Stealth PLANES

(ANTI Radar technique)

PRESENTED BY:
A.BHARATH KUMAR C.BHARGAV
4th B.Tech, EEE 4th B.Tech, ECE
andalam6@gmail.com cbg2008@gmail.com
Abstract
Stealth planes refer to planes
that are not visible to the radar system.
Many steps involved to hide the
identity of planes from radar. Few are
using Iron ball paint, Foam absorber,
Jaumann absorber, applying AR 1
Paint (Anti Radar), Designing in the
Stealth model.
This invisible plane technology
helps the plane in penetration of
heavily defended airspace; it enables
single aircraft to carry out attacks in a
manner impossible for conventional
aircraft, which require a large number
of support aircraft to conduct similar
missions. A conventional aircraft
‘package’ may employ up to 40
aircraft, while a stealth aircraft can
conduct the mission by itself.
This paper explains existing
stealth detecting techniques and the
methods to make a plane invisible to
radar and how effectively they can be
combined to get better results.
Introduction
Radar is an object detection
system that uses electromagnetic
waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and
fixed objects such as aircraft, ships,
motor vehicles, weather formations.
Radar system generate the pulses of
radio waves with all waves in same
phase, when these waves came into
contact with the material with
significant change in atomic density to
surrounding medium they will scatter.
Scattered waves have different phase
from transmitted signal, by knowing
the phase and incoming frequency of
radio waves, it can detect the planes.
Invisible planes are designed in order
to achieve minimum RCS (Radar
Cross Sectional Area).
History
The term RADAR was coined in
1941 as an acronym for Radio
Detection And Ranging. The oldest
known precursor to in bat millions of
years ago, and is known to us today as
sonar. Bats emit a short cry from their
noses, receiving the echo with a set of
two antennae, which happen to be ears.
Bat's radar doesn't use electromagnetic
rays, but the working principle is the
same as that of modern radar.
German engineers played a
vital role to the initial development of
the Radar Absorbent Material (RAM)
which has less RADAR reflection
ability. During the Second
World War they developed the earliest
forms of RAM, known as Sumpf. They
used graphite layered special type
structure to lower the reflect-ability of
planes to the new top 20-centimeter
radar band technology of the Allied
forces.
Principle
There are three approaches to
making a craft invisible to radar. They
are
1) Absorbing the beam: The
surfaces of the plane are designed in
such a way that they absorb the radar
beam which is incident on its surface.
2) Deflecting the beam: If reflecting
surfaces don't allow the radar beam to
return to the receiver. They can't detect
the airplane. It means plane surface
will send the radar beam in the
direction other than received direction.
3) Passing the beam: Some materials
just pass microwaves with little
reflection. This is not practical for
large structures.
 Any approach should come under
any one of the 2 following methods
• When Radar transmitting and
receiving signals are in same
phase and same frequency,
radar system confirms there is
no aircraft in the space, so by
achieving this we can hide our
aircraft from radar system.
• When microwave is incident on
our plane if it is completely
absorbed by our plane, then no
wave is reflected back, so there
is no chance for radar to detect
our plane.
Existing methods to make
invisible plane
There are several real time
methods existed for to make things
invisible to the radar. Few are
1. Using RAM (Radar absorbent
material) in the manufacturization of
aircrafts
2. Building aircraft in stealth model
RAM
RAM is a material, which is
used to disguise a structure from Radar
detection. A material’s absorbance at a
given frequency of Radar wave
depends on composition of material.
RAM cannot absorb radar perfectly at
any frequency but for given
composition its absorbency may be
higher than at other frequencies, but
there is no one RAM which is suited to
absorb all radar frequencies.
Types of RAM
1. Iron ball paint:
This is one of the mostly used
types of RAM. This paint contains tiny
spheres coated with carbonyl iron or
fernite. When pulses of
electromagnetic wave is incident on
this paint alternating magnetic field
induces molecular oscillations which
leads to convert radar energy to heat,
which is transferred to vehicle and then
dissipates.
2. Foam absorber:
Foam absorber is used as lining
of anechoic chambers. This material
typically consists of fireproofed
urethane foam loaded with carbon
black, and cut into long pyramids. The
length from base to tip of the pyramid
structure is chosen based on the lowest
expected frequency and the amount of
absorption required. Panels of RAM
are installed with the tips pointing
inward to the chamber. Pyramidal
RAM attenuates signal by two effects:
scattering and absorption.
Scattering can occur both
coherently, when reflected waves are
in-phase but directed away from the
receiver, and incoherently where
waves are picked up by the receiver
but are out of phase and thus have
lower signal strength. This incoherent
scattering also occurs within the foam
structure, with the suspended carbon
particles promoting destructive
interference.
3. Jaumann absorber
A Jaumann absorber or
Jaumann layer is a radar absorbent
device. It was first introduced in 1943.
Jaumann absorber meaning that the
incoming radar waves are reflected in
such a way that interference cancels
them out.
The Jaumann layer consisted
of two equally-spaced reflective
surfaces and a conductive ground
plane. Being a resonant absorber (i.e. it
uses wave interfering to cancel the
reflected wave), the Jaumann layer is
dependent upon the λ/4 spacing
between the first reflective surface and
the ground plane and between the two received signal strength at
reflective surfaces (a total of λ/4 + the receiver is very much less
λ/4). • Stealth planes coated with
Because the wave can resonate at two RAM, so that maximum of
frequencies, the Jaumann layer incident wave energy gets
produces two absorption maxima absorbed
across a band of wavelengths (if using
the two layers configuration). These
absorbers must have all of the layers
parallel to each other and the ground
plane that they conceal.

TYPES OF STEALTH

There are many categories of

stealth models. Few are visible, infra
red, Radar, acoustic, Visible stealth. Most conventional aircraft have a rounded
shape. This shape makes them aerodynamic,
but it also creates a very efficient radar
Infrared stealth: reflector. The round shape means that no
matter where the radar signal hits the plane,
Infrared radiation (i.e., some of the signal gets reflected back:
electromagnetic waves in the. 72–1000
micron range of the spectrum) is
emitted by all matter above absolute
zero. Hot materials, such as engine
exhaust gases or wing surfaces heated
by friction with the air, emit more
infrared radiation than cooler
materials. Infrared stealth, therefore,
requires that aircraft parts and
emissions, particularly those associated
with engines, be kept as cool as A stealth aircraft, on the other hand, is made
possible. up of completely flat surfaces and very sharp
edges. When a radar signal hits a stealth
plane, the signal reflects away at an angle,
RADAR Stealth: like this:

RADAR stealth or invisibility Existing methods to detect stealth

requires that a craft absorb incident
RADAR pulses, actively cancel them
by emitting inverse waveforms, deflect
them away from receiving antennas, or
all of the above. Absorption and
deflection are the most important
prerequisites of RADAR stealth.
Working of Stealth
Stealth planes follow two steps.
• They deflect the radio waves
into the other directions so that
IRST
Some analysts claim infra-red
search and track (IRST)systems can be
deployed against stealth aircraft,
because any aircraft surface heats up
due to air friction and with a two
channel IRST is a CO2 (4.3 µm
absorption maxima) detection possible,
through difference comparing between
the low and high channel. A F-22
traveling with Mach 1.7 generates a
stagnation temperature of 188°F
(86°C) in the shock cone. The latest
version of the MiG-29, the MiG-35, is
equipped with a new Optical Locator
System that includes even more
advanced IRST capabilities.
An aircraft cannot be made
truly invisible. For example, no matter
how cool the exhaust vents of an
aircraft are kept, the same amount of
heat is always liberated by burning a
given amount of fuel, and this heat
must be left behind the aircraft as a
trail of warm air. Infrared-detecting
devices might be devised that could
image this heat trail as it formed,
tracking a stealth aircraft.
Doppler Radar
Furthermore, every jet aircraft
leaves swirls of air vortices in its wake.
Doppler radar, which can image wind
velocities, might pinpoint such
disturbances if it could be made
sufficiently high-resolution.
Netted radar
Netted Radar refers to using of
more than transmitters and receivers.
Generally stealth aircrafts deflect the
incident radar beam in the direction
other than the incident direction,
because many radar tracking systems
use collocated transmitters and
receivers. So by using multiple
transmitters and receivers and better
coordination between all we can track
stealth aircraft.
In general stealth aircraft are
designed to minimize their frontal
RCS. But it is not possible to contour
the surface of an aircraft to reduce the
RCS equally in all directions, and
reductions in the frontal RCS may lead
to a larger RCS from above. Thus
while a stealth aircraft may be difficult
to track when it is flying toward a
ground-based radar or another aircraft
at the same altitude, a high-altitude
airborne radar or a space-based radar
may have an easier time tracking it.
When Stealth is going to deploy
Detect the aircraft in the period
of vulnerability when it deploys its
weapons. The plane must use radar to
find its targets, and payloads are not
generally stealthed. However, these
aircraft use very fast weapon
deployment sequences, low-
possibility-of-intercept radars and new
technologies for minimizing
electromagnetic emissions.
SUGGESTIONS TO MAKE
PLANE INVISIBLE
Absorption with RAM
Metallic surfaces reflect radar
therefore; stealth aircraft parts must
either be coated with RADAR-
absorbing materials. F-117 stealth
aircraft is built mostly out of a
RADAR-absorbent material which
consists of glass fibers embedded in
plastic, and of carbon fibers, which are
used mostly for hot spots like leading
wing-edges and panels covering the jet
engines. For example, wing surfaces
can be built on a metallic substrate that
is shaped like a field of pyramids with
the spaces between the pyramids filled
by a RADAR-absorbent material.
RADAR waves striking the surface
zigzag inward between the pyramid
walls, which increase absorption by
lengthening signal. Resonant but
somewhat 'loss' materials are applied
to the reflecting surfaces of the target.
The thickness of the material
corresponds to one-quarter wavelength
of the expected illuminating radar-
wave. The incident radar energy is
reflected from the outside and inside
surfaces of the RAM to create a
destructive wave interference pattern.
This results in the cancellation of the
reflected energy. Non-resonant
magnetic RAM uses ferrite particles
suspended in epoxy or paint to reduce
the reflectivity of the surface to
incident radar waves. Because the non-
resonant RAM dissipates incident
radar energy over a larger surface area,
it usually results in a trivial increase in
surface temperature.
Deflection :
Most Radar systems are monostatic,
that is, for reception they use the same
antenna as for sending or a separate
receiving antenna co located with the
sending antenna; deflection therefore
means reflecting RADAR pulses in
any direction other than the one they
came from. RADAR can also be
strongly reflected wherever three
planar surfaces meet at a corner. Planes
such as the B-52 bomber, which have
many flat, vertical surfaces and
RADAR-reflecting corners, are
notorious for their RADAR-reflecting
abilities; stealth aircraft, in contrast,
tend to be highly angled and
streamlined, presenting no flat surfaces
at all to an observer that is not directly
above or below them. This is called
‘Purpose shaping’.
Shape, directivity and orientation
The surfaces of the F-117A are
designed to be flat and much angled.
This has the effect that RADAR will
be incident at a large angle (to
the normal ray) that will then bounce
off at high reflected angle; it is back-
scattered. The edges are sharp to
prevent there being rounded surfaces.
Active cancellation
With active cancellation, the target
generates a radar signal equal
in intensity but opposite in
phase to the predicted
reflection of an incident radar
signal (similarly to noise
canceling ear phones). This
creates destructive between the
reflected and generated signals,
resulting in reduced RCS. To
incorporate active cancellation
techniques, the precise
characteristics of the waveform
and angle of arrival of the
illuminating radar signal must
be known, since they define the
nature of generated energy
required for cancellation
SR-71 Blackbird illustrating its
chinned nose and canted vertical tails
.
Using Sensors
When plane rely on radar for
navigation or targeting it would be
easier to track it for radar, so for
navigation and weapon aiming, the
aircraft is equipped with a forward-
looking infrared (FLIR) and a
downward-looking infrared (DLIR)
with laser designator, supplied by
Raytheon. The aircraft uses a
Honeywell inertial navigation system.
Stealthy Flying
Stealth technology is most
effective when combined with other
measures for avoiding detection. For
example, the F-117 and B-2 are both
designed to fly at night. Further, the F-
117 is designed to fly close to the
ground (i.e., at less than 500 feet [152
m]). Normal ground-based RADAR
cannot see oncoming targets until they
are in a line of direct sight, which, for
a fast, low-flying aircraft approaching
through hilly terrain, may not occur
until the aircraft is almost above the
RADAR. Even down-looking Radars
carried on aircraft have more difficulty
tracking craft that are flying near
ground level, mingling their reflections
with the noisy pattern of echoes from
the ground itself.
Few more steps are
1. It is important to prevent
RADAR waves from entering
jet intakes, which can act as
resonant cavities (echo
chambers) and so produce
bright RADAR reflections.
2. Stealth design must bury the
engines within the wing or
fuselage; A stealthy shape must
be devoid of complex bumps or
protrusions of any kind;
meaning those weapons, fuel
tanks, and other stores must not
be carried externally. Any
stealthy vehicle becomes un-
stealthy when a door or hatch is
opened.
3. Coating the cockpit canopy
with a thin film transparent
conductor (vapor-deposited
gold or indium tin oxide) helps
to reduce the aircraft's radar
profile because radar waves
would normally enter the
cockpit, bounce off something
random (the inside of the
cockpit has a complex shape,
with the pilot's helmet itself
providing a sizeable return),
and possibly return to the radar,
4. An exhaust plume contributes a
significant infrared signature.
One means of reducing the IR
signature is to have a non-
circular tailpipe (a slit shape) in
order to minimize the exhaust
cross-sectional volume and
maximize the mixing of the hot
exhaust with cool ambient air.
Often, cool air is deliberately
injected into the exhaust flow
to boost this process. To
achieve infrared stealth, the
exhaust gas is cooled to the
temperatures where the
brightest wavelengths it
radiates on are absorbed by
atmospheric carbon dioxide and
water vapor, dramatically
reducing the infrared visibility
of the exhaust plume.
5. Another way to reduce the
exhaust temperature is to
circulate coolant fluids such as
fuel inside the exhaust pipe,
where the fuel tanks serve as
heat sinks cooled by the flow of
air along the wings.
6. The RAM absorbs most of
radar’s signal, and the aircraft's
wing-shaped and rounded
design redirects much of the
remaining power away from
the radar source. Engines are
buried in the fuselage with air
intake and exhaust ducts placed
on the top of the aircraft in
order to reduce the heat trail,
and hide the jet engine's
compressor blades from radar
detection.
References:
[1] Bill Sweetman, Stealth Aircraft
(Motor books, Osceola, WI, 1986.
[2] www.ehow.com
[3] www.wikipedia.org
[4] www.answers.com

[5] www.howstuffworks.com