Batch 2014

Biomedical Engineering

Bio-Medical Informatics
ENBB400
Data Communications Technologies
Lecture #02

Instructor:
Dr. Emtithal Ahmed
Doctor of Engineering
Email: eng_emtithal@yahoo.co.jp
19/11/2017 Copyright by: Dr. Emtithal 1
 Ø  Introductions to Communications System
Ø  Data Encoding Techniques
Ø  Data Multiplexing
Ø  A/D Transmission
Ø  Data Transmission
Ø  Transmission Media
Ø  Error and Error Control
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Ø  Communicating is a Process describing transfer of information,
data, instructions between one or more systems through some media
¡  Examples
ú  people, computers, cell phones, etc.
Ø  Signals passing through the communication channel can be Digital,
or analog
¡  Analog signals: continuous electrical waves
¡  Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)
Ø  Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers, mainframe
computers, etc.
Ø  Basic components of a communication system
¡  Communication technologies
¡  Communication devices
¡  Communication channels
¡  Communication software
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 Ø  Transmitter and Receiver
Ø  Medium [ Transmission System ]
¡  Guided medium e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
¡  Unguided medium e.g. air, water, vacuum

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 1.  Digital Data, Digital Signals
¡  Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
¡  Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
(NRZI)
¡  Bipolar
¡  Pseudoternary
¡  Manchester
¡  Differential Manchester
3.  Analog Data, Digital Signals
¡  Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
4.  Analog Data, Analog Signal
¡  Amplitude Modulation
¡  Frequency Modulation
¡  Phase Modulation

2.  Digital Data, Analog Signals

¡  Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
¡  Frequency shift keying (FSK)
¡  Phase shift keying (PK)

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 ¨  Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one signal at any
moment in time.
¨  For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must somehow be
divided, giving each signal a portion of the total bandwidth.
¨  The current techniques that can accomplish this is called multiplexing and
include
1.  Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)- (cable, cell phones,
broadband)
2.  Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
•  Synchronous (ISDN)
•  Statistical (LANs)
3.  Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)- (optical fiber)
4. 
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Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)- (cell phones) 8
 Multiplexor (MUX)
Demultiplexor (DEMUX)
¨  Two or more simultaneous transmissions on a single circuit.
¡  Transparent to end user.
¨  Multiplexing costs less.

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 ¨  Assignment of non-overlapping ¨  Broadcast radio, and the 2G cellular
frequency ranges to each “user” or phone systems use frequency division
signal on a medium. Thus, all signals multiplexing.
are transmitted at the same time, each
¨  This technique is the oldest multiplexing
using different frequencies.
technique.
¨  A multiplexor accepts inputs and
¨  Analog signaling is used to transmits the
assigns frequencies to each device.
signals. Since it involves analog
¨  The multiplexor is attached to a high- signaling, it is more susceptible to noise.
speed communications line.

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 ¨  Sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing available
transmission time on a medium among users.
¨  Digital signaling is used exclusively.
¨  Time division multiplexing comes in two basic forms:
1. Synchronous time division multiplexing.
2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division multiplexing.

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¨  The original time division multiplexing.¨  If one device generates data at a faster
rate than other devices, then the
¨  The multiplexor accepts input from
multiplexor must either sample the
attached devices and transmit the data
incoming data stream from that device
in a never ending pattern.
more often than it samples the other
¨  Integrated Service Digital Networks devices, or buffer the faster incoming
(ISDN) telephone lines are common stream.
examples of synchronous time division
¨  If a device has nothing to transmit, the
multiplexing.
multiplexor must still insert a piece of
data from that device into the
multiplexed stream.

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¨  A statistical multiplexor transmits only ¨  A statistical multiplexor does not
the data from active workstations. require a line over as high a speed line
as synchronous time division
¨  If a workstation is not active, no space
multiplexing since STDM does not
is wasted on the multiplexed stream.
assume all sources will transmit all of
¨  A statistical multiplexor accepts the the time!
incoming data streams and creates a
¨  Good for low bandwidth lines (used
frame containing only the data to be
for LANs) Much more efficient use of
transmitted.
bandwidth!

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 ¨  Give each message a different wavelength (frequency) and Easy to do
with fiber optics and optical sources
¨  Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is often called just
wavelength division multiplexing. DWDM multiple data streams onto a
single fiber optic line.
¨  Different wavelength lasers transmit the multiple signals.
¨  Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at a different rate from
the other signals.

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 ¨  Also known as code division multiple access (CDMA)
¨  An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on the same
frequencies at the same time using different codes
¨  Used for mobile communications
¨  An advanced technique that allows multiple devices to transmit on the same
frequencies at the same time.
¨  Each mobile device is assigned a unique 64-bit code (chip spreading code)
¨  To send a binary 1, mobile device transmits the unique code
¨  To send a binary 0, mobile device transmits the inverse of code
¨  Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by receiver code, adds up the resulting
values
¨  Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64
¨  Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near –64
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FDM

TDM

FDM
&
TDM

CDM
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 Sharing of network resources among multiple users
Host
Host Application

Channel
Host
Application

Host Host

Ø  Common multiplexing strategies for circuit switching

Ø  Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA)
Ø  Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA)
Ø  Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA)
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Packet Switching, used in computer/data networks, relies on statistical multiplexing
for cost-effective resource sharing
Host
Host Application

Channel
Host
Application

Host Host

Ø  Time division, but on demand rather than fixed

Ø  Reschedule link on a per-packet basis
Ø  Packets from different sources interleaved on the link
Ø  Buffer packets that are contending for the link
Ø  Buffer buildup is called congestion
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 ¨  Data: Entities that convey meaning
¨  Signals: Electric or electromagnetic representations of data
¨  Transmission: Communication of data by propagation and processing of signals

¨  Analog
¡  Continuous values within some interval e.g. sound, video

¨  Digital
¡  Discrete values e.g. text, integers

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 ¨  Means by which data are propagated
¨  Analog
¡  Continuously variable
¡  Various media
ú  wire, fiber optic, space
¡  Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
¡  Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
¡  Video bandwidth 4MHz
¨  Digital
¡  Use two DC components
¨  Usually use digital signals for digital data and analog signals for analog
data
¨  Can use analog signal to carry digital data
¡  Modem
¨  Can use digital signal to carry analog data
¡ 
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 ¨  Analog signal transmitted without regard to content
¨  May be analog or digital data
¨  Attenuated over distance
¨  Use amplifiers to boost signal
¨  Also amplifies noise

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 ¨  Concerned with content
¨  Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation etc.
¨  Repeaters used
¨  Extracts bit pattern
¨  Retransmits
¨  Attenuation is overcome
¨  Noise is not amplified

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 ¨  Digital technology
¡  Low cost technology
¨  Data integrity
¡  Longer distances over lower quality lines
¨  Capacity utilization
¡  High bandwidth links economical
¡  High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
¨  Security & Privacy
¡  Encryption and Error Control
¨  Integration
¡  Can treat analog and digital data similarly

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 Ø  The sender and receiver are not Synchronised.
Ø  The sender sends only one character (8bits) at a time.
Ø  Each character needs a start bit and a stop bit.
Ø  There can be idle time between each character.
Ø  It is a slow and inefficient method of medical data
transmission.

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 Ø  The senders and the receivers clocks are synchronised.
Ø  The sender sends a packet of data (many # of Bits) at a time.
Ø  Synchronisation is achieved by sending a ‘start’ frame and a
‘stop’ frame.
Ø  It is a more efficient method of transmission as only a start
and stop frame are required with up to 8Kb of data in the
packet of data.

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 Ø  Guided Media
¡  Which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,
include three types, Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable,
Fiber-optics, etc.

1.  Twisted-Pair Cable:

¡  One or more twisted wires bundled together.
¡  Made of copper
2.  Coax-Cable:
¡  Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of insulating
and metal materials
3.  Fiber-Optics:
¡  Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light
¡  Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to natural
disturbances

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twisted-pair cable twisted-pair wire

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 optical fiber
core

glass cladding

Fiber construction
protective
coating

Fiber optics: Bending of light ray

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Ø  Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
1.  Broadcast Radio
¡  Distribute signals through the air over long distance
¡  Uses an antenna
¡  Typically for stationary locations
¡  Can be short range
2.  Cellular Radio
¡  A form of broadcast radio used for mobile communication
¡  High frequency radio waves to transmit voice or data
¡  Utilizes frequency-reuse
3.  Microwaves
¡  Radio waves providing high speed transmission
¡  They are point-to-point (can’t be obstructed)
¡  Used for satellite communication
4.  Infrared (IR)
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¡  Wireless transmission media that sends signals using infrared light- waves.
Transmitter Area include :
Source, Source Encoder, Encryption, Channel Encoder and Modulator.

Receiver Area include :

Demodulator, Channel Decoder, Decryption, Source Decoder and Sink.

•  Source and Sink include the real information.

•  Source Encoder and Source Decoder include the multiplexing techniques and A/D or D/A convertor.
•  Encryption and Decryption techniques responsible from the security assurance for MICT system.
•  Channel Encoder and Channel Decoder responsible from the reliability assurance for MICT.
All the errors and noise happen in the channel and the Error Correction Codes Techniques overcome
those kind of errors.

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Ø  Wireless channels are subject to a lot more errors than guided
media channels.
Ø  Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with high
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
Ø  Signal strength falls off with distance depends on a way of
transmission and medium.
Ø  Signal received may differ from signal transmitted that digital Bit
Errors.
Ø  Channel also subject to fading and different channel errors
transmission.

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Ø  Data Networking Technologies

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