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Trigonometry Lesson 8:
Part I – Ferris Wheels
One of the most common application questions for graphing trigonometric functions involves Ferris wheels,
since the up and down motion of a rider follows the shape of a sine or cosine graph.
Example: A Ferris wheel has a diameter of 30 m, with the centre
18 m above the ground. It makes one complete rotation every 60 s.
b-value: The period is 60 s, so: c. Method 1: Plug 52 s in for Method 2: Put your
2π 2π π time in either the cosine calculator in radian mode
b= = = equation. Simplify and and graph either the
P 60 30 calculate with your TI-83 in cosine function.
radian mode 2nd Trace Æ Value Æ x = 52
c-value: There is none in the cosine π This will calculate the
pattern. h(t ) = −15cos t + 18
30 height directly from the
π graph.
d-value: The centre of the wheel is 18 h(52) = −15cos 52 + 18
30
m above the ground, so that will be the h(52) = 7.96 m
midline
d. To find the times the rider is at 20 m, graph a horizontal line in
your TI-83 at y = 20, then find the points of intersection.
The cosine pattern is upside down,
so you need to put a negative in front.
π
h(t) = -15cos t +18
30
b) Sketch two complete cycles of a graph representing the height of a rider above the ground, assuming the
rider gets on the Ferris wheel at the lowest point.
2. A Ferris wheel makes 4 revolutions in one minute. The diameter of the Ferris wheel is 28 m, and a rider boards
from a platform at a height of 30 m above the ground. The ride lasts 30 seconds.
a) Determine the cosine equation. (Hint: Think about where the rider is starting in this question.)
b) Graph the height of a point on the wheel relative to the surface of the water, starting from the highest point.
4. The bottom of a windmill is 8 m above the ground, and the top is 22 m above the ground. The
wheel rotates once every five seconds.
a) Determine the cosine equation of the graph, starting from a point at the bottom of the windmill.
d) For how long (over the course of both cycles) is the point above 17 m?
2π
5. A point on an industrial flywheel experiences a motion described by the formula: h(t) = 13cos t +15
0.7
a) What is the maximum height of the point?
e) How long, within one cycle, is the point lower than 6 m above the ground?
f) What is the height of the point if the wheel turns for 2 hours and 20 minutes?
b) 70 d) In your TI-83, graph the equation and also the line y = 51. The first
intersection point will give the time the height first reaches 51 m.
60
Height (m)
50
40
30
20
10
20 40 60 80 100
51 m is first reached at 16.7 s
Time (s)
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2. The diameter is 28 m, so the radius is 14.
a) The period is 15 seconds.
25
Height (m)
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
Height (m)
b-value: b= = 1
P 1.46
c-value: For the cosine graph, there is none.
0.5
d-value: The midline will be at 0.7 m, since the
bottom is at -0.3 m and the radius is 1 m.
2π
h(t ) = cos t + 0.7
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1.46 -0.5
Time (s)
c)
Use your TI-83 to find the points of intersection with the line y=0. (In this case, it’s the same as the x-intercepts)
The point on the wheel is first submerged at 0.545 s, and exits the water at 0.915 s. The total time underwater is 0.37 s.
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4. The period is 5 seconds. To find the height at 4 seconds,
c)
a) a-value: The amplitude is 7. plug the time into your equation.
max − min 22 − 8 14 2π
amplitude = = = =7 h(t ) = −7 cos t + 15
2 2 2 5
2π 2π 2π
b-value: b= = h(4) = −7 cos (4) + 15
P 5 5
c-value: For the cosine graph, there is none. h(4) = 12.8m
d-value: The midline is at 15. Or, use 2nd Æ Trace Æ Value Æ x = 4
max + min 22 + 8 30
midline = = = = 15
2 2 2
2π
h(t ) = −7 cos t + 15
5
The cosine pattern is upside down, so we need a d)
negative.
b) 25
In the first cycle, the point is above 17 m between
20 1.48 s and 3.52 s, for a total of 2.04 seconds.
Height (m)
10
2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Height (m)
20
of the cycle (0 s) and the end (0.7 s)
15
c) The midline is at 15 m, and the radius is
13 m, so the minimum height is 2 m.
10
d) the minimum is reached exactly 5
halfway, so 0.35 s.
Time (s)
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a) Whenever there are questions that deal with values over c) To find the expected temperature on October 4,
an entire year, the period is 365. first find what day of the year it is.
31+28+31+30+31+30+31+31+30+4 = 277
a-value: The amplitude is 21.
max − min 27 − (−16) 43 Now use this in your equation:
amplitude = = = = 21.5 2π
2 2 2 T (d ) = 21.5cos (d − 209) + 5.5
2π 2π 365
b-value: b= =
P 365 2π
c-value: We are starting the graph on January 1, so that is
T (277) = 21.5cos (277 − 209) + 5.5
day zero. The maximum value (where the positive cosine
365
graph would begin) is on July 28. T (277) = 13.9
So, the number of days to July 28 is:
31+28+31+30+31+30+28 = 209 Or, graph in your TI-83 and type:
2nd Æ Trace Æ Value Æ x = 277
d-value: The midline is at 5.5.
max + min 27 + (−16) 11 d)
midline = = = = 5.5
2 2 2
2π
T (d ) = 21.5cos (d − 209) + 5.5
365
Where T is temperature in ºC, and d is the number of days.
b)
30
20
Temperature (ºC)
-20
-30
Time (days)
---------------------------------------------------------------
a) Before anything else, we are never allowed to use time in b)
hour/minute form when creating an equation! Convert to
decimal hour form.
Time (hours)
Conversion Reminder:
b) Draw the graph that approximates the temperature curve for the year.
2. The average temperature for the Ottawa region is hottest at 25 ºC on July 23,
and coolest at 4 ºC on January 12.
a) Write a cosine equation for the graph.
b) Draw the graph that approximates the temperature curve for the year.
3. The following table gives the average recorded monthly temperature throughout the year.
(Use month number for the x-axis. eg. April is x = 4).
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Temp -17 -16 -9 1 10 16 22 20 15 11 2 -11
a) What is the amplitude (Based on coldest & warmest months) and period of the function?
b) Draw the graph approximating the sunrise times throughout the year
5. The earliest sunset occurs at 5:14 PM on Dec. 21, and the latest at 11:54 PM on June 20.
b) Draw the sinusoidal graph approximating the sunrise times throughout the year.
d) The sunset time is earlier than 8 PM for what percentage of the year?
6. The following table gives the average recorded sunrise time for each month.
(Use month number for the x-axis. eg. April is x = 4)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Time 8:30 7:59 7:15 6:30 6:01 5:30 5:34 6:03 6:34 7:10 7:52 8:25
c) Sketch the graph that approximates the sunrise times for the year.
d) How does the recorded sunrise time for April compare with the value from your equation?
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1. 2.
a) Amplitude is 22 - ( -17 )
a) a) =19.5
2
2π 2π
T ( d ) = 20 cos ( d − 201) + 4 T (d ) = 10.5cos (d − 204) + 14.5 Period is 12 months
365 365 2π
b) T ( d ) = 19.5 cos ( d − 7) + 2.5
12
b) 20
b) c)
10
30
30
25
2 4 6 8 10 12
20 20 -10
15
10 -20
10
10 20
10
15
5 5
10
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
5