1 of (1)

Limits
Part 37andSections
the Definition
1-4 of the Derivative
2 of 37 Continuity and the Derivative
Limits,
First
x¥
2We
fx¥
3lim
or
5x¥1
as
asx¥
()
2x¥3¥5.
ofxgets
¥is
write
we21,
37say:
5.wefxarbitrarily
x¥ are¥ saying
this as that,
closeastox1,approaches
fxgets arbitrarily
1, the limit
close
of to
¥¥ 5
4Why??
(Definition.
providedx
LetÕs
¥xSuppose
¥¥
fx
Investigate
)ofcan
¥1 37look
¥1,
¥¥1, beifif
() is¥at
made
xAsxsufficiently
the another
¥1
xlimit
¥1¥
to¥approaches
be (if
as close
example:
close
it a,exists)
the
toL
to but
limit
as ofdesired,
not
fof()as
equal
f(x)x approaches
is a.
to L means:1. Note, f(1) does N
OT ()gets
xappears
xf
gets exist!
closer
thatSadly,
closeandf ()does
toit-1 if
closer not
tox1getbutclose
x<1.toOnathesingle
othernumber
hand,L!ifInx gets
fact,close
x to 1, bu
ftWelimit
gets
Mathematically,
¥¥
And
x¥¥¥¥
1Never
1lim
¥1x
x¥¥
xfx
¥1()
x>1,
xon(arbitrarily
do, the
then
the
)of
however,
lim
f(x)
less,
other
xDOES
1 asnote
weside
close
xcan
NOT
approaches
that
(to
EXIST!!
to if
express
1! the
the right[+])
1this
on the
limit
as:exists,
left!ofboth
side
right! 1 the right and left hand limi
ts must be the same!
5 a)of¥3,
The
(This
xxa
fx
¥Limit
Example:
x2
lim
x¥2
() Lxx¥2
(limit
xwill
x2
37on
ameans
a)¥3
find
get
the
If
of"as
,itfx()
lim
(right
arbitrarily
left
exists.
)fx¥
gets
¥as closer
approaches
close
and to
on ."
closer
the to
right
left
, but
isisdenoted:
,denoted:
6 of 37
7 of 37
8Determine
of 37 the following limit by calculating f(x) for values closer and closer t
o 0.¥1text
xex
x¥0
lim
The Wall also
Method.describes what it refers to as the wall method. Draw a wall at the
approaches
value that(call x it a). On the left side, follow the curve with pencil from left
(approaching
to right a) until we hit wall. Then place an x in location where f(x)approac
hes.right
the Then,side
on of a, follow the curve with pencil from right to left until we hi
t wall
in location
and place
whereanf(x)approaches.
x If the locations (marks) are the same, then th
e ¥3if¥
is
Example.
¥2x
x¥¥1
()
x1¥
fx
11ifx
¥¥ limit
equal
x¥¥
¥1¥¥1
¥¥ifx
exists
to¥¥thelim
Find and
y-coordinate
f ( ) , if it
of exists,
marked point.
given that
9 of 37
10)¥of,lim
¥3x¥1
Suppose
()
1¥
Find
1ifx¥1
¥¥¥
fx
(x¥1if¥
x¥1 37 it
ifx¥
if fx exists.
We can
11 of 37also talk about infinite limits or limits at infinity. For example, consi
der
from
Example:
¥12x¥1
(x¥1)
2 the the
x¥1problem
review the
Sketch chapter.
function fx() ¥¥
12
Thus,
or
Definitions
(,).
providedx
fx
Llim
As
x¥¥
(x
limit
fx)the
of()
for
xAs
is
can
approaches
37¥limits
xwe
limit
arbitrarily
of approaches
be
have
f(x)
ismade
(at
of
sufficiently
the
that
is
f(x)
toLlarge
¥¥ following
¥are
be
means:
isasL¥¥inclose
means:
large.
absolute
definitions
toL asvalue
desired,
forbutlimits
is negative),
at ¥ the
13¥¥¥
Definitions
x¥¥¥
xL
f).
(As
means:
providedx
fx
¥xlim
xa (xAs
)¥¥
offbecomes
)can
approaches
x37approaches
becomes
() be¥ismade
(limit
arbitrarily
sufficiently
arbitrarily
to the
a, =be¥¥the
a, aslimit
large
close
large
limit
large,
close
ofintoL
inabsolute
of
f(x)
to asisdesired,
absolute
af(x) isvalue
¥¥ ¥valuebutandisnegative.
negative,
Section
14 Nowofthat
371.2weLimits
have anandidea
Continuity.
what limits are about, letÕs see if we can develop some
properties
limits thatofmight make calculating them a bit less number crunching intensive! H
ere lim
key
¥1.0
axa are x¥
limit
some
principles.
Example:
15 of 37 Explain how the limit properties are used in the following calculation:
We
Solution
calculate this limit in stages, using the limit properties to justify each st
We can by looking at this above example see how we can extend some results on li
ep:
mits of functions.
rational
16
91Example:
Gx
x2
So,
97
lim
G(4)
3xx¥4
NFote
ind
¥¥is
¥1ofx¥4
¥¥()
Gx()
lim
a37rational
¥¥. If limit
function.
exists,Anwhat
4 isisinit?domain
If not,
of G(x),
say so.
17
Example:
Gx
this
9(x
3)(
¥¥
3,
9x2
lim(
3)
lim
3lim3
x¥3
x6!
NOTE:STFohis
ind
¥x¥lim
,ofx¥3
ifx¥¥xmean
lim
is
then
¥x37¥x¥3
if ¥athe
.limit
3bit
Ifx¥3
isbottom
limit
different.
NOT
doesnÕt
inlimit
exists,
theexist?
Note
domain
of what
athat
Well,
rational
isifG(x).
of it?()function
If¥Does
not, say
is 0,
so.ALWAYS check the TOP limi
t.
as
x2
x9Example:
x¥3
3ThisFind ¥¥well,
Iffunction
limit .then
isIf0 islikely
limit
beyond
exists,
somehelp.
cancellation
what
As in
is previous
it?may
If not,
allow
example,
say
youso.
toitcalculate
is undefined
the at
limit!
3. Howe
ver, get
will the close
top to 18 as x approaches 3 while the bottom will be positive and clo
se 3toand
to 0 ifx>3,x iswhere
closeas for x<3, but x close to 3, we have the bottom (x-3) close
negative.
x9x2
x¥3
SO,
to¥3¥lim 0 andDOES Thus,NOTweexist!
have a vertical asymptote at x=3!
18 of 37
19 of 37
Continuity.
20
Is
Example:
3x2
xx
3(lim
lim
3x¥¥3
¥f2¥¥3(
Sox¥¥3
x¥¥3
lim
(limit
(3)
fof293¥93)
¥2
f(x) ()(limit
x¥¥3
x¥¥
37is
xcontinuous
x2
x)2 2¥principles
¥¥9x
¥9x¥¥
¥9
¥9(
continuous
lim
¥3)x¥xat¥¥0,1)
lim
principle x=-3?
at2)
3)x=-3!
6) Why orIndeed
Why NOT?
the same argument can be made for any real
not
f(x)
So
Segue:
Theorem.
Px
(with
¥other
xa
Pa
Px()
continuous
Example:
number
)is
we.justreal
is adonÕt
In
words,
a(Polynomials
continuous
real
-3number
Ðover
need
polynomial
() iscoefficients),
the
tocontinuous
over
spell
entire
are(polynomial
thecontinuous.)
out
real
entire
those
at and
number
anyreal
alimit
really
isline.
Ifnumber
any
rules
() number
real
line!
each
number,
a.time,
in fact,
then
herethis
lim
is Px()
ameans
theorem
¥ Px
21
Is
fx
NO,
6!
¥¥¥
¥¥
x2
xNevertheless,
¥x
Example:
¥Suppose
¥2,
lim
x¥1
¥2!
¥¥¥¥¥
So
gx¥3
3g(x)
ofx¥1
()
continuous
¥9
¥2,
IsNO!g(x)
x¥3
if
gx()
¥37xifis
f(x)
x¥3
()
¥1xnot
¥lim
¥¥¥¥1¥
continuous
x¥3
isxf(3)
atcontinuous
NOT
212
x=3?
doesnÕt
3defined
Whyx=1?
at
g(1) oreven
at atx=1!
Why
Why
x=3!
exist!
NOT?
orYes,
WhySoNOT?
Socertainly
lim ¥lim(f(3)is
x 3) NOT
lim equal
x ¥lim3to33lim .
22 of 37
23 ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
Section
Ex.
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥3
¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥3
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥3
¥¥ of¥¥¥¥2¥¥¥¥
Evaluate
373. ¥¥3¥¥¥¥
Average
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥
& simplify
Rates¥¥difference
of Change:quotient where ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥ ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥3¥¥¥¥
24
3Example:
x¥1
fx
() ¥of 37 Evaluate and simplify the difference quotient for the function
25 of 37
26sthen
Section
Average
change
Suppose
mileposts
So,
position
(as
Here
(2.5)
(2)
What
milepost
(1.5)
Clearly
at
,In
even
s(1.25)
Question
¥¥¥
thesaverage
ofhiker
time
fact,
st()
she
(1)
mph¥
is(1)
better
37(1)
int=1
an4.1.
Velocity
we
3ahikes
the
this
¥at
of
2.5?
2.0?
1.5?
suppose
position
time
as
table
3.75
321
1.75
The
map
velocity
.94
hiker
average
than
estimate
How
a1through)
last
t=1?
Concept
the
function
2.52.5
3.5.51.5
3.761.25
ofwe
can
¥value
previous
attimes
position
mph
velocity
mph¥¥
discovered
we
time
of1find
and
at
ofand
1.5
¥¥
is
1the
tathe
time
two.
.25
Definition
.ofbetter
hikerÕs
the
position.
from
Assume
ainstantaneous
time
t=0
that
hiker
t=milepost
isvelocity
tthe
estimate
(1.25)
oftraveling
(hours).
milepost
the7.94s
initial
1Derivative
of
at
velocity
2.time
tohikers
along
¥position
t= t=1of
a is
velocity
straight
of the hiker
path with
h¥0s()
27
Limits
Let
Definition.
velocity
¥is
lim
ah
hThat ofs(
st()be
defined
is,
37¥)
canthe
at¥athe
help
time
as
instantaneous
position
here!
ta of velocity
an objectatattime
timett.isThen
the limit
the instantaneous
of the average veloci
ty
2The
s()
lim
hs(1)
s(1¥¥)
has
h¥0
t¥¥¥¥
the
function
=¥t6t2
time. Sointerval
st()used
we willshrinks
for
calculate
thisaround
example
thea.instantaneous
is: velocity at t1
28))ofwe
sNote,
tangent
Thus
point
¥Hiking
approach
37demo.ggb
slope
ta.linesay
can oftoslope
secant
s atoft¥1
instantaneous
lines through
velocity
(1,is(1))
theand
Ôslope
(1 sof¥h,the(1position
¥h functionÕ at a
Also,
29
Generalize
Given
,the
fx
fxover
f(ah
Use
¥¥()
h(Rate
0()
fah
xa
¥If
¥¥
In )the
offa
¥¥
the
general,
average
(this
fa)
of37limit
any
a)derivative
the
fx
(change
function
tofa
)function
tolim
interval
rate
define
exists,
any
oflim
offgiven
f(x)()()
the
change
from
fat
then
at(aderivative
is function.
adenoted
)xah
is
fis
ofsaid
isgiven
()said
()fa¥
to
ofbe
a+h
by
to
()fxat
be differentiable
differentiable
x=a as theifinstantaneous
at is
it a differentiable at
in
¥¥,
What
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥if
(¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
fxh
¥¥()
We
hSo
lim
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥3
.¥0
¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥3
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥
)eachits
need
first
find
fx
doxdomain.
these
to
a ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥
findgeneral
it
¥¥3¥¥¥¥
findvaluesformula
exists represent?
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥3¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥
for¥¥3¥¥
.¥¥3¥¥¥¥¥¥
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥SupposeExample:
and ¥¥1¥¥¥¥¥¥and
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥2¥¥
then¥¥¥¥
evaluate
¥¥
What
30
f¥¥3
¥¥
¥¥f
¥¥¥
h¥0
So (xh)
ofhh¥0
¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥
lim
now
¥¥¥¥2¥¥¥¥
()
¥()
do37f¥lim
xthese
x¥(1)2 represent?
xh 32x
¥¥1 and3f ¥(3)
The slope
¥3 of the tangent line to f(x) at 1 and slope of
tangent
the line to f(x) at 3.
31,offind
3Example:
values
x¥1
fx 37foraGiven
formula
xfor ()which
¥forderivative
f¥()x. Aredoes
therenotanyexist?
32 ofEvery
Does 37 Function Have a Derivative at Any Point in Its Domain?
33 f(x)
The
NO!
If ofactual
37is differentiable
theorem is: at a, then f(x) is continuous at x=a.
34 of 37
35 of 37
36 of 37