ARCS 2 Final - Ews

Albanian Road Constructions Standards – ARCS 2 – Earthworks
Albanian Road Construction Standards
Table of Contents
1 Excavation .....................................................................................................................8
1.1 Description ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Basic Materials........................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Quality of Materials................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1 Classification ................................................................................................... 9
1.3.2 Quality............................................................................................................. 11
1.4 Method of Execution............................................................................................. 11
1.4.1 General........................................................................................................... 11
1.4.2 Excavations ................................................................................................... 12
1.4.2.1 Excavations in Different Soils and Rocks ................................................. 12
1.4.2.2 Inclinations of Excavated Slopes ............................................................... 12
1.4.2.3 Rainwater ....................................................................................................... 13
1.4.2.4 Safety Measures ........................................................................................... 14
1.4.2.5 Other Considerations ................................................................................... 14
1.4.3 Compensation of Quantities........................................................................ 16
1.4.4 Borrow Pits..................................................................................................... 16
1.4.5 Breakthroughs and Other Procedures....................................................... 17
1.4.6 Obstacles ....................................................................................................... 17
1.4.7 Working Area, Bottom, and Slopes............................................................ 17
1.4.7.1 Working Area with Excavation of Foundations and Building Pits ......... 17
1.4.7.2 Bottom ............................................................................................................ 18
1.4.7.3 Slopes of Building Pits without Shoring .................................................... 19
1.5 Quality of Execution ............................................................................................. 19
1.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 20
1.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work............................................................... 20
1.7.1 Measurement of Work.................................................................................. 20
1.7.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 21
1.8 Cost Calculation.................................................................................................... 21
2 Subsoil Subgrade ........................................................................................................23
2.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 23
2.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 23
2.3 Quality of Materials............................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Soil and Rock Material ................................................................................. 23
2.3.1.1 Soils ................................................................................................................ 24
2.3.1.2 Rock material................................................................................................. 24
2.3.2 Binders ........................................................................................................... 25
2.3.3 Preliminary Testing of Materials ................................................................. 25
2.4.1 Rough Grading.............................................................................................. 25
2.4.2 Improvement and/or Chemical Stabilisation of the Subsoil by Means
of Binders ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Compaction.................................................................................................... 26
2.4.4 Storage of Binders........................................................................................ 26
2.5.1 Level of Compaction..................................................................................... 27
2.5.2 Bearing Capacity........................................................................................... 27
Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 2

2.5.3 Chemically Stabilised Soil and/or Rock Materials ................................... 28

2.5.4 Evenness and Level of Subsoil Sub-grade .............................................. 29
2.5.4.1 Evenness ....................................................................................................... 29
2.5.4.2 Level ............................................................................................................... 29
2.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 29
2.6.1 Material Quality Control ............................................................................... 29
2.6.2 Testing the Quality of Work......................................................................... 30
2.6.2.1 Preliminary Tests .......................................................................................... 30
2.6.2.2 Routine Tests ................................................................................................ 30
2.6.2.3 Control Tests ................................................................................................. 31
2.7.2 Take-over of work ......................................................................................... 32
2.8.1 General........................................................................................................... 32
2.8.2 Deduction for Non-conformity of Quality ................................................... 32
2.8.2.1 Materials......................................................................................................... 32
2.8.2.2 Binder Materials ............................................................................................ 33
2.8.2.3 Degree of Compaction and Bearing Capacity.......................................... 33
2.8.2.4 Stabilisation Mixture ..................................................................................... 33
2.8.2.5 Evenness of Sub-grade ............................................................................... 33
2.8.2.6 Sub-grade Level............................................................................................ 33
3 Drainage and Filter Layers, and the Working Field ................................................34
3.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 34
3.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 34
3.3.1 General........................................................................................................... 34
3.3.2 Rock Materials for Drainage and Filter Layers, and the Works Area ... 34
3.3.3 Non-mineral Materials for Drainage and Filter Layers............................ 37
3.4.1 Base Layer Sub-grading.............................................................................. 38
3.4.2 Dumping in Layers of Mineral Aggregates for Drainage and Filter
Layers, and the Working Field.................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Spreading and Profiling of Mineral Aggregate Mixtures to Form
Drainage and Filter Layers.......................................................................................... 39
3.4.4 Compacting the Mineral Aggregates for Drainage and Filter Layers ... 39
3.4.5 Storage of Mineral Aggregates and the Material other than Stones,
Used for Drainage and Filter Layers.......................................................................... 40
3.4.6 Method of Execution of Drainage and Filter Layers of Polypropylene
Felt 40
3.5.1 Sub-grade Bearing Capacity....................................................................... 41
3.5.2 Evenness of Sub-grade ............................................................................... 41
3.5.3 Sub-grade Level............................................................................................ 41
3.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 41
3.6.1 Quality Control with Materials for Drainage and/or Filter Layers .......... 41

3.6.2 Testing the Quality of Placement of Drainage and Filter Layers, and
of Working Field Construction..................................................................................... 42
3.6.2.1 Bearing Capacity........................................................................................... 42
3.6.2.2 Evenness and Level of Sub-grade............................................................. 42
3.6.3 Routine Tests ................................................................................................ 42
3.6.4 Control Tests ................................................................................................. 43
3.7.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 43
3.8.1 General........................................................................................................... 43
3.8.2.1 Stony Materials ............................................................................................. 44
3.8.2.2 Polypropylene Layer..................................................................................... 44
3.8.2.3 Sub-grade Bearing Capacity....................................................................... 44
3.8.2.5 Sub-grade Level............................................................................................ 45
4 Embankments, Backfills, Barrier Layer Aggregate, Road Bed, and Rammed
Loam Construction..............................................................................................................46
4.1 General................................................................................................................... 46
4.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 46
4.2.1 General........................................................................................................... 46
4.2.2 Binders for Improvement and Chemical Stabilisation ............................. 47
4.2.3 Quality of Materials....................................................................................... 47
4.2.4 Soils ................................................................................................................ 47
4.2.5 Rock Material................................................................................................. 48
4.2.6 Fly Ash............................................................................................................ 50
4.2.7 Binders ........................................................................................................... 50
4.3.1 Base Layer Sub-grading.............................................................................. 51
4.3.2 Dumping Materials and Binders in Layers................................................ 51
4.3.3 Spreading and Grading................................................................................ 51
4.3.4 Improvement and/or Chemical Stabilisation of Natural Materials ......... 52
4.3.5 Fly Ash Placement........................................................................................ 53
4.3.6 Compaction.................................................................................................... 53
4.3.7 Storage of Materials and Binders............................................................... 54
4.3.8 Road Bed Sub-grading ................................................................................ 54
4.3.9 Barrier Layer Aggregate .............................................................................. 55
4.4.1 Level of Compaction..................................................................................... 55
4.4.2 Bearing Capacity........................................................................................... 56
4.4.3 Chemically Stabilised Natural Materials.................................................... 58
4.4.4 Evenness of a Layer..................................................................................... 59
4.4.5 Evenness and Level of Road Bed Sub-grade.......................................... 59
4.5 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 59
4.5.1 Quality Control of Materials......................................................................... 59
4.5.2 Quality Control of Work................................................................................ 60

4.5.2.1 Preliminary Technological Tests ................................................................ 60

4.5.2.2 Minimum Scope of Routine Tests .............................................................. 61
4.5.2.3 Control Tests ................................................................................................. 62
4.5.3 Measurement and Take-over of Work....................................................... 62
4.5.3.1 Measurement of Work.................................................................................. 62
4.5.3.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 63
4.5.4 Cost Calculation............................................................................................ 63
4.5.5.1 Materials Used for Embankments, Backfills, Barrier Layer Aggregate
Construction, Road Bed, and Rammed Loam Construction.................................. 64
4.5.5.2 Binders for Chemical Stabilisation of Natural Materials and Protective
Spray Coating................................................................................................................ 64
4.5.5.3 Level of Compaction and Bearing Capacity ............................................. 64
4.5.5.4 Stabilisation Mixture ..................................................................................... 64
4.5.5.6 Sub-grade Level............................................................................................ 64
4.6 Slopes and Green Areas ..................................................................................... 64
4.6.1 Description ..................................................................................................... 64
4.6.2 Basic Materials.............................................................................................. 65
4.6.2.1 Vegetative Cover .......................................................................................... 65
4.6.2.2 Mulch .............................................................................................................. 65
4.6.2.3 Wattle Work ................................................................................................... 65
4.6.2.4 Trees and Shrubs ......................................................................................... 66
4.6.2.5 Seeds for Grassing....................................................................................... 66
4.6.3 Other Types of Protection ........................................................................... 66
4.6.3.1 Protective Netting ......................................................................................... 66
4.6.3.2 Penning .......................................................................................................... 66
4.6.3.3 Protection by Guniting.................................................................................. 66
4.6.3.4 Protection by Pre-cast Concrete Elements............................................... 67
4.6.4 Quality of Materials....................................................................................... 67
4.7.1 Protective Vegetative Cover ....................................................................... 67
4.7.2.2 Penning .......................................................................................................... 70
4.8.1 Protective Vegetative Cover ....................................................................... 71
4.8.2.2 Penning .......................................................................................................... 71
4.9 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 72
4.9.1.1 Protective Vegetative Cover ....................................................................... 72

4.9.2.2 Penning .......................................................................................................... 72

4.10.1.1 Protective Vegetative Cover ....................................................................... 73
4.10.1.2 Other Types of Protection ........................................................................... 73
4.10.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 74
4.11.1 General........................................................................................................... 74
4.11.2 Deductions ..................................................................................................... 74
5 Soil reinforcement .......................................................................................................75
5.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 75
5.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 75
5.2.1 Cement Concrete for Foundations............................................................. 75
5.2.2 Lining Elements of Cement Concrete........................................................ 76
5.2.3 Dowels and Anchors .................................................................................... 76
5.2.4 Stony Material for Drainage Layers ........................................................... 76
5.2.5 Reinforcement Strips.................................................................................... 76
5.2.6 Polypropylene Felt........................................................................................ 76
5.2.7 Geotextiles ..................................................................................................... 76
5.2.8 Fibreglass Grids............................................................................................ 77
5.3.1 General........................................................................................................... 77
5.3.2 Soil Reinforcement Strips and Geotextiles ............................................... 77
5.3.3 Polypropylene Felt........................................................................................ 78
5.3.4 Preliminary Testing....................................................................................... 78
5.4.1 Subsoil Sub-grading ..................................................................................... 78
5.4.2 Construction with Reinforcement Strips, and Lining Elements ............. 79
5.4.2.1 Foundation Construction ............................................................................. 79
5.4.2.2 Construction of Embankments of Reinforced Soil................................... 79
5.4.3 Felt-reinforced Embankments..................................................................... 80
5.5.1 Subsoil Sub-grade ........................................................................................ 80
5.5.2 Embankment of Reinforced Soil................................................................. 80
5.5.2.1 Sub-grade of the Embankment of Reinforced Soil.................................. 80
5.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 81
5.6.1 Routine Tests ................................................................................................ 81
5.6.2 Control Tests ................................................................................................. 82
5.7.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 83
5.8.1 General........................................................................................................... 83
6 Piles and Drop Shafts .................................................................................................85
6.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 85

6.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 85

6.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 87
6.6.1 Routine Tests ................................................................................................ 87
6.6.1.1 Piles and Drop Shafts of Reinforced Cement Concrete ......................... 87
6.6.1.2 Steel Piles and Drop Shafts ........................................................................ 87
6.6.1.3 Wood Piles..................................................................................................... 87
6.6.1.4 Piles of Chemically Stabilised Soils ........................................................... 87
6.6.1.5 Piles of Stone Grain Mixture ....................................................................... 88
6.6.2 Control Tests ................................................................................................. 88
6.7 Measurement and Take-over of Works............................................................. 88
7 Sheet Piling ..................................................................................................................90
7.1 Description ............................................................................................................. 90
7.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 90
7.6 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 91
8 Spreading Surplus Materials .....................................................................................92
8.1 General................................................................................................................... 92
8.2 Description ............................................................................................................. 92
8.3 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 92
8.4 Quality of Material................................................................................................. 92
8.5 Method of Construction........................................................................................ 92
8.7 Quality Control....................................................................................................... 93
8.8.2 Take-over of Work ........................................................................................ 93

1 Excavation
1.1 Description
Excavation includes:
• Stripping of fertile layer of topsoil of the required thickness (not more than 40 cm in
depth), including removal and/or withdrawal to a disposal area;
• Bulk excavation in all classes of soil and rock, as specified by the design, including
windrowing and/or removal, loading and dumping of excavated material at
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate constructions, and/or spoil, in
accordance with the way the material will be used during the execution of the
works. This work must include all the excavations required for benches, cuts,
borrow pits, and similar operations, for road deviations and river training works, and
all bulk excavation required for erecting the structures;
• All the excavations required for foundations of structures and for service and other
ditches (culverts, shafts, drainage), in all classes of material and of any depth:
• 1 m in width, and
• 1—2 m in width.
This work must also include all operations that are required for the excavated surplus
material to be excavated to an appropriate level and:
• All excavations of building pits for structures of more than 2 m in width, in all
classes of material and of any depth, including removal of surplus material to
dumps or locations where the material will be placed into embankments, backfills or
barrier layer aggregate constructions. This work must also include excavation of
surplus material to an appropriate level;
• All excavations of channels for land reclamation and river training and such similar
works in all classes of soil and rock and of various depths and widths. Also included
within the scope of these works must be the deepening and widening of existing
channels;
• All excavations of drainage ditches and flumes along the road structure, finished
sub-grade levels of existing roads, including shovelling away of excavated
materials and/or haulage to a dump;
• All the excavations for pavements and retaining walls including revetments in the
areas specified by the design, including shovelling away and/or haulage of the
material to a dump, and sub-grading.

Also included in the scope of this work are:

• All the required operations as specified by applicable safety regulations, such as
shorings (including design and static calculation), slopes, widenings, and similar;
• All the work in connection with drainage of rain, springs, and ground water during
construction (including pumping operations required), to ensure continuous and
controlled water drainage and to prevent accumulation of water and absorption of
undisturbed soil and fill material. Also included within the scope of this work must
be all additional work required for the purpose of redirected ground and source
water streams;
• Removal, dumping, and spreading of unsuitable or surplus material, also to dumps

located outside the road. Dump areas outside the road must be obtained by the
contractor who must also prepare them as appropriate (spreading of material,
planting with grass, drainage, etc.).
All the works mentioned in this section must be comprised in excavation unit price, and the
contractor must not have the right to claim any extra payment.
1.2 Basic Materials

Soil and rock materials obtained from excavations and borrow pits are considered to be the
basic materials for the application of construction work.
1.3 Quality of Materials
1.3.1 Classification
All soil and rock types to be choosen for construction works are classified into the following
categories:
• Fertile soil Category 1
• Soft soil Category 2
• Cohesive and non-cohesive soil Category 3
• Soft rock Category 4
• Solid rock Category 5
The classification of soil and rock material is based on the various properties that influence
individual construction works. Modern construction machines have influence concerning
excavation, haulage, and placing operations.

Table 1.1 lists the classes of soil and rock, and describes the methods of excavating or
obtaining such materials, giving an evaluation of their suitability for use and their
characteristics.
In the case when the layers of soil and/or rock in an excavation will change in such a way
as to render classification of a material difficult or even impossible, an average type and
class of the material may be set.
All the material obtained by stripping overburden, bulk excavation, excavation of

foundations, service trenches, building pits, and channels for land reclamation and river
training, drainage channels, flumes, as well as the excavation required for paving and
revetment, must be classified on the basis of this section.
Material Excavation Applicability

Category Name Material description
gradation method assessment
Found on the surface of Appropriate only as a
the terrain: humus and Bulldozer, basis for turfing; weak,
1 Fertile soil
sod with natural gravel, — dredger unstable and not
sand, silt and/or clay erosion-resistant
Found in easily
mouldable to viscous
consistency > 15 m.-%
Dredger, Not applicable in
2 Soft soil Φ < 0.063
(Ic ≤ 0.5); may contain bulldozer natural state
mm
organic materials (peat,
weathered materials)
Found under fertile soil > 15 m.-%

Φ < 0.063 Applicable for fills in
layer in moderately
mm Bulldozer, natural state and
mouldable to stiff
Cohesive and under appropriate
consistency (soil, < 15 m.-% dredger,
3 non-cohesive weather conditions;
weathered material) or Φ > 0.063 crawler dozer
soil bearing capacity and
in compacted state mm (occasionally) stability depend on
(sand, gravel, rubble, < 30 m.-% external influences
debris) Φ > 63 mm
Marl, flysch, slate, tuff,
> 30 m.-% Crawler dozer, Good bearing capacity
conglomerate, breccia
and stability; with
as well as cracked, Φ > 63 mm auger dredger,
4 Soft rock suitable gradation it is
friable and weathered Φ < 300 milling, blasting also appropriate for
sandstone, dolomite mm (occasionally) fills and capping layer
and limestone
Very good bearing
Limestone, compact
capacity with suitable
Solid rock (of dolomite or material Solid rock,
Blasting, milling gradation and stability
5 sedimentary with over 50 m.% Φ > 600
(exceptionally) and is as such also
origin)* blocks Φ > 600 mm that mm applicable for fills
need to be blasted
and/or processing
* Silicate rocks of eruptive origin are not classified.
Table 1.1: Classification of Soils and Rock

1.3.2 Quality
Before undertaking any work and during the work, appropriate samples of the material
must be taken with every change of material quality, to test whether the material is
suitable. The contractor must obtain expert opinion on the suitability for use of the material
from every characteristic excavation of some considerable size or location that would allow
excavation of local material that would be used as stone aggregate for non-cohesive
and/or cohesive base layers, concrete mixes, and fill material, and as material for
preloading and overloading. When excavated materials are designed to be used for such
purposes as are described above, before blasting, friable clay-like material must be
removed, and must be used in embankments or dumped at a suitable location as proposed
by the contractor and approved by the supervising engineer.
1.4 Method of Execution
1.4.1 General
The excavations must be carried out in accordance with the cross and longitudinal profiles,
entered spot levels, inclinations, and depths as specified by the design. The properties of
individual classes of material and the properties required for a particular application of
excavated material must be taken into consideration. Wherever further excavation and
preparation of the subsoil is designed, the stripping of fertile topsoil to an appropriate depth
must be carried out. Thus stripped fertile soil must be removed as specified by the design
and these conditions. The excavated material must be dumped along the road, but outside
subsoil area, to avoid obstructing work. Filling up and windrowing of the material to the
dumps must be performed with care, to preserve the quality of the stripped fertile soil
subsequently to be used for the preparation of slopes and green areas and to avoid mixing
of this material with non-fertile materials.
At the external side, behind fertile soil dumps located by the road, controlled drainage must
also be provided, and rain water must not be allowed to accumulate there or be absorbed
by the material and undisturbed soil. When soil of low bearing capacity occurs, all of the
excavated material must be removed and dumped at special dumps located outside the
construction area (e.g., outside the area of side embankments). Simultaneously with and
proportionately to the progress of work, such dumps must be prepared as appropriate. Any
other material that may be found not to be suitable for use in the construction of the road
structure must be removed. The contractor must prepare the dump for such material at the
location specified by the supervising engineer.
Unless specified otherwise, surplus material must in the first instance be used to extend
the embankments, to obtain more space for parking and provide view points. Such
locations must be selected by the supervising engineer.

1.4.2 Excavations
Excavations must all be of such a cross-section as designed or required. With elevations
and inclinations as per design or as required by the supervising engineer.
During the excavation all provisions of the applicable safety regulations must be observed
(propping, strutting, terracing cuts, and other such measures); the existing structures,
communication lines and devices must be protected, and routine maintenance of public
areas and access roads that will be used must be ensured.
As a rule, stripping overburden, bulk excavation, excavation of foundations, service

trenches, building pits, channels for land reclamation and river training of drainage
channels and flumes as well as the excavation required for paving and revetment, must be
performed by using construction machinery; this is to reduce manual work to the minimum,
so that the latter will only be performed in cases of required quality that may not be
achieved by means of construction machinery, or when supply lines might be damaged.
1.4.2.1 Excavations in Different Soils and Rocks

When excavating soils of low bearing capacity, the specific load applied to the soil by the
use of construction machinery must at least correspond to the bearing capacity of the soil.
For grading of the slopes and subgrads manual work will partly be required, mainly to
remove the excavated soil lying scattered around. Usually, it will be impossible for
windrowing larger quantities of excavated material to be carried out. Only fertile soil will be
of any use in areas of formed slopes and side embankments to be protected and planted
with grass.
Hard rock, and occasionally soft rock, must be excavated by machine drilling, deep and
standard blasting, and additional blasting of rocks of greater size, if this should be required
by the designed use of the excavated material. In case of designing smooth slopes of
excavations, a suitable procedure of smooth blasting must be applied.
1.4.2.2 Inclinations of Excavated Slopes

The inclination of excavated slopes relates to the soil classification, moisture content of
material and its stratification. These mechanical properties of soil are given in a certified
geological and soil mechanics analysis. Friable layers of soil, encountered during
excavation, including friable top layer and intermediate zones of friable material, must be
applied, if proper conditions for the use of such material will exist. In other cases, however,
they must be dealt with as specified by the design or as instructed by the supervising
engineer. Included in this work must be the cleaning of all the places requiring protective
and safety measures of appropriate kind, such as protection of friable zones, pockets,
cavities, springs, etc., if such works are not included within the scope of other works.

During excavation operations, the supervising engineer, together with the contractor and
associate experts, must decide on any necessary changes with regard to excavation slope
inclination, and such decisions must be based on soil properties, geological findings, and
other conditions encountered in excavations; this must be taken into consideration by the
contractor during the work.
In the case of slopes with the inclination of not more than 20°, on which embankments
must be constructed, benches of 1.0—1.5 m in width must be cut in the subsoil. The faces
of the benches must be cut so as to achieve the pitch of 2:1.
In the case of slopes with an inclination of 20—30°, the spacing between benches must be
1 m. In case of the slopes with the inclination of more than 30°, benches may be
constructed without providing any spacing between them. In soil, the inclination of the
benches towards their face must not be less than 3% and not less than 3% longitudinally,
to ensure controlled water drainage. If bench construction should not be specified by the
design, the contractor must, upon the request of the supervising engineer, be obliged to
construct the benches, if the latter should found to be necessary.
The bottom and the slopes of the excavation in the soil of low bearing capacity must be
even, to ensure that polypropylene felt and/or a pervious blanket of stony material can be
placed as appropriate.
During the execution of the works, care should be taken to avoid undermining or damaging
the excavation slopes. In each such case, any damage must subsequently be repaired by
the contractor in accordance with the instructions by the supervising engineer, and for such
additional work and contingencies the contractor will not be allowed to claim any
indemnification or payment. Should during the construction the contractor make an
excavation greater than required (exceeding a specified profile), then he must repair the
site in accordance with professional standards and as required by the supervising
engineer, and the costs of such repair must be borne by the contractor.
1.4.2.3 Rainwater
Excavation work must be organised in such a way as to avoid any serious disturbance in
the work due to rain or any other kind of water, this applying in particular to excavations in
soils. Special attention must be paid to ensure that water is drained from excavations (by
the shortest way), and that only such a quantity of the soil is excavated at a time as can be
provided by the capacity of the machinery and as can be immediately removed, or
incorporated in a structure. In case of disregarding these instructions, the consequences
must be borne by the contractor who does not have the right to claim any indemnification
whatever, nor to effect any such changes of the working procedure as would be to the
disadvantage of the employer.

As a rule, an excavation in the soil of low bearing capacity must not be left open for a
longer period of time; thus it is necessary that continuation of excavation work is to be
coordinated with backfilling. Rain water must be pumped out throughout excavating
operations until the fill reaches above the level of ground water. The costs resulting from
any damage that might occur if pumping should not be performed must be charged to the
contractor. Locally damaged areas of the slopes (slides) must be cleared and filled with
appropriate material, and expenses will be borne by the contractor. Due to specific
properties of soil fill during construction work, the excavated material must not be dumped
into an excavation pit or at the side of the works, but must be immediately loaded and
removed. If an excavation in the soil of low bearing capacity crosses a water reclamation
channel or a brook, a temporary culvert of the required section must be constructed. If
possible to redirect one stream into another, this should be done.
1.4.2.4 Safety Measures

In case of hazard of earth slips or slope sloughs, work should be performed in steps, to
prevent such accidents, or appropriate shoring should be provided, especially if greater
height is concerned.
When explosives are used for excavation purposes, the contractor must employ workers
with appropriate training and qualifications. During blast or excavation work, any
disturbances to the traffic, people, and surroundings, resulting from such work, must be
reduced to the minimum, and appropriate traffic and safety signs, and signal systems must
be provided. If, however, a disturbance should occur, it must immediately be eliminated by
the contractor who must bear the costs of such elimination. Should the blasting method as
applied by the contractor cause any damage to the rock, the contractor must repair the
damage, and the costs of such repair must be borne by him.
When performing excavation work in the vicinity of traffic areas and buildings, extra safety
measures must be taken. When performing blast work or excavating in the immediate
vicinity of electric power lines and telephone lines or facilities, applicable regulations must
be complied with, and approval from competent authorities must be obtained.
1.4.2.5 Other Considerations

Building pits must be shaped and prepared according to the design (concerning vertical
excavation walls as well as slopes and bottom). This work must include excavation of
drainage systems, trenches, and shafts required during the construction, and their shifting
to such locations that will ensure drainage of rain and spring water. Shoring and shuttering
of building pits, when required because of mechanical properties of soils and geological
conditions, must be performed in accordance with professional practice. The method of

shoring the excavated walls will be selected by the contractor himself, who is, however,
obliged to submit his shoring scheme (with static calculation) for the approval by the
supervising engineer, unless such a scheme has been included in the design and is being
carried out in accordance with it. If the actual state will depart in any way from the design,
the contractor must immediately take appropriate measures and must inform the
supervising engineer to that effect.
When excavating land reclamation channels, the excavated material may be temporarily
dumped at a place at an appropriate distance from the upper edge of the channel, on both
sides, if allowed by the conditions of the ground and by other circumstances, and if this
cannot be done, than on one side only. Fertile soil must be separated from other materials.
The work must be organised in such a way that in case of bad weather (storms and heavy
rain fall) already executed work will not suffer any damage. To ensure this, the contractor
must at all times provide effective means of drainage for all types of water (including spring
water). If the design does not specify that excavated material is to be used for specific
purposes, upon completion of the work the material must be spread and/or removed to
dumps designed for such a purpose, ensuring that fertile soil will be dumped in such a way
as to remain at the top.
The work must be executed so as to ensure the designed transverse and longitudinal
gradient. In principle, stagnant water must not be allowed to occur anywhere. All roots,
plants and other such obstacles must be cleared away and cut without claiming any extra
payment for this. Drainage ditches and flumes must be excavated according to the design.
All excavation surfaces must be even, ensuring the required inclination and rounding, to
avoid stagnant water or damage to the undisturbed or compacted soil.
During the work, possible weather and climatic changes with adverse effect on the
excavated areas should be taken into consideration by the contractor who must ensure
that the works will be organised in such a way that they will either be completed at the
same time, or earthwork will immediately be followed by excavation of drainage ditches
and flumes. The costs of any extra work and subsequently required work which would
result should the contractor not carry out the above mentioned drainage work must be
charged to the contractor.
In case of earthworks in soil of low bearing capacity with regard to the construction of side
embankments, side drainage ditches must be provided along the outer edge of side
embankments prior to excavation works, or simultaneously with levelling of the ground.
After completion of the work, drainage ditches must be finished or repaired. Side drainage
ditches of permanent type must be connected to the existing, regulated ditches or other
permanent drainage ditches.

Excavations for pavings and revetments must be carried out strictly in accordance with the
design or instructions by the supervising engineer. Sub-grade that will be paved or
provided with any other kind of revetment must conform to the specified conditions,
depending on the type of paving or revetment designed to be used.
1.4.3 Compensation of Quantities

The excavated materials must be used as shown in construction design, primarily for
carrying out the contractual works (embankments, backfills, etc.). Remaining surplus
material and unsuitable soil for construction purposes must either be used as specified by
the design or to be removed to waste dumps. The costs of loading, transportation,
dumping, windrowing, and spreading of surplus material, and backfilling and compacting of
fill material must be included in the unit price. When appropriate, the supervising engineer
must provide detailed instructions if the use of the excavated soil and/or rock material is
not specified by the design. In principle, quantities foreseen to be used for compensation
must be performed in accordance with the design.
1.4.4 Borrow Pits

If the use of borrow material is specified by the design and if such borrowing of the material
is related to costing, the contractor and the supervising engineer must jointly perform site
surveying of the location concerned before using any borrow material. Surveying reports
thus obtained - approved and signed by both parties - must be used as a basis for quantity
calculation.
The contractor must:

• Propose landscape treatment measurements after exploitation of a borrow pit;
• Obtain the approval from the supervising engineer for the proposed treatment of
the borrow pit;
• Develop the borrow pit area in accordance with the approved proposal.
If no specifications are used for borrow pits, where sufficient quantity of material is included
in the design and there is an evident lack of material in the road area, the borrow pit
location must be ensured by the contractor himself. In such a case, the contractor must
(with expenses charged to his own account) demonstrate the quality and the quantities of
the materials available and must submit for approval to the supervising engineer the
proposed borrow pit (including layout and cross-sections).
The layout must indicate the location where fertile soil, other surplus material, and the
material not suitable for construction purposes will be dumped. On the basis of such a

proposal and the demonstrated quality of the material the supervising engineer will grant
his approval for the borrow pit to be used.
The contractor must in due time obtain an approval from the supervising engineer for any
subsequent changes (widening or deepening) to the borrow pit. All the costs arising by
such works that are not included in the design must be borne by the contractor, and this
includes indemnification for using arable and other kind of land, as well as for any other
damage resulting thereof.
When opening up borrow pits for exploitation, drainage of rain and source water must be
provided.
1.4.5 Breakthroughs and Other Procedures

Breakthroughs for service trenches and/or other procedures and methods of execution
may be carried out by the contractor, if such methods of construction do not have an
adverse effect on the quality of the executed work and if the contractor does not demand
the amount to be paid for the cost of such work is increased in any way.
1.4.6 Obstacles
If during excavation any unexpected obstacles, such as pipes, cables, channels, drainage
elements, and remains of structures, isolated boulder, boundary stones, or similar objects
are encountered, the supervising engineer must be informed. The supervising engineer will
then specify appropriate measures to be taken by the contractor.
The protective measures to be taken by the contractor with regard to structures, pipes,
channels, drainage elements, cables, and similar objects must comply with applicable
regulations and instructions of the bodies in charge of such obstructive elements. Devices
that require special support during construction are not permitted to be loaded.
1.4.7 Working Area, Bottom, and Slopes
1.4.7.1 Working Area with Excavation of Foundations and Building Pits

A space of not more than 50 cm in width will be allowed to the contractor as the required
working area between a structure to be built and the wall of the building pit. The following
width of the working area will be considered as proper:
• With building pits without shoring, this will be the horizontal distance measured
between the foot of an excavation slope and the external side of the wall, or the
external side of the shuttering of a structure;

• With building pits provided with shoring, this will be the clear distance between the
shuttering of a pit and the external side of the wall, or the external side of the
shuttering of a structure, respectively. However, additional excavations for
construction site are not recognised in the case, where cement concrete, which is
to be placed into construction works walls, extends to the excavation walls.
In case of excavation of service trenches, the maximum clearing width of the working area
required will be considered to be (unless specified otherwise by the design) the width of
the outside diameter or the maximum cross-sectional width of a pipe, plus 40 cm added to
the outside diameter or to the maximum width of a pipeline respectively, but not less than
60 cm of total excavation width, for service trench depth of less than 2 m, and not less than
80 cm in width in case of greater depths. With trenches without shoring, the bottom width
will be considered as open width, and with trenches provided with shoring this will be the
spacing between shuttering.
1.4.7.2 Bottom
Bottom width will be specified by the design, including the required working area. The final
bottom depth (sub-grad level) will be as specified by the design either. The bottom of
foundation excavation must be horizontal, but in case of different depths it must be
benched. The bottom of service trenches and drains must be inclined and must be shaped
exactly as specified by the design. In the area of foundations the bottom of the excavation
will not be allowed to be loosened. It must be protected against damages that could be
caused by transportation, scarifying, under-washing, and frost action. Immediately before
concrete placement or masonry work, the damaged bottom of cohesive soil must be
excavated and replaced. With non-cohesive soil, the bottom must in such a case be
improved by appropriate compaction. The bottom of foundation excavations, building pits,
drainage ditches, or river training and ditches must be shaped strictly in accordance with
the design. The deviation of level of ± 2 cm from the designed grade line is allowed, unless
specified otherwise by the design. The evenness of the bottom may, at a stretch of 4 m in
length, depart from the measuring rod by as much as 3 cm in any direction.
If the contractor should make an excavation deeper than specified and if the fault for this
should lie on him, he must carry out all the repair operations which will be required by
static conditions and specified by the supervising engineer, without claiming any extra
payment. To ensure proper foundation work in cohesive soils, the last layer of an
excavation (of appropriate thickness) must not be excavated but must be left as a
protection against damage, unless specified otherwise by the design. Such a layer is only
permitted to be excavated immediately prior to resuming construction work (concrete
placement, placing of pipes, etc.).

When an excavation has been completed and accepted by approval, the contractor may
resume the construction work.
1.4.7.3 Slopes of Building Pits without Shoring

Slope inclination will depend on material properties and on the time period during which
the building pit will have to remain open. All loads and vibrations resulting from the works
being performed in the pit and in its surroundings must also be taken into consideration.
With materials that tend to dry, absorb water, freeze, or slump, the inclination of the slopes
must be less steep, and all appropriate measures must be taken to ensure water drainage
and prevent any damage. The choice of slope inclination will be left to the contractor,
unless specified otherwise by the design, but prior approval for this must be obtained from
the supervising engineer. During the construction, safety and maintenance of the slopes
must be ensured by the contractor.
At the upper edge of the slopes a protective belt of not less than 60 cm in width, and
serving as a berm, must be provided.
1.5 Quality of Execution

Excavation work must be carried out in such a way as to ensure proper quality and
conformity to the specifications and provisions of the technical conditions. The finished
surfaces of the excavations must all be conforming to design specifications.
With bulk excavation, the evenness of bottom sub-grade, as measured with a rod of 4 m in
length, may deviate:
• By not more than 3 cm from the measuring rod or measuring plane, when
excavating in soil;
• By not more than 5 cm, when excavating in rock.
The excavations of drainage ditches, flumes, and river training and land reclamation
trenches must be carried out in such a way as to ensure undisturbed dewatering. The
excavations of drainage ditches, flumes, and river training and land reclamation trenches,
designed to include some kind of revetment or rectification must be conform to the
designed measurements. Any variations, as a result of which the thickness of revetment or
trench rectification structure would be reduced, are not allowed. During the execution of
excavation work, the contractor must inform the supervising engineer on all problems
encountered that could affect the quality of the executed work as specified by technical
conditions. Should the contractor refrain from such notification, he must be exclusively
responsible for any repair that might be required as a consequence, and must bear the

costs of any such repair. All routine testing of the work, as appropriate, must be performed
by the contractor in accordance with these technical conditions.
1.6 Quality Control

The quality of the excavation must be checked by the supervising engineer during the
execution.
1.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work
1.7.1 Measurement of Work

The measurement of the executed work must be performed in accordance with the
following provisions:
• All excavations (topsoil stripping, bulk excavation, excavation of foundations,

service trenches, building pits, river training and land reclamation trenches,
drainage ditches and flumes, as well as those required for paving and revetment),
must be measured so as to show the actually excavated quantities, expressed in
cubic metres of various classes of material in undisturbed state, as per item 1.3.1.
• To determine quantities actually excavated, cross-sections must be used, which

must be established prior to and following the execution of an excavation. The
surface area of a section, measured from the upper edge of the excavation to its
bottom, must be considered.
• When determining quantities actually excavated, the material class, the thickness
of the individual layers, and the cross-section spacing are to be taken into account.
The actual quanties are only to be used in conjunction with the calculated unit
prices if they fall within the scope of the design or of changes approved or
requested by the supervising engineer.
With regard to measurement, the following, in particular, should also be taken into
consideration:
• With topsoil stripping, the thickness of the layer to be stripped must not be in
excess of 40 cm.
• With bulk excavation, lenses, pockets, and cavities of less than 1 m² (cross-section)
will be disregarded, while those of greater size must be deducted from individual
classes of material within the total surface area.
• When excavating foundations, service trenches, and building pits, the cost of the
actual excavation must be calculated in accordance with these provisions.

• To establish the average depth of the above mentioned types of excavation, the
average level of the ground and of the circumference of the excavation must be
taken as the reference level.
• With excavation of drainage ditches, the reference level must be taken to be the
average level of the ground and of the excavation in cross-sectional axis,
representing the mean value of both spot levels of undisturbed soil in the extreme
points of the channel.
All of the excavated material that will be used for any other purposes than embankments
and backfills, unless it is been replaced with material from borrow pits without claiming any
extra payment, must be deducted when establishing the quantities for cost calculation.
1.7.2 Take-over of Work

The executed works must be taken over in accordance with the provisions included in
these conditions.
1.8 Cost Calculation

The executed works must be calculated in accordance with the provisions included in
these conditions.
For the quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1, the costs must be
calculated on the basis of the contractual unit price of 1 m³ of excavated material,
separately for each class of material. Such unit price must include:
• All work in connection with excavation, loading, transportation, and dumping on

particular places on the side or on dumps, carried out in accordance with the
design or the instructions by the supervising engineer;
• All work in connection with grubbing (roots and stumps), including excavation of
soils of low bearing capacity and of high plasticity to viscous consistency;
• All work in connection with dumping of the material and preparation of permanent
and temporary dumps for surplus and unsuitable materials;
• Obtaining of appropriate land for permanent and temporary dumps, including

indemnification as appropriate;
• Grading of all excavations and affected adjacent areas;
• Clearance of site on completion and removal of surplus material;
• Removal of all the obstacles encountered during the execution of the works, with
the exception of such obstacles as far they are of historical and cultural importance;

• Maintenance of executed work until final acceptance.
Apart from what has been listed above, the unit price must further include in case of bulk
excavation:
• Slope preparation and removal from slopes of isolated boulders and rubble;
• Excavation of benches, either because specified by the design or because

subsequently found to be necessary.
In the case of all kinds of excavations of foundations and service trenches, the unit price
must further include:
• Shoring and shuttering of the trenches for foundations and services, as required
In the case of building pit excavation, the unit price must further include:
• Appropriate shuttering to be left in the building pit;
• Restoration to the original state of the affected structures and areas;
• Appropriate shoring and shuttering of the slopes of the building pit.
In the case of excavation of river training and land reclamation channels, the unit price
must further include:
• Sub-grad levelling work for paving and revetment as specified by the design; this
provision applies in the case when pavings and revetments will be carried out in
existing channels.

2 Subsoil Subgrade
2.1 Description
Subsoil levelling includes:
• Preparation of the subsoil for embanking, backfilling and/or barrier layer aggregate
placement, following completion of topsoil stripping or bulk excavation in soil or
rock, comprising the following:
• Rough grading;
• Compacting the surface layer of the subsoil;
• With improvement and chemical stabilisation this must also include:
• Supply and spreading of binder;
• Wetting;
• Mixing;
• Maintenance of subsoil surface until commencement of substructure

construction.
2.2 Basic Materials

Graded original subsoil, whether improved and/or stabilised, may be carried out in soil and
rock which does not contain materials that due to biochemical processes would eventually
change their mechanical and physical properties to such an extent that this would have an
adverse effect on stability.
The soil and rock material contained in the subsoil should ensure such a level of
compaction of the subsoil that the latter will be able to bear all the designed loads.
To improve and/or chemically stabilise the subsoil, quick lime, slaked lime, portland-
pozzolanic cement, metallurgical cement, fly ash, or fly-ash mortar should be used
primarily.
2.3.1 Soil and Rock Material

The soil and rock material in the subsoil must be classified in accordance with
section 1.3.1.

The soil and rock material in the subsoil must fulfil the following conditions:
1. The moisture level in soil or rock material must be sufficient to allow appropriate
density to be obtained by compacting. If a soil moisture that allows a proper level of
compaction can neither be obtained by improvement nor by chemical stabilisation,
other technical and technological procedures of appropriate kind must be carried
out (for example, horizontal and/or vertical drainage);
2. The content of topsoil and organic matter may not be in excess of the quantity
specified by the supervising engineer. With the maximum allowed content of topsoil
and/or organic matter, the solution of caustic soda may not be coloured in excess
of dark yellow, when using the Abrams'-Harder calorimetric test (see ARCS 8).
2.3.1.1 Soils
The suitability for use of the soils in the subsoil must be established by preliminary testing
of characteristic samples. The following properties must be checked:
• Moisture content;
• Optimum moisture content and maximum density in accordance with the standard
proctor compaction test;
• Consistency limits;
• Content of topsoil and organic matter.
The presence of medium- and high-plasticity clays (viscosity limit WL > 35% and plasticity
index Ip > 12%) is not permitted beneath sub-grade formation, to maximum 0.5 m under
the capping layer formation level, unless they are improved or chemically stabilised.
The principle criterion to determinate the suitability and the quality of the soil for chemical
stabilisation is the weather resistance of chemically stabilised soil. The type and number of
tests must be specified by the supervising engineer.
2.3.1.2 Rock material

In general, all classes of rock are suitable for subsoil grading.
When rock material is expected to contain excessive quantities of topsoil and/or organic
matter, appropriate tests must be carried out upon the request of the supervising engineer.

2.3.2 Binders
To improve and/or chemically stabilise the layers of soil under the subsoil, any such binder
may be used to ensure the required properties of the improved soil and/or stabilisation
mixture of soil and binder.
Each binder must be submitted to preliminary testing, to determine its suitability for use,
which depends on the following:
• Type of binder;
• Binding capacity (compressive strength);
• Blaine fineness (specific surface area);
• Starting and completion of binding.
The type and number of tests must be specified by the supervising engineer.
2.3.3 Preliminary Testing of Materials

Before starting with subsoil levelling, all the required properties of soil, rock, binders, and
stabilisation mixtures must be tested, usually by testing a characteristic sample of each
material. In special cases the supervising engineer may decide that a greater number of
samples be submitted for preliminary testing.
All preliminary tests, designed to establish the suitability for the use of soil and rock
materials, must be ensured or carried out by the contractor, unless appropriate test results
have been included in design documents or some additional document. The contractor will
have no right to claim any extra payment for such tests.
2.4.1 Rough Grading

Upon completion of stripping overburden or bulk excavation, subsoil must be rough-
graded, to ensure the best possible water drainage allowed by the conditions of the terrain.
The work must be executed in accordance with design specifications and the appropriate
technical conditions.
2.4.2 Improvement and/or Chemical Stabilisation of the Subsoil by Means of

Binders
The improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the soil by binders will be required to
ensure appropriate stability of the subsoil.

The binders for the improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the soil must be spread
over the surface of the subsoil that has prior to that been rough-graded, in such a way and
in such quantities as to ensure uniform distribution of the binder added (proportioning
accuracy of ±1 kg/m²) and the required properties of the material. By using appropriate
machinery, the binder that has been spread must be mixed with natural material, usually in
a layer not less than 20 cm thick, to obtain a uniform mixture of the natural material and the
binder. If necessary to ensure uniform and optimum moisture content in the improved
and/or chemically stabilised soil, water must be added in such proportions as required, by
using a suitable method. By mixing, a uniform mixture of the soil and the binder, with
appropriate water content, must be provided throughout the designed thickness of a layer.
Operations of improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the soil in the subsoil may only
be carried out in warm and dry weather (temperatures above + 3 °C).
2.4.3 Compaction
Upon completion of grading and mixing operations, the original subsoil and the improved
and/or stabilised soils in the subsoil must be compacted across the entire width of a layer
by using smooth-wheeled and/or pneumatic-tyred rollers. The areas inaccessible to rollers
must be compacted as designed by using other compacting equipment and operations that
will be approved by the supervising engineer who will also establish the conditions under
which such equipment and operations should be used. Prior to any compacting equipment
and technological operation, their suitability for use must be tested.
Before commencing with compaction, the layer of the original subsoil, improved subsoil,
and/or stabilisation mixture must contain as much water that proper compaction can be
carried out. If necessary, the supervising engineer may specify such additional procedures
as will ensure appropriate moisture content and appropriate placing of the soil, rock, and/or
mixture. While compacting operations, tests with regard to the quality of road bed sub-
grading will not immediately be followed by embanking, backfilling or placing of barrier
layer aggregate, but only after a longer period of time and in various weather conditions.
Before resuming the work, the level of compaction of the soil beneath the sub-grade must
be checked again. The work may only be resumed if the quality will be conformed to the
requirements.
2.4.4 Storage of Binders

Principally, binders for the improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the subsoil must
be stored either in silos or in tanks designed for the storage of binder materials.

2.5.1 Level of Compaction

The level of compaction of the layer under subsoil sub-grade must be demonstrated by the
contractor by the results of routine tests.
The layers of natural, improved, and/or chemically stabilised soil and rock materials under
subsoil level must be demonstrated by the necessary compaction rate and the appropriate
bearing capacity as specified in Table 2.1. The levels of compaction, as specified in
Table 2.1, represent average values. The lower limit value must not be by more than 3%
less than the corresponding average value specified.
At any measuring point, the level of compaction of the layer under subsoil sub-grade must
not be less than the lower limit value. Inappropriately compacted soil and/or rock material
under sub-grade level must be compacted by the contractor in accordance with the these
specifications, without claiming any extra payment.
If inappropriately compacted areas of sub-grade should subsequently be located by the

supervising engineer on the basis of the results as shown by routine tests and/or control
tests, the supervising engineer will use his own discretion with regard to any further
measures to be taken.
2.5.2 Bearing Capacity

When not measuring the level of compaction, the bearing capacity of subsoil subgrade
must be demonstrated by the contractor by the results of routine tests of bearing capacity,
by measuring the deformation modulus Ev2.
The required values of the deformation modulus Ev2 are shown in Table 2.1.
The deformation modulus ratio Ev2:Ev1 must not be in excess of 2.2. If the measured
value of the deformation modulus Ev1 reaches over 50% of the required value of Ev2, the
required ratio must not be decisive in determining the bearing capacity of sub-grade. As a
rule, the bearing capacity of sub-grade, incorporating improved and/or chemically
stabilised soil, may not be tested earlier than seven days after compaction. The required
values of bearing capacity pursuant to Table 2.1 represent lower limit values. The
minimum value of each measurement (up to 5% of total number of measurements) may be
less than or equal to 20%. If areas with inappropriate bearing capacity of sub-grade should
subsequently be located by the supervising engineer on the basis of the results of routine
and/or control tests, the supervising engineer will use his own discretion with regard to any
further measures to be taken.

Required level of compaction with Required bearing

Description of works regard to material density capacity
SPP MPP Ev2

% % MN/m²
Sub-grade of the subsoil more than 2 m under
road bed sub-grade level, of:
- soil 92 — —
- improved soil 92 — —
- chemically stabilised soil 92 — —
- rock — 92 —
Sub-grade formation level at maximum 0.5 m
under the capping layer formation level of:
- soil 95 — 15
- improved soil 95 — 20
- chemically stabilised soil 95 — 30
- rock — 92 60
Sub-grade formation level on the capping layer
formation level of:
- soil 98 — 20
- improved soil 98 — 25
- chemically stabilised soil 98 — 40
- rock — 92 80
SPP = Standard Proctor Procedure

MPP = Modified Proctor Procedure
Table 2.1: Compaction Levels and Bearing Capacities
2.5.3 Chemically Stabilised Soil and/or Rock Materials

The properties of the natural materials, chemically stabilised with binders (stabilisation
mixtures), must be demonstrated by the contractor by test results, that is:
• Compressive strength of test samples, with tests performed on test samples

maintained for seven days and prepared in accordance with specifications for the
preparation of test samples by application of appropriate Proctor test procedure,
the value of which must be:
• Not less than 0.4 MN/m² with soil;
• Not less than 1.5 MN/m² with rock materials;
• Weather resistance, after seven days, of test samples prepared as specified above,
given by the ratio between compressive strength of dry samples and that of the
samples soaked with water for 24 hours, the value of which must not be less than
0.70.

When appropriate, the supervising engineer may modify the above mentioned
specifications concerning the quality of chemically stabilised natural materials used for the
layers under sub-grade. The required values of compressive strength of stabilisation
mixtures represent the average values. The lower limit value may be less than the required
value by 0.1 or 0.2 MN/m² respectively, and the lowest allowed limit value by 0.2 and
0.5 MN/m² respectively.
2.5.4 Evenness and Level of Subsoil Sub-grade
2.5.4.1 Evenness
At a stretch of 4 m in length in any direction with regard to the road axis, the following
deviations of sub-grade from the measuring rod or the plane of measurement will be
allowed:
• With original soils and with improved and/or chemically stabilised subsoil: Not more
than 3 cm;
• With rock materials: Not more than 5 cm.
2.5.4.2 Level
At any point, sub-grade may deviate from the designed spot level to the following extent:
• With original soils and with improved and/or chemically stabilised subsoil: Not more
than ± 2.5 cm;
• With rock materials: Not more than ± 4 cm.
2.6 Quality Control
2.6.1 Material Quality Control

When starting with subsoil improvement, the characteristic properties of the materials, as
established by previous tests, should be checked to see if they are conform to the
properties of test samples of materials taken from the commencement of work.
When starting with placing operations, the contractor must produce valid test reports
concerning the quality of binder materials that will be used for the improvement and/or
chemical stabilisation of the natural materials (in accordance with general technical
conditions). The contractor may only use a particular binder for the improvement and/or
chemical stabilisation of the materials when the use of such a binder has been approved
by the supervising engineer.

2.6.2 Testing the Quality of Work
2.6.2.1 Preliminary Tests

At the commencement of work, the following must be checked by preliminary testing (at an
appropriate test area and as instructed by the supervising engineer):
• Suitability for use of the materials (as per section 2.3.1) by using at least 2—3 test
samples;
• Suitability for use of the binders (as per section 2.3.2) by using at least 1—2 test
samples;
• Quantity of the spread binder (as per section 2.4.2) by using at least 2—3 test
samples;
• Properties of the improved natural material (as per section 2.4.2) by using at least
two test samples;
• Subsoil sub-grade by taking not less than 15 measurements of density and

moisture content in the materials by isotopic analysis (as per section 2.5.1);
• Compaction degree of subsoil (as per section 2.5.1) by taking not less than three
measurements of deformation modulus;
• Properties of the stabilisation mixture of chemically stabilised natural material (as

per item 2.5.3) by taking at least one or two test samples;
• Evenness and level of sub-grade (as per section 2.5.4) by taking not less than
three to five measurements.
Before the commencement of work, the technological operation, the type of compacting
equipment and its depth effect must be established for each characteristic material of the
sub-grade.
2.6.2.2 Routine Tests

On the basis of the results of preliminary tests the supervising engineer will define the
scope of routine tests concerning the stabilisation of subsoil.
• The routine testing of materials, binders, and stabilisation mixtures, to be performed

by the contractor prior to placing operations, must include:
o Testing of materials:
Moisture content (with soils only) per 40 m¹

Topsoil content per 400 m¹
Consistency limits of soils per 400 m¹
Optimum moisture content and density per 400 m¹
o Testing of binders per 500 tons of delivered binder
o Testing of stabilisation mixtures:
Optimum moisture content and density per 400 m¹
• The routine tests to be performed by the contractor during placing operations must
include:
o Measurements of moisture content and density (isotope analysis) per 20 m¹
o Measurements of bearing capacity (deformation modulus) per 100 m¹
o Testing of stabilisation mixtures:
Measurements of moisture content and density per 200 m¹
Quantity of the spread binder per 100 m¹
Compressive strength (two test samples) per 100 m¹
Qeather resistance (two test samples) per 200 m¹
o Testing of the quantity of protective spray coating per 100 m¹
o Measurement of sub-grade evenness per 20 m¹
o Measurement of sub-grade level per 40 m¹
In case of considerable deviations, with regard to the results of preliminary tests should be
revealed by routine tests, the supervising engineer may choose subsequently to change
the scope of routine tests. In case of conformity of the results, however, the supervising
engineer may also reduce the scope of routine tests.
2.6.2.3 Control Tests

As a rule, the ratio between the scope of control tests performed by the employer and
routine tests must be 1:4.
The sampling points for control tests and the measuring points for evenness, level, degree
of compaction, moisture content and bearing capacity measurement must as a rule be
specified by the supervising engineer on the basis of statistical random selection.


The executed work must be measured in accordance with these conditions. The scope of
all work done in connection with subsoil sub-grading must be calculated in square metres.
The quantities must be measured to show the scope and kind of work actually executed,
within the scope of the design. The contractor must provide relevant documentary
evidence for those quantities of binders that have been delivered to the site.
2.7.2 Take-over of work

The sub-grade must be taken over by the supervising engineer in accordance with quality
specifications included in the present conditions. Any defects that might be found and are
not being conform to these quality specifications must be removed by the contractor prior
to resuming work. The costs of the removal of all such defects must be charged to the
contractor, including the costs of all types of measurement and tests that will demonstrate
the inappropriate quality of the executed work, as well as of such retesting as will be
required upon having affected the necessary repairs, to determine the quality of work.
For any work not conforming to the requirements of these conditions, and which the
contractor will fail to repair in accordance with the instructions of the supervising engineer,
the contractor must not have the right to claim any payment whatsoever. In such a case,
the employer must have the right to an extension of the warranty period to not less than
five years for all work depending on the defective work that has not been repaired.
2.8.1 General
For quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1, costs must be calculated on
the basis of contractual unit price. The contractual unit price must include all the services
required for total completion of the work. The contractor has no right to claim any extra
payment.
2.8.2 Deduction for Non-conformity of Quality
2.8.2.1 Materials
Due to the stipulation that appropriate quality of the materials should be ensured, no
deduction will be allowed when calculating the cost of the executed work.

2.8.2.2 Binder Materials

Due to the contractual stipulation, that appropriate quality of the binders for the
improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the materials should be ensured, no costing
deduction will be allowed.
2.8.2.3 Degree of Compaction and Bearing Capacity

Lower limit values of compaction and bearing capacity measurements and individual
values decreasing to the minimum value of bearing capacity measurements (up to 5% of
total number of measurements) mean 100% value per single price offered.
2.8.2.4 Stabilisation Mixture

The lower limit value of quality must mean the 100% value as comprised in the offer price,
and the maximum lower limit value must mean the quality of work without any value. The
interim values must be calculated by linear interpolation.
2.8.2.5 Evenness of Sub-grade

Due to the contractual stipulation that appropriate evenness of the sub-grade should be
provided, no cost deduction will be allowed.
2.8.2.6 Sub-grade Level

Due to the contractual stipulation that appropriate level of the sub-grade should be
provided, no cost deduction will be allowed.

3 Drainage and Filter Layers, and the Working Field
3.1 Description
The work comprises the following:
• Supply and placing of stony material for drainage and filter layers, and for the
working field at locations and in a manner in compliance with design specifications
or instructions by the supervising engineer, as well as in accordance with these
conditions;
• Supply and placing of materials other than stone (e.g., polypropylene felt), used as
drainage and filter layers, in accordance with design specifications or instructions
by the supervising engineer, as well as in accordance with these conditions.
3.2 Basic Materials

For drainage and filter layers, and the working field, natural and/or crushed stone, which
must conform to the specifications contained herein, will mostly be suitable for application.
Besides of mineral aggregates, also materials other than stones may be used, but they
must also conform to the applicable specifications contained herein.
3.3.1 General
Mineral aggregates for drainage and filter layers, and the working field must be obtained
directly from excavations and/or borrow pits (gravel pits, quarries, sand pits), and/or
indirectly by crushing. The mixtures of mineral aggregates for drainage and filter layers and
the working field must comprise individual fractions in such a ratio which are fulfil the
requirements set in accordance with their designed use.
3.3.2 Rock Materials for Drainage and Filter Layers, and the Works Area
The mixtures of mineral aggregates for drainage and filter layers and the working field
must be in conformity to the requirements with regard to the following:
• Compressive strength;
• Mineral aggregate gradation curve;
• Topsoil content;
• Degree of stone hardness.

The compressive strength of the rock from which mineral aggregate mixtures will be
obtained for drainage and filter layers and the working field must not be less than 80 MPa.
The compressive strength of the grains, to be used for drainage and filter layers, must
comply with USBR conditions concerning the limit values of grading curve:
d15 F
12 < ———— < 40
d15 Z
d50 F
12 < ———— < 40
d50 Z
where:
d15 F = grain diameter with 15% passing of the mixture for drainage and filter
layers;
d15 Z = grain size with 15% passing of the soil to be prevented from penetrating
into adjacent and filter layers;
d50 F = grain diameter with 50% passing of the mixture for drainage and filter
layers;
d50 Z = grain size with 50% passing of the soil to be prevented from penetrating
into adjacent layers.
The diameter of the biggest size of stone aggregate in the mixtures, to be used for
drainage and filter layers, must not be in excess of two thirds of the thickness of a layer
(layer thickness = 1.5 x diameter of the greatest-sized grain).
If there is a felt layer placed as an intermediate layer between the drainage and/or filter
layer(s) and soil of rock material, the composition of rock material mixture must be defined
with the discontinuous grading coefficient U = d60/d10 and water permeability coefficient.
However, if there is a felt layer placed between soil and the drainage and/or filter layer(s),
the U coefficient must be higher than three, when the mixture consists of several fractions;
in the case of single-sized stone aggregate (basic fraction) the U coefficient value does not
have a specified lower limit.

Square opening of screen Limit value of passing Limit value of passing

(side) length in mm lower % m/m upper % m/m
0.71 0 0
2.0 0 9
4.0 0 26
8.0 40 70
16.0 80 100
31.5 100 100
Table 3.1: Determinants of coefficient of uniformity

in mineral aggregate mixtures
In case of mineral aggregate mixtures to be used for drainage and filter layers, the
coefficient of uniformity U = d60/d10 must be greater than eight, if such a mixture has been
placed without additionally placing an intermediate layer of some other materials. If,
however, between the soil and the drainage and/or filter layer a drainage and/or filter layer
of a material other than stone (e.g., polypropylene felt) has been placed, the coefficient of
uniformity (U) of the layer of mineral aggregates must be higher than three. d60 is grain
diameter (i.e., screen opening) with 60% passing of mineral aggregate mixture, and d10 is
grain diameter with 10% passing. Rates of grains which are less than 0.063 mm in size
contained in the stone grain mixture in a filter layer must not exceed 5% m/m (subsequent
to placement).The nominal grading of the mineral aggregate mixture for the working field
may be between 0/32 and 0/63 mm. The biggest grain size may be 100 mm. The portion of
the grains of less than 0.063 mm, contained in the stone grain mixture for the working field,
may not be in excess of 10% m/m (subsequent to placement).
Water permeability coefficient in particles for drainage and/or filter layers, covered with felt,
and for top slab must be C ≥ 10-3 cm/s. The test sample must be treated according to
MPP (Modified Proctor Procedure)
The coefficient of uniformity U must be 5—50 in the case of the grain mixture used for the
working field.
The topsoil contained in a mineral aggregate mixture will be allowed to colour the caustic
soda solution only to the degree of dark yellow.
The mineral aggregate mixtures used for drainage and filter layers must not contain:
• Clay slate and micaceous and graphitic schist;
• Clay-like and glauconitic sandstone;
• Marl and marl-like aggregate material.

The locations where mineral aggregates for drainage and filter layers will be obtained must
be communicated to the supervising engineer by the contractor before starting with
exploitation. Also submitted to the supervising engineer must be the documentary
evidence of material quality, and the approval for the application must be obtained from
such authority.
3.3.3 Non-mineral Materials for Drainage and Filter Layers

Minimum conditional requirements for non-mineral drainage and filter layer properties must
comply with the conditions of the geotechnical expert report.
The selected non-mineral drainage or filter layers must be defined with a general
description of:
• Type of material;
• Dimensions.
The geotechnical expert report usually defines the following properties that must be
checked upon completion:
Unit of Minimum
Characteristics Testing procedure
measure requirements
Strength characteristics:
- tensile strength in cross and longitudinal direction N/m % 120/80 SIST EN 29073
- rupture elongation 40
Drainage characteristics:
- effective pore openings < 100 SIST EN ISO 12956
- permeability coefficient 1 x 10-3 SIST EN ISO 11058
- permittivity 1.2 SIST EN ISO 11058
Filter characteristics:
- effective pore opening < 80 SIST EN ISO 12956
- permeability coefficient 1 x 10-4 SIST EN ISO 11058
- permittivity 1.2 SIST EN ISO 11058
Table 3.2: Properties of Materials Checked


Before starting with placement of drainage and filter layers, and with working field
construction, all the contractual stipulated properties of the materials must be tested, and
for this purpose two characteristic test samples of each material will usually suffice. In
special cases a greater number of test samples for preliminary testing may be specified by
the supervising engineer. All preliminary tests for determining the suitability for use of the
materials must be ensured by the contractor, unless relevant test results have been
included in design documents or some additional document. The contractor will have no
right to claim any extra payment for such tests.
3.4.1 Base Layer Sub-grading

The sub-grade, on which drainage and/or filter layers are designed to be placed on must,
before the commencement of placing the drainage and/or filter layers and working field
construction, be prepared in accordance with design specifications and these technical
conditions. The sub-grade of the layer on which the drainage and/or filter layer of the
material other than mineral aggregates will be placed must first be prepared as specified in
these conditions.
3.4.2 Dumping in Layers of Mineral Aggregates for Drainage and Filter Layers,
and the Working Field
The mineral aggregates for drainage and filter layers, and the working field may only be
dumped in layers onto a suitably prepared sub-grade of the base layer after taking over of
the sub-grade and after having obtained approval from the supervising engineer.
For dumping in layers at a placing site, suitable equipped vehicles and/or spreading
machines that will ensure the required distribution of the material in uniform layers or strips
must be used. The thickness of the layers of spread material must conform to the designed
thickness. In case of multi-layer placing of material, each individual layer must be
appropriately shaped and stabilised before starting to dump the material of the next layer.
When dumping the material in layers at a placing site, the passes of the vehicles should be
evenly distributed across the entire area of the spread layer of material, to prevent the
vehicles from causing excessive local compaction of drainage and/or filter layers, and the
working field. Vehicles with muddy wheels or undercarriage will not be allowed to drive
across the areas where stony material has already been spread and compacted. With sub-
grade of the soils of very low bearing capacity (e.g., swamp land or marsh land), for which
special technological conditions concerning the placement of drainage and/or filter layers,
and working field construction have been specified by the design, as a rule, the following

provisions must also apply, unless specified otherwise by some additional technological
conditions:
• The mixture of mineral aggregates (as per section 3.3.2) must be spread on a
previously laid polypropylene felt in accordance with the design and these
conditions;
• At the sections where vertical drainage has been designed, the mixture of mineral
aggregates for the working field must be placed before constructing the vertical
drainage, following which the mixture for the drainage and/or filter layer must be
placed.
3.4.3 Spreading and Profiling of Mineral Aggregate Mixtures to Form Drainage

and Filter Layers
Each layer of material that has been spread must be graded, to obtain the profile and
inclination as required by the design. The grading must be performed by appropriate
machinery.
With the sub-grade of the soils of very low bearing capacity, for which special technological
conditions concerning the placement of drainage and/or filter layers, and working field
construction have been specified by the design, as a rule, the following provisions must
also apply, unless specified otherwise by the above mentioned technological conditions:
• Following filling operations, the mixture of mineral aggregates (as per section 3.3.2)
must be spread by a light-duty bulldozer or grader;
• Filling operations may be performed by dumping the materials in layers over the
drainage and/or filter layers, and the working field only.
3.4.4 Compacting the Mineral Aggregates for Drainage and Filter Layers
Upon completion of spreading, each layer must be compacted across its entire width by
using smooth or pneumatic rollers. As a rule, rolling must be performed from the lower to
the higher edge. The required number of roller passes must be determined by testing the
level of compaction during the execution of work. If the designed level of compaction
cannot be achieved, further compacting must be performed in accordance with the
instructions by the supervising engineer. The areas inaccessible to rollers must be
compacted by other appropriate compacting equipment, the application of which must be
approved by the supervising engineer, who must also specify the conditions under which
such compacting equipment may be applied.
The suitability for use of such compacting equipment and of the technological procedure
must previous to their application be tested in accordance with these conditions. With the

soils of very low bearing capacity, for which special technological conditions concerning
the placement of drainage and/or filter layers, and working field construction have been
specified by the design, as a rule, the following provision must also apply, unless specified
otherwise by the above mentioned technological conditions:
To compact the mixture of mineral aggregates for drainage and/or filter layers, and the
working field (as per section 3.3.2), light-weight rollers of not more than 10 kN must be
used (for surface shaping, and to prevent that a layer be penetrated by fine particles from
the next fill layer).
3.4.5 Storage of Mineral Aggregates and the Material other than Stones, Used
for Drainage and Filter Layers
If before placing the mineral aggregates and the material other than stone, that will be
used for drainage and/or filter layers, and the working field, the contractor must store such
material, the place for such storage must prior to that be prepared and cleaned, to prevent
contamination of the material by dirt. The storage depot for the materials other than stone,
used for drainage and/or filter layers, and the working field, must also conform to the
requirements specified by the producer.
3.4.6 Method of Execution of Drainage and Filter Layers of Polypropylene Felt

Polypropylene felt is only permissible to be laid over areas prepared in accordance with
these conditions, and in the following manner:
• By sewing of overlaps of approximately 10 cm in width;
• By heat sealing of overlaps of 10—15 cm in width;
• By free overlapping of 50 cm in width.
Only when sewing and sealing operations may be hindered by bad weather conditions is it
permitted to apply free overlapping (50 cm) when laying individual strips of polypropylene
felt. As a rule, polypropylene felt which has been laid must on the same day be covered
with fill material, which means that its laying will depend on the progression of work in
accordance with the schedule. Rolls of polypropylene felt must be protected and stored in
accordance with the instructions of the supplier and the manufacturer, respectively.
No removal operation is permitted immediately over the laid polypropylene felt.

Transportation with vehicles is only permissible over drainage and/or filter layers, or the
working field of stony material of appropriate thickness (not less than 40 cm) that has been
front-tipped and spread over the polypropylene felt.

3.5.1 Sub-grade Bearing Capacity

The bearing capacity of the sub-grade of drainage and/or filter layers and the working field
must be established, unless specified otherwise in these conditions. As a rule, the bearing
capacity of the layers must be established by measuring the deformation modulus. At the
sub-grade of a drainage and/or filter layer, the deformation modulus Ev2 must be at least
45 MN/m², and the deformation modulus ratio Ev2:Ev1 must be either less than or equal to
2.2. At the sub-grade of the working field, the deformation modulus must not be less than
30 MN/m².
3.5.2 Evenness of Sub-grade

At a stretch of 4 m in length in any direction with regard to the road axis, the sub-grade of a
drainage and/or filter layer may deviate from the measuring rod or the plane of
measurement by not more than 30 mm, and the sub-grade of the working field by not more
than 50 mm. The stipulated evenness must be attained. No extra payment may be claimed
by the contractor for any repairs that might be required to be done on the work that has
already been executed (to fulfil such a stipulation).
3.5.3 Sub-grade Level

At any point, the level of the sub-grade of drainage and/or filter layers will be allowed to
deviate from the designed spot level by not more than: ∆t=30 mm, and the sub-grade of
the working field by ± 50 mm.
The stipulated level of the sub-grade of drainage and/or filter layers and the working field
must be attained. No extra payment may be claimed by the contractor for any repairs that
might be required to be done on work that has already been executed, to fulfill such a
stipulation.
3.6 Quality Control
3.6.1 Quality Control with Materials for Drainage and/or Filter Layers
When starting with placing operations, grading of the material that should be prevented
from penetrating into the layers placed above such material, and grading of the material for
drainage and/or filter layers, and the working field must be tested. On the basis of the
results of such tests the supervising engineer may require the technology used for the
preparation of drainage, filter, and working field material to be changed and adapted as
appropriate to the material already incorporated in the base layer.

If at the commencement of placing operations the contractor should fail to provide a valid
test report evidencing the quality of the stone grain mixture and/or grain mixture of
materials other than stone, that will be used for drainage and/or filter layers, and the
working field, such tests as are specified in sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 of these conditions
must be carried out at the commencement of placing operations. The number of individual
tests to be performed must be specified by the supervising engineer, depending on the
origin of the material concerned.
3.6.2 Testing the Quality of Placement of Drainage and Filter Layers, and of
Working Field Construction
3.6.2.1 Bearing Capacity

At the commencement of placing operations, the bearing capacity must be checked by not
less than three measurements of deformation modulus.
3.6.2.2 Evenness and Level of Sub-grade

At the commencement of placing operations, the evenness and the level of the sub-grade
must be checked by not less than 30 measurements.
3.6.3 Routine Tests

The scope and the method of performing routine tests must be specified by the supervising
engineer.
Routine tests to be performed by the contractor must include the following:
• Grading analysis of the material for the base layer, drainage and filter layers, and
the working field, performed on every 40 m¹ of the road;
• Measurement of bearing capacity (deformation modulus) at the sub-grade of

drainage and filter layers, and the working field, performed on every 100 m¹ of the
road;
• Measurement of sub-grade evenness and level, performed on every 20 m¹ of the

road; -testing of polypropylene felt, on every 400 m¹ of the road.
If considerable deviations of the results should be revealed by routine tests, the

supervising engineer may choose subsequently to change the scope of the tests.
The quality of the incorporated drainage or filter layers and of the working field may also be
determined by any other established method, if approved by the supervising engineer. In

that case, however, such an approval by the supervising engineer must specify the criteria
for quality evaluation.
3.6.4 Control Tests

As a rule, the ratio of the control test performed by the employer to the routine tests must
be 1:4.
The measuring points where the bearing capacity, evenness, and the level of the sub-
grade will be measured must be selected by the supervising engineer on the basis of
statistical random selection.

The executed works must be measured in accordance with these conditions and with the
• The quantity of the incorporated stone grain mixture for drainage and filter layers
and the working field must be measured in cubic metres of compacted material, by
taking into consideration the actual measurements of the executed works within the
scope of the design. The measurement specified in the design must be considered
as the limit (maximum) thickness of an incorporated layer;
• The quantity of the polypropylene felt that has been laid must be measured in
square metres of the felt laid, by taking into consideration the actual measurements
of the executed works, and with specified overlaps not measured separately.
The contractor must provide relevant documentary evidence of the quantities of

polypropylene felt delivered to the construction site.

The executed works must be taken over in accordance with these conditions.
3.8.1 General
The value of work done must be calculated in accordance with these conditions and with
the following provisions:

For the quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1 the costs must be
calculated on the basis of contractual unit price which must include all the services in
connection with supply, placing, transportation, and all other works specified by the design
and these conditions for the total completion of the work, so that the contractor must have
no right to claim any extra payment whatsoever.
The cost of the stone grain mixtures for drainage and filter layers and the working field
must be calculated per cubic metre of the material placed. The cost of the material other
than stone, used for drainage and filter layers, and the working field, must, depending on
its composition, be calculated per cubic or square metre of the material placed.
3.8.2.1 Stony Materials

Due to the stipulation that appropriate quality of stony materials should be provided, no
3.8.2.2 Polypropylene Layer

The lower limit value of quality must mean the 100% value per contractual unit price, and
the maximum lower limit value must mean the work without any value. The intermediate
values must be calculated by linear interpolation.
When calculating the costs, the scope of the work, the quality of which will be marked by a
certain level of non-conformity, must be taken into consideration accordingly.
3.8.2.3 Sub-grade Bearing Capacity

The required deformation modulus Ev2 of not less than 45 MN/m² or 30 MN/m² (as per
item 3.5.1) must mean the lower limit value. The maximum allowed lower limit value must
mean the value of Ev2 reduced by 20%.The intermediate values must be determined by
linear interpolation.

Due to the stipulation that appropriate evenness of the sub-grade of drainage and filter
layers, and the working field should be provided (as per section 3.5.2), no deduction will be
allowed when calculating the costs.


Due to the stipulation that appropriate level of the sub-grade of drainage and filter layers,
and the working field should be provided (as per section 3.5.3), no deduction will be
allowed when calculating the costs.

4 Embankments, Backfills, Barrier Layer Aggregate, Road Bed,

and Rammed Loam Construction
4.1 General
The work includes:
• Machine spreading of fill material;
• Machine and/or manual spreading of backfill material in foundation excavations,

service trenches, building pits, river training and land reclamation channels,
drainage ditches, and flumes;
• Machine and/or manual spreading of barrier layer aggregate behind structures or at

transition from the cuts in rock to soil embankments;
• Machine and/or manual spreading of the material for road bed. in accordance with
specifications in the design and/or by the supervising engineer, as well as in
accordance with these conditions;
• Moistening, mixing, rough grading, and compacting the material of embankments,

backfills, and barrier layer aggregate constructions, in the scope and quality as
specified by the design and by these conditions;
• Machine spreading of the material used for preloading and overloading at the
designed places, carried out in accordance with these conditions;
• Construction of the road bed of the size and quality as specified by the design and
these conditions;
• Rammed loam construction provided at the designed places in accordance with

these conditions, including delivery and placing of cohesive soil.
4.2 Basic Materials
4.2.1 General
The materials that may be used for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate
construction, and road bed include suitable types of light and heavy soil, soft and hard
rock, and fly ash from thermal power stations and heating plants. The embankments,
backfills, barrier layer aggregate, and road bed must not incorporate the soils of low
bearing capacity and other materials that would eventually change their mechanical and
physical properties as a result of biochemical processes.The materials used for
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, and road bed may be obtained from
excavations within the road area and/or from borrow pits. For rammed loam construction
only cohesive soil (clay, silty clay) may be used.

4.2.2 Binders for Improvement and Chemical Stabilisation

For improving or chemically stabilising the natural materials in embankments, backfills,
barrier layer aggregate construction, and road bed, it is permissible mostly to use hydraulic
binders, that is, pulverised quick lime and hydrated lime, pozzolanic or metallurgical
cement, and fly ash to which an appropriate quantity of lime must be added, to incite and
ensure the binding effect (fly ash mortar). Tar and bitumen binders may be used as well.
4.2.3 Quality of Materials

For embankment construction, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, and road bed
construction, and for rammed loam construction, the materials must be used in accordance
with the classification of soil and rock as given in section 1.3.1.
The materials for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, road bed, and rammed
loam construction must fulfil the following conditions:
• Moisture content in the material must be such as to allow appropriate density to be

obtained by compacting;
• The topsoil included in the material may not cause the solution of caustic soda to
be coloured in excess of dark yellow, when using the Abrams'-Harder calorimetric
test.
4.2.4 Soils
The suitability for use of the soils must be established by preliminary testing of the
characteristic soil samples obtained from an excavation area and/or borrow pit. The
following properties must be checked:
• Moisture content;
• Optimum moisture content and the maximum density in accordance with standard
Proctor compaction test;
• Consistency limits;
• Content of topsoil and organic matter.
Medium and high plasticity types of clay (with viscosity limit WL 35% and plasticity index Ip
12%) will not be allowed to be incorporated in finishing layers. unless they be chemically
stabilised. The principle criterion for determining whether the quality of the soil is suitable
for chemical stabilisation is the weather resistance of the chemically stabilised soil. Sifting
curve of coherent soil granulation for rammed loam construction must be within the
following limited levels:

Grain diameter Limit values of cross

mm sections % m/m
0.002 40—70
0.02 50—90
0.09 85—100
Table 4.1: Limits for Sifting

Curve of Soil Granulation
The water permeability coefficient of the cohesive soil used for rammed loam construction
must be:
k ≥ 10-6 cm/s
The type and number of tests must be specified by the supervising engineer.
4.2.5 Rock Material

The suitability for use of rock material must be established by preliminary testing of the
characteristic rock samples obtained from an excavation area and/or borrow pit. The
following properties must be checked:
• Grading;
• Optimum moisture content and the maximum density in accordance with modified
Proctor compaction test;
• Content of topsoil.
The discontinuous grading coefficient of rock materials U = d60/d10 for fills, backfills, pegs
and capping layer, as well as levelling courses, must be at least six.
If rock material is built in fills, backfills, pegs and capping layer to the depth of frost
penetration hm, it must be frost resistant. If stone mixture is built in fills, backfills, pegs and
capping layer to the critical depth of frost penetration hmin (specified within the process of
dimensioning of pavement), it may contain:
• When U ≥ 15:
o On stock pile, not more than 5 m.-% particles measuring not more than
0.0063 mm;

o I n built-in state, not more than 8 m.-% particles measuring not more than
0.0063mm;
• When U ≤ 6:
o Not more than 15 m.-% particles measuring not more than 0.0063 mm.
Average values must be determined by linear interpolation. Within the area before the
depth of frost penetration hm under the critical depth of frost penetration hmin, the mixture
consisting of predominantly stone particles must contain ≤ 15 m.-% particles measuring not
more than 0.02 mm
Average values of compactness measurements and limit values of individual compactness

measurements must mean 100% value per single price offered.
Lower limit values of bearing capacity and individual values down to the lowest limit value
of bearing capacity (up to 5% of total number of measurements) must mean 100% value
per single price offered.
The diameter of the greatest-sized grain in the stony material that will be used for
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, and road bed must not be in excess of
two thirds of the thickness of a layer (the thickness of a layer must amount to 1.5 times the
diameter of the largest grain), and in any case not greater than 300 mm (10% of the total
weight of the material may contain grains of 300 to 400 mm in diameter), unless specified
otherwise by the design. Variations from the above mentioned specifications is only
permissible if the required properties of an incorporated layer have been demonstrated by
placement. In case of stony material, incorporating grains with diameter greater than
60 mm, the following must be established by preliminary testing:
• The density of a placed layer of material of the specified thickness (alternative

testing method), that may later be used as a basis to evaluate subsequent
measurements of the level of compaction of the incorporated material on the
surface of a layer;
• Optimum moisture content in the material.
When in unfavourable hydrological conditions (ground water level or possible capillary rise
of water up to the frosting range) rock material will be placed into embankments, backfills
barrier layer aggregate construction, and road bed to the level of freezing, such material
will be allowed to contain:
• If U ≥ 15 5% m/m of grain size not in excess of 0.06 mm;
• If U ≥ 8 15% m/m of grain size not in excess of 0.06 mm.

If the rock materials used for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, and road
bed are not weather-resistant, they must be appropriately protected against weathering
immediately following their placement.
4.2.6 Fly Ash

The optimum moisture level and the maximum density are those characteristics of fly ash
that must be determined by preliminary testing by using the standard Proctor test. The type
and number of tests must be specified by the supervising engineer. All such types of fly
ash which are characterised by pozzolanic properties and volume stability will generally be
suitable to be incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate,
constructions, and road bed. In case of specific conditions of construction, the weight of
embankments, backfills, and barrier layer aggregate should be as low as possible, and fly
ash of the least possible volume weight will be appropriate for use.
4.2.7 Binders
All such binders as are specified in section 4.2.2, ensuring such properties of the improved
natural materials and/or stabilisation mixtures incorporated in embankments, backfills,
barrier layer aggregate construction, and road bed, may be used for the improvement
and/or chemical stabilisation of the natural materials. Each particular binder must undergo
preliminary tests, to determine its suitability for use, which will depend on the following:
• Type of binder;
• Binding capacity (compressive strength);
• Blaine fineness (specific surface area);
• Starting and completion of binding.
The type and number of tests must be specified by the supervising engineer. Before the
binders are used for the improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the natural materials,
they must be stored as appropriate.

Before starting with placing operations for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate,
road bed, and rammed loam construction, all the stipulated properties of the soil and rock
material, fly ash, binders, and stabilisation mixtures must be tested. For preliminary testing
of the stipulated properties one characteristic test sample of each material will usually
sufficient. In special cases, a greater number of test samples for preliminary testing may be
specified by the supervising engineer. Upon the request of the supervising engineer, all
preliminary tests of the suitability for use of the soil and rock material, fly ash, and binders

must either be ensured or carried out by the contractor, unless appropriate test results
have already been included in design documents or some additional document. The
contractor has no right subsequently to claim any extra payment for such tests.
4.3.1 Base Layer Sub-grading

The placing operations for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate, road bed, and
rammed loam construction may commence when sub grading of the base layer has been
completed in accordance with design specifications and the provisions of these conditions,
and/or when the drainage and/or filter layer has been placed in accordance with these
conditions, and when the executed work has been taken over by the supervising engineer.
4.3.2 Dumping Materials and Binders in Layers

The material may only be dumped in layers at a suitably prepared sub-grade of the base
layer after having obtained approval for this from the supervising engineer. The supervising
engineer may, however, stop such activity if weather conditions may be expected to
deteriorate, and specify appropriate protective measures to be taken with regard to the
work already completed. As a rule, the material for embankments, backfills, barrier layer
aggregate construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction may not be dumped in
layers on to the sub-grade of the base layer, but only on to the spread layer of the material.
After front or side dumping, the material must be windrowed to the placing site by means of
appropriate machinery. When dumping the material in layers, the driving of the vehicles
should be evenly distributed over the entire area of the sub-grade of the spread layer.
Appropriate vehicles must be used for transportation to the site of the binders for the
improvement and chemical stabilisation of soil and/or rock materials.
4.3.3 Spreading and Grading

Each individual layer of the material for embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate
construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction must be spread and graded in
longitudinal direction so as to be horizontal or inclined by not more than the designed
longitudinal gradient of the road. In transverse direction, each individual layer of material
must be spread in such a way that transverse gradient with single or double pitch will be
ensured, which must not be less than 3—5% in case of soils, while in the case of rock
material, fly ash, and chemically stabilised soil, transverse gradient must be equal to the
designed gradient of the pavement.
When, due to the conditions of the ground, the finished subsoil sub-grade does not provide
the minimum transverse gradient (2—3%) required to ensure such water drainage as
would be appropriate to the types of soil and rock material, such a minimum transverse

gradient must be provided with initial layers of the material placed in embankments,
backfills, barrier layer aggregate construction, road bed, or rammed loam construction.
Each individual layer of material must immediately be spread to such a width that, after
having performed rough grading and compacting of the layer, the required quality will be
provided up to the edge of the fill (up to the slopes).The thickness of each individual layer
of spread and graded material must correspond to the depth effect of the designed
compacting equipment and to the properties of the material used, and this must be
checked by trial filling.
The material must not be spread and/or placed on frozen ground, nor must it be allowed
for frozen material to be incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate
construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction. Due to the fact that by chemically
stabilising the natural materials the angle of internal friction in the mixtures is increased,
slope inclination may in such cases be increased accordingly.
4.3.4 Improvement and/or Chemical Stabilisation of Natural Materials

The improvement of natural materials (soils) by binders will be required for the purpose of
providing the possibility for appropriate quality of placement into embankments, backfills,
barrier layer aggregate construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction of otherwise
unsuitable materials. By the chemical stabilisation of natural materials with binders, the
improved properties of natural materials will be maintained even in unfavourable weather
conditions.
Spread over the previously and appropriately prepared sub-grade of the spread and
profiled natural materials must be the binders for the improvement and/or chemical
stabilisation of natural materials, in such quantities (as per design specification and/or
some additional document) and by such a method as will ensure the required uniformity of
the added binder (accuracy of proportioning ± 1 kg/m²) and the obtained properties of the
materials. The spread binders must be mixed with natural material by using appropriate
machinery, to provide a layer which, as a rule, will not be less than 20 cm thick, and to
obtain a uniform mixture of the natural material and the binder. If necessary to provide
uniform and optimum moisture content in chemically stabilised natural materials, any
necessary additional water must be proportioned by a suitable method. The mixing should
also ensure that the uniformity of the mixtures of natural materials and the water content
will be provided throughout the designed thickness of a layer.
The operations of improving and/or chemically stabilising the natural materials by means of
binders may only be carried out in warm and dry weather (temperature above + 3 °C).

4.3.5 Fly Ash Placement

As a rule, the placing of fly ash with optimum moisture content must be ensured. The
optimum fly ash moisture content must be ensured (by homogenising) at the place of origin
(production) or the placing site. The fly ash transported by the vehicles may contain less
moisture (approximately 15% m/m), with the remainder of the required water added at the
placing site. The contractor may also transport dry fly ash in tanks, and homogenise it with
water at the construction site. For such delivery of fly ash, however, additional silos and
homogenisation units will be required.
4.3.6 Compaction
Natural materials and those natural materials that have been improved and/or chemically
stabilised by binders, must, after having been spread and graded, to obtain appropriate
thickness of the layers, be compacted (across the entire width of the layers) by using
smooth or pneumatic rollers. As a rule, compacting operations must proceed from the
outer edge of a compacted area to its centre. The areas inaccessible to rollers must be
compacted as specified by the design by other appropriate compacting equipment or
method of compaction, the application of which must be approved by the supervising
engineer who must also specify the conditions under which such compacting equipment
may be applied.
The suitability for use of such compacting equipment and the technological procedure
must, prior to their application, be tested. Before starting with compacting operations, each
layer of the material and/or stabilisation mixture must contain enough water for the material
being used to be compacted to the required level of compaction.
If necessary, the supervising engineer may specify additional procedures that will ensure
appropriate moisture content and placement of the material. If compacting operations and
quality tests with regard to the work done is not immediately be followed by the work on the
next layer, but only after a longer period of time and in various weather conditions, the
level of compaction of the layer must be checked again before resuming work. The work
may only be resumed when appropriate quality has been ascertained.
Should the work come to a standstill by fault of the contractor, the costs of repeating the
measurements and of any improvements that may be required will be borne by the
contractor. Otherwise, all costs must be borne by the employer. The compaction of
stabilisation mixtures must be completed in such a period of time as is required by the
technological process.
Upon completing the spreading operations, the layer of cohesive soil of rammed loam
construction must be compacted across the entire width of the designed profile by using
sheep-foot rollers or pneumatic rollers. When compacted the layer as appropriate, the

excess thickness (10 cm) of rammed loam construction layer must be cut off and removed,
and the sub-grade of the layer of cohesive soil for the rammed loam construction must be
rolled again by smooth rollers.
The contractor may propose to the employer that the technological procedure be changed.
In such a case, the contractor must demonstrate with the results of previous test (the cost
of which must be borne by the contractor) that the proposed changes are equivalent to the
designed method of execution.
4.3.7 Storage of Materials and Binders

If before placing the natural materials and/or fly ash, designed to be used for
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate construction, road bed, and/or rammed
loam construction, the contractor plans to store such material, the storage place must be
prepared and cleaned as appropriate beforehand, to prevent mixing of the material of
appropriate quality with unsuitable materials.
As a rule, the binders which are used for the improvement and chemical stabilisation of the
natural materials must be stored in silos and tanks designed for such binders.
The materials used as protective sprayed coating for chemically stabilised natural
materials must, as a rule, be stored in sheet metal drums.
4.3.8 Road Bed Sub-grading

Road bed sub-grading includes:
• In rock, levelling of the remaining bulges, filling of the regulating course of stony
material mixture, grading 32 mm, to the thickness of not more than 10 cm, and
spreading, moistening, fine grading, and compacting of the regulating course;
• In soils consisting of improved and/or chemically stabilised natural materials, and

fly ash, fine grading of the sub-grade.
In the event that excessive natural moisture content in the material of an excavation will
not allow appropriate compaction of the sub-grade of a road bed, the supervising engineer
may specify such appropriate measures as will ensure the required quality of the executed
work.

4.3.9 Barrier Layer Aggregate

When placing barrier layer aggregate behind the structures, in addition to observing the
conditions relating to the execution, as have been mentioned, the following provisions must
also be taken into consideration:
Up to the level of the undisturbed ground, foundation excavations must be backfilled by the
contractor in accordance with the provisions of these conditions and in accordance with the
works performed on road embankments immediately adjacent to such excavations, and
the contractor must demonstrate such conformity by the results of measurements.
The barrier layer aggregate behind the structures must be placed as follows:
• Down to the depth of 2 m below the level of road bed sub-grade, the pitch of the
slope connecting to the embankment must be 1:4;
• In the upper half of the remaining height, the pitch must be 1:3;
• In the lower half of the remaining height, the pitch must be 1:2;
• At the foundation of a support element, the slope connecting to the embankment

must be removed from the support element by not less then 1 m.
As a rule, the work carried out above the level of the undisturbed ground must be
considered as barrier layer aggregate behind the structures. Before transition slabs will be
placed, the areas of barrier layer aggregate under transition slabs must be stabilised.
Barrier layer aggregate transitions between embankments and excavations within the
excavation area must be constructed:
• To a depth of 1.0 m, in soil;
• To a depth of 0.5 m, in rock;
with longitudinal pitch outward of 1:10, and with complete removal of friable material at the
joint between the embankment and the excavation. Barrier layer aggregate transitions
must be constructed of similar materials as will be used for the top layer of the adjacent
embankment. The connection of the barrier layer aggregate transition in excavations in
rock to the regulating course of the mixture of mineral aggregates must be 10 cm thick.
4.4.1 Level of Compaction

The level of compaction of each layer of an embankment, backfill, barrier layer aggregate
construction, road bed, or rammed loam construction must be demonstrated by the

contractor by the results of routine tests. The specified levels of compaction of the
materials incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate construction, and
road bed are listed in Table 4.2. The specified levels of compaction listed in the table
represent the average values. The lower limit value must not be more than 3% lower than
the corresponding average value.
In rammed loam construction, cohesive soil must be compacted to the average level of
compaction of 100% with regard to the density as established by the standard Proctor test.
The lower limit value must not be more than 2% lower than the specified average value. At
each measuring point, the lower limit value of the level of compaction of the materials in
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate construction, road bed, and rammed loam
construction must be reached. The layers of material that will not be compacted as
appropriate must be compacted in accordance with the requirements of these conditions
without any extra payment.
4.4.2 Bearing Capacity

The bearing capacity of the materials incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer
aggregate construction, and road bed must be demonstrated – if not measuring the level of
compaction – by the results of routine tests of bearing capacity. In any case, however, the
contractor must demonstrate the bearing capacity of road bed sub-grade with the results of
routine tests of bearing capacity.
Bearing capacity, i.e. the deformation modules EV1 and EV2, must, as a rule, be
measured on the sub-grade formation level – but not deeper than 0.5 m below the capping
layer formation level – and on the capping layer formation level
The required lower limit values of deformation modules EV2 are stated in Table 4.2 for
individual required measurement locations. The lowest limit value of individual
measurement (up to 5% of total number of measurements) may not be more than 20%
lower. The deformation modulus ratio Ev2:Ev1 must not be in excess of 2.2. If the
measured value of deformation modulus Ev1 reaches over 50% of the specified value of
Ev2, the specified ratio will not be decisive in determining the bearing capacity of the
incorporated layer of material. With the layers of stony material incorporated in
embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate construction, and road bed, the
deformation modulus ratio Ev2 : Ev1 of up to 3.0 is permissible. From the bearing capacity
of the sub-grade of a layer one can also determine whether the layer of stony material with
grains greater than 60 mm has been placed as appropriate. A layer of stony material has
been placed as appropriate if the following condition has been fulfilled:

n-1
Sn ≤ a •∑ ∆ Si
i=1
where:
Sn = increase in the settlement of the sub-grade of a layer between the last pass of
the compacting machine and the one previous to the last one;
a = coefficient, dependant on the class of rock, and amounting to 0.05—0.01
(obtained by testing);
n = number of passes of an appropriate compacting machine;
s = mean increase of the settlement of a layer after ith pass of a compacting
machine.
Required
Required level of compaction
bearing
with regard to material density
Description of works capacity
SPP MPP Ev2

MN/m²
%
Embankments, backfills, and barrier layer aggregate
more than 2 m under road bed sub-grade level, of:
- soil 92 —
- improved soil 92 —
- chemically stabilised soil 92 —
- rock — 92
Fills, backfills and pegs, not more than 0.5 m under
the height of the capping layer formation level:
- soil 95 —
- rock — 95
Fills, backfills and pegs on the capping layer
formation level:
- soil 98 —
- rock — 98
SPP - Standard Proctor Procedure

MPP – Modified Proctor Procedure
Table 4.2: Compaction Levels and Bearing Capacities

Through comparative measurement of deformation modulus at the layer that has been
placed as described, the bearing capacity of the layer may be assessed on the basis of
measuring deformation moduli.
As a rule, the bearing capacity of the sub-grade of a layer of fly ash and chemically
stabilised natural material may only be checked seven days after compaction of the
incorporated mixture. The replacement of the measurement of the level of compaction, as
a take-over criterion, with the measurement of the bearing capacity at the sub-grade of a
layer of material incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate
construction, and road bed, must be approved by the supervising engineer who may
specify additional conditions under which to evaluate the results of the measurement of
bearing capacity.
4.4.3 Chemically Stabilised Natural Materials

The properties of the natural materials that have been chemically stabilised by binders
(stabilisation mixtures) must be demonstrated by the contractor by the results of routine
tests:
• Compressive strength of test samples, with tests performed on test samples

maintained for seven days and prepared in accordance with the specifications for
the preparation of test samples by using an appropriate Proctor test procedure, the
value of which must be:
o 0.5 MN/m² with soil;
o 2.0 MN/m² with rock materials;
• Weather resistance of test samples prepared as specified above, given by the ratio
between compressive strength of dry samples and that of the samples soaked with
water for 24 hours, after seven days; its value must not be less than 0.70.
When appropriate, the supervising engineer may modify the above mentioned
specifications concerning the quality of chemically stabilised natural materials in
construction. The required values of compressive strength for stabilisation mixtures
represent the average values. The lower limit value must be the value minus 20%, and the
maximum allowed lower limit value must be the value plus 40%.

4.4.4 Evenness of a Layer

The contractor must ensure that each layer of an embankment, backfill, barrier layer
aggregate construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction must be placed in
accordance with these conditions.
In any direction with regard to the road axis, the evenness of a layer may deviate from the
measuring rod of 4 m in length or the plane of measurement by not more than:
• 20 mm in the case of rammed loam construction;
• 30 mm in the case of natural soil, improved and chemically stabilised natural

materials, and fly ash;
• 50 mm in the case of rock material.
These provisions, however, do not apply to the evenness of road bed sub-grade.
Should any damage result from inappropriate evenness of the layers of material
incorporated in embankments, backfills, road bed, barrier layer aggregate construction, or
rammed loam construction, the contractor must repair such damage, and the expenses for
such repair must be charged to his account.
4.4.5 Evenness and Level of Road Bed Sub-grade

At a stretch of 4 m in length in any direction with regard to the road axis, the road bed sub-
grade may not deviate by more than 25 mm from the measuring rod or the plane of
measurement.
In cases where the road base is designed to be constructed immediately upon road bed
sub-grade, the evenness of road bed sub-grade may not deviate from the measuring rod or
the plane of measurement by more than 20 mm. At any point, the road bed sub-grade may
deviate from the designed level by as much as 20 mm. To avoid any damage to the road
bed sub-grade that could be caused by transportation with vehicles and machines and
could obstruct normal drainage of water, transportation over the road bed sub-grade is not
be permissible.
4.5 Quality Control
4.5.1 Quality Control of Materials

When starting with placing operations, it should be checked if the characteristic properties
of the materials, as established by the previous tests, conform to the properties of the test
samples of materials taken at the commencement of work.

When starting with placing operations, the contractor must provide valid test reports
concerning the quality of all binder materials that will be used for the improvement and/or
chemical stabilisation of the natural materials. The contractor may only use a particular
binder for the improvement and/or chemical stabilisation of the materials, when the use of
such a material has been approved by the supervising engineer.
4.5.2 Quality Control of Work
4.5.2.1 Preliminary Technological Tests

At commencement of work, the following must be checked by preliminary technological
tests (at an appropriate test area, and as instructed by the supervising engineer):
• Suitability for use of the materials (as per section 4.2.1) by using at least 2—3 test
samples;
• Suitability for use of the binders (as per section 4.2.2) by using 1—2 test samples;
• Quantity of the spread binder (as per section 4.3.4) by using 2—3 test samples;
• Properties of the improved natural material (as per section 4.3.4) by using at least
two test samples;
• Level of compaction of a placed layer by taking at least 15 measurements of

density and moisture content of the materials by isotopic analysis (as per section
4.4.1 );
• Bearing capacity of a placed layer (as per section 4.4.2) by taking not less than
three measurements of deformation modulus;
• Properties of the stabilisation mixture of chemically stabilised natural material (as

per item 4.4.3) by using 1—2 test samples;
• Evenness of the sub-grade of a layer (as per section 4.4.4) by taking 3—5
measurements.
Before starting with work, the technological procedure, the type of compaction equipment
and its depth effect must be established with each characteristic material. For this purpose,
depth effect must be measured after each pass of the compaction machine at not less than
four points of the test section, on the surface and at every 10 cm of depth; at the same
time, at not less than ten points on the surface of the layer the density and moisture
content of the incorporated material must also be measured.

4.5.2.2 Minimum Scope of Routine Tests

On the basis of the results of preliminary technological tests the supervising engineer must
define the scope of routine tests to be performed during the placing operations for
construction.
The minimum scope of routine tests to be performed by the contractor with regard to the
materials and binders incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer aggregate
construction, and road bed must include:
• Testing of materials:
o Grading analysis (with rock material only) per 1000 m³;
o Moisture content (with soils only) per 1000 m³;
o Topsoil content per 4000 m³;
o Consistency limits (of soils) per 4000 m³;
o Optimum moisture content and density per 4000 m³;
o Testing of binders of delivered binder per 500 tons.
The minimum scope of routine tests to be performed by the contractor with regard to the
materials used for rammed loam construction must include:
• Grading analysis of cohesive soil per 400 m²;
• Permeability tests per 400 m²
The minimum scope of routine tests to be performed by the contractor during embanking,
backfilling, barrier layer aggregate and road bed construction must include:
• Measurement of moisture content and density (isotope analysis) per 20 m¹

(200 m³);
• Measurement of bearing capacity (deformation modulus) per 40 m¹;
• Measurement of the density of coarse-grained mineral aggregate (by the method of

replacement or by settlement comparison) per 4000 m³;
• Testing of stabilisation mixtures:
o Quantity of the spread binder per 100 m¹;
o Optimum moisture content and density of the mixtures per 200 m¹;
o Compressive strength (two test samples) per 100 m¹;
o Weather resistance (two test samples) per 200 m¹;

o Quantity of protective spray coating per 200 m¹;
• Measurement of evenness of the layers per 100 m¹;
• Measurement of evenness of road bed sub-grade per 20 m¹;
• Measurement of road bed sub-grade level per 20 m¹
The minimum scope of routine tests with regard to rammed loam construction must
include:
• Isotopic analysis of density per 100 m²;
• Measurement of evenness per 20 m¹;
• Measurement of transverse gradient per 20 m¹.
In case considerable variations with regard to the results of preliminary tests should be
revealed to the supervising engineer by the routine tests, he may choose subsequently to
change the minimum scope of routine tests. In the case of conformity of the results, the
supervising engineer may also reduce the scope of routine tests. The quality of the
incorporated layers of material may also be established by any other recognised method, if
approved by the supervising engineer. In that case, however, such an approval by the
supervising engineer must specify the criteria for evaluating the quality of placement, the
method, and the scope of testing.
4.5.2.3 Control Tests

As a rule, the ratio between the scope of control tests performed by the employer and the
routine tests must be 1:4. The sampling points for control tests and the measuring points
for evenness, level, density, moisture content, and bearing capacity measurement must be
specified by the supervising engineer on the basis of statistical random selection.
4.5.3 Measurement and Take-over of Work
4.5.3.1 Measurement of Work

The executed work must be measured in accordance with section 4.1 of these conditions
and the following provisions:
• Quantities of the materials incorporated in embankments, backfills, barrier layer

aggregate construction, road bed, and rammed loam construction must be
calculated in cubic metres;
• Quantities of the sub-grade of the incorporated materials must be calculated in

square metres;

• Quantities must all be measured to show the actually executed scope and kind of
work as specified by the design.
The contractor must provide relevant documentary evidence for all the quantities of
binders, fly ash and protective spray coating for the chemically stabilised natural materials
which have been delivered to the construction site.
4.5.3.2 Take-over of Work

Each finished layer of an embankment, backfill, barrier layer aggregate construction, road
bed, and rammed loam construction must be taken over by the supervising engineer in
accordance with the quality specifications, as included in these conditions, as well as with
section 4.2 of these conditions. Any defects that might be found not to be in accordance
with these quality specifications must be removed by the contractor prior to resuming any
work.
The costs of the removal of all such defects must be charged to the contractor, including
the costs of all types of measurement and tests that will demonstrate the inappropriate
quality of the executed work, as well as of such retesting as will be required upon having
affected the necessary repairs, to determine the quality of the work. For all cases of non-
conformity of the work with the requirements of these conditions, and for the failure by the
contractor to eliminate them according to the instructions by the supervising engineer, the
contractor must not have the right to claim any payment. In such cases, the employer must
have the right to an extension of the warranty period to not less than five years for all the
work depending on the defective work that has not been repaired.
4.5.4 Cost Calculation

The value of work completed must be calculated in accordance with these conditions.
For quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1, the costs must be calculated
on the basis of contractual unit price.
The contractual unit price must include all the services required for the total completion of
the work. The contractor must have no right subsequently to claim any extra payment. The
job of the contractor for the earthwork within the road area will be delimited from that of the
building contractor by the employer.

4.5.5.1 Materials Used for Embankments, Backfills, Barrier Layer Aggregate

Construction, Road Bed, and Rammed Loam Construction
Due to the stipulation that appropriate quality of the materials should be ensured, no cost
deduction is permissable.
4.5.5.2 Binders for Chemical Stabilisation of Natural Materials and Protective

Spray Coating
Due to the stipulation that appropriate quality of the binders and protective spray coating
should be ensured, no cost deduction is permissible.
4.5.5.3 Level of Compaction and Bearing Capacity

The lower limit value means the 100% value as per unit price in the offer. Due to the
stipulation that appropriate level of compaction and bearing capacity should be provided,
no cost deduction is permissible.
4.5.5.4 Stabilisation Mixture

The lower limit value of quality level, as per section means the 100% value as per unit
price in the offer, and the maximum allowed lower limit level must mean the quality of the
work without any value. The intermediate values must be calculated by linear interpolation.

Due to the contractual stipulation that appropriate evenness of the sub-grade should be
provided, no cost deduction is permissible.

Due to the stipulation that appropriate level of the sub-grade should be provided no cost
deduction is permissible.
4.6 Slopes and Green Areas
4.6.1 Description
The work includes the preparation and protection against erosion activity of the surfaces of
slopes, excavations, embankments and green areas, by:
• Soiling and planting of grass;

• Bio-guniting with mulch;
• Wattle work;
• Planting ornamental shrubs and trees;
• Netting;
• Penning;
• Guniting;
• Pre-cast concrete elements (cribwork, hollow units of cement concrete, slabs for
grass planting, paving flags for turfing, and similar elements).
This work also includes:
• All materials, including loading, transportation, and dumping;
• Sowing, planting, and placing;
• Base preparation, selection, placing and, fixing of the material.
4.6.2 Basic Materials

To execute the work, the following materials must be used:
4.6.2.1 Vegetative Cover

Active topsoil ensuring continuous growth of vegetation must be used.
4.6.2.2 Mulch
For mulching, straw and hay must be used. The thickness of mulching must be such that,
with appropriate application of fertilisers and sprayed bitumen emulsion, grass cover and
enduring protection will be ensured.
4.6.2.3 Wattle Work

Fresh-cut willow withes (selix purpurea) of 0.5—3.0 cm in thickness must be used, or any
other kind, which, however, should be approved by the supervising engineer. The twigs to
be used should ensure vegetative propagation.
Dead wattle work of greater strength and stability, with vegetative cuttings or plants, may
also be used as a protection against erosion activity. The pegs for wattle work must be
70—80 cm long and 2—3 cm thick.

4.6.2.4 Trees and Shrubs

Trees and shrubs suitable for biological conditions must be used. Plants which will ensure
continuous growth must be selected. In the areas exposed to the wind, such species of
trees and shrubs must be used as will withstand wind force and snow creep.
4.6.2.5 Seeds for Grassing

For grassing, such types of seeds of mixed grass and clover must be selected as will be
suitable for biological (ecological) conditions, and as will ensure continuous growth. For
temporary protection, corn seeds may be used.
4.6.3 Other Types of Protection
4.6.3.1 Protective Netting

It is permissible to use woven wire netting of twice-galvanised steel wire with the diameter
of not more than 3.1 mm and with the total thickness of protective zinc layer of not less
than 0.07 mm. The wires may be woven so as to form rectangular or hexagonal openings
of 5—10 cm. To fix the netting, twice-galvanised steel anchors, protected with anticorrosive
coat 0.07—0.08 mm thick, may be used. For additional fixing of the netting on the slopes,
twice-galvanised pipes diameter 3/2" (outside diameter 48.25 mm, wall thickness 3.5 mm),
protected with a zinc coat not less than 0.07 mm thick, may also be used. To tension the
woven protective netting, it is also permissible to use weights of cement concrete of
appropriate shape and size in accordance with the design. Cement concrete for such
weights must comply with relevant regulations applying to cement concrete.
4.6.3.2 Penning
The stony material for penning must comply with applicable regulations: it must be sound
and resistant to weathering.
Rough stony material must be used for penning. The thickness of the stones must not be
in excess of 30 cm.
4.6.3.3 Protection by Guniting

Cement concrete and reinforcement to be used for slope protection by guniting must be
appropriate for the designed purpose.

4.6.3.4 Protection by Pre-cast Concrete Elements

As regards the basic materials, the pre-cast concrete units to be used for slope protection
must comply with relevant technical regulations. Pre-cast concrete units must be selected
in accordance with their designed application and in compliance with the instructions of the
manufacturer.
4.6.4 Quality of Materials

The quality of the materials used must comply with these conditions, as well as with the
requirements and usages specified for such materials. In the event that there are no such
relevant codes of practice, standards, and/or instructions of the manufacturers. the
instructions or the evaluation by the supervising engineer is decisive.
4.7.1 Protective Vegetative Cover

Protective vegetative cover must be provided at places specified by the design and in a
manner specified by the design and these conditions. Protective vegetative cover of the
executed work must be provided by the contractor in such a way that the optimum covering
with vegetation of the areas protected will be ensured with regard to the specified quality
and conditions. The areas where protection work has failed must be protected anew by the
contractor.
On slopes of smooth surface where landslides could occur, the roughness of the surface
must be provided by horizontal cuts of approximately 15 cm in width at spacing of 1 m.
The inclination of excavations and embankments must ensure the stability of the ground. If
instability should be due to water, appropriate drainage of the slopes must be provided.
The surface water accumulating in hinterland area must be drained away in a controlled
manner. The edges of excavation slopes and the heels of excavations must be rounded so
as to provide a radius of 3 m. In the stretch of approximately 3—4 m in width from the edge
of an excavation, trees that may loosen the ground by shaking (wind effect) must be felled.
The slopes of embankments, and of cuttings in particular, must be rough-graded, to ensure

appropriate roughness, binding the protective vegetation cover and the slope. When
spreading topsoil on a rough-graded slope, the layer of topsoil must not be more than
10 cm in thickness. The slopes of the embankments of fly ash must first be lined with filter
material, as a means of protecting the road body. Embankment slopes must be prepared in
such a way as to ensure appropriate stability. Controlled drainage of surface water from
the sub-grade of an embankment must be provided.

Side embankments may be soiled by spreading a layer of topsoil of not more than 20 cm in
thickness over the regulating course; this may be done where the thickness of the
regulating course corresponds to the designed lateral load. At the places where, according
to the design, an embankment of not more than 70 cm in thickness is to be constructed,
the filter layer must be protected by a layer of stony material of 20 to 30 cm in thickness,
which must be covered with a layer of topsoil. Grass must be planted in the same way as
with other slopes. In the case of cuttings in friable rock and in cohesion-less granular soil,
otherwise stable, but liable to quick surface weathering and strongly prone to erosive
action (e.g., friable dolomite, mylonite zones in dolomite, marl and flysch), horizontal cuts
of approximately 15 cm in width must be provided at a spacing of approximately 1 m. If
rock or soil contain less than the minimum amount of active soil (5% of the weight or
more), the surface must be soiled and covered with a layer of active soil of 8 to 10 cm in
thickness (approximately 6 cm thick when settled).
At a spacing of approximately 5 m, the surface of such slopes must be provided with wattle
work. Mulch (approximately 60 kg of straw or hay per 100 square metres), sprayed with
bitumen emulsion (approximately 80 kg per 100 square metres), must be grassed by
sowing, for which purpose approximately 0.5 kg of seed must be used per 100 square
metres. The quantity of fertilisers to be used must be approximately 8 kg per 100 square
metres. One plant must be planted per 2 m² of the area. With medium-grained cohesion-
less soil, friable substances, alluvial, cohesive soil (clay, loam), friable marl, and flysch, as
well as with other types of soil with predominant clay filler materials, the ground will usually
be fertile enough, and soiling and turfing will not be necessary. If necessary, however,
protection must be carried out in the same manner as described above. With
embankments of rubble material, permeable to water and obtained from excavations in
hard and semi-hard rock, the surface must be covered with a layer of topsoil of 10 cm in
thickness, wattle work must be carried out (approximately 0.2 m'/m²), and grass must be
sown in the grooves (0.75 kg of seed per 100 square metres). Approx 8 kg of fertilisers
must be used per 100 square metres. 0.4 tree seedlings or cuttings of appropriate tree or
shrub species must be planted per square metre.
With embankments of alluvia or excavated friable rock, soiling will not be necessary if the
material will be active enough (the weight of active particles of more than 5%) The surface
must be prepared by wattle work (0.2 m¹/m²). Approximately 8 kg of fertilisers per
100 square metres must be used. For stabilisation, mulching must be carried out (60 kg
per 100 square metres) by using straw or hay, which must be sprayed with bitumen
emulsion (80 kg per 100 square metres). 0.8 kg per 100 square metres of grass seed must
be sown in the mulch thus prepared. 0.4 seedlings or cuttings per square metre must be
planted.

The surfaces of the embankments of cohesive types of soil (clay, loam) must be prepared
by wattle work (0.2 m¹/m²). Approximately 0.8 kg of fertilisers per 100 square metres must
be used. Grass cover must be provided by sowing of grass seed in the grooves
(scarification), for which purpose approximately 0.8 kg per 100 square metres of seed
should be expected to be used. Seedlings of appropriate plant species must be planted
(0.4 per square metre), for which purpose some additional soiling will be required. Sowing
of grass in the mulch, which must be protected by bitumen emulsion or at the soiled
surfaces, must be performed in such a way as to ensure that the surfaces are completely
covered with grass which should mainly be without weeds.
The wattle work designed to prevent scarification of the ground by torrential water, that is,
to rectify the surface layer of material, must be performed in such a way that the upper
edge of wattle work is in line with the level of the final grading of a slope. Tree and shrub
species must be planted in batches in soiled pits, in such a way as not to lessen the
protective effect by the grass cover and diminish road users' visibility. Prominent batches
of trees and shrubs must for that reason mainly be located on the convex side of a road.
For better protection of the material against erosive action, trees and shrubs must be
planted in batches in such a way that one seedling will be provided per square metre and
that 50% of the total area will be thus planted with trees and shrubs, all as agreed upon
with the supervising engineer and in accordance with his instructions.
Upon completing the work, the contractor must clean the site, restoring it to its original
state and ensuring the maintenance of all protective vegetation covers until final
acceptance of the work, but in any case for at least one year. Such maintenance must
include additional sowing, periodical application of fertilisers, removal of dirt, rubbish and
weeds from the areas, and watering of the areas as required.

The locations to be protected by netting and the type of protective netting must be
specified by the supervising engineer in accordance with design specifications and these
conditions. Before placing the netting, the slope must be prepared in accordance with the
design and these conditions. Anything that could prevent appropriate fitting of the netting to
the ground must be removed. To provide protection against rock fall, steeper slopes (3:1 to
2:1) must be covered with suspended netting whose lower end must be held down by
weights of cement concrete and fixed at the edge of the slope by means of anchors and
pipes, which will ensure that falling rock will slide down to the foot of the excavation in a
controlled manner.

The netting for milder slopes must be fixed by means of anchors. The spacing between
individual anchors must be selected on the basis of mechanical properties of the rock, but
spacing of approximately 1.0 m should be expected. When anchors cannot be driven
directly into the rock, holes must be bored as appropriate.
Individual nettings must be woven together by means of twice-galvanised wire diameter

4 mm of the same quality as the material of the netting.
4.7.2.2 Penning
Penning must be carried out in such a way that stones are placed exactly in accordance
with the profile of an embankment, as specified by the design and as marked by sight rails
at the site. Each stone must be firmly embedded and wedged, to prevent slope failure due
to instability of individual stones or any other reason. The toe of the slope or bank
protected by penning must be firmly embedded in a solid base and constructed in such a
way that the failure of slope penning due to atmospheric action or other detrimental
phenomena does not occur. At the top of the slope, the penning must end in such a way
that, as a result of using the shoulders or some similar cause, no damage results.

The cement concrete for slope protection must be sprayed under pressure on a suitably
prepared slope.
Prior to this, the reinforcement should have been fixed to the slope and covered by a layer
of cement concrete of not less than 2 cm in thickness.

When protecting the slopes by pre-cast concrete elements (cribwork, hollow cement
concrete elements, paving flags for turfing, and similar elements), the instructions by the
manufacturer and the specifications of the design must be followed in the first place. Such
a pre-cast concrete unit must always be selected as is the most suitable for a particular
task, in accordance with design specifications and the instructions by the supervising
engineer.
The bedding for revetment must be prepared as appropriate. In the case of sand bedding,
crushed stone with grain size of 4 mm must be used. The bedding must be compacted as
appropriate, and when compacted, it must be 2—5 cm thick, depending on its designed
use. In the case of the subsoil of lower bearing capacity, the thickness of the bedding must
be increased accordingly. When further erosive action on the revetment by rain water or

ground water, or greater loading of it may be expected, the revetment must be constructed
by providing cement concrete underlay of appropriate thickness.
Pre-cast concrete elements must be laid in such a way that a spacing of 3—5 mm will be
provided at the joint between them. After having laid pre-cast concrete units (mainly
hollow), they will usually be filled with appropriate material (topsoil, sand, slag chips, etc.),
depending chiefly on their purpose and the requirements specified by the design. If, here
and there, revetments are to be used as traffic areas, they must be laid accordingly.
4.8.1 Protective Vegetative Cover

To ensure that appropriate species of plants and types of fertilisers are used, the
contractor must perform routine testing of soil characteristics with individual groups of soil
classes. The results of routine control tests must be made available to the supervising
engineer.
Routine control testing of the quality of the seeds must be carried out in accordance with
applicable regulations and the methods that are generally practiced. Test certificates of
seed producers must be made available to the supervising engineer.

The contractor must submit to the supervising engineer test certificates of the
manufacturer of the netting and anchors. Test certificates must include the data relating to
the quality of the basic materials as well as to the quality of anticorrosive coating or
jacketing.
4.8.2.2 Penning
The quality of stony material for penning must comply with the relevant requirements
concerning weather resistance of such material.
The surfaces of embankment slopes that have been protected by penning must comply
with applicable technical standards and design specifications relating to the shaping of
slope inclination and the surfaces of embankment slopes. Deviations from a designed
surface are permissable within the limits of accuracy established visually by means of sight
rails, as specified by the design.


The quality of guniting cement concrete and of reinforcement must comply with the
specifications contained in these conditions. The executed work must conform to the
applicable technical standards and design specifications, and the requirements specified
by the supervising engineer.

Only certified pre-cast concrete elements which will ensure appropriate durability and
weather resistance must be used. The quality of surface finishing of pre-cast concrete
elements must conform to the applicable technical standards, design specifications, and
the requirements specified by the supervising engineer once the shaping of slope
inclination will be specified by the design or by the supervising engineer, deviations without
prior approval are only permissible within the limits of accuracy established visually by
means of sight rails, as specified by the design.
4.9 Quality Control
4.9.1.1 Protective Vegetative Cover

The employer must check the selection and the use of plant species and fertilisers on the
basis of design specifications and the contractor's routine tests of soil composition. The
control of the quality of the seeds by the employer must also be carried out on the basis of
generally applied regulations and methods, either by control tests or by evaluating the
results of the tests by the contractor on the basis of test certificates of seed producer.
The quality of the completed work must be assessed by the supervising engineer and the
contractor at the time of taking over of the work.

The employer must examine the test certificates of the delivered netting and anchors, and
of its protective coating. If the employer should find that the materials used and the test
certificates submitted do not guarantee appropriate quality of the work, he may request
additional documentary evidence be submitted, or may specify additional tests to be
carried out.
4.9.2.2 Penning
The employer will check the quality of the delivered stony material which must conform to
the specified properties and requirements. If he should find that appropriate quality of the

material and the work has not been provided, he may specify additional tests to be
performed.

The employer will control the quality of the delivered cement concrete, and will examine
the test certificates of the delivered reinforcement, also controlling their placement and
conformity to design specifications.

The employer will control the quality of the delivered pre-cast concrete elements, their
conformity to design specifications, their shaping and surface finishing, also controlling the
quality of the material to be incorporated in such pre-cast concrete elements. The
employer will also control the quality of laying, the level of compaction of the underlying
course, as well as the visual matching with the surroundings.

The executed work must be measured in accordance with these conditions. In addition, the
following provisions apply:
4.10.1.1Protective Vegetative Cover

The areas that have been soiled and planted with grass must be measured in square
metres and within the scope as given by the design. The areas that have actually been
protected by bio-guniting must be measured in square metres and within the scope as
given by the design. The areas protected by wattle work must be measured in square
metres and within the scope as given by the design. The seedlings of trees and shrubs
must be counted separately for each individual species, per planted seedling that has
taken root and remained fresh.
4.10.1.2Other Types of Protection

The netting that has actually been placed must be measured in square metres and within
the scope as given by the design. The areas that have actually been protected by penning
must be measured in square metres and within the scope as given by the design.
Horizontal closing surfaces on embankments must not be measured, and must be
considered as integral part of the closing of the penning. The areas of the slopes that have
actually been protected by guniting must be measured in square metres and within the
scope as given by the design. The areas that have actually been revetted with pre-cast

concrete elements must be measured in square metres and within the scope as given by
the design.

In case of any non-conformity with the quality requirements as appearing in the documents
specified in the paragraph above, such non-conformity must be eliminated within a given
period of time by the contractor, who must bear the expenses of such elimination. The
contractor must also bear the expenses of all the measurements and test that may be
necessary and that will reveal the existence of any non-conformity of quality.
For any work which does not conform to the quality requirements as specified by these
conditions, and which the contractor does not repair in accordance with the instructions
issued by the supervising engineer, the contractor has no right to claim any payment In
such a case, the employer will have the right for the warranty period to be extended
accordingly.
4.11.1 General
The value of work done must be calculated in accordance with these conditions. For the
quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1 the costs must be calculated on the
basis of contractual unit price.
The contractual unit price must include all the services required for total completion of the
work. The contractor must have no right subsequently to claim any extra payment.
4.11.2 Deductions
Due to the stipulation that appropriate quality of individual works should be provided, no
In the case of landscaping, final acceptance must be carried out only after a period of time
specified in the contract, during which continuous growth of the vegetation and successful
execution of the work will be ensured. During such a period, the contractor must replace
each withered plant, and must repeat grass sowing until successful grassing is achieved,
and the costs of all this work must be borne by the contractor.

5 Soil reinforcement
5.1 Description
Soil reinforcement includes:
• Supply and placing of:
o cement concrete for foundations;
o lining elements of cement concrete;
o wooden dowels and steel anchors;
o stony material for the drainage layer behind lining elements;
o strips for soil reinforcement;
o polypropylene felts for temporary stabilisation;
o geotextiles to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain different soil

materials;
o fibreglass grids as mouldable supporting element;
all in accordance with design specifications and with these conditions, and:
• Supply and placing of polypropylene for reinforcing the layers of fill soil, performed
in accordance with the specifications in the design or by the supervising engineer;
• Machine-spreading of the materials to be incorporated in reinforced fills and

drainage layers behind lining elements, all in accordance with the specifications in
the design or by the supervising engineer and in compliance with these conditions.
5.2 Basic Materials

All classes of soil and rock specified in section 1.3.1 of these conditions as suitable to be
used for embankments are suitable for reinforcement.
The following materials may be used for soil reinforcement:
5.2.1 Cement Concrete for Foundations

Such types of cement concrete may be used as will ensure the designed execution,
purpose, and durability of a foundation, and as will comply with the specifications of these
conditions.

5.2.2 Lining Elements of Cement Concrete

As load-bearing elements, the lining elements will have to carry all the normally occurring
load components of earth pressure; they must be supported at the points of fixing of
reinforcement strips. The basic materials from which lining elements will be made and the
finished lining elements themselves must ensure the designed soil reinforcement and
stability of an embankment, and must conform to the specifications of these conditions.
5.2.3 Dowels and Anchors

Wooden dowels (hardwood) and steel anchors (reinforcing steel) must ensure appropriate
interconnection and fitting into position of the lining elements. To ensure their durability,
they must be appropriately protected (insulated).
5.2.4 Stony Material for Drainage Layers

For the drainage layer behind the lining elements, granular mixtures of natural and/or
crushed stone that conform to the specifications of these conditions must mainly be used.
5.2.5 Reinforcement Strips

As with anchors, soil reinforcement strips will transmit earth pressure directly to the fill
material. They may be made of:
• Laminated polyester;
• Rust-proofed steel sheet;
• Other appropriate material.
Soil reinforcement strips must conform to the specifications of the design and the
provisions of these conditions.
5.2.6 Polypropylene Felt

The soil that has been reinforced by means of polypropylene felt will mainly be used as a
temporary structure. Rodent-proof polypropylene that will be resistant to micro-organism
attack may be used for soil reinforcement. It must also conform to all the specifications of
the design and the provisions of these conditions.
5.2.7 Geotextiles
Geotextiles are polymer grids with a high tensile strength which are developed to reinforce
soil structures. Geotextiles must conform to the specifications of the design and the
provisions of these conditions.

5.2.8 Fibreglass Grids

A fibreglass grid is a supporting element comprising a first layer of a flexible grid-like
structure, defining the shape of the supporting element, and a second layer of a fibreglass
mat, interwoven with or bonded to the first layer. The supporting element may be deformed
into any desired configuration. Subsequently, moulding resin is applied to the supporting
element. After the resin has hardened, the supporting element is fairly rigid and remains
dimensionally stable. Fibreglass grids must conform to the specifications of the design and
the provisions of these conditions.
5.3.1 General
The quality of foundation cement concrete, lining elements, dowels, anchors, and stony
material for the drainage layer behind the lining elements must comply with these
conditions, as well as with the requirements and usages specified for such materials. In the
event that there should be no such relevant codes of practice, standards, and/or
instructions of the manufacturers, applicable to a material, the instructions of the
supervising engineer must be decisive.
5.3.2 Soil Reinforcement Strips and Geotextiles

Soil reinforcement strips and geotextiles must conform to the following quality
specifications:
• Tensile strength of at least 3.3 kN/cm of strip width
• Elongation at tearing of maximum 1.5%
Bending and impact strength, and toughness of a strip will generally be dependent on the
type of reinforcement strip or geotextile used, for which reason the data specified by the
manufacturer must be taken into consideration when evaluating these as well as some
other properties (strip dimensions, surface treatment, material composition), and must then
make an integral part of these conditions.

5.3.3 Polypropylene Felt

As a rule, the polypropylene felt for soil reinforcement must conform to the following quality
specifications:
Felt type
Property Unit
300g 400g
Tear strength – transverse N/cm 120 160
Elongation % 80 100
Tear strength – longitudinal N/cm 60 80
Weight g/m² 320 425
Table 5.1: Polypropylene Felt Quality Specifications
If other properties of the felt for soil reinforcement will be imposed by specific conditions,
quality specifications contained in the design and or required by the supervising engineer
must be taken into consideration.
When evaluating mechanical and physical properties of polypropylene felt (or any other felt
of appropriate type), the data by the manufacturer must also be taken into consideration,
and must thus make an integral part of these conditions.
5.3.4 Preliminary Testing

Before starting with laying, all the stipulated properties of the materials designed to be
used for soil reinforcement must be tested, for which purpose, as a rule, two characteristic
test samples of each material will suffice. In special cases, however, a greater number of
test samples for preliminary testing may be specified by the supervising engineer. Upon
the request of the supervising engineer, all preliminary tests for determining the suitability
for use of soil reinforcement materials must be ensured by the contractor, unless relevant
test results have already been included in design documents or some additional document.
The contractor has no right to claim any extra payment for such tests.
5.4.1 Subsoil Sub-grading

The subsoil sub-grade on which an embankment of reinforced soil has been designed to
be constructed must, before starting with spreading the soil for the reinforced
embankment, be prepared in accordance with the design and the specifications of these
conditions.

As a rule, subsoil sub-grade must fall towards the revetment of the embankment of
reinforced soil, and must be compacted appropriately. If this is not specified by the design,
the method of subsoil sub-grading must be decided by the supervising engineer.
5.4.2 Construction with Reinforcement Strips, and Lining Elements
5.4.2.1 Foundation Construction

Due to the friction between the lining elements and fill material, the load on the foundation
will be rather low. The foundation will then be, above all, an underlying structural element
of reinforced soil for the revetment, which should ensure appropriate laying and stability of
the first row of lining elements (without additional shuttering).
5.4.2.2 Construction of Embankments of Reinforced Soil

The design of the lining elements of cement concrete must conform to the conditions in
which they will be used, which means that the elements should be laid at appropriate
locations.
The first row of lining elements must be provided with appropriate openings, ensuring
drainage of the water from the area behind them, if any. The specified inclination of the first
row of lining elements, placed into the groove at the foundation, must be provided by
properly placing the mortar into the groove, which is provided to ensure that the lining
elements will sit in position at the foundation. Fill material must then be filled up to the level
of the lower row of openings in the lining elements. The next row of lining elements must
then be fixed on vertical, insulated anchors, installed in the first row of lining elements.
Slanting wood dowels, appropriately protected, must ensure that the lining elements are
firmly held in position. All lining elements should be inclined towards the embankment as
appropriate.
Reinforcement strips or geotextiles must be passed through the first row of lining elements;
they must be tightened as appropriate and then, first, covered with a thinner layer of
manually placed soil (to protect the strips against mechanical damage); finally, such an
amount of soil as remains to be placed to reach the required thickness of the layer, that is,
the level of the next row of openings in the lining elements, must be placed.
This procedure must then be repeated by laying the next row of lining elements. During
such a procedure, the stony material for the drainage layer must steadily be placed into the
vertical layer of approximately 50 cm in thickness, between the lining elements and fill soil;
such material, however, need not be compacted by the roller.

5.4.3 Felt-reinforced Embankments

Felt-reinforced embankments may be constructed on subsoil sub-grade that has been
prepared appropriately, by placing over the felt that has been spread over an appropriate
area, as the first layer, relatively pure gravel or pebble to the thickness of not less than
30 cm, that should ensure complete water drainage. After having compacted such a layer
as specified, its outer section must be wrapped with the extended portion of the layer of felt
below it. The required extent of wrapping must be specified by the design. The next layer
of felt must cover completely the first layer of the embankment (stony material) that has
been placed already, with some extra felt left available, which must be long enough to
enable wrapping of the next layer of soil of not more than 50 cm in thickness (when
compacted). Soil compaction may be carried out within the area of not more than 50 cm
from the slope of the layer of soil reinforced with felt, and the slope must be inclined as
appropriate (not less than 4%).
With higher embankments consisting of the soil reinforced with polypropylene felt, such a
procedure will be repeated as applicable.
5.5.1 Subsoil Sub-grade

As a rule, the required level of compaction and the bearing capacity of subsoil sub-grade,
as well as the inclination towards the revetment (slope) of the embankment of reinforced
soil, must be specified by the design, and will depend on the properties of the material in
the subsoil and of the fill material.
5.5.2 Embankment of Reinforced Soil

Before laying the reinforcement strips – in compliance with the provisions of section 2.6.4
of these conditions – each layer of soil (not more than 50 cm in thickness) being placed in
the embankment must be compacted simultaneously with and proportionately to the
placing operations, such compaction extending to not more than 50 cm from the outer
edge of the layer. The average level of compaction of the filled material of 95% must be
ensured (as per modified Proctor test). The lower limit value to be reached at any
measuring point must not be less than the specified average value reduced by 3%.
5.5.2.1 Sub-grade of the Embankment of Reinforced Soil

If an embankment of reinforced soil is constructed as substructure, it must be ensured that
at the sub-grade of the embankment the bearing capacity, that is, the deformation modulus
Ev2 must not be less than 45 MN/m², and the ratio Ev2:Ev1 not in excess of 2.0. If the
value of deformation modulus Ev1, as has been measured, is in excess of 50% of the

required value of Ev2, the specified ratio will not be decisive in evaluating the bearing
capacity of the reinforced soil embankment. The above value of the bearing capacity
represents the lower limit value, and must be ensured at each of the measuring points.
To ensure appropriate drainage of water from the sub-grade of the embankment of

reinforced soil, unevenness, as determined by means of the measuring rod of 4 m in
length, must not be in excess of 25 mm. The inclination of the sub-grade of the
embankment of reinforced soil towards the revetment (slope) must not be less than 4%.
5.6 Quality Control

When starting with placing operations, the characteristic properties of the materials
designed to be used for soil reinforcement, as have been established by preliminary tests,
must be checked. The number of test samples required for such tests must be specified by
the supervising engineer, unless specified by the design. As a rule, one test will suffice for
such control.
The minimum scope of routine tests of materials to be performed by the contractor must
include:
• Testing the quality of cement concrete in lining elements per 100 pieces;
• Grading analysis of the stony material for drainage layer per 100 m³;
Testing the optimum moisture content and level of compaction of fill soil per 400 m³;
• Testing the reinforcement strips per 1000 m¹;
• Testing the polypropylene felt for reinforcement per 1000 m¹;
• Testing the geotextiles per 1000 m¹;
• Testing the fibreglass grids per 1000 m¹.
5.6.1 Routine Tests

The scope and the method of routine tests must be specified by the supervising engineer
on the basis of the results of preliminary material quality tests and the conditions for soil
reinforcement as specified by the design.
The minimum scope of routine tests to be performed by the contractor must include:
• Measurement of water content and level of compaction of fill soil per 10 m¹ of

embankment;
• Measurement of the bearing capacity of the sub-grade of reinforced-soil fill per

20 m¹ of embankment;

• Measurement of evenness and level of the sub-grade of reinforced-soil fill per

20 m¹ of embankment.
In case considerable deviations from the results of preliminary tests are revealed by
routine tests, the supervising engineer may choose subsequently to change the specified
scope of routine tests; this may also be done if the quality of the executed work is found to
be of considerable uniformity. The quality of the materials may, however, be established by
any other recognised method, if approved by the supervising engineer. In that case,
however, such an approval by the supervising engineer must specify the criteria for quality
evaluation.
5.6.2 Control Tests

routine tests must be 1:4. The sampling points for control tests and the measuring points
must be specified by the supervising engineer on the basis of statistical random selection.

The executed work must be measured in accordance with these conditions and with the
• The areas of subsoil sub-grade under the fills of reinforced soil must be measured
in square metres of the actually executed scope of work;
• The foundations of slope revetment, the lining elements, anchors, dowels, and the
stony material for the drainage layer must be measured and the value established
on the basis of the average value of an individual piece of each particular type of
lining element laid;
• The strips for soil reinforcement must be measured in metres of the actually laid
quantity;
• Extra payment for difficult work in placing the material at the areas of embankments
with soil reinforcement strips, geotextiles, and fibreglass grids will be allowed for
the quantities of the actually placed material measured in cubic metres;
• The quantity of the polypropylene felt, geotextiles, and fibreglass grids for soil
reinforcement must be measured in square metres of the actually incorporated
material and evaluated with regard to the quantity, expressed in cubic metres, of
the soil actually reinforced.

The contractor must provide relevant documentary evidence for all those quantities of
materials (for soil reinforcement) as have been delivered to the site.

The embankment of reinforced soil must be taken over by the supervising engineer in
accordance with these conditions, as with quality specifications as included in these
conditions.
Any defects that might be found not to be in accordance with such specifications must be
made good by the contractor previous to resuming any work. The costs of eliminating all
such defects must be charged to the contractor, including the costs of all types of
measurements and tests that have demonstrated the inappropriate quality of the work
done.
For all cases of non-conformity of the work with the requirements of these conditions, and
for the failure by the contractor to eliminate them in accordance with the instructions by the
supervising engineer, the contractor must not have the right to claim any payment. In such
a case, the employer must have the right to an extension of the warranty period to not less
than five years for all the work depending on the non-conformitys of the work that have not
been eliminated.
5.8.1 General
The value of work done must be calculated in accordance with these conditions. For the
quantities established in accordance with section 1.7.1 of these conditions the costs must
be calculated on the basis of contractual unit price. The contractual unit price must include
all the services required for total completion of the work, as per design and these
conditions. The contractor has no right to claim any extra payment whatsoever. As a rule,
the cost of sub-grading of the subsoil under the embankment of reinforced soil must be
calculated in accordance with section 2.8 of these conditions, while embankment
construction – without reinforcement – must be calculated in accordance with section 4.11.

The quality of cement concrete incorporated in foundations and lining elements must be
evaluated financially in accordance with the relevant provisions applying to cement
concrete and cement concrete work. The level of compaction of the embankment of
reinforced soil must be evaluated in accordance with section 5.5.2. The lower limit value
will mean the 100% value as per unit price in the offer, which means that no deduction will
be permitted when calculating the cost of the executed work. The bearing capacity of the

sub-grade of the embankment of reinforced soil must be evaluated in accordance with

these conditions. The lower limit value will mean the 100% value as per unit price in the
offer, which means that no deduction will be permitted when calculating the cost of the
executed work.
Due to the stipulated evenness of the sub-grade of the embankment of reinforced soil (as
per section 5.5.2), no deduction will be permitted when calculating the cost of the executed
work. The properties of reinforcement strips, as specified in section 5.2.5 and the
properties of polypropylene felt, as specified in section 5.2.6, will mean – this being the
lower limit value – the 100% values as per unit price in the offer. The maximum allowed
lower limit values, however, may be by 10% less than the required (limit) values, and must,
with each particular property of reinforcement material and polypropylene felt, mean such
material and the executed work pertaining to it as will be without any value. The
intermediate values must be calculated by linear interpolation.
When calculating the costs, the scope of the work whose quality will be marked by a
certain level of non-conformity must be taken into consideration accordingly.

6 Piles and Drop Shafts
6.1 Description
Pile foundation and drop shaft foundation work includes the following:
• Transportation to a location, setting up, maintenance, disassembly, and removal of

all the required machinery and appliances with accessories and equipment
necessary for complete execution of the work, including all the required areas;
• Excavation and removal of the soil and/or rock produced by drilling or excavation,
and pumping of water, if and when appropriate;
• Supply and incorporation of all the materials required for complete execution of the
work;
• All the work in connection with preparing the heads of piles and drop shafts;
• All the work in connection with making outer casings, struts, partitions and drop
shaft cutters.
Pile foundation and drop shaft foundation work must include all other works planned in the
design, as well as all the required operations specified and stipulated by applicable safety
regulations. All the above mentioned works must be included in the unit price, and the
contractor must not have the right to claim any extra payment whatsoever.
6.2 Basic Materials

For the making of piles and drop shafts only such materials may be used as comply with
design specification and the provisions of these conditions referring to such materials. As a
rule, the following materials must be used:
• Cement concrete and steel of some standard composition for drilled, driven, and
sunk piles, and drop shafts;
• Appropriate types of wood for wood piles;
• Quick lime, hydrated lime, fly ash (with appropriate additives. if necessary) and
gypsum for piles of chemically stabilised types of soil;
• Appropriate mixture of crushed stone grains for piles of stone grain mixture.

Before starting work, the contractor must submit to the supervising engineer documentary
evidence of the quality of the materials designed to be incorporated in piles and drop
shafts under conditions specified in these conditions. The quality of all materials must
comply with design specifications, the requirements of these conditions, and the

requirements and usages specified for such materials. In the event that there are no such
relevant codes of practice, standards, and/or instructions of the manufacturers, the
instructions or the evaluation of the supervising engineer will be decisive.
Upon the request of the supervising engineer, all preliminary tests of the stipulated
properties and of the suitability for use of the materials must be ensured by the contractor,
who must have no right to claim any extra payment for such tests. As a rule, a single
characteristic sample of a material will suffice for preliminary testing. In special cases,
however, the supervising engineer may also specify a greater number of samples for
preliminary tests.

All the work in connection with pile and drop shaft foundation must be carried out by the
contractor in accordance with the provisions of the design and of these conditions.
The length of piles and drop shafts must comply with the conditions specified in the
relevant soil mechanics report, including the depth of embedment as may be designed (as
per static calculation). When executing the works, the basic requirements of the procedure
to be followed with a selected type of pile or drop shaft must be followed. Should it happen
that the method of execution of piles or drop shafts are not specific enough in any respect
whatever, the conditions and the method of execution will be specified by the supervising
engineer.

The quality of execution of piles and drop shafts must comply with all applicable
regulations and standards and the requirements specified in these conditions with regard
to the materials used, unless expressly specified otherwise by the requirements
concerning the quality of execution as given in the design. The following must be
demonstrated by the contractor with the results of routine tests:
• Bearing capacity of subsoil material at the point of a pile or drop shaft;
• Quality and uniformity of placement of the materials incorporated in piles and drop
shafts;
• Length and depth of embedment or bearing capacity (allowed load) of the piles and
drop shafts.
The routine tests mentioned must be performed as appropriate to a particular type of pile
or drop shaft constructed.

6.6 Quality Control
6.6.1 Routine Tests

Routine tests for determining the quality of materials and of placement must be performed
in accordance with the test scheme, which should be drawn up by the contractor and
submitted for approval by the supervising engineer. Routine tests must be carried out in
accordance with the specifications concerning individual types of materials as given in
these conditions, or they should be adapted as appropriate.
As a rule, the scope of routine tests to be performed must be as follows:
6.6.1.1 Piles and Drop Shafts of Reinforced Cement Concrete

• Bearing capacity of subsoil material with each drilled or sunk pile, or drop shaft;
• Compressive strength of cement concrete and poured cement concrete for drop
shafts with each pile and drop shaft;
• Reinforcing steel quality per each five tons of installed steel;
• Uniformity of the poured cement concrete with each pile;
• Length and depth of embedment of each pile and drop shaft.
6.6.1.2 Steel Piles and Drop Shafts

• Bearing capacity of subsoil material with each sunk pile or drop shaft;
• Mechanical properties of the steel used for piles, per every ten piles;
• Compressive strength of poured cement concrete for drop shafts, with each drop
shaft;
• Length and depth of embedment of each pile and drop shaft.
6.6.1.3 Wood Piles

• Mechanical properties of the wood per every ten piles;
• Length of each pile.
6.6.1.4 Piles of Chemically Stabilised Soils

• Binder characteristics per every 50 tons of delivered binder;
• Quantity of mixed binder (calculated) per every two piles;

• Compressive strength of the stabilisation mixture of each pile;
• Stability of the stabilisation mixture in water per every ten piles;
6.6.1.5 Piles of Stone Grain Mixture

• Granulometric grading of the stone grain mixture per every ten piles;
In case considerable deviations from the results of preliminary tests should be revealed by
routine tests, the supervising engineer may choose subsequently to change the scope of
routine tests.
6.6.2 Control Tests

routine tests must be 1:4.
6.7 Measurement and Take-over of Works

The scope of work done must be measured in uniform units of measure, that is:
• Pile and drop shaft installation in metres;
• Extending of piles and drop shafts in metres;
• Dressing and cutting off of piles and drop shafts per piece;
all depending on cross section.
When measuring the work done, the provisions contained in these conditions must be
taken into consideration.
The executed works must be taken over in accordance with the provisions contained in
these conditions.

The value of work done must be calculated in accordance with these conditions.
The quality specified by the design will represent the lower limit value, and will mean the
100% value per unit price in the offer. Since the quality specified by the design will at the
same time be the maximum allowed limit value, the contractor must not have the right to

claim any extra payment for the works that will not conform to the quality as specified by
the design. However, he will be obliged to pay all extra costs resulting from such non-
conformity of the quality of the work done.

7 Sheet Piling
7.1 Description
The work includes:
• Supply and placing of sheet piling elements (boards), angle and branching (jointing)
elements, struts, straps, and all accessory material required for building pit
strutting;
• Maintenance of sheet piling during the placement;
• Removal of sheet piling;
all as specified by the design and the approved static calculation, and in accordance with
these conditions and applicable Safety regulations.
All the works mentioned must be included in the unit price, and the contractor will have no
right whatsoever to claim any extra payment.
7.2 Basic Materials

Only such materials must be used for sheet piling as will comply with design specifications
and the provisions of these conditions. As a rule, the elements made of steel and wood
(boards) must be used for sheet piling.

Before commencement of work, the contractor must submit to the supervising engineer the
documentary evidence of the quality of the materials designed to be incorporated in sheet
piling in accordance with the requirements specified in these conditions.
The quality of all materials must comply with design specifications, the requirements of
these conditions, and the requirements and usages specified for such materials. In the
event that there are no such relevant codes of practice, standards, and/or instructions of
the manufacturers, the instructions or the evaluation of the supervising engineer will be
decisive.

All the work in connection with sheet piling must be carried out by the contractor in
accordance with the provisions included in the design and in these conditions. Should it
happen that the method of execution of sheet piling is not specific enough in any respect,
the conditions and the method of execution will be specified by the supervising engineer.


The quality of execution of sheet piling must comply with all applicable regulations and
standards, and the requirements specified in these conditions with regard to the materials
used, as well as with the requirements concerning the quality of execution as specified in
the design.
7.6 Quality Control

Upon the request of the supervising engineer, any dubious quality of individual types of
material and/or work must be checked by the contractor during the construction of sheet
piling.

The entire scope of work done must be measured in square metres as the unit of measure,
and in accordance with the provisions contained in these conditions.
The works must be taken over in accordance with the provisions contained in these
conditions.

8 Spreading Surplus Materials
8.1 General
The provisions of this volume only include technical conditions with regard to the execution
of the work, the calculation of the cost of these works being included in excavation unit
price.
8.2 Description
The work includes all kinds of spreading and filling of surplus and excavated fill material,
obtained from excavations of all type and classification, that is, either at dumps or along
the road upon the completion of work. Surplus material must be spread and filled in
accordance with the design, and as specified by the supervising engineer. Spreading
operations should allow for aesthetic and technically correct shaping of the spread
material, and for proper stratification of the various types of soil, as appropriate to their
designed purpose.
8.3 Basic Materials

All the materials which are not suitable and/or required for backfills, embankments, and
barrier layer aggregate construction, or surplus materials, must be spread.
8.4 Quality of Material

The quality of the material to be spread is not specified. In addition to the provisions of
these conditions, such materials may also be damp, soaked with water or frozen.
8.5 Method of Construction

The execution of the work, the method of organisation, and the selection of the machinery
and devices to be used must be left to the contractor's choice. Also left to the contractor's
choice must be the acquisition of locations outside the road area that will be used as
dumps, as well as their preparation. When executing the work, the contractor must comply
with the provisions contained in the design and with the instructions by the supervising
engineer. In executing the work, the contractor must also take into consideration other
technical conditions upon which the execution of the work will depend, such as appropriate
distribution of the different types of material, adjustment to the ground conditions and
surroundings, method of drainage during spreading operations and subsequent to such
operations, and soiling and planting of grass after having completed spreading operations.
Dump areas and individual layers need not be compacted any more than is necessary to
avoid excessive and irregular settlement.


The preparation of dumps need not be of any specific quality; only the general
requirements, such as aesthetic execution, incorporation into the surroundings, planting
with grass and drainage of surface, rain, source, and ground water have been set. In no
case, however, should the natural conditions existing in the areas planned for the
spreading of surplus material be allowed to deteriorate. Such conditions should rather be
sought to be improved.
8.7 Quality Control

The quality of execution must be checked visually on the basis of the following criteria:
• Incorporation into the surroundings;
• Appropriate filling in layers;
• Appropriate evenness of the layers;
• Appropriate drainage;
• Appropriate grass cover;
• Preparation in accordance with design requirements and the specifications by the

supervising engineer.

The executed work will not be measured since the scope of the work done will be
established when establishing the class of the excavated material.

The executed work must be taken over in accordance with the general provisions specified
in these conditions.

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Albanian Road Constructions Standards – ARCS 2 – Earthworks

Albanian Road Construction Standards

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 2

2.5.3 Chemically Stabilised Soil and/or Rock Materials ................................... 28

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 3

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 4

4.5.2.1 Preliminary Technological Tests ................................................................ 60

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 5

4.9.2.2 Penning .......................................................................................................... 72

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 6

6.2 Basic Materials...................................................................................................... 85

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 7

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 8

Also included in the scope of this work are:

• Removal, dumping, and spreading of unsuitable or surplus material, also to dumps

1.2 Basic Materials

1.3 Quality of Materials

• Fertile soil Category 1

• Soft soil Category 2

• Cohesive and non-cohesive soil Category 3

• Soft rock Category 4

• Solid rock Category 5

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 9

All the material obtained by stripping overburden, bulk excavation, excavation of

Material Excavation Applicability

Found under fertile soil > 15 m.-%

* Silicate rocks of eruptive origin are not classified.

Table 1.1: Classification of Soils and Rock

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 10

1.4 Method of Execution

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 11

As a rule, stripping overburden, bulk excavation, excavation of foundations, service

1.4.2.1 Excavations in Different Soils and Rocks

1.4.2.2 Inclinations of Excavated Slopes

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 12

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 13

1.4.2.4 Safety Measures

1.4.2.5 Other Considerations

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 14

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 15

1.4.3 Compensation of Quantities

1.4.4 Borrow Pits

The contractor must:

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 16

1.4.5 Breakthroughs and Other Procedures

1.4.7 Working Area, Bottom, and Slopes

1.4.7.1 Working Area with Excavation of Foundations and Building Pits

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 17

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 18

1.4.7.3 Slopes of Building Pits without Shoring

1.5 Quality of Execution

• By not more than 5 cm, when excavating in rock.

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 19

1.6 Quality Control

1.7 Measurement and Take-over of Work

1.7.1 Measurement of Work

• All excavations (topsoil stripping, bulk excavation, excavation of foundations,

• To determine quantities actually excavated, cross-sections must be used, which

Draft of Version 1 – Feb 2008 Page 20

1.7.2 Take-over of Work

1.8 Cost Calculation

• All work in connection with excavation, loading, transportation, and dumping on

• Obtaining of appropriate land for permanent and temporary dumps, including

Moisture content (with soils only) per 40 m¹

Topsoil content per 400 m¹

Consistency limits of soils per 400 m¹

Optimum moisture content and density per 400 m¹

Optimum moisture content and density per 400 m¹

Measurements of moisture content and density per 200 m¹

Quantity of the spread binder per 100 m¹

Compressive strength (two test samples) per 100 m¹