
1. [ I or T usually + adverb or preposition ] to protect yourself against risk by
regularly paying a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you are
killed or injured or if your home or possessions are damaged, destroyed or stolen
The house is insured for two million pounds.
All our household goods are insured against accidental damage.
[ + object + to infinitive ] I'm not insured to drive his car.
2. [ T ] to provide insurance for someone or something
They refused to insure us because they said we're too old.
Many companies won't insure new or young drivers.
insure against sth phrasal verb
to do something in order to prevent something unpleasant from happening or
from affecting you
We thought we'd insure against rain by putting a tent up where people could take
shelter.
insured noun SPECIALIZED
the insured
the person, group of people or organization who is insured in a particular
agreement
insured noun SPECIALIZED
the insured
the person, group of people or organization who is insured in a particular
agreement
insurer noun [ C ]
a person or company that provides insurance
Please contact your insurer if you have any inquiries.
insurgency noun [ U ]
when a group of people attempt to take control of their country by force
The government is reported to be concerned about the growing insurgency in the
South.
Compare counterinsurgency
insurgent noun
1. [ C usually plural ] FORMAL someone who is fighting against the government in
their own country
All approaches to the capital are now under the control of the insurgents.
2. [ C ] US someone who opposes especially political authority
insurmountable adjective FORMAL
(especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it cannot be dealt with
successfully
insurmountable difficulties
This small country is faced with an insurmountable debt.
insurrection noun [ C or U ]
an organized attempt by a group of people to defeat their government and take
control of their country, usually by violence
armed insurrection
intact adjective
1. complete and in the original state
The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact.
2. not damaged
It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact.
intake noun BREATH
1. [ C ] an act of taking in something, especially breath
I heard a sharp intake of breath behind me.
intake noun AMOUNT
2. [ U ] the amount of a particular substance which is eaten or drunk during a
particular time
It says on the packet that four slices of this bread contains one half of your
recommended daily intake of fibre.
3. [ U ] the number of people that are accepted at a particular time by an
organization, especially a college or university
The teacher-training college has increased its intake of students by 50% this year.
intake noun OPENING
4. [ C ] an opening through which air, liquid or gas is taken in
The Tornado jet fighter-bomber has two air intakes, one at the base of each wing.
intangible adjective
An intangible feeling or quality exists but you cannot describe it exactly or prove it
She has that intangible quality which you might call charisma.
intangible noun [ C usually plural ]
Common sense and creativity are some of the intangibles we're looking for in an
employee.
intangibly adverb
employee.
intangibly adverb
in ˌ tangible ˈ asset noun [ C ]
something valuable which a company has which is not material, such as a good
reputation
integer noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a whole number and not a fraction
The numbers -5, 0 and 3 are integers.
integral adjective
necessary and important as a part of, or contained within, a whole
He's an integral part of the team and we can't do without him.
Bars and terrace cafés are integral to the social life of the city.
integrate verb
1. [ I or T ] to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to
suit their way of life, habits and customs
He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially.
[ R ] It's very difficult to integrate your self into a society whose culture is so
different from your own.
Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture.
2. [ T ] to combine two or more things in order to become more effective
The aim, said the minister, was to integrate Britain both politically and
economically into the European Community.
The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play.
integrated adjective
The town's modern architecture is very well integrated with the old.
integration noun [ U ]
racial/cultural integration
ˌ integrated ˈ circuit noun [ C ] ( ABBREVIATION IC ) SPECIALIZED
a very small electronic circuit which consists of a lot of small parts made on a
piece of semiconducting material
employee.
intangibly adverb
reputation
integral adjective
integrate verb
integrity noun [ U ] HONESTY
1. APPROVING the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that
you refuse to change
No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
2. sb's artistic/professional, etc. integrity APPROVING
someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job and their
determination not to lower those standards
Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood
offers.
integrity noun [ U ] WHOLE
3. FORMAL the quality of being whole and complete
A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity.
intellect noun
1. [ U ] the ability to understand and to think in an intelligent way, or the ability
to do these things to a high level
Her energy and intellect are respected all over the world.
He is a man more noted for his intellect than his charm.
2. [ C ] FORMAL a very educated person whose interests are studying and other
activities that involve careful thinking
intellectual adjective
relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated
ideas
Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much
intellectual stimulation .
I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
intellectually adverb
She's hoping to find a job which is more demanding intellectually.
intellectual noun [ C ]
a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that
involve careful thinking and mental effort
She was too much of an intellectual to find popular films interesting.
employee.
intangibly adverb
reputation
integral adjective
integrate verb
integrity noun [ U ] HONESTY
1. APPROVING the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that
you refuse to change
No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
2. sb's artistic/professional, etc. integrity APPROVING
someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job and their
determination not to lower those standards
Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood
offers.
integrity noun [ U ] WHOLE
3. FORMAL the quality of being whole and complete
A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity.
intellect noun
1. [ U ] the ability to understand and to think in an intelligent way, or the ability
to do these things to a high level
Her energy and intellect are respected all over the world.
He is a man more noted for his intellect than his charm.
2. [ C ] FORMAL a very educated person whose interests are studying and other
activities that involve careful thinking
intellectual adjective
relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated
ideas
Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much
intellectual stimulation .
I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
intellectually adverb
She's hoping to find a job which is more demanding intellectually.
intellectual noun [ C ]
a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that
involve careful thinking and mental effort
She was too much of an intellectual to find popular films interesting.
intellectualize , UK USUALLY intellectualise verb [ I or T ]
to think about or discuss a subject in a detailed and intellectual way, without
involving your emotions or feelings
She couldn't stand all that pointless intellectualizing about subjects that just didn't
matter.
intellectualism noun [ U ] USUALLY DISAPPROVING
intel ˌ lectual ˈ property noun [ U ] LEGAL
someone's idea, invention , creation , etc., which can be protected by law from
being copied by someone else
intelligence noun ABILITY
1. [ U ] the ability to learn, understand and make judgments or have opinions
that are based on reason
an intelligence test
a child of high/average/low intelligence
It's the intelligence of her writing that impresses me.
intelligence noun SECRET INFORMATION
2. [ U + singular or plural verb ] secret information about the governments of
other countries, especially enemy governments, or a group of people who collect and
deal with this information
the Central Intelligence Agency
military intelligence
They received intelligence (reports) that the factory was a target for the
bombing.
intelligence noun ABILITY
1. [ U ] the ability to learn, understand and make judgments or have opinions
that are based on reason
an intelligence test
a child of high/average/low intelligence
It's the intelligence of her writing that impresses me.
intelligence noun SECRET INFORMATION
2. [ U + singular or plural verb ] secret information about the governments of
other countries, especially enemy governments, or a group of people who collect and
deal with this information
the Central Intelligence Agency
military intelligence
They received intelligence (reports) that the factory was a target for the
bombing.
intelligent adjective
showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily
a highly intelligent young man
an intelligent remark
Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject.
intelligently adverb
in ˌ telligent de ˈ sign noun [ U ] ( ABBREVIATION ID )
the idea that the world is so complicated that it cannot have developed by chance,
and must have been made by a God or some other intelligent being
the intelligentsia noun [ S + sing/pl verb ]
very educated people in a society, especially those interested in the arts and in
politics
intelligible adjective
(of speech and writing) clear enough to be understood
She was so upset when she spoke that she was hardly intelligible.
Opposite unintelligible
intelligibly adverb
intelligibility noun [ U ]
intemperate adjective FORMAL
(of a person or their behaviour or speech) not controlled and too extreme or
violent
an intemperate outburst
intemperate language
The governor said he would not be provoked into intemperate action.
intemperately adverb
intemperance noun [ U ]
intend verb [ T ]
to have as a plan or purpose
[ + to infinitive ] We intend to go to Australia next year.
Somehow I offended him, which wasn't what I'd intended.
[ + object + to infinitive ] I don't think she intended me to hear the remark.
The course is intended for intermediate-level students.
It was intended as a compliment, honestly!
intend verb [ T ]
to have as a plan or purpose
[ + to infinitive ] We intend to go to Australia next year.
Somehow I offended him, which wasn't what I'd intended.
[ + object + to infinitive ] I don't think she intended me to hear the remark.
The course is intended for intermediate-level students.
It was intended as a compliment, honestly!
intended noun [ C usually singular ] OLD-FASHIONED OR HUMOROUS
the person that you are going to marry
I shall be there with my intended.
intense adjective
1. extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
intense cold/heat/hatred
an intense flavour/colour
He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back.
2. Intense people are very serious, and usually have strong emotions or opinions
an intense young man
intensely adverb
His strongest criticism is reserved for his father, whom he disliked intensely.
intensifier noun [ C ] ( ALSO intensive ) SPECIALIZED
In English grammar, an intensifier is a word, especially an adverb or adjective,
which has little meaning itself but is used to add force to another adjective, verb or
adverb
In the phrases 'an extremely large man' and 'I strongly object', 'extremely' and
'strongly' are both intensifiers.
intensify verb [ I or T ]
to become greater, more serious or more extreme, or to make something do this
Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
intensification noun [ U ]
intensity noun
1. [ U ] the quality of being felt strongly or having a very strong effect
The explosion was of such intensity that it was heard five miles away.
2. [ C or U ] the strength of something which can be measured such as light,
sound, etc.
measures of light intensity
3. [ U ] the quality of being very serious and having strong emotions or opinions
The intensity of their relationship was causing problems.
intensive adjective
involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time
two weeks of intensive training
an intensive course in English
Intensive bombing had reduced the city to rubble.
intensively adverb
intensive adjective
involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time
two weeks of intensive training
an intensive course in English
Intensive bombing had reduced the city to rubble.
intensively adverb
in ˌ tensive ˈ care noun [ U ]
1. (in a hospital) continuous treatment for patients who are seriously ill, very
badly injured or have just had an operation
She needed intensive care for three weeks.
2. ( ALSO the intensive care unit ) the part of a hospital which provides intensive
care
He nearly died in the accident and was in intensive care for over a month.
in ˌ tensive ˈ farming noun [ U ]
a way of producing large amounts of crops, by using chemicals and machines
The use of intensive farming can damage the environment.
intent adjective
1. giving all your attention to something
an intent stare
She had an intent look on her face.
intent adjective
2. be intent on sth /doing sth
to be determined to do or achieve something
I've tried persuading her not to go but she's intent on it.
He seems intent on upsetting everyone in the room!
intently adverb
The child stared intently at her.
intent noun [ U ] FORMAL
when you want and plan to do something
I spent half the morning on the phone, which wasn't really my intent.
[ + to infinitive ] It was not his intent to hurt anyone.
LEGAL She was charged with possessing weapons with intent to endanger life.
to/for all intents and purposes
in all the most important ways
For all intents and purposes, the project is completed.
intention noun [ C or U ]
something that you want and plan to do
[ + to infinitive ] It wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot
her.
I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his.
He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them!
-intentioned suffix
I'm sure he's well -intentioned - he wouldn't mean any harm.
intention noun [ C or U ]
something that you want and plan to do
[ + to infinitive ] It wasn't my intention to exclude her from the list - I just forgot
her.
I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his.
He's full of good intentions, but he never does anything about them!
-intentioned suffix
I'm sure he's well -intentioned - he wouldn't mean any harm.
intentional adjective
planned or intended
Did you leave his name out by accident or was it intentional?
intentionally adverb
I didn't ignore her intentionally - I just didn't recognize her.
inter verb [ T ] FORMAL
to bury a dead body
Many of the soldiers were interred in unmarked graves.
inter- prefix
used to form adjectives meaning 'between or among the stated people, things or
places'
international
an interdepartmental meeting
intercontinental missiles
Compare intra-
interact verb [ I ]
to communicate with or react to
Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children.
It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially.
We are studying how these two chemicals interact.
interaction noun [ C or U ]
when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other
There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers.
Language games are usually intended to encourage student interaction.
The play follows the interactions of three very different characters.
interactive adjective
1. describes a system or computer program which is designed to involve the user
in the exchange of information
an interactive game/video
This is an interactive museum where children can actively manipulate the exhibits.
2. involving communication between people
interactive teaching methods
interactively adverb
The program lets you work through a text interactively, correcting as you go
along.
inter alia adverb FORMAL
among other things
inter alia adverb FORMAL
among other things
interbreed verb [ I or T ]
to breed or cause to breed with members of another breed or group
Some of the wolves had interbred with domestic dogs.
interbreeding noun [ U ]
intercede verb [ I ]
to use your influence to persuade someone in authority to save someone else
from punishment or to obtain forgiveness for this person
Several religious leaders have interceded with the authorities on behalf of the
condemned prisoner.
intercept verb [ T ]
to stop and catch something or someone before they are able to reach a particular
place
Law enforcement agents intercepted a shipment of drugs from Latin America.
Batistuta intercepted Neville's pass and scored the third goal.
interception noun [ C or U ]
the interception of enemy messages
a pass interception
interceptor noun [ C ]
a fast aircraft which attacks enemy aircraft
intercession noun
1. [ U ] when you use your influence to make someone in authority forgive
someone else or save them from punishment
Several political prisoners have been released through the intercession of
Amnesty International.
2. [ C or U ] a prayer which asks God or a god to help or cure other people
interchange noun EXCHANGE
1. [ C or U ] FORMAL an exchange, especially of ideas or information, between
different people or groups
An international medical conference was established for the interchange of new
ideas and approaches.
interchange noun ROAD
2. [ C ] UK a junction at which smaller roads meet a larger road, especially a
motorway
interchange verb [ I or T ]
to exchange ideas or information
interchangeable adjective
able to be exchanged with each other without making any difference or without
being noticed
interchangeable parts
The terms 'drinking problem' and 'alcohol abuse' are often interchangeable.
interchangeably adverb
interchangeable adjective
able to be exchanged with each other without making any difference or without
being noticed
interchangeable parts
The terms 'drinking problem' and 'alcohol abuse' are often interchangeable.
interchangeably adverb
intercity adjective [ before noun ]
travelling from one city to another, or happening between cities
intercity bus/train/rail service
intercom noun [ C ]
a device which people speak into when they want to communicate with, for
example, someone who is inside a building or in a different room
interconnect verb [ I or T ]
(of two or more things) to connect with or be related to each other
The problems of poverty, homelessness and unemployment are all
interconnected.
interconnection noun [ C or U ]
intercontinental adjective
between continents
intercontinental flights
intercostal adjective SPECIALIZED
between the ribs (= bones around the chest)
intercostal muscles
intercostal pain
intercourse noun [ U ] SEX
1. ( ALSO sexual intercourse ) FORMAL the act of having sex
vaginal/anal intercourse
Our survey reveals that most couples have intercourse once a week.
intercourse noun [ U ] CONVERSATION
2. OLD-FASHIONED FORMAL conversation and social activity between people
interdenominational adjective
shared by different groups of the Christian church
an interdenominational church service
interdepartmental adjective
between or involving different departments of a school, university, business, etc
an interdepartmental committee/project
interdepartmental adjective
between or involving different departments of a school, university, business, etc
an interdepartmental committee/project
interdependent adjective
depending on each other
All living things are interdependent.
interdependence noun [ U ]
interdisciplinary adjective
involving two or more different subjects or areas of knowledge
interdisciplinary courses
an interdisciplinary approach to the problem
interest noun INVOLVEMENT
1. [ S or U ] the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of
wanting to be involved with and to discover more about something
I've always had an interest in astronomy.
He never seems to show any interest in his children.
Unfortunately, I lost interest half way through the film.
She takes more of an interest in politics these days.
INFORMAL Just out of interest, how old is your wife?
2. [ C ] Your interests are the activities that you enjoy doing and the subjects that
you like to spend time learning about
On his form he lists his interests as cycling, the cinema and cooking.
3. [ U ] the quality that makes you think that something is interesting
Would this book be of any interest to you?
interest noun ADVANTAGE
4. [ C usually plural U ] something that brings advantages to or affects someone
or something
A union looks after the interests of its members.
It's in his interests to keep careful records.
In the interests of safety, please do not smoke.
Despite what you think, I'm only acting in your best interests (= doing what is
best for you) .
See also vested interest
interest noun MONEY
5. [ U ] money which is charged by a bank or other financial organization for
borrowing money
Interest charges on an overdraft are usually quite high.
6. [ U ] money that you earn from keeping your money in an account in a bank or
other financial organization
You should put the money in a savings account where it will earn interest.
interest noun LEGAL RIGHT
7. [ C ] an involvement or a legal right, usually relating to a business or
possessions
He is a multi-millionaire with business interests around the world.
SPECIALIZED When they divorced she retained a legal interest in the property.
interest verb [ T ]
If someone or something interests you, you want to give them your attention and
discover more about them
Sport has never really interested me.
interest sb in sth phrasal verb
Someone might ask if they can interest you in something when they are trying to
persuade you to buy something or when they are offering you something
Can I interest you in our new range of kitchen fittings, madam?
I don't suppose I can interest you in a quick drink after work, can I?
interested adjective INVOLVED
1. wanting to give your attention to something and discover more about it
He didn't seem very interested in what I was saying.
She's at that age where she's starting to get interested in boys.
I'd be interested to hear more about your work.
"Really?" he said, with an interested look on his face.
Yes, I'd be very interested in know ing more about the services your firm offers.
Opposite uninterested
interested adjective LEGAL RIGHT
2. relating to a person or group who have a connection with a particular situation,
event, business, etc
All interested parties (= people who are involved) are advised to contact this
office.
interested adjective INVOLVED
1. wanting to give your attention to something and discover more about it
He didn't seem very interested in what I was saying.
She's at that age where she's starting to get interested in boys.
I'd be interested to hear more about your work.
"Really?" he said, with an interested look on his face.
Yes, I'd be very interested in know ing more about the services your firm offers.
Opposite uninterested
interested adjective LEGAL RIGHT
2. relating to a person or group who have a connection with a particular situation,
event, business, etc
All interested parties (= people who are involved) are advised to contact this
office.
ˈ interest ˌ group noun [ C ]
a group or organization with particular aims and ideas which tries to influence the
government
There's too much lobbying of MPs by special interest groups.
interesting adjective
1. Someone or something that is interesting keeps your attention because they
are unusual, exciting, or have a lot of ideas
She's quite an interesting woman.
She's got some very interesting things to say on the subject.
It is always interesting to hear other people's point of view.
Oh, I didn't know they were married - that's interesting.
2. HUMOROUS strange or different
That's an interesting looking hat you're wearing, Neil!
interestingly adverb
sometimes used to introduce a piece of information that the speaker finds strange
and interesting
Interestingly (enough) , he never actually said that he was innocent.
ˈ interest ˌ rate noun [ C ]
the percentage that a bank or other financial company charges you when you
borrow money, or the percentage it pays you when you keep money in an account
high/low interest rates
The bank has plans to cut/raise interest rates.
interface noun [ C ]
1. a connection between two pieces of electronic equipment, or between a person
and a computer
My computer has a network interface, which allows me to get to other computers.
The new version of the program comes with a much better user interface (= way
of showing information to a user) than the original.
2. a situation, way or place where two things come together and affect each other
the interface between technology and tradition
We need a clearer interface between management and the workforce.
interface verb
1. [ T ] SPECIALIZED to connect two or more pieces of equipment, such as
computers
The computers must be properly interfaced.
2. [ I ] to communicate with someone, especially in a work-related situation
We use email to interface with our customers.
interfaith adjective
relating to activities involving members of different religions
interfaith prayers/services/relations
interfaith adjective
relating to activities involving members of different religions
interfaith prayers/services/relations
interfere verb [ I ]
to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not
helpful
It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere.
I'd never interfere UK between a husband and wife/ US with a husband and wife.
Interfering in other people's relationships is always a mistake.
interfere with sth phrasal verb
1. to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully
Even a low level of noise interferes with my concentration.
2. If something interferes with radio or television signals, it stops you from
getting good sound or pictures.
interfere with sb phrasal verb UK DISAPPROVING
to touch a child in a sexual manner
He was sent to prison for interfering with little boys.
interference noun [ U ]
1. when someone tries to interfere in a situation
She seems to regard any advice or help from me as interference.
The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized.
2. noise or other electronic signals that stop you from getting good pictures or
sound on a television or radio
interfering adjective [ before noun ]
describes someone who gets involved in other people's lives in an unwanted and
annoying way
He's an interfering old busybody - who I go out with is none of his business!
interferon noun [ C or U ] SPECIALIZED
one of several proteins in the body which are produced by cells as a reaction to
infection by a virus
intergalactic adjective [ before noun ]
between galaxies (= large groups of stars and other matter)
intergalactic space
intergalactic space
interim adjective [ before noun ]
temporary and intended to be used or accepted until something permanent exists
an interim solution
An interim government was set up for the period before the country's first free
election.
interim noun
in the interim
in the time between two particular periods or events
The new secretary starts in June, but in the interim we're having to type our own
letters.
interior noun
1. [ C ] the inside part of something
The estate agent had pictures of the house from the outside but none of its
interior.
The car's interior is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden
dashboard.
Compare exterior
2. [ S ] the land which is furthest away from the outside or coast of a country or
continent
the African interior
3. the interior
in some countries, the government department which deals with subjects and
events which are important in the country itself instead of events in other countries
the Ministry of the Interior
officials of the U.S. Interior Department
interior adjective [ before noun ]
1. inside
The interior walls have patches of damp on them.
The paintwork on the interior doors (= those not in the outside wall of a building)
is in good condition.
2. relating to the government department in some countries which deals with
subjects and events which are important in that country instead of events in other
countries
France's interior minister
in ˌ terior ˈ decorator noun [ C ]
a person whose job is either planning the decoration of the inside of a building
such as a house or office or doing the decoration themselves
intergalactic space
interim adjective [ before noun ]
temporary and intended to be used or accepted until something permanent exists
an interim solution
An interim government was set up for the period before the country's first free
election.
interim noun
in the interim
in the time between two particular periods or events
The new secretary starts in June, but in the interim we're having to type our own
letters.
interior noun
1. [ C ] the inside part of something
The estate agent had pictures of the house from the outside but none of its
interior.
The car's interior is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden
dashboard.
Compare exterior
2. [ S ] the land which is furthest away from the outside or coast of a country or
continent
the African interior
3. the interior
in some countries, the government department which deals with subjects and
events which are important in the country itself instead of events in other countries
the Ministry of the Interior
officials of the U.S. Interior Department
interior adjective [ before noun ]
1. inside
The interior walls have patches of damp on them.
The paintwork on the interior doors (= those not in the outside wall of a building)
is in good condition.
2. relating to the government department in some countries which deals with
subjects and events which are important in that country instead of events in other
countries
France's interior minister
in ˌ terior ˈ decorator noun [ C ]
a person whose job is either planning the decoration of the inside of a building
such as a house or office or doing the decoration themselves
in ˌ terior de ˈ sign noun [ U ]
the art of planning the decoration of the inside of a building such as a house or
office
interior designer noun [ C ]
interject verb [ I or T ] FORMAL
to say something while another person is speaking; to interrupt
[ + speech ] "That's absolutely ridiculous!" Mary interjected.
interjection noun FORMAL
1. [ C or U ] when someone interrupts someone else, or the interruptions
themselves
Her controversial speech was punctuated with noisy interjections from the
audience.
2. [ C ] In grammar, an interjection is a word which is used to show a short
sudden expression of emotion
"Hey!" is an interjection.
interlace verb [ T ]
to join different parts together to make a whole, especially by crossing one thing
over another or fitting one part into another
In her latest book, she interlaces historical events with her own childhood
memories.
interlink verb [ I or T ]
to cause to join or connect together, with the parts joined often having an effect
on each other
Police forces across Europe have begun to interlink their databases on stolen cars.
interlinked adjective
The circuits are interlinked with each other and the main power supply.
It's clear that unemployment, housing problems and crime are all interlinked.
interlinking adjective
interlock verb [ I or T ]
to fit together firmly
The edges interlock to form a tight seal.
interlocking adjective
firmly joined together, especially by one part fitting into another
This jigsaw puzzle has 1000 interlocking pieces.
The fish has strong jaws and sharp interlocking teeth.
interlocutor noun [ C ] FORMAL
1. someone who is involved in a conversation
2. someone who is involved in a conversation and who is representing someone
else
Abraham was able to act as interpreter and interlocutor for our group.
interloper noun [ C ] DISAPPROVING
someone who becomes involved in an activity or a social group without being
asked, or enters a place without permission
Security did not prevent an interloper from getting onto the stage at the opening
ceremony.
interloper noun [ C ] DISAPPROVING
someone who becomes involved in an activity or a social group without being
asked, or enters a place without permission
Security did not prevent an interloper from getting onto the stage at the opening
ceremony.
interlude noun [ C ]
a short period when a situation or activity is different from what comes before and
after it
Except for a brief Christian interlude at the beginning of the 11th century,
Istanbul has been a Muslim city for almost 1300 years.
The musical interludes don't really fit in with the rest of the play.
intermarriage noun [ U ]
marriage between people who are from different social groups, races or religions,
or who are from the same family
Have ethnic tensions in the area been reduced by intermarriage?
Intermarriage between close relatives is prohibited in most societies.
intermarry verb [ I ]
Many of the immigrants have intermarried with the island's original inhabitants.
intermediary noun [ C ]
someone who carries messages between people who are unwilling or unable to
meet
The police negotiated with the gunman through an intermediary.
The former president has agreed to act as an intermediary between the
government and the rebels.
intermediate adjective
being between two other related things, levels or points
There are three levels of difficulty in this game: low, intermediate and high.
This novel is too difficult for intermediate students of English.
inter ˈ mediate ˌ school noun [ C ]
in the US, a school for students who are 12 to 14 years old, or 10 to 12 years old
interment noun
[ C or U ] FORMAL the act of burying a dead body
interment noun
[ C or U ] FORMAL the act of burying a dead body
intermezzo noun [ C ]
a short piece of music written to be played on its own or as part of a longer piece
interminable adjective
continuing for too long and therefore boring or annoying
an interminable delay
his interminable stories
interminably adverb
intermingle verb [ I ]
to become mixed together
The flavours intermingle to produce a very unusual taste.
Fact is intermingled with fiction throughout the book.
intermission noun [ C or U ] US ( UK interval )
1. a short period between the parts of a play, film, concert , etc.
2. US a period between parts of a game when the players rest and people
watching can leave their seats
The Sonics led by only 2 points at intermission.
intermittent adjective
not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and starting repeatedly or with
periods in between
intermittent rain
an intermittent noise
Although she made intermittent movie appearances, she was essentially a stage
actress.
intermittently adverb
We've discussed this problem intermittently, but so far we've failed to come up
with a solution.
intern verb [ T often passive ]
to put someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
Many foreigners were interned for the duration of the war.
intern noun [ C ] MEDICAL
1. US a houseman
intern noun [ C ] STUDENT
2. MAINLY US someone who is finishing their training for a skilled job especially by
getting practical experience of the work involved
She worked in the White House as an intern.
internal adjective
existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place or country
He sustained injuries to his arms, legs and several internal organs .
The bank conducted its own internal investigation into the robbery.
The government warned its neighbours not to interfere in its internal affairs .
See also interior
internally adverb
This medicine is for external use only and should not be taken internally.
internal adjective
See also interior
internally adverb
in ˌ ternal com ˈ bustion ˌ engine noun [ C ]
an engine which produces energy by burning fuel within itself
internalize , UK USUALLY internalise verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your
character
He had not expected the people so readily to internalize the values of democracy.
2. If you internalize your emotions or feelings, you do not allow them to show
although you think about them
Women tend to internalize all their anxiety and distress - men hit out.
internalization , UK USUALLY internalisation noun [ U ]
in ˌ ternal ˈ medicine noun [ U ] US
the part of medical science that is involved in the discovery of diseases inside the
body and the treatment of them without cutting the body open
the In ˌ ternal ˈ Revenue ˌ Service noun [ S ] ( ABBREVIATION the IRS ) US
the government department that collects most national taxes in the United States
international adjective
involving more than one country
international politics
an international team of scientists
internationally adverb
Her internationally acclaimed novel has won several literary prizes.
international noun [ C ] UK
a sports event involving more than one country, or a person who competes in it
a one-day international
Six rugby internationals (= players) were charged with taking drugs to improve
their performance.
the inter ˌ national com ˈ munity noun [ S ]
countries of the world considered or acting together as a group
Any taking of hostages is unacceptable and must be firmly opposed by the
international community.
internal adjective
See also interior
internally adverb
in ˌ ternal com ˈ bustion ˌ engine noun [ C ]
an engine which produces energy by burning fuel within itself
internalize , UK USUALLY internalise verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to accept or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your
character
He had not expected the people so readily to internalize the values of democracy.
2. If you internalize your emotions or feelings, you do not allow them to show
although you think about them
Women tend to internalize all their anxiety and distress - men hit out.
internalization , UK USUALLY internalisation noun [ U ]
in ˌ ternal ˈ medicine noun [ U ] US
the part of medical science that is involved in the discovery of diseases inside the
body and the treatment of them without cutting the body open
the In ˌ ternal ˈ Revenue ˌ Service noun [ S ] ( ABBREVIATION the IRS ) US
the government department that collects most national taxes in the United States
international adjective
involving more than one country
international politics
an international team of scientists
internationally adverb
Her internationally acclaimed novel has won several literary prizes.
international noun [ C ] UK
a sports event involving more than one country, or a person who competes in it
a one-day international
Six rugby internationals (= players) were charged with taking drugs to improve
their performance.
the inter ˌ national com ˈ munity noun [ S ]
countries of the world considered or acting together as a group
Any taking of hostages is unacceptable and must be firmly opposed by the
international community.
Inter ˌ national ˈ Date Line noun [ S ]
The International Date Line is an imaginary line between the most northern and
southern points on the Earth which goes through the Pacific Ocean. The date on the
west side of the line is one day earlier than the date on the east side of the line.
the Internationale noun [ S ]
a song which is sung by people who believe in Communism or Socialism
internationalism noun [ U ]
1. the state of being international, or happening in and between many countries
the increasing internationalism of criminals
2. the belief that countries can achieve more advantages by working together and
trying to understand each other than by arguing and fighting wars with each other
internationalist noun [ C ]
internationalize , UK USUALLY internationalise verb [ T ]
to make something become international
Bob Marley internationalized reggae, making it known throughout the world.
internationalization , UK USUALLY internationalisation noun [ U ]
inter ˌ national ˈ law noun [ U ]
the set of rules that most countries obey when dealing with other countries
Inter ˌ national ˈ Monetary ˌ Fund noun [ S ]
See the IMF
Inter ˌ national Pho ˌ netic ˈ Alphabet noun [ U ]
See IPA
internecine adjective FORMAL
Internecine war or fighting happens between members of the same group, religion
or country
internecine war/warfare
internee noun [ C ]
a person who has been put in prison for political or military reasons, especially
during a war
the Internet , ALSO the internet noun [ S ] ( INFORMAL the Net )
the large system of connected computers around the world which allows people to
share information and communicate with each other using email
I found out about the bombings from/on the Internet.
internet banking noun [ U ]
the system that allows you to put in or take out money from a bank account by
using the Internet
ˌ internet ˈ café noun [ C ]
a small informal restaurant where you can pay to use the Internet
ˌ internet ˈ dating noun [ U ]
a way to meet people for possible romantic relationships, in which you look at
descriptions of people on the Internet and arrange to meet them if you like them
internist noun [ C ] US
a doctor who specializes in identifying and treating diseases which do not need
surgery (= cutting into the body)
internment noun [ U ]
when someone is put in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a
war
an internment camp
internship noun [ C ] MEDICAL
1. US a period of training spent in a hospital by a young doctor in order to finish
their medical qualification
He served his internship at Garfield Hospital.
internship noun [ C ] STUDENT
2. US a period of time spent doing a job as part of becoming qualified to do it
Jane has a summer internship at a local TV station.
interpersonal adjective
connected with relationships between people
The successful applicant will have excellent interpersonal skills .
interplanetary adjective [ before noun ]
between planets
interplanetary space
interplay noun [ U ]
the effect that two or more things have on each other
Our personalities result from the complex interplay between our genes and our
environment.
Interpol noun [ U not after the + sing/pl verb ]
an international police organization which helps national police forces to work
together to catch criminals
interpolate verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to add words to a text
2. to interrupt someone by saying something
interpolation noun [ C or U ]
interpose verb [ T ] FORMAL PUT BETWEEN
1. to put yourself or something between two things, people or groups, especially
in order to stop them doing something
[ R ] The teacher interposed her self between the two snarling boys.
interpose verb [ T ] FORMAL INTERRUPT
2. to interrupt someone
[ + speech ] "I can't agree with you, Mr Heathcliff, " he interposed.
interposition noun [ C or U ]
interpret verb FIND MEANING
1. [ T ] to decide what the intended meaning of something is
It's difficult to interpret these statistics without knowing how they were obtained.
A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt.
interpret verb EXPRESS
2. [ T ] to express your own ideas about the intended meaning of a play or a
piece of music when performing it
If Shakespeare's plays are to reach a large audience they need to be interpreted
in a modern style.
interpret verb BETWEEN LANGUAGES
3. [ I or T ] to change what someone is saying into another language
We had to ask our guide to interpret for us.
Compare translate
interpretation noun [ C or U ] FIND MEANING
1. an explanation or opinion of what something means
The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.
The rules are vague and open to interpretation.
It is difficult for many people to accept a literal interpretation of the Bible.
interpretation noun [ C or U ] EXPRESS
2. a particular way of performing a piece of music, a part in a play, etc.
Her interpretation of Juliet was one of the best performances I have ever seen.
interpreter noun [ C ] BETWEEN LANGUAGES
1. someone whose job is to change what someone else is saying into another
language
She works as an interpreter in Brussels.
Speaking through an interpreter, the president said the terms of the ceasefire
were completely unacceptable.
2. SPECIALIZED a computer program that changes the instructions in another
program into a form that can be easily understood by a computer
interpreter noun [ C ] EXPRESSING
3. someone who performs a piece of music or a part in a play, etc. in a way that
expresses their own ideas about its meaning
He's a noted interpreter of traditional Irish music.
interpretive adjective ( ALSO interpretative ) FORMAL
related to explaining or understanding the meaning of something
an interpretive display/centre
interracial adjective
involving different human races
an interracial marriage/relationship
The government must act to stamp out interracial hatred and violence.
interregnum noun [ S ] FORMAL
a period when a country or organization does not have a leader
interrelate verb [ I ]
to be connected in such a way that each thing has an effect on or depends on the
other
Children need to be educated about the way that diet and health interrelate.
interrelated adjective
interrelated problems/issues/activities
interrelationship noun [ C or U ] ( ALSO interrelation )
the way in which two or more things or people are connected and affect one
another
the interrelationship between smoking and respiratory disease
interrogate verb [ T ]
1. to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information,
sometimes using threats or violence
Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or imprisoned in recent weeks.
2. SPECIALIZED to get information from a computer
interrogation noun [ C or U ]
One by one they were taken for interrogation.
She was subjected to torture and lengthy interrogations.
interrogator noun [ C ]
a person who interrogates someone
interrogate verb [ T ]
1. to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information,
sometimes using threats or violence
Thousands of dissidents have been interrogated or imprisoned in recent weeks.
2. SPECIALIZED to get information from a computer
interrogation noun [ C or U ]
One by one they were taken for interrogation.
She was subjected to torture and lengthy interrogations.
interrogator noun [ C ]
a person who interrogates someone
interrogative noun SPECIALIZED
1. [ C ] a word or sentence used when asking a question
'Who' and 'why' are interrogatives.
2. the interrogative
the form of a sentence that is used for asking questions
interrogative adjective
in the form of a question, or used in questions
an interrogative adverb
interrupt verb [ I or T ]
to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do, or
to stop something from happening for a short period
She tried to explain what had happened but he kept interrupting her.
I wish you'd stop interrupting.
We had to interrupt our trip when we heard John's mother was ill.
interruption noun [ C or U ]
when someone or something stops something from happening for a short period
a brief interruption
I worked all morning without interruption.
interscholastic adjective [ before noun ] US
involving two or more schools
an interscholastic competition/debate
intersect verb
1. [ I or T ] (of lines, roads, etc.) to cross one another
The roads intersect near the bridge.
2. [ T ] to divide an area into smaller parts by crossing it with straight lines
The gardens are intersected by gravel paths.
intersection noun LINES
1. [ C or U ] when two lines cross, or the point where this happens
The intersection of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make
a profit.
intersection noun ROADS
2. [ C ] MAINLY US the place where two or more roads join or cross each other
a busy intersection
Turn right at the next intersection.
intersperse verb [ T ]
to mix one thing in with another in a way that is not regular
The documentary intersperses graphical animations with film clips of the actual
event.
Her handwritten notes were interspersed throughout the text.
event.
interspersed adjective
interspersed with sth
having something in several places among something else
forests interspersed with meadows and lakes
interstate adjective [ before noun ]
involving two or more of the states into which some countries such as the US are
divided
the interstate highway system
interstate banking legislation
interstate road transport costs
interstate noun [ C ]
a fast wide road which goes between states and connects important cities in the
United States
interstellar adjective [ before noun ]
between the stars
interstellar space
interstice noun [ C usually plural ] FORMAL
a very small crack or space
The wall was old and crumbling with plants growing in the interstices
between/in/of the bricks.
intertwine verb [ I or T ]
to twist or be twisted together, or to be connected so as to be difficult to separate
The town's prosperity is inextricably intertwined with the fortunes of the
factory.
The trees' branches intertwined to form a dark roof over the path.
interval noun [ C ] SPACE
1. a period between two events or times, or the space between two points
We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
There's often a long interval between an author completing a book and it
appearing in the shops.
2. UK ( US intermission ) a short period between the parts of a performance or a
sports event
There will be two twenty-minute intervals during the opera.
He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval.
3. at intervals
repeated after a particular period of time or a particular distance
In the event of fire, the alarm will sound at 15-second intervals/at intervals of 15
seconds.
interval noun [ C ] MUSIC
4. SPECIALIZED the amount by which one note is higher or lower than another
an interval of a 5th (= the top note four notes higher than the bottom one)
intervene verb [ I ] GET INVOLVED
1. to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or
prevent it from getting worse
The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the
exchange rate.
[ + to infinitive ] The Minister intervened personally to stop the museum being
closed.
intervene verb [ I ] COME BETWEEN
2. to happen between two times or between other events or activities
Two decades intervened between the completion of the design and the opening
of the theatre.
intervention noun [ C or U ]
Half the people questioned said they were opposed to military intervention ( in
the civil war).
Repeated interventions on the currency markets have failed to prevent the value
of the currency falling.
event.
interspersed adjective
interspersed with sth
having something in several places among something else
forests interspersed with meadows and lakes
interstate adjective [ before noun ]
involving two or more of the states into which some countries such as the US are
divided
the interstate highway system
interstate banking legislation
interstate road transport costs
interstate noun [ C ]
a fast wide road which goes between states and connects important cities in the
United States
interstellar adjective [ before noun ]
between the stars
interstellar space
interstice noun [ C usually plural ] FORMAL
a very small crack or space
The wall was old and crumbling with plants growing in the interstices
between/in/of the bricks.
intertwine verb [ I or T ]
to twist or be twisted together, or to be connected so as to be difficult to separate
The town's prosperity is inextricably intertwined with the fortunes of the
factory.
The trees' branches intertwined to form a dark roof over the path.
interval noun [ C ] SPACE
1. a period between two events or times, or the space between two points
We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month.
There's often a long interval between an author completing a book and it
appearing in the shops.
2. UK ( US intermission ) a short period between the parts of a performance or a
sports event
There will be two twenty-minute intervals during the opera.
He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval.
3. at intervals
repeated after a particular period of time or a particular distance
In the event of fire, the alarm will sound at 15-second intervals/at intervals of 15
seconds.
interval noun [ C ] MUSIC
4. SPECIALIZED the amount by which one note is higher or lower than another
an interval of a 5th (= the top note four notes higher than the bottom one)
intervene verb [ I ] GET INVOLVED
1. to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or
prevent it from getting worse
The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the
exchange rate.
[ + to infinitive ] The Minister intervened personally to stop the museum being
closed.
intervene verb [ I ] COME BETWEEN
2. to happen between two times or between other events or activities
Two decades intervened between the completion of the design and the opening
of the theatre.
intervention noun [ C or U ]
Half the people questioned said they were opposed to military intervention ( in
the civil war).
Repeated interventions on the currency markets have failed to prevent the value
of the currency falling.
intervening adjective [ before noun ]
happening between two times or between other events or activities
It was a long time since my last visit to Berlin, and it had changed dramatically in
the intervening period/years .
interventionist adjective
(of a government or their actions) often becoming involved, either in the
problems of another country, or in the economy of one's own country
an interventionist role
interventionist economic policy
interventionism noun [ U ]
UN interventionism
interview noun [ C ]
1. a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a
job or course
a job interview
I had an interview for a job with a publishing firm.
2. a meeting in which someone is asked questions about themselves for a
newspaper article, television show, etc
an exclusive interview with Paul Simon
In a television interview last night she denied she had any intention of resigning.
3. a meeting in which the police ask someone questions to see if they have
committed a crime
interview verb [ T ]
to ask someone questions in an interview
We've had 200 applicants for the job, but we only plan to interview about 20 of
them.
Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?
Police are interviewing a 43-year-old man in connection with the murder.
interviewee noun [ C ]
the person who answers the questions during an interview
interviewer noun [ C ]
the person who asks the questions during an interview
interweave verb [ T ]
to weave together or combine two or more things so that they cannot be
separated easily
She has created an intriguing story by skillfully interweaving fictional and
historical events.
intestate adjective [ after verb ] SPECIALIZED
describes someone who has died without leaving instructions about who should be
given their property
Many people die intestate because they thought they were too young to make a
will.
intes ˌ tinal ˈ fortitude noun [ U ] US
bravery and determination
The fact that he's still trying for the championship is a tribute to his intestinal
fortitude.
intestine noun [ C usually plural ]
(either of the two parts of) a long tube through which food travels from the
stomach and out of the body while it is being digested
Antibodies from the mother's milk line the baby's intestines and prevent infection.
intestinal , adjective
intestinal surgery
intimacy noun
1. [ U ] when you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with someone
Intimacy between teachers and students is not recommended.
2. [ C usually plural ] things which are said or done only by people who have a
close relationship with each other
It was obvious from their witty intimacies that they had been good friends for
many years.
intimate adjective PERSONAL
1. having, or being likely to cause, a very close friendship or personal or sexual
relationship
intimate relationships
The restaurant has a very intimate atmosphere .
He's become very intimate with an actress.
intimate adjective EXPERT
2. expert, detailed and obtained from a lot of studying or experience
She has an intimate knowledge of Tuscany, where she has lived for twenty
years.
intimately adverb
Well, I know who she is although I'm not intimately (= closely) acquainted with
her.
She's been intimately involved in the project since it began.
intimate noun [ C ] FORMAL
a close friend
Intimates of the star say that he has been upset by the personal attacks on him
that have appeared in the press recently.
intimate verb [ T ] FORMAL
to make clear what you think or want without stating it directly
[ + ( that ) ] She has intimated that she will resign if she loses the vote.
intimation noun [ C ]
His suicide attempt was the first intimation that he was seriously depressed.
intimidate verb [ T ]
to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do
something that you want them to do
They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.
intimidation noun [ U ]
The campaign of violence and intimidation against them intensifies daily.
intimidated adjective
frightened or nervous because you are not confident in a situation
Older people can feel very intimidated by computers.
intimidated adjective
frightened or nervous because you are not confident in a situation
Older people can feel very intimidated by computers.
intimidating adjective
making you feel frightened or nervous
an intimidating array of weapons
an intimidating manner
She can be very intimidating when she's angry.
into preposition INSIDE
1. towards the inside or middle of something and about to be contained,
surrounded or closed off by it
Would you put the jar back into the cupboard for me, please?
Shall we go into the garden?
Stop running around and get into bed!
I can't get into these trousers anymore. They're far too small for me.
into preposition CHANGE
2. used to show when a person or thing is changing from one form or condition to
another
Peel the cucumber and chop it into small cubes.
There was a series of explosions and the van burst into flames (= started to burn
violently) .
Her novels have been translated into nineteen languages.
We're planning to turn the smallest bedroom into an office.
into preposition TOUCHING FORCEFULLY
3. used to show movement which involves something touching something else
with a lot of force but without moving inside it
He's always walking into things when he hasn't got his glasses on.
into preposition TOWARDS
4. in the direction of something or someone
She was looking straight into his eyes.
into preposition ABOUT
5. involving or about something
an inquiry into the cause of the accident
into preposition DIVISION
6. used when referring to the division of one number by another number
What's 5 into 125?
into preposition INTERESTED
7. enthusiastic about or interested in
Jackie's really into classical music.
intolerable adjective
too bad or unpleasant to deal with or accept
The situation has become intolerable.
The constant fighting made life at home intolerable.
Three-quarters of the world's population live in conditions that people in the West
would find intolerable.
intolerably adverb
intolerable adjective
too bad or unpleasant to deal with or accept
The situation has become intolerable.
The constant fighting made life at home intolerable.
Three-quarters of the world's population live in conditions that people in the West
would find intolerable.
intolerably adverb
intolerance noun
1. [ U ] when you refuse to accept ideas, beliefs or behaviour that are different
from your own
racial/religious intolerance
One side-effect of the drug is intolerance of (= being unable to bear) bright light.
2. [ C or U ] If you have a food intolerance, you cannot digest a particular food in
a normal way and may feel ill if you eat it
(a) food intolerance
a wheat/lactose intolerance
Amy has an intolerance to dairy products.
intolerant adjective DISAPPROVING
disapproving of or refusing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different
from your own
She can be very intolerant of students who don't understand what she's talking
about.
intolerantly adverb
intonation noun
1. [ C or U ] the sound changes produced by the rise and fall of the voice when
speaking, especially when this has an effect on the meaning of what is said
The end of a sentence that is not a question is usually marked by falling
intonation.
2. [ U ] the degree to which the notes of a piece of music are played or sung
correctly
The violinist had good intonation, and a wonderful pure tone.
intone verb [ T ] FORMAL
to say something slowly and seriously in a voice which does not rise or fall much
[ + speech ] "Let us pray, " the priest intoned to his congregation.
ˌ in ˈ toto adverb FORMAL
as a total or whole
The available information amounts to very little in toto.
intoxicant noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a substance such as alcohol that produces feelings of pleasure or happiness in a
person artificially
intoxicant noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a substance such as alcohol that produces feelings of pleasure or happiness in a
person artificially
intoxicated adjective
1. FORMAL drunk
She was charged with driving while intoxicated.
2. excited, happy and slightly out of control because of an experience such as
love, success, etc
She was understandably intoxicated by her success in the national competition.
intoxicating adjective
1. If a drink is intoxicating, it makes you drunk if you have too much
intoxicating liquor
2. An intoxicating experience or idea makes you feel excited and emotional
an intoxicating thought
intoxication noun [ U ]
1. the condition of being drunk
He used to claim that he had his best ideas after several days of intoxication.
2. a strong feeling of excitement or happiness
The feeling of intoxication that followed her victory was cut short by her father's
sudden death.
intra- prefix
used to form adjectives meaning 'within' (the stated place or group)
intra-EU trade
intrafamily disputes
Compare inter-
intractable adjective FORMAL
very difficult and seeming to be impossible to control, manage or solve
We are facing an intractable problem .
intractably adverb
an intractably violent relationship
intractability noun [ U ]
intramural adjective
happening within or involving the members of one school, college or university
an intramural basketball competition
intramural adjective
happening within or involving the members of one school, college or university
an intramural basketball competition
intranet noun [ C ]
a system of connected computers which works like the Internet and which allows
people within an organization to communicate with each other and share information
I'll post the agenda for next week's meeting on the intranet.
intransigent , adjective FORMAL
refusing to be persuaded, especially refusing to change opinions that are strongly
believed in
Unions claim that the management continues to maintain an intransigent position.
intransigently , adverb
intransigence , noun [ U ]
intransitive , , , adjective SPECIALIZED
(of a verb) having or needing no object
In the sentence 'I tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't come', 'come' is an
intransitive verb.
In this dictionary, verbs which are intransitive are marked [I].
Compare ditransitive ; transitive
intransitively , , , adverb
intransitive , , , noun [ C ]
intravenous adjective ( ABBREVIATION IV )
into or connected to a vein
intravenous feeding/fluids
an intravenous drip/injection .
Intravenous drug users are at particular risk of contracting the disease.
intravenously adverb
in-tray noun [ C ] UK ( US in-box )
in-tray
a flat open container where letters and other documents are put when they arrive
in a person's office and where they are kept until the person has time to deal with them
Just put it in my in-tray and I'll look at it later.
in-tray noun [ C ] UK ( US in-box )
in-tray
a flat open container where letters and other documents are put when they arrive
in a person's office and where they are kept until the person has time to deal with them
Just put it in my in-tray and I'll look at it later.
intrepid adjective
extremely brave and showing no fear of dangerous situations
a team of intrepid explorers
intrepidly adverb
intricacy noun
1. intricacies
complicated details
I enjoyed the film, but I couldn't follow all the intricacies of the plot.
2. [ U ] when something has a lot of complicated small parts or details
the intricacy of the needlework
intricate adjective
having a lot of small parts or details that are arranged in a complicated way and
are therefore sometimes difficult to understand, solve or produce
The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very difficult to repair.
Police officers uncovered an intricate web of deceit.
intricately adverb
an intricately engraved pendant
intrigue verb [ T ]
to interest someone a lot, especially by being strange, unusual or mysterious
Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the question of whether there
is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe.
intrigue noun [ C or U ]
(the making of) a secret plan to do something, especially something that will
harm another person
a tale of political intrigue
intriguing adjective
very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious
an intriguing possibility/question
She has a really intriguing personality.
intriguingly adverb
intrinsic adjective
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing
works of little intrinsic value/interest
Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
intrinsically adverb
intrinsic adjective
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing
works of little intrinsic value/interest
Maths is an intrinsic part of the school curriculum.
intrinsically adverb
intro noun [ C ] INFORMAL
an introduction
This song has a brilliant piano intro.
Would you mind doing the intros, Martha, while I pour some drinks?
introduce verb [ T ] PUT INTO USE
1. to put something into use, operation or a place for the first time
The smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in 1992.
Such unpopular legislation is unlikely to be introduced before the next election.
SPECIALIZED The tube which carries the laser is introduced into the abdomen
through a small cut in the skin.
introduce verb [ T ] MAKE KNOWN
2. to tell someone another person's name the first time that they meet
I'd like to introduce my younger son, Mark.
Have you two been introduced ( to each other)?
introduce verb [ T ] BEGIN
3. to be the beginning of something
A haunting oboe solo introduces the third movement of the concerto.
4. to speak or write before the beginning of a programme or book and give
information about its contents
The director will introduce the film personally at its world première.
This is the first official biography of her and it is introduced by her daughter.
introduce sb to sth phrasal verb
to help someone experience something for the first time
When were you first introduced to sailing?
introduction noun PUT INTO USE
1. [ U ] when something is put into use or brought to a place for the first time
The introduction of new working practices has dramatically improved productivity.
Within a few years of their introduction, CDs were outselling vinyl records.
SPECIALIZED The introduction of the tube into the artery is a very delicate
procedure.
introduction noun MAKE KNOWN
2. [ C or U ] the action of telling someone another person's name the first time
that they meet
You'll have to do/make the introductions - I don't know everyone's name.
My next guest needs no introduction (= is already known to everyone) .
introduction noun BEGINNING
3. [ C ] the first part of something
Have you read the introduction to the third edition?
The song's great, but the introduction's a bit too long.
introductory adjective FIRST TIME
1. existing, used, or experienced for the first time
an introductory price/offer
an introductory course in word processing (= a course for people who have not
done word processing before)
introductory adjective BEGINNING
2. written or said at the beginning
an introductory chapter
I'd like to make some introductory remarks before beginning the lecture properly.
introductory adjective FIRST TIME
1. existing, used, or experienced for the first time
an introductory price/offer
an introductory course in word processing (= a course for people who have not
done word processing before)
introductory adjective BEGINNING
2. written or said at the beginning
an introductory chapter
I'd like to make some introductory remarks before beginning the lecture properly.
introspection noun [ U ]
examination of and attention to your own ideas, thoughts and feelings
His defeat in the world championship led to a long period of gloomy introspection.
introspective adjective
examining and considering your own ideas, thoughts and feelings, instead of
talking to other people about them
She is famous for her introspective songs about failed relationships.
introspectively adverb
introvert noun [ C ]
someone who is shy, quiet and unable to make friends easily
Compare extrovert
introverted adjective ( ALSO introvert )
an introverted child
introversion noun [ U ]
intrude verb [ I ]
to go into a place or situation in which you are not wanted or not expected to be
I didn't realise your husband was here, Dr Jones - I hope I'm not intruding.
Newspaper editors are being urged not to intrude on/into the grief of the families
of missing servicemen.
intruder noun [ C ]
1. someone who is in a place or situation where they are not wanted
I feel like an intruder when I visit their home.
2. someone who enters a place without permission in order to commit a crime
Intruders had entered the house through a back window.
intrusion noun [ C or U ]
when someone goes into a place or situation where they are not wanted or
expected to be
They complained about excessive government intrusion (= unwanted
involvement) into their legitimate activities.
His phone call was a welcome intrusion into an otherwise tedious morning.
intrusion noun [ C or U ]
when someone goes into a place or situation where they are not wanted or
expected to be
They complained about excessive government intrusion (= unwanted
involvement) into their legitimate activities.
His phone call was a welcome intrusion into an otherwise tedious morning.
intrusive adjective
affecting someone or something in an annoying, disturbing and unwanted way
intrusive questioning
intrusive lighting
intuit verb [ T ] FORMAL
to know or understand something because of a feeling that you have rather than
because of facts or what someone has told you
[ + that ] He intuited that I was worried about the situation.
intuition noun [ C or U ]
(knowledge from) an ability to understand or know something immediately
without needing to think about it, learn it or discover it by using reason
Often there's no clear evidence one way or the other and you just have to base
your judgment on intuition.
[ + ( that ) ] I can't explain how I knew - I just had an intuition that you'd been
involved in an accident.
intuitive adjective
1. based on feelings rather than facts or proof
an intuitive approach/judgment
Most people have an intuitive sense of right and wrong.
2. able to know or understand something because of feelings rather than facts or
proof
Men are often regarded as less intuitive than women.
intuitively adverb
I knew intuitively that something dreadful had happened to him.
Inuit noun [ C ]
a member of a Native American tribe who live in the cold northern areas of North
America and Greenland
See usage note at Eskimo
inundate verb [ T ] TOO MUCH
1. to give someone so much work or so many things that they cannot deal with
them all
We have been inundated with requests for help.
inundate verb [ T ] FLOOD
2. FORMAL to flood an area with water
If the dam breaks it will inundate large parts of the town.
inundation noun [ C or U ] FORMAL
inure verb
inure sb to sth phrasal verb FORMAL
If you become inured to something unpleasant, you become familiar with it and
able to accept and bear it
After spending some time on the island they became inured to the hardships.
invade verb
1. [ I or T ] to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to
take possession of it
Concentrations of troops near the border look set to invade within the next few
days.
2. [ I or T ] to enter a place in large numbers, usually when unwanted and in
order to take possession or do damage
Hundreds of squatters have invaded waste land in the hope that they will be
allowed to stay.
3. [ T ] to enter an area of activity in a forceful and noticeable way
Maria looks set to invade the music scene with her style and image.
4. [ T ] to spoil a situation or quality that another person values with very
noticeable and selfish behaviour
Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press.
invader noun [ C ]
an army or country that uses force to enter and take control of another country
The foreign invaders were finally defeated by allied forces.
FIGURATIVE Any new company is seen as an invader in an already competitive
market.
invalid adjective
1. An invalid document, ticket, law, etc. is not legally or officially acceptable
I'm afraid your driving licence is invalid in Eastern Europe.
2. An invalid opinion, argument, etc. is not correct, usually because it is not
logical or not based on correct information
an invalid argument
invalidly adverb
invalid noun [ C ] OLD-FASHIONED
someone who is ill, usually for a long time and often needing to be cared for by
another person
Is the invalid in bed?
invalid verb
invalid sb out phrasal verb
If you are invalided out of a job, especially a military job, you are forced to leave
because of injury or illness
She was invalided out of the service because of injuries she received in a fire.
invalidate verb [ T ]
1. to officially stop a document, ticket, law, etc. being legally or officially
acceptable
2. to prove that an opinion, argument, etc. is wrong
invalidation noun [ U ]
Premature disclosure of the test sites might lead to invalidation of the experiment.
invalidity noun [ U ] , NOT OFFICIAL
1. the condition of not being legally or officially acceptable
invalidity noun [ U ] , ILLNESS
2. the condition of being too ill to work or care for yourself
invaluable adjective
extremely useful
The new job will provide you with invaluable experience.
Such data will prove invaluable to/for researchers.
invariable adjective FORMAL
never changing; staying the same
The menu is invariable but the food is always good.
invariably adverb
always
The train is invariably late.
invasion noun [ C or U ]
1. when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another
country
They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.
2. when a large number of people or things come to a place in an annoying and
unwanted way
the annual invasion of foreign tourists
3. an action or process which affects someone's life in an unpleasant and
unwanted way
an invasion of privacy
invasive adjective
moving into all areas of something and difficult to stop
an invasive disease
They treated the cancer with non- invasive methods/surgery (= not cutting into
the body) .
invective noun [ U ] FORMAL
criticism that is very forceful, unkind and often rude
A stream of invective from some sectors of the press continues to assail the
government.
inveigh verb
inveigh against sb/sth phrasal verb FORMAL
to strongly criticize something or someone
There were politicians who inveighed against immigrants to get votes.
inveigle verb [ T ] FORMAL
to persuade someone to do something in a clever and dishonest way, when they
do not want to do it
Her son tried to inveigle her into giving him the money for a car.
invent verb [ T ] NEW DESIGN
1. to design and/or create something which has never been made before
The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903.
invent verb [ T ] NOT TRUE
2. to create a reason, excuse, story etc. which is not true, usually to deceive
someone
But I didn't invent the story - everything I told you is true.
invention noun [ C or U ] NEW DESIGN
1. something which has never been made before, or the process of creating
something which has never been made before
The world changed rapidly after the invention of the telephone.
a most amazing invention
invention noun [ C or U ] NOT TRUE
2. a story or excuse that is not true, or the act of creating a story or excuse that
is not true
All that gossip about Linda was just pure invention.
Be careful what you believe - her powers of invention (= ability to think of
excuses, etc.) are well known.
inventive adjective APPROVING
very good at thinking of new and original ideas
He is very inventive, always dreaming up new gadgets for the home.
inventively adverb APPROVING
inventiveness noun [ U ]
inventor noun [ C ]
someone who has invented something or whose job is to invent things
inventory noun
1. [ C ] a detailed list of all the things in a place
A set of twenty-four carved and gilded chairs appear on the inventory of the
house for 1736.
2. [ U ] US the amount of goods a shop has, or the value of them
Our inventory of used cars is the best in town.
3. [ U ] US FOR stocktaking
inverse adjective [ before noun ]
opposite in relation to something else
Their generosity was in inverse proportion/relation to their income (= the
more money they had the less generous they were) .
inversely adverb
Sometimes it seems that press coverage of an event is inversely proportional to
its true importance (= the more important the event, the less attention is paid to it) .
inverse noun [ S ] FORMAL
the inverse
the opposite
Dividing by two is the inverse of multiplying by two.
inversion noun [ C or U ]
when something is changed so that it is the opposite of what it was before, or
when something is turned upside down
Her account of the case was an inversion of the facts (= said the opposite of what
really happened) .
invert verb [ T ] FORMAL
to turn something upside down or change the order of two things
In some languages, the word order in questions is inverted (= the verb comes
before the subject of the sentence) .
inverted adjective
Cover the bowl with an inverted plate.
invertebrate noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
an animal with no spine
Invertebrates, such as worms, are the main diet of these water birds.
Compare vertebrate
invertebrate adjective
in ˌ verted ˈ commas plural noun UK
the " " punctuation marks that are put around a word or phrase to show that
someone else has written or said it
in inverted commas
used in spoken English after a word or phrase to show that it has not been used
accurately or that the opposite meaning is intended
Sick prisoners in the camp were 'cared for', in inverted commas, by guards, not
nurses.
in ˌ verted ˈ snob noun [ C ] UK DISAPPROVING
a person who makes it known that they do not like things which suggest high
social position but approve of things related to low social position
inverted snobbery noun [ U ]
invest verb [ I or T ]
to put money, effort, time etc. into something to make a profit or get an
advantage
The institute will invest 5 million in the project.
He's not certain whether to invest in the property market.
You have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in mak ing this
project the success that it is.
invest in sth phrasal verb
to buy something because you think it will be useful, even if you think it is
expensive
We've decided it's time to invest in a new computer.
invest sb with sth phrasal verb FORMAL
to give authority or power to someone
Our government has invested the minister for trade with all the necessary powers
to resolve the dispute.
invest sb/sth with sth phrasal verb LITERARY
to make someone or something seem to have a particular characteristic
In his poems everyday reality is invested with a sense of wonder and delight.
investigate verb [ T ]
to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the
truth
Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives.
[ + question word ] We are of course investigating how an error like this could
have occurred.
investigation noun [ C or U ]
the act or process of examining a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully,
especially to discover the truth
An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance of a
thirteen-year-old boy.
a full/thorough investigation of the incident
Currently, the individuals who might have caused the accident are subject
to/under investigation.
investigative adjective ( FORMAL investigatory )
intended to examine a situation in order to discover the truth
Children are encouraged to take an investigative approach to learning.
the investigatory panel
in ˌ vestigative ˈ journalism noun [ U ]
the activity of news reporters trying to discover information which is of public
interest but which someone might be keeping hidden
Conspiracy is a popular subject for investigative journalism.
investigative journalist noun [ C ]
investigator , noun [ C ]
a person whose job is to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. in order to
discover the truth
Investigators have studied the possible effects of contamination.
a private investigator
investiture noun [ C ] FORMAL
a ceremony in which someone is given an official rank, authority, power, etc
The investiture of the new president will take place this evening.
investment noun [ C or U ]
the act of putting money, effort, time, etc. into something to make a profit or get
an advantage, or the money, effort, time, etc. used to do this
Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments.
The account requires a minimum investment of £1000.
There's been a significant investment of time and energy in order to make the
project a success.
in ˈ vestment ˌ bank noun [ C ]
a bank that helps companies sell and buy shares , or helps them to buy other
companies or merge (= join together) with each other
investment banking noun [ U ]
the business of operating an investment bank
investment banker noun [ C ]
someone who has an important job in an investment bank
investor noun [ C ]
a person who puts money into something in order to make a profit or get an
advantage
A New York investor offered to acquire the company's shares for $13 each.
Small investors (= people who invest only a small amount of money) are hoping
that the markets will improve.
inveterate adjective USUALLY DISAPPROVING
an inveterate liar/gambler, etc.
someone who does something very often and cannot stop doing it
I never trust anything he says - the man's an inveterate liar.
invidious adjective FORMAL
likely to cause unhappiness or be unpleasant, especially because unfair
Such a difficult choice placed her in an invidious position .
invidiously adverb
invidiousness noun [ U ]
invigilate verb [ I or T ] UK ( US proctor )
to watch people taking an examination in order to check that they do not cheat
Miss Jekyll will be invigilating (your chemistry exam) today.
invigilator noun [ C ]
a person whose job is to watch people taking an examination in order to check
that they do not cheat
If you need more paper, please ask the invigilator.
invigorate verb [ T ]
to make someone feel fresher, healthier and more energetic
We were invigorated by our walk.
invigorating adjective
an invigorating swim/run
invincible adjective
impossible to defeat or prevent from doing what is intended
Last year the company seemed/looked invincible but in recent weeks has begun
to have problems.
invincibly adverb
invincibility noun [ U ]
inviolable adjective FORMAL
which must not or cannot be broken, damaged or doubted
Everyone has an inviolable right to protection by a fair legal system.
inviolability noun [ U ]
inviolate adjective [ after verb ] FORMAL
(that must be) not harmed or damaged
For centuries the tomb lay inviolate until, by chance, it was discovered by two
miners.
invisible adjective
1. impossible to see
The aircraft is designed to be invisible to radar.
These bacteria are invisible unless viewed with a microscope.
2. [ before noun ] SPECIALIZED describes money that is added to a country's
economy by activities such as the service and financial industries rather than the
production of goods in factories
an increase in invisible exports
Tourism brings in 40% of the island's invisible earnings .
invisibly adverb
invisibility noun [ U ]
The bits of gold in the sand were small to the point of invisibility (= so small that
they almost could not be seen) .
in ˌ visible ˈ ink noun [ U ]
ink which cannot be seen until it is treated with chemicals or heat
It's a secret message written in invisible ink.
invitation noun [ C or U ] ASK TO AN EVENT
1. when someone is asked to go to an event
Thanks for the invitation to your birthday party.
I'm happy to accept your invitation.
The first day of the exhibition will be by invitation (only) (= only those who have
been invited can come) .
invitation noun [ C or U ] ENCOURAGEMENT
2. an action which causes or encourages something to happen
Leaving your house unlocked is an open (= clear) invitation to burglars.
invitation noun [ C or U ] FORMAL REQUEST
3. when someone is formally requested to do something
[ + to infinitive ] This is a once in a lifetime invitation to invest in your dream
home in the sun.
invitational noun [ C ] US
a sports event that people can only go to if they have been invited
invitational adjective
an invitational basketball tournament
invite verb [ T ] ASK TO AN EVENT
1. to ask or request someone to go to an event
We're invited to Lola's party.
Candidates who are successful in the written test will be invited for an interview.
[ + object + to infinitive ] Her family invited me to stay with them for a few
weeks.
invite verb [ T ] REQUEST FORMALLY
2. to request something, especially formally or politely
Offers in the region of £1 000 000 are invited for the property.
[ + object + to infinitive ] The newspaper invited readers to write in with their
views.
invite verb [ T ] ENCOURAGE
3. to act in a way which causes or encourages something to happen or someone
to believe or feel something
Behaving provocatively in class is just inviting trouble .
Such a badly presented exhibition invites criticism .
invite sb in phrasal verb
to ask someone to come into your house
The neighbours invited us in for coffee.
invite sb over phrasal verb ( UK ALSO invite sb round )
to invite someone to come to your house
Let's invite some people over.
inviting adjective
1. If someone or something is inviting, they encourage you to feel welcome or
attracted
The room looked cosy and inviting.
an inviting smile
2. attractive in a way that causes unpleasant results
Companies saddled with high debt have become inviting targets for cash-rich
competitors.
invitingly adverb
ˌ in ˈ vitro adjective [ before noun ] , adverb
(of biological processes or reactions) happening outside the body in artificial
conditions, often in a test tube
Scientists are studying these cells in vitro.
in vitro experiments
in ˌ vitro fertili ˈ zation noun [ U ] ( ABBREVIATION IVF )
a treatment for a woman who cannot become pregnant with her partner naturally
in which an egg is fertilized outside her body and the resulting embryo is put into her
womb to develop into a baby
invoice noun [ C ]
a list of things provided or work done together with their cost, for payment at a
later time
Invoices must be submitted by the 24th of every month.
invoice verb [ T ]
to supply an invoice
We'll invoice you for parts and labour.
invoke verb [ T ] FORMAL
1. to request or use a power outside yourself, especially a law or a god, to help
you when you want to improve a situation
Police can invoke the law of trespass to regulate access to these places.
Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.
2. to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something
invocation noun [ C or U ]
involuntary adjective
not done by choice; done unwillingly, or without the decision or intention of the
person involved
A sharp tap on the knee usually causes an involuntary movement of the lower leg.
involuntarily adverb
Arthur shivered involuntarily as he came out of the building.
involve verb [ T not continuous ]
to include someone or something in something, or to make them take part in or
feel part of it
The second accident involved two cars and a lorry.
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learn ing .
[ + -ing verb ] The operation involves putt ing a small tube into your heart.
Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive
purposes.
She's been involved with animal rights for many years.
It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements.
involved adjective DIFFICULT
1. complicated; not simple and therefore difficult to understand
an involved reason/excuse/argument
The plot of the film was too involved - I couldn't understand it.
involved adjective EMOTIONAL
2. being in a close relationship with someone
emotionally/romantically involved
Try not to become too emotionally involved with the children in your care.
involvement noun [ C or U ]
1. the act or process of taking part in something
The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain.
Being on the committee is one involvement I could do without.
2. a romantic or sexual relationship
She spoke openly about her involvement with the former Prime Minister.
invulnerable adjective
impossible to damage or hurt in any way
The command bunker is virtually invulnerable, even to a nuclear attack.
invulnerability noun [ U ]
-in-waiting suffix
(of a person) waiting or expecting to be given the authority, job or power named
The press has identified several government ministers-in-waiting, saying that they
are likely to be appointed in the autumn.
inward adjective
1. on or towards the inside
Compare outward
2. inside your mind and not expressed to other people
inward feelings
inward adverb ( ALSO inwards )
towards the inside
After the accident, her thoughts began to turn inward (= to her own interests or
problems) .
Fold the outside edges inward.
inwardly adverb
inside your mind and not expressed to other people
He was inwardly relieved that the test was cancelled.
in-your-face , in-yer-face adjective INFORMAL
describes something done in a forceful way that intends to shock people
in-your-face television advertising
the IOC noun [ S ]
ABBREVIATION FOR the International Olympic Committee
iodide noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a chemical compound of iodine with another element
potassium iodide
iodine , noun [ U ]
an element found in small amounts in sea water and used to prevent infection
ˈ iodine so ˌ lution noun [ U ] SPECIALIZED
iodine dissolved in a solution of potassium iodide , used in chemistry to test for
starch because it turns starch blue-black
iodized salt noun [ U ]
salt to which iodine has been added
ion noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
an atom or small group of atoms which has an electrical charge because it has
added or lost one or more electrons
See also the ionosphere
ionic adjective
ionic bonding
-ion suffix ( ALSO -ation , ALSO -ition )
added to verbs to form nouns showing action or condition
obsession
restoration
repetition
Ionic adjective
of or copying a style of ancient Greek building which has only a small amount of
decoration
an Ionic column
Compare Corinthian ; Doric
See picture columns
i ˌ onic ˈ bond noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a chemical bond in which two ions are bound together because one has a positive
charge and the other a negative charge
ionize , UK USUALLY ionise verb [ I or T ] SPECIALIZED
to (cause to) form an ion
ionized , UK USUALLY ionised adjective
Nebulae contain very large amounts of ionized gas.
ionization , UK USUALLY ionisation noun [ U ]
Widespread ionization occurs readily in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
ionizer , UK USUALLY ioniser noun [ C ]
an electrical device which puts negative ions into the air in a room in order to
make the air fresher and healthier
the ionosphere noun [ S ]
part of the Earth's atmosphere , from about 60 kilometres to about 1000
kilometres above the surface, in which there are many ions
Compare the stratosphere
ionospheric adjective
iota noun [ S ]
an extremely small amount
I haven't seen one iota of evidence to support his claim.
IOU noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR I owe you: a written promise to pay back a debt
Here's an IOU for the fiver you lent me. I'll pay you back on Monday.
IOW , iow
INTERNET ABBREVIATION FOR in other words: used to introduce an explanation that is
simpler than the one given earlier
IPA noun [ S ]
ABBREVIATION FOR the International Phonetic Alphabet: a system of symbols for
showing how words are pronounced
I ˈ P a ˌ ddress noun [ C ] ( ALSO IP number ) ABBREVIATION FOR
Internet Protocol Address: a number which is given to each computer when it is
connected to the Internet
IPO noun [ C usually singular ]
ABBREVIATION FOR initial public offering: the first sale of a company's shares to the
public
iPod noun [ C ] TRADEMARK
a type of small MP3 player
ipso facto adverb FORMAL
by reasoning from previously known facts
You admit you fired the gun and we now know that the shot killed the victim so
you are, ipso facto, responsible for his death.
IQ noun [ C or U ]
ABBREVIATION FOR intelligence quotient: a measure of someone's intelligence found
from special tests
Children with very low/high IQs often have problems at school.
IQ is just one measure of intelligence.
the IRA noun [ S + sing/pl verb ]
ABBREVIATION FOR the Irish Republican Army: an illegal organization which wants
Northern Ireland to be politically independent of the UK and united with the Republic of
Ireland
Iran noun [ U ]
Iranian noun [ C ] , adjective
Iraq noun [ U ]
Iraqi noun [ C ] , adjective
irascible adjective FORMAL
made angry easily
She's becoming more and more irascible as she grows older.
irascibly adverb
irascibility noun [ U ]
irate adjective
very angry
We have received some irate phone calls from customers.
ire noun [ U ] FORMAL
anger
Petty restrictions easily raised/aroused the ire of such a creative artist.
Ireland noun [ U or ] ( ALSO Eire , ALSO Irish Republic )
iridescent adjective
showing many bright colours which change with movement
Her latest fashion collection features shimmering iridescent materials.
iridescence noun [ U ]
iridium noun [ U ]
a very hard yellowish-white metal
iris noun [ C ] FLOWER
1. a type of plant which grows especially in wet places and which has blue, yellow
or white flowers and long narrow leaves
iris noun [ C ] EYE
2. the coloured circular part of an eye surrounding the black pupil (= central part)
See picture iris
Irish adjective
coming from Ireland, or relating to Ireland or its language
Irish whiskey
The Irish contingent sang loudest at the show.
Irish plural noun
the Irish
the people of Ireland
Irish-American noun [ C ]
a person who lives in the US but whose family originally came from Ireland
ˌ Irish ˈ coffee noun [ U ]
hot coffee mixed with whisky and with thick cream on the top, usually served in a
glass
Irishman noun [ C ]
a man who comes from Ireland
ˌ Irish ˈ stew noun [ U ]
meat, often mutton (= meat from a sheep) cooked in water with onions, potatoes,
etc.
Irishwoman noun [ C ]
a woman who comes from Ireland
irk verb [ T ] SLIGHTLY FORMAL
to annoy someone
The negative reply to my complaint really irked me.
irksome adjective SLIGHTLY FORMAL
annoying
The vibration can become irksome after a while.
iron noun METAL
1. [ U ] a common silver-coloured metal element which is magnetic. It is strong,
used in making steel and found in very small amounts, in a chemically combined form,
in blood
Iron rusts easily.
Liver is a particularly rich source of dietary iron.
iron ore
an iron deficiency
iron noun FOR CLOTHES
iron
2. [ C ] a piece of equipment for making clothes flat and smooth, especially after
they have been washed, which has a handle and a flat base and is usually heated with
electricity
a steam iron
a travel iron
iron noun GOLF
3. [ C ] a stick which has an iron or steel part at the end that is used to hit the
ball in golf
He'll probably use a 2 or 3 iron for the shot.
iron noun CHAINS
4. irons LITERARY
chains tied around someone to prevent them from escaping or moving
It was common practice for the prisoners to be clapped in irons (= tied with
chains) .
have a few/several, etc. irons in the fire
to be involved with many activities or jobs at the same time or to make certain
that there are always several possibilities available
If that job application doesn't work out I've got a couple more irons in the fire.
iron verb [ I or T ]
to make clothes flat and smooth using an iron
It takes about five minutes to iron a shirt properly.
iron sth out phrasal verb [ M ]
to remove problems or find solutions
We're still trying to iron out some problems with the computer system.
We hope they can iron out their differences and get on with working together.
iron adjective [ before noun ]
very strong physically, mentally or emotionally
I think you have to have an iron will to make some of these decisions.
an iron hand/fist in a velvet glove
used to describe someone who seems to be gentle but is in fact severe and firm
rule sth with an iron hand/fist US
to control a group of people very firmly, having complete power over everything
they do
the ˈ Iron ˌ Age noun [ S ]
the period in early history starting about 1100 BC when iron was used for tools
an Iron-Age settlement
Compare the Bronze Age ; the Stone Age
ironbark noun [ C ] AUSTRALIAN
a type of eucalyptus tree which has deep lines on the stem
iron-clad adjective [ usually before noun ]
very certain and unlikely to be changed
iron-clad rules
the ˌ Iron ˈ Curtain noun [ S ]
From 1946-1989 the Iron Curtain was the name of the border between Western
Europe and the communist countries of Eastern Europe, which made it very difficult to
travel into or out of Eastern Europe.
ironic adjective ( ALSO ironical )
1. interesting, strange or funny because of being very different from what you
would usually expect
[ + that ] It is ironic that although many items are now cheaper to make, fewer
people can afford to buy them.
2. showing that you really mean the opposite of what you are saying
an ironic comment/reply
ironically adverb
ironing noun [ U ]
1. the activity of making clothes flat and smooth, using an iron
I must do some/the ironing tonight.
2. clothes which are waiting to be ironed or have just been ironed
a basket full of ironing
ˈ ironing ˌ board noun [ C ]
a narrow table, usually covered with cloth and having folding legs, on which
clothes can be put flat to iron them
ˌ iron ˈ lung noun [ C ]
a machine with a large metal tube which pushes air in and out of someone's lungs
to help them when they find it difficult to breathe because of an illness
ˌ iron ˈ man noun [ C ] US
a person of great physical strength and the ability to continue doing something
difficult for a long time
ironmonger noun [ C ] UK OLD-FASHIONED
someone who sells tools for use in homes and gardens
ironmonger's noun [ C ] UK OLD-FASHIONED
a shop where tools for homes and gardens are sold
ironmongery noun [ U ]
tools and equipment used in homes or gardens
ˌ iron ˈ rations plural noun OLD-FASHIONED
a basic amount of food for a person to live on
The hotel food was dreadful, so for three days our iron rations were fruit, cheese
and bread.
ironwork noun [ U ]
things made of iron such as gates, especially if made in a decorated way
ironworks noun [ C + sing/pl verb ]
a factory where iron is produced or iron objects are made
irony noun [ U ] WRONG RESULT
1. a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result
has the opposite or a very different result
The irony ( of it) is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to
help.
irony noun [ U ] TYPE OF SPEECH
2. a means of expression which suggests a different, usually humorous or angry,
meaning for the words used
Her voice heavy with irony, Simone said, "We're so pleased you were able to
stay so long." (= Her voice made it obvious they were not pleased) .
Compare sarcasm
irradiate verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED
to treat with light or other types of radiation
The cells are irradiated so that they cannot reproduce.
irradiated adjective
irradiated fuel
irradiated food
irradiation noun [ U ]
irrational adjective
not using reason or clear thinking
It's totally irrational, but I'm frightened of mice.
His parents were worried by his increasingly irrational behaviour.
irrationally adverb
People often behave irrationally when they are under stress.
irrationality noun [ U ]
irreconcilable adjective
impossible to find agreement between or with; impossible to deal with
irreconcilable differences of opinion
They have become irreconcilable, with both sides refusing to compromise any
further.
irreconcilably adverb
irrecoverable adjective
impossible to get back
irrecoverable financial losses
irrecoverably adverb
irredeemable adjective FORMAL
impossible to correct, improve or change
There are irredeemable flaws in the logic of the argument.
irredeemably adverb
The writing itself was irredeemably bad.
irreducible adjective FORMAL
impossible to make smaller or simpler
A few simple shapes are the irreducible forms from which all of the patterns are
generated.
irreducibly adverb
irrefutable adjective FORMAL
impossible to prove wrong
an irrefutable argument
irrefutable evidence of health risks
irrefutably adverb
irregardless adverb US NOT STANDARD
despite; not being affected by something
I don't think children should be hit, irregardless of what they've done wrong.
irregular adjective RULE
1. FORMAL (of behaviour or actions) not according to usual rules or what is
expected
Releasing the goods without an invoice is most irregular.
2. FORMAL In grammar, an irregular verb, noun, adjective, etc. does not obey the
usual rules for words in the language.
irregular adjective SHAPE
3. not regular in shape or form; having parts of different shapes or sizes
an irregular coastline
irregular teeth
irregular adjective TIME/SPACE
4. not happening at regular times or not with regular spaces in between
an irregular heartbeat
They met at irregular intervals.
5. US INFORMAL not emptying your bowels as often as you would usually
irregular adjective SOLDIER
6. (of a soldier) fighting for a country but not as a member of its official army
irregularly adverb
irregularly shaped
The verb acts irregularly.
irregular noun [ C ]
a soldier who is not a member of the official army of a country
irregularity noun SHAPE
1. [ C or U ] when something is not regular in shape or form, or an example of
this
The pictures showed cracks and other irregularities in otherwise perfectly regular
crystals.
The west of the island is famous for the irregularity of its coastline.
irregularity noun RULE
2. [ C or U ] something which is not correct or acceptable
The inspectors found several irregularities in the business accounts.
The irregularity of (= The lack of rules for) English spelling means that it is easy
to make mistakes.
irregularity noun TIME/SPACE
3. [ U ] when something does not happen at regular times
irrelevance noun [ C or U ] ( FORMAL irrelevancy )
when something is not related to what is being discussed or considered and
therefore not important, or an example of this
Sympathy is an irrelevance - we need practical help.
Many of these problems may simply fade into irrelevance when the new rules
come into force.
irrelevantly adverb
irrelevant adjective
not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore of no
importance
These documents are largely irrelevant to the present investigation.
Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make the book
available to the largest possible audience.
irreligious adjective FORMAL DISAPPROVING
having no interest in religion, or generally opposed to religion
irremediable adjective FORMAL
impossible to correct or cure
The merits of this plan outweighed several obvious flaws in it, which were
irremediable.
irreparable adjective
impossible to repair or make right again
Unless the oil spill is contained, irreparable damage will be done to the coastline.
irreparably adverb
The ship has been irreparably damaged.
irreplaceable adjective
too special, unusual or valuable to replace with something or someone else
Most of the porcelain you see in the display cabinets is irreplaceable.
No-one's irreplaceable in the workplace.
irrepressible adjective
full of energy and enthusiasm; impossible to stop
Even the rain failed to dampen his irrepressible spirits .
irrepressibly adverb
irreproachable adjective FORMAL APPROVING
without fault and therefore impossible to criticize
Her conduct throughout was irreproachable.
irreproachably adverb
irresistible adjective
impossible to refuse, oppose or avoid because too pleasant, attractive or strong
an irresistible offer
She gave me one of those irresistible smiles and I just had to agree.
irresistibly adverb
irresolute adjective FORMAL DISAPPROVING
not able or willing to take decisions or actions
an irresolute reply
irresolutely adverb
irresolution noun [ U ]
irrespective adverb
without considering; not needing to allow for
The legislation must be applied irrespective of someone's ethnic origins.
irresponsible adjective DISAPPROVING
not thinking carefully enough or not worrying about what might result from
actions taken
[ + to infinitive ] It would be irresponsible to ignore these warnings.
irresponsibly adverb
It's unlike you to behave so irresponsibly.
irresponsibility noun [ U ]
It was an act of gross irresponsibility to leave someone who wasn't properly
trained in charge of the machine.
irretrievable adjective
impossible to correct or return to a previously existing situation or condition
I agree things look difficult, but the situation is far from irretrievable.
The couple separated on the grounds of irretrievable breakdown (of their
marriage).
irretrievably adverb
irretrievably damaged/lost
irreverent adjective
not showing the expected respect for official, important or holy things
an irreverent comment/approach/attitude
irreverent thoughts
irreverently adverb
irreverence noun [ U ]
irreversible adjective
not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition
Smoking has caused irreversible damage to his lungs.
irreversibly adverb
irrevocable adjective
impossible to change
an irrevocable decision
irrevocably adverb
Closing the factory would irrevocably alter the character of the local community
for the worse.
irrigate verb [ T ] SUPPLY WATER
1. to supply land with water so that crops and plants will grow
irrigated land/fields
irrigate verb [ T ] WASH
2. SPECIALIZED to wash an injured part of a person's body, especially a cut, with a
flow of liquid
irrigation noun [ U ]
irritable adjective
becoming annoyed very easily
Be careful what you say - he's rather irritable today.
"Don't disturb me again," she said in an irritable (= angry) voice.
irritably adverb
irritability noun [ U ]
ˌ irritable ˈ bowel ˌ syndrome noun [ U ]
a condition that affects the bowels and causes stomach pain, and is often caused
by worry or anxiety
irritant noun [ C ] MAKING ANGRY
1. something that causes trouble or makes you annoyed
The report is bound to add a new irritant to international relations.
irritant noun [ C ] MAKING SORE
2. a substance that makes part of your body sore or painful
Pollen is an irritant, causing red and sore eyes in sensitive people.
irritate verb [ T ] MAKE ANGRY
1. to make angry or annoyed
After a while her behaviour really began to irritate me.
irritate verb [ T ] MAKE SORE
2. to make sore or painful
At first my contact lenses irritated my eyes.
irritated adjective
annoyed
Ben began to get increasingly irritated by/at her questions.
irritating adjective
making you feel annoyed
an irritating habit
irritatingly adverb
I can't bear working with him - he's so irritatingly slow.
irritation noun [ C or U ] ANGER
1. when someone is made angry or annoyed
That kind of behaviour is sure to cause irritation.
Traffic noise is just one of several minor irritations (= small problems) .
irritation noun [ C or U ] SORE FEELING
2. a painful or sore feeling in a part of the body
It is an antiseptic cream suitable for minor skin irritations.
The strap had rubbed against his skin and caused irritation.
is , ,
HE/SHE/IT FORM OF be
ISA noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR Individual Savings Account: a British investment account in which
the tax on income is lower than usual, and there is no tax on profits made from an
increase in the value of shares
ISBN noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR International Standard Book Number: a set of numbers used to
identify a particular book and show that it is different from other books
ISDN noun
ABBREVIATION FOR Integrated Services Digital Network: a system for sending voice,
video and information over telephone wires very quickly
-ish suffix FROM PLACE
1. used to form adjectives and nouns which say what country or area a person,
thing or language comes from
Spanish dancing (= dancing from Spain)
Are you English (= someone from England) ?
I've always liked the Irish (= people from Ireland) .
Do you speak Swedish (= the language of Sweden) ?
-ish suffix LIKE
2. used to form adjectives which say what a person, thing or action is like
foolish
childish
-ish suffix QUITE
3. used to form adjectives to give the meaning to some degree; partly; quite
He had a sort of reddish beard.
She was oldish - about 60, I'd say.
We'll start at sevenish (= about 7 o'clock) .
Islam , noun [ U ]
the Muslim religion, and the people and countries who believe in it
Islamic , adjective
Islamic culture/beliefs/art/law
island noun [ C ]
1. a piece of land completely surrounded by water
a desert island
a Pacific island
They live on the large Japanese island of Hokkaido.
2. an island of peace/calm/sanity/etc.
a particular place which is peaceful/calm/etc, when other surrounding places are
the opposite
3. UK traffic island
islander noun [ C ]
someone who lives on an island
Scottish islanders
isle noun [ C ] LITERARY
(used especially in place names) an island
Explore the more remote Caribbean isles.
the Isle of Skye
-ism suffix
1. used to form nouns which describe social, political or religious beliefs, studies
or ways of behaving
sexism
feminism
Buddhism
2. an example of typical behaviour
That expression was a real Taylor-ism (= an example of behaving or speaking like
Taylor) .
ism noun [ C ] INFORMAL MAINLY HUMOROUS
a set of beliefs, especially ones that you disapprove of
Thatcher is unique among her predecessors in having given the English language
a brand new ism, created from her own name.
isn't short form
is not
He isn't coming until tomorrow.
isobar noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a line drawn on a weather map joining all the places which have the same air
pressure
isolate verb [ T ]
to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they
are joined or mixed, or to keep them separate
He was isolated from all the other prisoners.
A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
They tried to isolate (= find) the cause of the problem.
SPECIALIZED Virus particles were eventually isolated from the tissue.
isolate verb [ T ]
to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they
are joined or mixed, or to keep them separate
He was isolated from all the other prisoners.
A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
They tried to isolate (= find) the cause of the problem.
SPECIALIZED Virus particles were eventually isolated from the tissue.
isolated adjective
1. not near to other places
an isolated farm/village
2. happening or existing only once, separate
There were only a few isolated cases of violent behaviour.
3. feeling unhappy because of not seeing or talking to other people
Working at home was making her feel increasingly isolated.
isolation noun [ U ]
1. the condition of being alone, especially when this makes you feel unhappy
The prisoner had been kept in isolation for three days.
After all the visitors had left, she experienced a feeling of complete isolation.
2. when something is separate and not connected to other things
I can't think about it in isolation (= separately) - I need some examples of the
problem.
isolationism noun [ U ] DISAPPROVING
the political principle or practice of showing interest only in your own country and
not being involved in international activities
Compare globalism
isolationist adjective
an isolationist policy/nation/attitude
isomer noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
any one of a group of chemical substances which all have the same number and
type of atoms but in which the arrangement of the atoms is slightly different between
each substance
structural/geometrical/optical isomers
isosceles triangle noun [ C ]
a triangle with two sides of equal length
isotherm noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a line drawn on a weather map joining all the places which have the same
temperature
isotherm noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a line drawn on a weather map joining all the places which have the same
temperature
isotonic adjective
describes a drink containing the liquid and minerals your body needs after
physical exercise
isotope noun [ C ] SPECIALIZED
a form of an atom which has a different atomic weight from other forms of the
same atom but the same chemical structure
a radioactive isotope of hydrogen
ISP noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR Internet Service Provider: a company that provides use of the
Internet, allows you to use email, and gives you space on the Internet to show
documents
Some ISPs are free and give you as many email addresses as you want.
Israel noun [ U ]
Israeli adjective
from, belonging to or relating to Israel
Israeli exports
an Israeli newspaper
Israeli noun [ C ]
a person from Israel
Israelite noun [ C ]
one of a race of people who lived in Israel in ancient times
issue , noun [ C ] SUBJECT
1. a subject or problem which people are thinking and talking about
environmental/ethical/personal issues
As employers we need to be seen to be addressing (= dealing with) these issues
sympathetically.
Don't worry about who will do it - that's just a side issue (= not the main
problem) .
2. at issue
most important in what is being discussed
The point at issue is what is best for the child.
3. make an issue of sth DISAPPROVING
to make something seem more important than it should be, or to argue about it
Of course I'll help you, there's no need to make an issue of it.
4. take issue with sth FORMAL
to disagree strongly
I took issue with him over his interpretation of the instructions.
5. have issues (with sb/sth )
to have difficulty or disagreement with someone or something
All the people in the study had low self-esteem and had issues with their bodies.
Anna has major issues with her employer.
issue , noun [ C ] PRODUCT
6. a set of newspapers or magazines published at the same time or a single copy
of a newspaper or magazine
There's an article on motorbikes in the latest/next issue.
An old issue of 'Homes and Gardens' lay on the table.
7. An issue of shares is when a company gives people the chance to buy part of it
or gives extra shares to people who already own some.
without issue OLD USE
If someone dies without issue, they have no children.
issue , verb [ T ]
to produce or provide something official
The office will be issuing permits on Tuesday and Thursday mornings.
The school issued a statement about its plans to the press./The school issued the
press with a statement about its plans.
issue from sth phrasal verb LITERARY
If something issues from a place, it comes out of that place
A terrible scream issued from the room.
-ist suffix
used to form adjectives and nouns which describe (a person with) a particular set
of beliefs or way of behaving
Marxist philosophy
a feminist
a sexist
Compare -ite
-ist suffix
used to form adjectives and nouns which describe (a person with) a particular set
of beliefs or way of behaving
Marxist philosophy
a feminist
a sexist
Compare -ite
-ista suffix
used to describe someone who is a strong supporter of another person, when
added to the name of that person
Clintonistas
isthmus , noun [ C ]
a narrow piece of land with water on each side which joins two larger areas of
land
the Isthmus of Panama
IT noun [ U ]
ABBREVIATION FOR information technology
it pronoun
(as subject or object) the thing, animal or situation which has already been
mentioned
"Where's my pen? It was on my desk a minute ago." "You left it by the phone."
The company was losing money and it had to make people redundant.
The argument was upsetting for us all - I don't want to talk about it.
Children who stay away from school do it for different reasons.
it- prefix INFORMAL
used for describing things or people that are very fashionable, and everyone is
interested in them, wants to have them, etc
The design of this bag makes it the 'it-bag' for this summer.
Italian , noun
1. [ C ] a person from Italy
We met three Italians.
2. [ U ] the language of Italy
I'm learning Italian.
Italian , adjective
from, belonging to or relating to Italy
Italian food/art/wine
italic adjective
printed or written in italics
italic type/print/script
italic adjective
italicize , UK ALSO italicise verb [ T ]
to print or write something in italics
Words are sometimes italicized for emphasis.
italics plural noun
a style of writing or printing in which the letters lean to the right
This sentence is printed in italics.
Italo- prefix
of or connected with Italy
an Italo-German production
Italy noun [ U ]
itch verb [ I ]
to have or cause an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to
rub it with your nails
I can't wear wool - it makes me itch.
itching noun [ U ]
This cream will reduce the itching.
itch to do sth ( ALSO itch for sth ) INFORMAL
to want to do something very much and as soon as possible
He was itching to hear the results.
By four o'clock I was itching for the meeting to end.
itch noun [ C ]
an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to rub it with your
nails
I've got an itch on the back of my neck.
itchy adjective
having or causing an itch
The sweater was itchy (= made me itch) .
The dust made me feel itchy all over.
itchiness noun [ U ]
get itchy feet UK INFORMAL
to start to want to travel or do something different
After three years in the job she began to get itchy feet.
it'd short form
1. it would
It'd be better if we finished it off today.
2. it had
I found the radio - it'd been left in the shed all weekend.
italic adjective
italicize , UK ALSO italicise verb [ T ]
to print or write something in italics
Words are sometimes italicized for emphasis.
italics plural noun
a style of writing or printing in which the letters lean to the right
This sentence is printed in italics.
Italo- prefix
of or connected with Italy
an Italo-German production
Italy noun [ U ]
itch verb [ I ]
to have or cause an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to
rub it with your nails
I can't wear wool - it makes me itch.
itching noun [ U ]
This cream will reduce the itching.
itch to do sth ( ALSO itch for sth ) INFORMAL
to want to do something very much and as soon as possible
He was itching to hear the results.
By four o'clock I was itching for the meeting to end.
itch noun [ C ]
an uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to rub it with your
nails
I've got an itch on the back of my neck.
itchy adjective
having or causing an itch
The sweater was itchy (= made me itch) .
The dust made me feel itchy all over.
itchiness noun [ U ]
get itchy feet UK INFORMAL
to start to want to travel or do something different
After three years in the job she began to get itchy feet.
it'd short form
1. it would
It'd be better if we finished it off today.
2. it had
I found the radio - it'd been left in the shed all weekend.
-ite suffix
used for a person who supports particular beliefs, actions or ideas, especially
when added to the name of the person who is the origin of the ideas
a Thatcherite
a Reaganite
item noun [ C ]
1. something which is part of a list or group of things
the last item on the list
The restaurant has a long menu of about 50 items.
Several items of clothing (= clothes) lay on the floor.
2. one of several subjects to be considered
There are three items on the agenda.
3. item by item
one thing at a time
Buyers from stores are given the opportunity to go through fashion collections
item by item and place orders.
be an item INFORMAL
If two people are said to be an item, they are having a romantic relationship
I saw Darren and Emma there. Are they an item?
itemize , UK USUALLY itemise verb [ T ]
to list things separately, often including details about each thing
We asked for an itemized bill , listing all our phone calls and how long they were.
itemize , UK USUALLY itemise verb [ T ]
to list things separately, often including details about each thing
We asked for an itemized bill , listing all our phone calls and how long they were.
iterate verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED
to repeat a process, especially as part of a computer program
iteration noun [ C or U ]
1. FORMAL the process of doing something again and again, usually to improve it,
or one of the times you do it
the repetition and iteration that goes on in designing something
The software is on its fifth iteration.
2. SPECIALIZED an amount that you get when you use a mathematical rule several
times
iterative adjective FORMAL OR SPECIALIZED
doing something again and again, usually to improve it
iterative processes
itinerant adjective [ before noun ]
travelling from one place to another, usually to work for a short period
an itinerant journalist/labourer/preacher
itinerant noun [ C ]
itinerary noun [ C ]
a detailed plan or route of a journey
The tour operator will arrange transport and plan your itinerary.
it'll short form
it will
It'll be hard to find someone to help.
it's short form
1. it is
It's my turn to do it.
2. it has
It's been a wonderful day - thank you.
its determiner
belonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned
The dog hurt its paw.
Their house has its own swimming pool.
The company increased its profits.
I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness.
its determiner
itself pronoun
1. the reflexive form of the pronoun 'it'
The cat licked itself all over.
2. used to put emphasis on a word
The shop itself (= only the shop and nothing else) started 15 years ago but the
mail order side of the business is new.
The dog managed to drag the box into the room by itself (= without help) .
The animal had been left in the house by itself (= alone) for a week.
The plan wasn't illegal in itself (= there was nothing in the plan that was illegal)
but it would lead to some doubtful practices.
The committee kept the results of the survey to itself (= did not tell anyone) ,
fearing a bad public reaction.
itsy-bitsy adjective [ before noun ] ( US ALSO itty-bitty ) HUMOROUS
extremely small
She has these itsy-bitsy little hands and feet.
ITV noun [ U + sing/pl verb ]
ABBREVIATION FOR Independent Television: a group of British television companies
which earn most of their income from advertising
There's a good film on ITV tonight.
Compare the BBC
-ity suffix
added to adjectives to form nouns referring to a state or quality
brutality
legality
IUD noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR intra-uterine device: a small object put by a doctor into the womb
of a woman who wants to avoid becoming pregnant
IV adjective
ABBREVIATION FOR intravenous
IV drug users
IV noun [ C ]
US FOR drip
I've short form of
I have
I've been waiting an hour already.
its determiner
itself pronoun
1. the reflexive form of the pronoun 'it'
The cat licked itself all over.
2. used to put emphasis on a word
The shop itself (= only the shop and nothing else) started 15 years ago but the
mail order side of the business is new.
The dog managed to drag the box into the room by itself (= without help) .
The animal had been left in the house by itself (= alone) for a week.
The plan wasn't illegal in itself (= there was nothing in the plan that was illegal)
but it would lead to some doubtful practices.
The committee kept the results of the survey to itself (= did not tell anyone) ,
fearing a bad public reaction.
itsy-bitsy adjective [ before noun ] ( US ALSO itty-bitty ) HUMOROUS
extremely small
She has these itsy-bitsy little hands and feet.
ITV noun [ U + sing/pl verb ]
ABBREVIATION FOR Independent Television: a group of British television companies
which earn most of their income from advertising
There's a good film on ITV tonight.
Compare the BBC
-ity suffix
added to adjectives to form nouns referring to a state or quality
brutality
legality
IUD noun [ C ]
ABBREVIATION FOR intra-uterine device: a small object put by a doctor into the womb
of a woman who wants to avoid becoming pregnant
IV adjective
ABBREVIATION FOR intravenous
IV drug users
IV noun [ C ]
US FOR drip
I've short form of
I have
I've been waiting an hour already.
-ive suffix ( ALSO , ALSO , ALSO )
added to verbs to form adjectives meaning showing the ability to perform the
activity represented by the verb
imaginative
descriptive
IVF noun [ U ]
ABBREVIATION FOR in vitro fertilization
ivied adjective LITERARY
covered with ivy
these ancient ivied walls
Ivorian noun [ C ] , adjective
1. See table of Geographical names .
Ivorian noun [ C ] , adjective
2. See table of Geographical names .
ivory noun
1. [ U ] the hard yellowish-white substance that forms the tusks of some animals
such as elephants, used especially in the past to make decorative objects
intricately carved ivory earrings
a ban on ivory trading
2. [ C usually plural ] an object made from ivory
a collection of Japanese ivories
tickle the ivories OLD-FASHIONED HUMOROUS
to play the piano
ˌ Ivory ˈ Coast noun [ U ]
ˌ ivory ˈ tower noun [ C ] DISAPPROVING
To live or be in an ivory tower is not to know about or to want to avoid the
ordinary and unpleasant things that happen in people's lives
Academics sitting in ivory towers have no understanding of what is important for
ordinary people.
ivy noun [ C or U ]
ivy
an evergreen (= never losing its leaves) plant which often grows up trees or
buildings
Ivy covered the broken walls.
Variegated ivies (= types of ivy) are a popular choice for covering fences.
ˌ Ivy ˈ League noun [ S ]
a group of old colleges in the northeastern US which people think are very good
an Ivy League education
-ization , UK USUALLY -isation suffix
used to form nouns from some verbs
the modernization of the office
-ize , UK USUALLY -ise suffix
added to adjectives to form verbs meaning to cause to become
to modernize (= to make modern)
to centralize

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Hz

WRITTEN ABBREVIATION FOR hertz

1. [ C or U ] an idea or belief which is not true

immaculate adjective APPROVING

official permission to do something that is given by a person or group in a position

When he suspended the constitution and dissolved Congress, he had the

2. to fix an event or experience so firmly in the memory that it cannot be

That look of grief would be imprinted on her mind forever.

imprint noun BOOK

1. [ C ] the name of a publisher (= a company that produces books) as it appears

imprint noun MARK

2. [ C usually singular ] when an object presses on something and leaves a mark

The button had left an imprint on my arm.

3. [ S ] when an event or experience becomes fixed in someone's memory or

imprison verb [ T usually passive ]

to put someone in prison

He was imprisoned in 1965 for attempted murder.

She was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.

not likely to happen or be true

It 's highly improbable that Norris will agree.

improbably cheap prices

done or said without earlier planning or preparation

ingenue noun [ C ] FORMAL

My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.

initial noun [ C usually plural ]

the first letter of a name, especially when used to represent a name

He wrote his initials, P.M.R., at the bottom of the page.

They carved their initials into a tree.

to write your initials on something

initialize verb [ T ] SPECIALIZED

to set the numbers, amounts etc. in a computer program so that it is ready to

Initially, most people approved of the new scheme.

The damage was far more serious than initially believed.

initiate verb [ T ] START

1. SLIGHTLY FORMAL to cause something to begin

Who initiated the violence?

initiate verb [ T ] TEACH

2. to teach someone about an area of knowledge, or to allow someone into a

Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.

initiate noun [ C ] FORMAL

initiation noun START

1. [ U ] FORMAL when something starts

initiation noun INTRODUCTION

2. [ C or U ] when someone is first introduced to an activity or skill

My initiation into the mysteries of home brewing was not a success.

initi ˈ ation ˌ ceremony noun [ C ]

a process or event that a person takes part in to become an official member of a

initiative noun NEW ACTION

1. [ C ] a new action or movement, often intended to solve a problem

The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides.

3. on your own initiative

initiative noun ADVANTAGE

the power or opportunity to win an advantage

to seize/take/lose the initiative

I initialled the documents and returned them to personnel.

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