Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
1.1 Abbreviations
1.2 Definitions
Adhesion loss. The loss of bond between a joint sealant material and the concrete joint face
noted by physical separation of the sealant from either or both joint faces.
Adhesives. The group of materials used to join or bond similar or dissimilar materials; for
example, in concrete work, the epoxy resins.
Aggregate. Granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic cement
concrete, or iron blast furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce either
concrete or mortar.
Asphalt Concrete Base. A base type that utilises hot mix asphalt concrete placed directly on
subgrades of high soil support values. This is a common base material in southern Albania.
Asphalt Tack Coat. A light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It
is used to ensure a bond between two bituminous pavement layers.
Axle Load. The portion of the gross weight of a vehicle transmitted to a structure or a pavement
through wheels supporting a given axle.
Base. According to GRD specifications a base is one or more layers of specified material of
design thickness placed on the subgrade or subbase to support a surface course.
Binder. The organic or inorganic material which encapsulates and holds together the base in
reinforced or otherwise heterogeneous composites.
Bitumen. Any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons (as tar) often together with their non-metallic
derivatives that occur naturally or are obtained as residues after heat-refining petroleum.
Bituminous concrete. Concrete cemented with bituminous material such as tar or asphalt.
Bleeding. Excess asphalt binder occurring on the pavement surface. The bleeding may create a
shiny, glass-like surface that may be tacky to the touch. Bleeding is usually found in the wheel
paths.
Blinding. The condition in which soil particles block the voids at the surface of a geotextile,
therefore reducing hydraulic conductivity of the geotextile, a formation of surface crust or cake.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The ratio of the force per unit area required to penetrate a soil
mass with a 19.4 sq cm circular piston at the rate of 1.27 mm per min to the force required for
corresponding penetration of a standard crushed-rock base material; the ratio is usually
determined at 2.5 mm penetration.
Cement. A building material that is a powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay;
used with water and sand or gravel to make concrete and mortar.
Chemically Curing Sealant. A material that reaches its final properties through the reaction of
the component materials when mixed.
Chip Seal. A surface treatment in which the pavement is sprayed with asphalt (generally
emulsified) and then immediately covered with aggregate and rolled. Chip seals are used
primarily to seal the surface of a pavement with non load associated cracks and to improve
surface friction, although they also are commonly used as a wearing course on low volume
roads.
Clay. A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated,
consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminium and widely used in making bricks, tiles,
and pottery. A sedimentary material with grains smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter.
Cohesion. The internal bond within a joint sealant material. Cohesion loss is seen as a
noticeable tear along the surface and through the depth of the sealant.
Compaction. The process whereby the volume of freshly placed mortar or concrete is reduced
to the minimum practical space, usually by vibration, centrifugation, tamping, or some
combination of these; to mould it within forms or moulds and around embedded parts and
reinforcement, and to eliminate voids other than entrained air. See also Consolidation.
Consistency. The relative ease with which a cohesive soil can be deformed. It is usually
expressed qualitatively by terms such as very soft, soft, medium stiff, stiff, hard and very hard.
Consolidation. The process of inducing a closer arrangement of the solid particles in freshly
mixed concrete or mortar during placement by the reduction of voids, usually by vibration,
centrifugation, tamping, or some combination of these actions; also applicable to similar
manipulation of other cementitious mixtures, soils, aggregates, or the like. See also Compaction.
Consolidation Test. A test where the specimen is laterally confined in a ring and is compressed
between porous plates.
Contract. Decrease in length or volume. See also Expand, Shrinkage, Swelling, and Volume
Change.
Course. In concrete construction, a horizontal layer of concrete, usually one of several making
up a lift; in masonry construction, a horizontal layer of block or brick.
Cover. In reinforced concrete, the least distance between the surface of the reinforcement and
the outer surface of the concrete.
Crack. Fissure or discontinuity of the pavement surface not necessarily extending through the
entire thickness of the pavement. Cracks generally develop after initial construction of the
pavement and may be caused by thermal effects, excess loadings, or excess deflections.
Crack Filling. The placement of materials into non-working cracks to substantially reduce the
intrusion of incompressibles and infiltration of water, while also reinforcing the adjacent
pavement. Crack filling must be distinguished from crack sealing.
Crack Sealing. A maintenance procedure that involves placement of specialised materials into
working cracks using unique configurations to reduce the intrusion of incompressibles into the
crack and to prevent infiltration of water into the underlying pavement layers.
Crushed. Granules in which over 50% of the surface has been broken.
Crushed gravel and gravel chippings. A mixture of granules obtained from crushing natural
granules (stone or gravel) which contain at least 90% (m/m) crushed granules over 2 mm.
Crushed stone. A mixture of granules in which all the granules were obtained by crushed stone.
Cure. A period of time following placement and finishing of a material such as concrete during
which desirable engineering properties (such as strength) develop. Improved properties may be
achieved by controlling temperature or humidity during curing.
Curing. Maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content and temperature in concrete during its
early stages following placing and finishing to ensure proper hydration of the cement and proper
hardening of the concrete.
Curing Blanket. A built-up covering of sacks, matting, Hessian, straw, waterproof paper, or
other suitable material placed over freshly finished concrete. See also Burlap.
Curing Compound. A liquid that can be applied as a coating to the surface of newly placed
concrete to retard the loss of water or, in the case of pigmented compounds, also to reflect heat
so as to provide an opportunity for the concrete to develop its properties in a favourable
temperature and moisture environment. See also Curing.
Depression. Localised pavement surface areas at a lower elevation than the adjacent paved
areas.
Drainage The interception and removal of water from, on, or under an area or roadway; the
process of removing surplus ground or surface water artificially; a general term for gravity flow of
liquids in conduits.
Emulsified Asphalt. A liquid mixture of asphalt binder, water, and an emulsifying agent. Minute
globules of asphalt are suspended in water by using an emulsifying agent. These asphalt
globules are either anionic (negatively charged) or cationic (positively charged).
Expansion Increase in length or volume. See also Autogenous Volume Change, Contraction,
Moisture Movement, Shrinkage, and Volume Change.
Filling. Filling comprises stone granules which during sifting fall through the standard sieve
0.075. Filling is a fraction of mixtures of 0/0.075 mm stone granules.
Flexible Pavement. A pavement structure that maintains intimate contact with and distributes
loads to the subgrade and depends on aggregate interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for
stability; cementing agents, where used, are generally bituminous (asphaltic) materials as
contrasted to Portland cement in the case of rigid pavement. See also Rigid Pavement.
Flexural Strength. A property of a material or structural member that indicates its ability to
resist failure in bending.
Fly Ash. The finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal
and which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flu gasses; Used as mineral
admixture in concrete mixtures.
Form. A temporary structure or mould for the support of concrete while it is setting and gaining
sufficient strength to be self-supporting.
Fraction. A mixture of stone granules limited by the smaller and larger opening in the standard
sieves without undersized and oversized grade-sizes.
Full-depth Patching. Removing and replacing at least a portion of a concrete slab to the bottom
of the concrete, in order to restore areas of deterioration; also removal and replacement of a
segment of a flexible pavement to the level of the subgrade in order to restore areas of
deterioration.
Graded Aggregate Base (GAB). A type of base that utilises processed crushed stone or
graded aggregate exclusively. This type of base is exclusively used in areas of low soil support
values, specifically in northern Albania.
Grade-size. That denominative size of the opening of the smallest standard sieve through which
a granule still passes.
Granule. A rounded rock fragment larger than a grain of sand but smaller than a pebble
Gravel. Mixtures of natural rounded granules of a specific size, regardless of the site (gravel pit,
sandpit).Gravel is a mixture of natural granules in which at least 50% of the surface of the
granules is above 2 mm and rounded.
Geotextiles. A geotextile is a synthetic permeable textile manufactured from man made fabrics.
Within the context of pavement design, geotextiles are intended to have beneficial engineering
properties such as limiting the intrusion of fines from the subgrade or assist in strengthening the
subgrade.
Hardening. When Portland cement is mixed with enough water to form a paste, the compounds
of the cement react with water to form cementitious products that adhere to each other and to
the intermixed sand and stone particles and become very hard. As long as moisture is present,
the reaction may continue for years, adding continually to the strength of the mixture.
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC or HMA). A thoroughly controlled mixture of asphalt binder
and well-graded, high quality aggregate thoroughly compacted into a uniform dense mass.
HMAC pavements may also contain additives such as anti-stripping agents and polymers.
Hydrated Lime. A dry powder obtained by treating quicklime with sufficient water to convert it to
calcium hydroxide.
Hydration. The chemical reaction between cement and water which causes concrete to harden.
Hydraulic Cement. A cement that is capable of setting and hardening under water due to the
chemical interaction of the water and the constituents of the cement.
km/h. The IRI is expressed in units of metres per kilometre and is a representation of pavement
roughness.
Joint Depth. The measurement of a saw cut from the top of the pavement/slab surface to the
bottom of the cut.
Joint Filler. Compressible material used to fill a joint to prevent the infiltration of debris and to
provide support for sealant.
Joint Filler. Compressible material used to fill a joint to prevent the infiltration of debris.
Joint Sealant. Compressible material used to minimize water and solid debris infiltration into the
sealant reservoir and joint.
Longitudinal Crack. A crack or discontinuity in a pavement that runs generally parallel to the
pavement center line. Longitudinal cracks may occur as a result of poorly constructed paving
lane joints, thermal shrinkage, inadequate support, reflection from underlying layers, or as a
precursor to fatigue cracking.
Longitudinal Joint. A constructed joint in a pavement layer that is oriented parallel to the
pavement centre line.
Mineral Filler. A finely divided mineral product with at least 70% passing the No. 200 sieve.
Commonly used mineral fillers include, limestone dust, hydrated lime, Portland cement, and fly
ash.
Mixture. A substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed
proportions and not with chemical bonding). Two or more substances mixed together but not
chemically combined.
Overlay. The addition of a new material layer onto an existing pavement surface. See also
Resurfacing.
Patch. Placement of a repair material to replace a localised defect in the pavement surface.
Pavement Rehabilitation. Structural enhancements that extend the service life of an existing
pavement and/or improve its load carrying capability. Rehabilitation techniques include
restoration treatments and structural overlays.
Performance Period. The period of time that an initially constructed or rehabilitated pavement
structure will perform before reaching its terminal serviceability.
Point Bearing. Concentration of compressive stressed between small areas. May occur when a
partial-depth patch in Portland cement concrete pavement is made without the compressible
insert. Also, slab expansion in hot weather forces an adjacent slab to bear directly against a
small partial-dept patch and causes the patch to fail by delaminating and popping out of place.
Polymer bitumen. It is for use in prepared bituminous binder with improved properties as
determined by the added polymer. The meaning is equivalent to polymer modified bitumen
(PmB).
Polymer modified bitumen (PmB). It is a physical mixture of bitumen and polymer systems or
reaction products made of bitumen and polymers.
Rigid Pavement. Pavement that will provide high bending resistance and distribute loads to the
foundation over a comparatively large area.
Sand. A fraction of mixtures of stone granules which during sifting fall through the standard
2 mm sieve and remain on a 0.075 mm sieve.
Sealant. A material that has adhesive and cohesive properties to seal joints, cracks, or other
various openings against the entrance or passage of water or other debris in pavements
(generally less than 75 mm in width.
Sealing. The process of placing sealant material in prepared joints or cracks to minimize
intrusion of water and incompressible materials. This term is also used to describe the
application of pavement surface treatments.
Soil cement. A construction material, a mix of pulverised natural soil with small amount of
Portland cement and water, and compacted to high density. Hard, semi-rigid durable material is
formed by hydration of the cement particles. Soil cement is frequently used as a construction
material for road construction as a subbase layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has
good compressive and shear strength, but low tensile strength and brittleness, so it is prone to
forming cracks.
Stone. Building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn (crushed) in a definite shape for a
special purpose.
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). A mixture of asphalt binder, stabiliser material, mineral filler, and
gap-graded aggregate. SMAs are used as a rut resistant wearing course.
Subbase. In road engineering, subbase is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade,
on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic
on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Subbase is often the main
load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the subgrade. The
materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound. The quality of subbase is
very important for the useful life of the road. Unbound granular materials must, unless otherwise
specified, be crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.
Surface Texture. The microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of the pavement surface
that contribute to surface friction and noise.
Thin Overlay. An HMA overlay with one lift of surface course generally with a thickness of
40 mm or less.
Undersized granules. Those granules which during sifting fall through the standard sieve for
the lower grade-size fractions.
2 Roadbases
2.1 General
Road bases are parts of the roadway construction between the wearing course and sub-base.
Roadbases are stabilised or unstabilised with hydraulic or organic binders. They must be built in
dimensions specified by the design and in accordance with these technical conditions.
2.2.1 Description
The construction of unstabilised roadbases, (mechanically stabilised), includes the supply and
placing of corresponding mixture of granules for the unstabilised roadbases at sites specified by
the design. This work must be executed when the air temperature is above 2°C and without
precipitations. Unstabilised roadbases (URB) can be constructed for all groups of traffic loads,
generally between the sub-base foundation and the stabilised roadbase.
Name of
Grade – size
Granulation, mm mixtures of
Fraction, mm
stone granules
0/1* 0-2
0/2 0-4 Sand
0/4 0-4
0/8 0 - 9,5
0/10* 0 - 16
0/16 0 - 19
0/20* 0 - 31.5
Gravel, crushed
0/25 0 – 31.5
stone
0/31.5 0 – 37.5
0/40 0 – 63
0/50 0 - 75
0/63 0 - 125
1/4* 0.425 - 8 Sand
2/4* 1-8
4/8 2 – 9.5
8/10* 4 - 16
8/16* 4 - 20
10/16* 8 - 20
16/20* 9.5 - 31.5
Gravel, chippings
16/31.5 9.5 - 40
16/31.5* 16 - 40
20/31.5* 16 - 40
31.5/40* 20 - 63
31.5/63 20 - 125
40/63* 31.5 - 125
The composition of mixtures of stone granules for URB depends on the expected traffic load
specified in the design. If not, rougher particle compositions of mixtures usually must be used in
roadway constructions for heavier traffic loads. With this, it must be considered that the
thickness of the course must be at least 2.5 times the diameter of the largest particle in the
mixture. The Contractor may use a different composition of mixtures of stone granules for URB,
if such a mixture of granules corresponds to the specified conditions of use affirmed by an
authorised institute (such as the Institute of Standards of Technology of Construction [ISTC]), or
another certified laboratory, and the use of which was permitted by the Engineer. The mixture of
stone granules for URB may contain the following share of granules to 0.063 mm:
The content of stone particles up to 0.02 mm in mixtures must not be greater than 3 % (m/m).
The quotient of uneven granulation U = d60/d10 must be equal for mixtures of
The equivalent of sand, specified for a mixture of stone granules 4 mm in size, must amount for
unstabilised roadbases on roads:
The resistance of granules against crushing, defined as a screening according to the Los
Angeles method, for URB on roads, is permitted to amount for:
The resistance of stone granules against freezing, determined on granules over 4 mm of size
with five cycles of the crystallisation test (with natrium sulphate) and expressed in percentage of
chipped particles of the original mass sample (loss), is permitted to amount to 5% (m/m).
The granules which shape do not satisfy the condition I:d≤3:1 is not allow to be more than 20%
(m/m) in a mixture.
Organic additives in mixtures of stone granules may colour a 3% solution of natrium lye to a dark
yellow at most.
A mixture of stone granules for URB must not contain harmful additives. Mixtures may contain
individual decayed or brittle stone granules only to such an amount, that the whole corresponds
to the prescribed requirements.
The load capacity of the stone granules, determined in a laboratory by the Californian Bearing
Method (CBR), must amount to
• for mixtures of natural granules and mixed mixtures of granules, in which there are less
than 50% of crushed granules at least 50—60%;
• for mixtures of crushed granules and mixed mixtures of granules, in which there are
more than 50% of crushed granules at least 80%.
Every mixture of stone granules expected to be used in URB must be checked with three
samples before the beginning of work in accordance with the requirements of these technical
conditions. If the production of mixtures is regularly tested by an authorised institute such as the
ISTC or another certified laboratory and on the basis of these results the required quality of the
mixture of stone is suitable, then one sample must be inspected before the beginning of work.
• the composition of the mixtures of stone granules (in accordance with these technical
conditions) with one or two sample; and
• the mechanical properties (in accordance with these technical conditions) with one or two
samples,
to ensure that the characteristic properties of the constructed mixtures correspond to the
properties determined with trial sample controls taken before the beginning of work, and then to
measure:
• the density of the constructed course (in accordance with these technical conditions) with
at least 15 measurements of density and moisture content in the mixtures of stone
granules;
• the load capacity of the constructed course (in accordance with these technical
conditions) with at least three measurements of deformation modules;
• the level and height of the formation of the constructed course (in accordance with these
technical conditions) with at least five measurements.
The technological process, type of agent for compacting and their global effect must be
determined for every characteristic type of stone granules mixture before the beginning of work.
Thus the effect of the compacting agents must be measured on a trial section after every
transition at least at three sites. After concluding the compaction of the URB formation, the
density and the moisture of the placed mixtures of stone granules must be measured at least at
ten locations.
Engineer. A suitably equipped vehicle must be used for the transportation of mixtures of stone
granules. For spreading, equipment must be used, which achieves the required distribution of
the mixture. The thickness of the distributed mixture of granules must correspond to the required
thickness of the layer of the compacted mixture of stone granules specified in the design. Each
individual layer must be suitably formed and compacted before the transportation of the mixture
for the next layer begins, if a number of layers of mixtures of stone granules is foreseen.
If mixtures of stone granules are spread over uncompacted layers, vehicles during transport
must be equally divided over the whole width of the spread mixture. Vehicles with muddy wheels
or undercarriages are not permitted to drive over already spread or compacted mixtures of stone
granules for the URB.
The spreading of the mixture of granules for URB must be done with a suitable machine: usually
with a finisher, with the approval of the Engineer also with a grader or exceptionally with a
bulldozer. Usually, spreading must be performed on the same day as moistening. The uniform
mixture of stone granules, levelled to the required profile of the project, must be compacted with
suitable machinery over the whole width of the layer. The width of the layer for the designed
layer thickness must be increased by 10 cm in order to achieve a correct compactness and load
capacity over the whole designed width of the carriageway, if this has not been already foreseen
in the design. The layers must be compacted from the lower layer towards the higher layer. The
number of transitions of suitable agents for compacting, determined by the trial tests, must be
checked with routine tests of density and compactness of the constructed mixture of stone
granules.
All irregularities which are exposed during compaction must be corrected in accordance with the
requirements of the Engineer. All places, unreachable by machines, must be compacted to the
designed (required) compactness by other equipments which must be approved by the
Engineer, who also specifies the conditions in which these equipments may be used. Besides
compactness, also the load capacity of the constructed URB must be as ascertained before final
compaction. If the required values of the project are not reached, then the Contractor must
ensure that the quality of the constructed URB is reached with additional measures.
2.2.5.1 General
Before the machines and equipments, from which the quality of the executed work depends,
begin to operate, their capability must be checked for ensuring the quality of works in
accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. All equipment and machines
must be attested and must comply with the requirements of the design in regard to capacity.
2.2.5.2 Compactness
Compactness of the mixtures of stone granules in the URB, determined in regard to
compactness of the mixture by the modified Proctor Method, must amount to an average 95%.
The lower boundary value of compactness must not be smaller than the average value for more
than 3%. The density of the placed mixture must usually be determined with the non-destructive
method of measurement with an isotopic probe (nuclear densimetrics).
Traffic load
The ratio of the deformation modulus Ev2/Ev1 is not decisive for the estimation of the load
capacity of unstabilised stone granules mixture layers if the value of the deformation modulus
Ev1 is greater than 80% of the required Ev2. The lower boundary value of the deformation
modulus may be up to 20% smaller than the required value in Table 2.2. If the Contractor does
not reach the required ratio of the deformation modulus Ev2/Ev1, the Engineer must specify the
further work.
The slopes of the formation of the URB must be equal to the cross section and longitudinal slope
of the carriageway given in the design. The permitted deviations are defined by the permitted
unevenness and the deviation from the height of the formation of the URB, but they must not be
greater than ±0.4% of the absolute value of the slope (extreme border value).
The minimal routine tests of the mixtures of stone granules which the Contractor must execute,
include tests of:
The minimum routine tests during the spreading of stone granules into the URB include
measurements of:
In cases when the Engineer discovers in the routine tests greater deviations of results from the
trial tests, the amount of minimal routine tests are additionally increased. The Engineer may, in
cases of uniform results, also decrease the amount of minimal routine tests. The quality of the
constructed URB may be determined by other affirmed methods if the Engineer also gives
approval. In such cases, the measurements for quality of constructing and manner and amount
of tests must also be stated in the agreement with the Engineer.
Engineer. The Client, in such cases, is entitled to prolong the guarantee terms for all work which
depends on the unrectified work for at least five years.
2.2.8.1 General
The executed work is accounted in accordance with these technical conditions must be
accounted according to the contract unit price. The contract unit price must include all services
necessary for the complete execution of work. The Contractor has no entitlement to any
additional payment.
There are no deductions in the settled quality due to the conditions for ensuring the lower
boundary value. If the Contractor does not ensure the required quality of the execution in
accordance with these technical conditions, the Engineer must specify the method of calculation.
2.3.1 Description
The construction of stabilised (with binders) subbases (SSB) includes the supply of the
corresponding mixtures of stone granules and binders, the production and spreading of the
mixture or bituminous mixture, and the maintenance of the mixtures in the stabilised roadbases
at sites specified by the design. This work must be performed in dry weather (no wind) and the
temperature of the foundation during placing must be for:
Stabilised sub-based (stabilised with binders) is using in roadway constructions with heavier
traffic loads, generally between the unstabilised roadbase and the stabilised roadbase. For
lighter traffic loads, such a bound stabilised course of mixtures of stone granules can be the only
stabilised roadbase in the roadway construction.
2.3.2.2 Binders
The following binders are used for SSB:
• hydraulic binders: Portland cement with additives of granulated furnace slag and/or
natural pozzolans (with a gradual increase of hardness);
The type of bitumen in bituminous mixtures for SSB are specified by the Engineer in regard to
the quality of the binder, traffic load and climatic conditions. The Contractor can, with the
approval of the Engineer, use binders if he proves their use for SSB.
of stone granules must correspond to the requirements in Figures 2.5 and 2.6. If the content of
granules, then such a mixture is permitted to be used if the equivalent of sand in the fraction is
more than 50%.
The composition of mixtures of stone granules for SSB is specified in the design. If it is not, then
a rougher granulated composition of the stone mixture is to be used for thicker stabilised
courses, in the sense of and in the frame of these technical conditions.
The Contractor may use other compositions of mixtures of stone granules for SSB, if the
suitability of such mixtures in specific conditions of use were proven by an authorised institute
such as the ISTC or another certified laboratory and its use is permitted by the Engineer.
• compressive strength of stone granules in mixture must equal, and at least 100 N/mm²;
• resistance of stone granules against crushing, specified by the Los Angeles Method, is
permitted to amount on roads:
• granules whose form does not correspond to the condition l:d≤3:1 are permitted in the
mixture to be no more than 20% (m/m);
• adhesion of the granules with organic binders must be not greater than 20% of the
uncoated surface of the granules.
Before the beginning of work, each mixture of granules expected to be used in the SSB, must be
inspected in accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. The number of
samples is specified by the Engineer. If the Engineer has already permitted the Contractor to
use the same mixture of stone granules for spreading into an unstabilised roadbase or SSB, a
repetition of the inspection of the mixture is not necessary.
Type of bitumen
BIT 80 BIT 60
Properties of bitumen Unit measure
Required value
0
penetration at 25 C mm/10 80 to 100 50 to 70
0
- softening point (PK ) C 48 to 55 48 to 55
index of penetration, at least - 1.0 - 1.0
0
stretching at 25 C, at least cm 100 100
0
breaking point by Fraas, the most C - 11 -8
decrease after heating:
- penetration, the most % 40 40
0
- breaking point, the most C -8 -6
Unit Required
Properties of fly ash
measure value
radiative loss at 9500, not greater than % (m/m) 5
Pozzolan activity:
If mixtures of granules from fly ash which have a smaller capability of hardening are foreseen for
SSB , then such a mixture must ensure:
The Contractor must submit suitable evidence of the quality of the hardening which be used in
the SSB in reasonable time before the beginning of work, in accordance with the requirements
of these technical conditions.
2.3.3.4 Water
For the preparation of mixtures for sub-bases from compositions of stone granules, bound with
hydraulic binders or artificial pozzolans, only natural or suitably processed still or running water
may be used, for which it was discovered, with a corresponding method, that it is suitable.
2.3.3.5 Agents for Sticking Layers or for the Protection of the Surface Layer
Agents for sticking the bituminous sub-bases with the base (bound layer) must ensure a good
and equal link of both layers. Agents for protecting the surface of the layer must prevent over
drying of the mixture with hydraulic binders or the mixture of stone granules bound with artificial
pozzolan placed into the sub-base.
Usually an anionic unstabilised emulsion which contains at least 55% (m/m) of bitumen is used.
The construction of the SSB must begin when the Engineer takes over the formations of the
base under the specified requirements.
The Contractor is obliged to maintain the formation of the base in the same condition it was at
the time of the take-over until the beginning of constructing the SSB. All defects must be
subsequently corrected and an evidence of this must be submitted to the Engineer.
Storage tanks for bitumen must be equipped with indirect heating and a thermometer. The
highest permitted temperature of the bitumen in tank is permitted to be:
The stores of mixtures of stone granules and binders for SSB at depots must be in such
quantities that they ensure the continuous production of mixtures and bituminous mixtures for
the SSB.
The produced mixture must usually be transported to the construction site at once. The
produced bituminous mixture may be stored for a short period at the asphalt base.
The spreading of the mixture or bituminous mixture into the SSB must be mechanically with a
surface finisher. In exceptions, hand spreading is permitted if the use of machines is not
possible due to limited space. Hand spreading must be approved by the Engineer.
The lowest temperature of bituminous mixtures at the site of construction depends on the type of
used bitumen, and is:
The optimal temperature for placing is 10—30°C higher than the above stated.
If conditions of work allow it, the constructing of the SSB must be done at the same time for the
whole width of the carriageway. If two surface finishers are used for spreading, one after the
other, the difference in quality at the region of the joint must not be visible. The longitudinal joints
must be placed at least 10 cm apart when placing a number of layers, while the transverse joint
must be at least 50 cm apart.
Any break in work must be done along the whole width of the carriageway or carriage lane,
usually at right angle to the central line and vertically. Deviations from this are permitted only
with the approval of the Engineer. Before construction may progress, the surface of the
transverse joint must be spread with a bituminous emulsion or with cut-back bitumen, the region
of the transverse joint of the bituminous mixture must be heated by indirect heating. The
installation effect of the surface finisher in spreading the mix or bituminous mixture must ensure
at least 95% compaction. That the required properties of the placed mixture are ensured, the
content of water may not be above 1.5% (m/m) of the optimal value by the Modified Proctor
Method. The whole procedure of production, transportation, placing and compaction of the
mixture is not permitted to be at least more than two hours.
The selected type of roller and the method of compaction must ensure the greatest possible
uniformity in the density or compaction of the mix or bituminous mixture in all the designed width
of the carriageway. For this, the thickness of the designed layer must be increased by +5 cm, if
this has not already been foreseen by the design. The placed mix or bituminous mixture in the
SSB must be compacted from the edge towards the centre of the course and from the lower to
the upper edge of the course. Individual transitions of the roller must always cover one another.
Any stoppage of the roller on the spread course must be avoided.
All sites unreachable by machines must be compacted to the required density by other means,
to which the Engineer must consent to. The Engineer also specifies the conditions in which such
means can be used. If a mixed mixture of stone granules, hydraulic binders and/or pozzolan and
water is placed into the SSB, the traffic of the construction site is permitted on it, or placement
may begin of the following course of the carriageway as soon as the agent for hardening the
protection of the surface layer has set. If the SSB has bituminous mixtures placed in it, then it is
possible to release traffic over it or begin with the next layer only when the mixture in the middle
of the layer has cooled to appreciatively 25—300°C. The Engineer can specify other conditions
for allowing traffic over SSB. If the SSB is placed with a mixed mixture of stone granules,
inorganic binders and water, then the required crushing strength and climatic resistance must be
reached before freezing or it must be protected against cold weather by corresponding
superstructure. The Engineer must specify the need and method of protection.
2.3.5.1 General
Before the machinery and equipments from which the quality of the executed work depends,
begin to operate, their capacity for ensuring an even quality in accordance with these technical
conditions must be ascertained. All machinery and equipments must be attested and must
satisfy the requirements of the design and these technical in regard to capability.
• the mixture of stone granules which are planned to be placed as a bounded stabilised
mixture of granules into the SSB.
Besides the trial composition, the Contractor must also submit suitable evidence of the source
and suitable quality of all the materials used in the trial composition to the Engineer.
The Contractor must prove with this trial composition that the foreseen composition of stone
granules, binders and water can achieve the quality of the mix or bituminous mixture that these
technical conditions request. The trial composition of the bituminous mixture must be given for
the selected composition of mixtures of stone granules and for at least five different quantities of
added binder with a suitable increase (0.3—0.4 % (m/m)), in such a way that the middle
composition is the close to the proposed. The properties of the test samples of these bituminous
mixtures must be settled for all five of the investigated compositions. The Contractor is not
permitted to begin placing before getting approval from the Engineer in regard to the trial
composition of the mix or bituminous mixture. If the Contractor has already constructed a SSB
last year with compositions of stone granules and binders, then the trial composition may be
taken from the already completed composition determined during routine tests. This must be
specified by the Engineer.
Density, average % 98
Flow at 600C mm 2 to 4
Core or cut-out
Density, at least % 98
Table 2.7: Required properties of test samples according to Marshall of bituminous mixtures
For mixtures of granules of fly ash with a smaller capability of hardening, the figures are as
stated in these technical conditions.
Test samples proposed for stabilisation mixtures must, as a rule, have a cylindrical shape with a
diameter D = 15 cm and height h = 15 cm, and be treated with an optimum quantity of water,
and compacted according to Standard Proctor Procedure, until 100% or at least 98%
compactness is achieved.
Compaction of the mix placed into SSB, determined, in regard to the density of the mix, by the
Modified Proctor Method, must be in the range between 95% (lower boundary value) and 100%
(upper boundary value). Usually the density of the placed mix is determined with the non-
destructive method of measurement using an isotope probe. The compressive strength of the
mixture (after 28 days) must be in the range between 3.5 N/mm² (lower boundary value) and
4.5 N/mm² (upper boundary value). Weather stability properties, as well as frost and thaw
resistance of the stabilised mixture must be determined with test samples, having been
compacted according to the Standard Proctor Procedure to at least 100% compactness.
The resistance coefficient of test samples alternately treated in a damp chamber (or plastic
bags) and water or freezing chamber must be determined on the basis of the average
compressive strength values ratio in test samples following the test and on the basis of
compressive strength values of test samples exposed following the test of the same duration for
single axial compressive strength. The weather stability coefficient and frost/thaw resistance
coefficient must be at least 0.7.
The voids content in the test sample according to Marshall and in the drilled core or cut-out on
the carriageway is permitted to be smaller from the stated by 1% (V/V) (extreme lower boundary
value) or greater than 2% (V/V) (extreme upper boundary value).The filling of voids in the
mixture of stone granules with bitumen is permitted in the region between 50% (lower boundary
value) and 70% (upper boundary value). The compaction of the laced bituminous mixture,
defined in regard to the density of the test sample according to Marshall, must not be smaller
than the required boundary value for more than 3% (extreme boundary value).
The tests of trial production and placing which, by the order of the Contractor, is executed by an
authorised institute such as the ISTC or another certified laboratory, must determine the
suitability of the storage sites and the production plan (programme) for the production of mixes
or bituminous mixtures, the method of transport and the equipments for constructing, all in the
accordance to the specifications of these technical conditions.
• Two samples of the mix or bituminous mixture must be taken from the site of
construction for total investigation.
• The process of compacting the mix or bituminous mixtures must be followed in two sites
with the non-destructive method using and isotope probe,
• Two cores must be taken from the sampling site of the bituminous mixture,
• Adapt the isotope probe or the given type of mix or bituminous mixture,
During the production process, transport and placing of bituminous mixtures the bituminous
binder may harden up to 20°C. If the Contractor has already construct SSB with similar mixes or
bituminous mixtures in the last year, then the results of the executed composition may be taken
as the trial production and placing. This must be specified by the Engineer.
In cases when the Engineer discovers greater deviations from the trial technological
investigations in the routine inspections, he may subsequently increase the amount of the
minimal routine tests. In examples of uniform results, the Engineer may also decrease the
amount of the routine tests. In agreement with the Engineer, the quality of the placed SSB may
be determined by some other acknowledged method. In such examples, also the criteria for
quality of constructing and the method and amount of inspections must be in accordance with
the Engineer.
2.3.8.1 General
Executed works are accounted in accordance with these technical conditions.
Quantities specified in these technical conditions must be accounted according to the contract
unit price. All services necessary for the completion of works must be included in the contract
unit price. The Contractor is not entitled to any additional payments.
2.4.1 Description
The construction of stabilised (bituminous) roadbases (SRB) includes the supply of suitable
mixtures of stone granules and binders and also the production and the constructing of
bituminous mixtures at sites specified by the design.
This work must be executed in weather when there are no rain and when the temperature of the
base and air (no wind) is above 0°C. Bituminous mixtures for SRB are used, produced mainly by
the hot process, in the following way:
SRB are intended -depending in the type of composition of stone granules and binders – for
constructing into roadway constructions for all groups of traffic loads, usually between the
unstabilised or stabilised sub-base and the stabilised wearing course of bituminous (asphalt)
concrete, poured asphalt or surface coating, wearing-roadbase course of cement concrete or
paved wearing course. For lighter traffic loads, where one stabilised wearing roadbase course
(SWRC) is enough, corresponding bituminous mixtures are used.
The type of bituminous mixture for SRB and SWRC is usually defined in the design. If not the
Engineer decides.
The granulation of the stone particle mixture for RB and SWRC is determined by the Engineer,
depending on the traffic load, thickness of the layer and climatic conditions, if this is not already
determined in the design.
2.4.2.2 Binders
The used binders for SRB and SWRC are defined in Table 2.10:
The type of bitumen for SRB and SWRC is determined by the Engineer, depending on the
quality of the binder, the traffic load and climatic conditions. The Engineer may require other
binders, especially if the traffic load or climatic conditions are given as the reason for this. The
Contractor may, with the approval of the Engineer, use other binders of a bituminous base, if he
demonstrates their applicability for SRB or for SWRC with corresponding evidence.
• stone dust;
• sand; and
Stone particle mixtures or natural compositions of gravel mixtures received by crushing can be
used for SRB or SWRC, if the composition of such a mixture corresponds to the method of use.
This must be specified by the Engineer.
2.4.3.2 Sand
Sand is a mixture of natural and/or crushed granules. The requirements for the granulation of
the denominative fractions are given in Table 2.11:
0.075* not greater than 10 not greater than 10 not greater than 10
1 at least 90 - -
4 - 100 at least 90
8 - - 100
Requirements for the properties of mixtures of granules of sand are given in Table 2.12:
Crushed
Properties of mixtures of granules of sand Unit measure Natural sand carbonate
sand
Granules of chippings used for the production of crushed sand must be equally resistant to
crushing and show by the Los Angeles Method, as it is required for mixtures of stone granules of
chippings for the corresponding traffic loads group.
1 no greater than 5 - - -
63 - - - 100
Stone granule mixtures of chippings or gravel for SRB or SWRC must contain the properties
stated in Table 2.14:
Required
Properties of mixtures of chippings or gravel Unit measure
value
Compressive strength of stone granules, at least
For high and very high traffic loads N/mm2 120
2
For other traffic loads N/mm 100
Crush resistance of granules according to the Los Angeles method
Screening allowed on roads with high and very high traffic loads, not greater than %(m/m) 28
With other traffic loads, nor greater than %(m/m) 30
Freeze resistance of granule mixtures – five cycles
With Na2SO ,loss may amount to no more than % (m/m) 10
Absorption of water in fractions 4/8, no greater than % (m/m) 1.2
Content of poorly formed granules (by I:d≥ 3:1), not greater than % (m/m) 20
Adhesion to bitumen BIT 100, coated surfaces of granules, at least %/% 90/80
Table 2.14: Stone granule mixtures of chippings or gravel for SRB or SWRC
The trade marks and regions of granulation of these bituminous mixtures are as follows:
• BCCS 20 and BCCS 20 S (Figure 2.7 and 2.8) with bitumen 60/80
• BCCS 32 and BCCS 32S (Figure 2.9 and 2.10) with bitumen 60/80
Technologically conditioned thickness of SRB and SWRC are given in Table 2.15:
Type of
bituminous BFG BCCS BCCS BCCS BCCS BCS BM BM BM BFG
compound
Technological 55-
40-65 50-90 60-100 60-110 70-120 80-140 35-70 45-90 40-70
thickness, mm 110
Every mixture of stone granules foreseen for use in the SRB or in the SWRC must be inspected
before the beginning of work, in accordance with these technical conditions. The number of
samples is determined by the Engineer.
If the Engineer has already approved the use of an equal mixture of stone granules for
constructing into the SRB or SWRC, a repetition of the inspection of the mixture of granules is
unnecessary.
Type of bitumen
Unit
Properties of bitumen BIT 180 B IT 100 BIT 80 BIT 60
measure
Required value
The Contractor must submit corresponding evidence of the quality of the binder which he
intends to use in the SRB of SWRC in accordance with the requirements of these conditions in
reasonable time before the beginning of work. The Engineer can request other binders,
especially if the reason for this are traffic loads and climatic conditions. In such cases, he must
also define the conditions for the quality of such binders.
Evidence in regard to the quality of the stone granule mixture in accordance with the
requirements of these technical conditions, which the Contractor must submit to the Engineer,
must not be older than one year. Evidence of the quality of the binder in accordance with the
requirements of these technical conditions are not permitted to be older than three months.
• the formation of the stabilised sub-base (with binder stabilised mixtures), which must be
prepared under the specifications of these technical conditions
• the formation of the sub-base from stone material which must be prepared by the
specifications of these technical conditions.
The Contractor may begin constructing the SRB or SWRC when the Engineer has taken-over
the formation of the sub-base under technical conditions.
The Contractor is obliged to maintain the formation of the sub-base in the same condition as it
was before the take-over during the whole period before placing of SRB or SWRC.
The optimal temperature of bitumen in tanks is 10—15°C lower than the highest permitted. The
stores of mixtures of granules and binders in the storage locations must be in such amount, that
the production of bituminous mixtures for SRB and SWRC is ensured continuously.
The highest permitted temperature is 10°C higher than the above stated. The produced
bituminous mixture may stored for a short time in suitable storage tanks at the asphalt base or it
may be transported to the construction site and into the SRB or SRC at once.
Spreading of the bituminous mixture for SRB and SWRC must be mechanically, using a finisher.
Hand spreading is permitted when the use of machines is limited due to space. Hand spreading
must be approved by the Engineer.
In regard to the type of used bitumen for production, the lowest temperature of the bituminous
mixture at the site of placing may be:
The optimal temperature for placing is 10—30°C higher than the above stated temperatures.
In windy weather, the lowest temperature of the bituminous mixture for SRB or SWRC must be
10°C higher, in the hand spreading of the bituminous mixture it may be 20°C higher than the
above stated values for the specific type of bitumen.
If the condition of work allow, the SRB or SWRC must be placed along the whole width of the
carriageway simultaneously. If two finishers are used for placing, the difference in quality of the
placed bituminous mixture in the region of the joint must not be apparent.
When constructing a number of layers, the longitudinal joint must be placed 20 cm one after the
other and the transverse joint at least 50 cm. Every pause in construction must be executed over
the whole of the width of the carriageway or road lane, usually at the right angle to the centre
line of the road or vertically. Deviations from this are possible only with the approval of the
Engineer. The surface of the transverse joints must be sprayed with bituminous emulsion or with
cut-back bitumen and the region of the transverse joint must be heated by indirect heating
before continuing the constructing. The placing effect of the finisher in the spreading of the
bituminous mixture must ensure at least 95% compaction. The selected type of roller and the
method of compaction must ensure an even density or compaction of the bituminous mixture
over the whole designed width of the carriageway as much as possible. That is why the width of
the layer must be increased for the designed thickness of the layer if this was not foreseen in the
project. The placed bituminous mixture in the SRB or SWRC must be compacted from the edge
towards the centre of the course and from the lower towards the higher edge of the layer.
Individual transitions of the rollers must always cover each other. Any stoppage of the roller on
the constructed course must be avoided.
All inaccessible places for machines must be compacted to the required density by other ways,
which must be approved by the Engineer; he also specifies the conditions in which such
methods are to be used. Traffic or the construction of the following layer is permitted on the
executed bituminous mixture of the SRB or SWRC only when the bituminous mixture in the
centre of the layer has cooled to about 20—25°C. The Engineer may also specify other
conditions before releasing traffic over the SRB or SWRC.
2.4.5.1 General
Before the machines and facilities, on which the quality of the executed work depends,
commence to work, their suitability for ensuring the even quality must be in accordance with the
specifications of these technical conditions. All machines and equipments must be attested and
must correspond to the requirements of the design and these technical conditions in regards to
capacity.
• type and quantity of individual denominative fractions of mixtures of stone granules (in %
(m/m));
Besides the trial composition, the Contractor must also submit corresponding evidence of the
source and suitable quality of the materials used for the preparation of the trial analysis to the
Engineer. The Contractor must demonstrate that the foreseen stone particle mixture and binder
achieves the quality required in these technical conditions. The trial composition must be given
for the selected stone particle mixture and at least five different quantities of added binder with
the corresponding increase (0.3—0.4 % (m/m)) in such a away, that the middle composition is
the closest to the proposed one. The property of the test samples from these bituminous
mixtures must be stated for all five inspected mixtures.
The Contractor is not permitted to begin constructing before getting the approval of the Engineer
for the trial composition of the bituminous mixture.
If the Contractor had constructed into a SRB or SWRC a mixture of stone granules and binders
with equal properties last year, then the results of the executed composition, ascertained in the
routine tests, can be taken for the trial composition. This must be specified on the Engineer.
Traffic load
Properties Unit measure
VH and H M L and VL
Table 2.17: Required Properties of tests for Bituminous Mixtures for SRB and SWRC
The demand properties for bituminous mixtures macadam are given in Table 2.18:
The required value of the trial test according to Marshall is determined with lower and upper
boundary value. The voids content in the trial test according to Marshall and in the drilled core or
cut-out on the carriageway is permitted to be less than 1% (V/V) (extreme lower boundary value)
or greater for 2% (V/V) (extreme upper boundary value). The filling of voids in mixtures of stone
granules with bitumen is permitted in the region between the specified boundary values.
The density of the placed bituminous mixture, determined in regard to the density of the sample
according to Marshall, must not be smaller than the determined boundary value for more than
3% (extreme boundary value).
The site of trial placing is approved by the Engineer usually at the contract site, after he has
tested the suitability of the prepared formation of the foundation.
In trial production and placing, the tests which an authorised institute such as the ISTC or
another certified laboratory, must execute under the order of the Contractor must:
• determine the suitability of the storage site and asphalt plant for the production of
bituminous mixtures, method of transportation and machinery for placing, all in
accordance with requirements of these technical conditions;
• take two test samples of bituminous mixtures from the sites of placing for a complete
investigation;
• follow the process of compaction of bituminous mixture at two sites, by the non-
destructive method using an isotope probe;
During the process of production, transport and placing of the bituminous mixture, the
bituminous binder may harden up to two degrees.
If the Contractor has already constructed a SRB or SWRC in the last year with similar
bituminous mixtures, then the results of those executed compositions may be taken as trial
production and placing. This must be specified on the Engineer.
In cases when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of the results from the results of the
trial technological tests in the routine tests, then he may additionally increase the extent of the
minimum number of routine tests. In cases of uniform results, the Engineer may also decrease
the extent of routine tests. The quality of the placed SRB or SWRC may also be determined by
other acknowledged methods, if the Engineer is agreement with this. In this case, the stated
criteria for the quality of the execution and the method and extent of the test must be in
agreement with the Engineer.
2.4.8.1 General
The executed work is accounted in accordance with these technical conditions. The quantities
specified in these technical conditions must be estimated according to the contract unit price.
The contract unit price must include all services necessary for the complete finalisation of work.
The Contractor has no entitlement to any additional payment.
If the Contractor lays material into the SRB or SWRC which does not correspond to the
requirements of these technical conditions, the Engineer must specify the method of calculation;
the Engineer may also reject the executed work in whole.
If the Contractor does not ensure the required quality of the execution of the SRB or SWRC in
accordance with these technical conditions the Engineer must specify the method of calculation.
Boundary values
Quotient of
Unit
Properties influence
Measure Extreme Lower Upper Extreme
K
lower upper
Stability at 60°C kN -1 * - - 4 to 8
Density % -3 * - - 32
- level mm - - 10 15 2
- height mm - - 10 15 2
Table 2.19: Boundary values of properties for estimation of the quality of executed works
For production of polymer modified bituminous binders in asphalt plant it is necessary to meet
the requirements of this supplement. Modifying admixtures added to road construction bitumen
are not the subject of this text.
The choice of a suitable PmB type depends on the traffic load and climatic conditions the
structure is exposed to, and on the asphalt mixture type used.
• surfacing and bearing layers of asphalt mixtures that are exposed to extremely heavy
traffic loads and special conditions such as intersections, rest stops, rises and falls,
crawler lanes etc. (BD, BB)
• wearing courses where thicker bitumen films are desired (DBM, DA)
• membranes for prevention of water intrusion and for spreading stress (SAMI)
With road construction bitumens the following requirements also must be taken into account:
In case of use of Pmb in wearing courses it is necessary to use polymer bituminous emulsion for
the pre-splash.
Any supplementary manufacturer’s instructions for use of PmB must be taken into account.
The manufacturer must give to the (buyer) Client the following explanations:
• recommended use of individual PmB types with respect to conditions of use and asphalt
mixture type.
— penetration change
- increase, max % 40 40 40 40
- decrease, max % 10 10 10 10
— (R & B) softening point change
- increase, max ºC 2 2 2 2
- decrease, max ºC 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
— elastic reverse deformation at 25ºC min % 40 50 60 60
The testing is carried out when the test specimen is stretched to a length of 20 cm. The
stretched test specimen thread must be cut within 10 seconds at the middle point (10 cm) with
cutters. The elastic reverse deformation is defined as the length of reversal – contraction that
results 30 minutes from the moment of cutting. The result of elastic reverse deformation is given
in percentages (%) compared to the initial stretch of 20 cm.
External control testing encompasses partial and full examinations. Partial examinations are
testing of penetration, softening point, breaking point, ductility and elasticity.
Partial examinations are carried out for every 250 tons of bitumen used and full examinations
are carried out for every 1000 tons of bitumen used.
3.1 General
Wearing and sealing courses are parts of the roadway construction above the roadbases to the
road surface. Wearing can be unstabilised and stabilised, while sealing courses can only be
stabilised, with organic or hydraulic bonds, They must be placed in dimensions specified by the
design and in accordance with these technical conditions.
3.2.1 Description
The construction of unstabilised (mechanically compressed, macadam) wearing courses include
the supply and constructing of suitable mixtures of stone granules for the unstabilised wearing
course at sites specified by the project. This work must be executed in weather when the
temperature is over 2°C and there are no rainfalls. Unstabilised wearing courses (UWC) can be
placed only in roadway constructions for light and very light traffic loads or as temporary
strengthening of road surfaces.
The required skeletal basic granulations for UWC are given in Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. The
Granulometric Composition of kerb boundaries of the stone particle mixtures must be as close to
the corresponding lower boundary curve as possible. It corresponding region of the granulation
of the stone mixture for pinning is specified with the boundary value in Figure 3.1. Mixtures of
crushed stone granules are to be used for pinning , only in exceptions may naturally crushed
stone granules be used. The remaining characteristics of the granulometric composition of stone
granule mixtures for the basic skeleton are specified in these technical conditions. They must
contain mostly coarser granules. The required value of the gravel equivalent must be at least
40% stone particle mixtures for pinning.
The following mechanical properties are required for mixtures of stone granules for pinning:
• compressive strength of stone granules in the mixture must amount to at least 80 N/mm²;
• organic additives contained in the stone granule mixtures may colour the 3% solute of
natrium lye to no more than a dark yellow.
Every mixture of stone granules foreseen for use must be inspected in accordance with the
requirements of these technical conditions before beginning work. If production of stone particle
mixtures is inspected by an authorised institute such as the ISTC or another certified laboratory,
and on the basis of this the appraised quality of the particle mixture is suitable, then no
additional tests of the stone particle mixture is necessary before the beginning of work.
all that are necessary for final compaction. A 15 cm layer is a condition for the corresponding
execution of work during the placing of UWC.
3.2.5.1 General
Before the machines and equipments begin to operate, from which the quality of the executed
work depends, their suitability for ensuring an even quality in accordance with the requirements
of these technical condition must be verified. All equipments and machinery must be attested
and must satisfy the requirements of the design in regard to capacity.
3.2.5.2 Density
The requirements of these technical conditions must be adhered to for the density in the UWC.
Mixed ≥ 90 ≤1,5
The minimum routine tests in placing must be executed for both mixtures of stone granules
simultaneously. The requirements for the extent of both investigations are stated in these
technical conditions.
3.3.1 Description
The construction of stabilised wearing and sealing courses (SWSC) from bituminous (asphalt)
concrete includes the supply of suitable mixtures of stone granules and binders and the
production, transportation and installation of the bituminous mixtures at sites specified by the
design. This work must be performed in weather when there is no precipitation and the
temperature of the foundation and air (no wind) is over 5ºC. SWSC of bituminous concrete are
aimed - depending on the type of stone particle mixture and binders – for placing into roadway
constructions for all groups of traffic loads, usually as the top course of the roadway construction
or as a sealing course under the wearing course of an open composition. The type of bituminous
mixture of bituminous concrete for SWSC is usually specified in the design. If it is not the case,
the Engineer must specify this.
Table 3.2: Type of stone particle mixture used for SWSC based on traffic loads
The composition of the stone particle mixture for SWSC is determined by the Engineer in regard
to the traffic load, layer thickness and climatic conditions, if this is not already specified in the
design.
3.3.2.2 Binders
The binders used for SWSC from bituminous concrete are specified in Table 3.3:
BIT 60 + + + +* -
BIT 80 + + + + +
BIT 100 +* +* + + +
BIT 180 - - + + +
Table 3.3: Type of binders used for SWSC based on traffic loads
Various corresponding additives for bitumen (natural asphalt, polymers, elastomers) may be
used for the improvement of specific properties of binders or bituminous mixtures for UWSC.
The type of binder for SWSC is specified by the Engineer in regards to the quality of the
bitumen, traffic load and climatic conditions if this is not already specified by the design. The
Engineer may request improved binders if the reason for this are traffic loads and climatic
conditions. The Contractor may, with the approval of the Engineer, use also other binders of a
bituminous basis for the SWSC, if he proves with corresponding evidence their applicability.
• sand; and
Quality
Length of side of square
I II
opening of sieve in mm
Sift % (m/m)
0.063 60 to 85 50 to 85
0.075 80 to 95 65 to 95
0.25 95 to 100 95 to 100
0.5 100 100
The required properties of mixtures of granules used as filling are given in Table 3.5:
Cyclonic stone dust acquired from the dusting the production of granulate mixtures from rocks
and excavated stone dust acquired from dusting the production of bituminous mixtures are
applicable if they are from carbonate stones and their properties correspond to the requirements
of these technical conditions.
3.3.3.1.2 Sand
Sand is a mixture of natural and/or crushed stone granules up to 4mm in size.
0.075* not more than 10 not more than 10 not more than 10
0.25 30 to 45 20 to 35 12 to 25
0.5 at least 75 45 to 85 33 to 70
1 at least 90 - -
4 - 100 at least 90
8 - - 100
* wet process of granulation
The requirements for the properties of granules of sand mixtures are given in Table 3.7.
Granules of chippings used for the production of crushed sand must be equally resistant against
crushing and wear according to the Los Angeles Method as required for stone particle mixtures
for the corresponding groups of traffic load. The used denominative fractions of sand for SWSC
are given in Table 3.8.
0/1 +* +* + + +
0/2 +* +* + + +
0/4 - - +* + +
* only crushed sand
Table 3.8: Denominative fractions of sand used for SWSC based on traffic loads
For medium, light and very light traffic loads, the use of suitable mixed sands is permitted.
Denominative fractions
The side length of the square 2/4 4/8 8/12.5 12.5/16 16/20
sieve opening in mm
Sift, % (m/m)
Mixtures of stone granules of chippings or gravel for SWSC must have the properties given in
Table 3.10:
- sticking with bitumen BIT 100, coated surfaces at least %(m/m) 95/95
* for silicate stones
** for carbonate stones for medium traffic loads, 28 for light and very light traffic loads
Table 3.10: Required value of properties of mixtures of stone granules used for SWSC
Mixtures of chipping of silicate origin must be used for bituminous mixtures with suffix “s”.
The bituminous mixtures of stone granules given in Table 3.11 overleaf must be used for SWSC.
BB 4 - - - - +
BB 8 - + + + +
BB 12 - - + + +
BB 12s + + + - -
BB 16 - - + - -
BB 16s + + - - -
The technologically given conditions for the thickness of the SWSC are given in Table 3.12:
At least 20 25 30 35 40 45
At most 30 40 50 60 60 75
Table 3.12: Boundary value of thickness of SWSC based on types of bituminous composite
Every mixture of stone granules foreseen for use in the SWSC, must be investigated before the
beginning of work, in accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. The
number of samples is specified by the Engineer. If the Engineer has already given approval to
the Contractor for using a similar mixture of stone particles for placing into a SWSC, the
repetition of the investigation is not necessary.
Type of bitume n
Unit
Properties of bitumen BIT 180 BIT 100 BIT 80 BIT 60
measure
Required value
The Contractor must supply the necessary evidence of the quality of the binder which is to be
used in the SWSC, in accordance with the specifications of these technical conditions, in
reasonable time before the beginning of work. The Engineer may demand other binders,
especially if the reasons for this are traffic loads and climatic conditions. In such cases the
Engineer also specifies the conditions for the quality of such materials.
The optimal temperature of the bitumen in the tank is 10—15°C lower than the highest
permitted. Stores of mixtures of stone granules and binders at the storage sites must be in such
an amount that the continuous production of bitumen concrete mixtures for SWSC is ensured.
The bituminous concrete mixture for SWSC must be produced by the hot process. The
temperature of the produced bituminous concrete mixture for SWSC depends on the type of
used bitumen and must amount to, at entrance from the mixer:
The highest permitted temperature is 10°C higher than the above stated. The produced
bituminous mixture may be stored for a short time in suitable storage tanks at the asphalt base
or it may be conveyed at once to the site of installation into the SWSC.
The lowest temperature of the bituminous mixture at the site of placing, in regard to the type of
used bitumen for production, must be:
The optimal temperature for placing is 10—15°C higher than the above stated.
In windy weather the lowest temperature of the bituminous mixture for SWSC must be higher for
10°C, in hand spreading of bituminous mixtures must be higher for 20°C from the above stated
value for the specific type of bitumen. If conditions of work allow, the placing of the SWSC must
be performed over the whole width of the carriageway at the same time. If two finishers, placed
one after the other, are used for spreading, the difference in quality of the placed layer of the
bituminous mixture at the region of contact must be not visible. During the placing of a number
of layers, the longitudinal joints must be removed from one another for at least 20 cm, while the
transverse joints must be removed from one another for at least 50 cm.
Every interruption of work must be executed at right angle on the axis of the road and vertical
along the whole width of the carriageway or carriage lane. Deviations from this are permitted
only with the approval of the Engineer. Before the continuation of placing, the surface of the
transverse joint must be coated with the bituminous emulsion or with cut-back bitumen, and the
region of the transverse joint must be heated by indirect heating. The spreading effect of the
finisher in the distribution of the bituminous compound must ensure at least 85% compaction.
The selected type of roller and the method of compaction must ensure even as possible required
density or compesation of the bituminous concrete compound over all the projected width. For
this, the with of the layer thickness projected in design must be increased if this has not been
foreseen in the design.
The placed bituminous mixture in the SWSC must be compressed from the edge towards the
centre of the layer and from the lower to the higher edge of the layer, individual transitions of the
roller must always cover one another. Every delay of the roller on the placed course must be
avoided. All mechanically inaccessible places must be compressed to the required density by
other means, which must be approved by the Engineer, who also specifies the conditions in
which such means are to be used. Traffic, or the beginning of the placing the next layer, is
permitted over the SWSC installed bituminous concrete compound only when the bituminous
compound in the centre of the layer has cooled to approximately 20—25°C. The Engineer can
specify also other conditions for the allowing traffic over the SWSC.
3.3.5.1 General
Before machines and equipments begin to operate, from which the quality of the executed work
depends, their suitability for the ensurance of an even quality in accordance with the
requirements of these technical conditions is ensured. All equipments and machines must be
attested and must satisfy the requirements of the design and these technical conditions in
regard to capacity.
• Type and quantity of denominative fractions of the stone granule mixture, in % (m/m)
The Contractor must submit, besides the trial (laboratory) composition, also provide evidence of
the source and the suitable quality of all the materials used for the preparing the trial
composition of the Engineer. The Contractor must demonstrate with the trial composition that
the foreseen mixture of stone granules and binders can achieve the required quality of the
bituminous mixture that these technical conditions requirements. The trial composition must be
given for the selected composition of stone granule mixtures and at last five different quantities
of added binder with a corresponding growth of 0.3—0.4 % (m/m) in such a way, that the middle
composition is the closest to the proposed one. The properties of the bituminous mixture must
be given for all five inspected compositions. The Contractor must not begin placing before
receiving approval from the Engineer for the trial composition of the bituminous concrete. If the
Contractor has already constructed SWSC with mixtures of stone granules with equal properties
last year, it is possible to take the results of the previously executed composition determined
during routine tests as the trial analysis. This must be specified by the Engineer.
Traffic load
Required value
The density of the placed bituminous concrete, determined in regard to the density of the test
sample according to Marshall, must not be smaller than the required, which is the boundary
value, for more than 2% (extreme boundary value).
The site of trial placing must be approved by the Engineer usually at the contract site, after he
has tested the suitability of the prepared formation of the foundation.
Trial production and placing, which must be performed by an Institute, on the order of the
Contractor, must ensure the suitability of the storage site and the asphalt plant for the production
of bituminous mixtures and the corresponding transport and equipment for placing, all under the
specifications of these technical conditions.
• two test samples of the bituminous concrete mixture must be taken from the site of
placing for a complete investigation;
• the process of compacting the bituminous mixtures must be followed at two sites with the
non-destructive method with an isotope probe;
• two core samples must be taken from the site where the samples of the mixtures of
bituminous concrete were taken;
If the Contractor has already constructed SWSC with similar mixtures of bituminous concrete in
the past year, then the results of the executed composition may be taken as trial production and
laying. This must be specified by the Engineer.
also the detailed requirements for the possible additional spraying of the surface of the base
course with agents for the adhesion, in accordance with these technical conditions. If any
change occurs in the production or placing of the mixture of bituminous concrete, the Contractor
must submit a proposal of changes to the Engineer in written form. The Contractor can affirm it
only when it is approved by the Engineer.
The formation of the SWSC is permitted to deviate from the straight edge for no more than
(upper boundary value):
o in hand spreading, 6 mm
In such deviations follow one another, the Engineer decides. The height of the individual
measuring points on the formation of the SWSC must be determined by levelling. The formation
of the SWSC is permitted to deviate at an arbitrary point from the projected height for no more
than ±10 mm (boundary value).
- the produced mixture of bituminous concrete: properties of test sample according to Marshall:
stability, liquidity, void content, filling of voids with mixtures of stone granules
with bitumen every 4000 m² *
In cases when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of the results from the results of the
trial technological tests in the routine test, the Engineer may additionally increase the extent of
the minimal routine tests. In cases of uniform results, the Engineer may decrease the extent of
the routine tests. The quality of the placed SWSC of bituminous concrete may be determined
also by other acknowledged methods if the Engineer agrees. In such cases, the measures for
quality of laying and the method and extent of the tests must be stated in agreements with the
Engineer.
All quantities are measured by the actually performed extent and type of work was performed in
the framework of measurements in the design.
3.3.8.1 General
The executed work is accounted for in accordance with these technical conditions. Quantities
specified according to these technical conditions must be accounted according to the contract
unit price. The Contractor has no right to request additional payment.
If the Contractor places material into the SWSC which does not correspond to the requirements
of these technical conditions, the Engineer makes the decision; the Engineer may also reject the
executed work in whole.
If the Contractor does not ensure the required quality of execution of the SWSC of bituminous
concrete according to these technical conditions, the method of calculation must be determined
by the Engineer.
Boundary value
Unit Quotient
Properties Extreme Extreme
measure Lower Upper influence of K
lower upper
Density % -3 * - - 32
Height mm - - 10 15 2
Table 3.15: Boundary values of properties for estimation of the quality of executed SWSC
3.4.1 Description
The execution of stabilised and sealing courses (SWSC) from mixtures of poured asphalt
includes the supply of the corresponding mixtures of stone granules and binders, transportation,
and placing at sites determined by the project. This work must be executed in weather when
there are no precipitations and the temperature of the foundation and air (no wind) is above 0°C.
SWRC from poured asphalt are aimed for – in regard to the type of mixtures of stone granules
and binders – placing into roadway constructions for all groups of traffic loads. Usually, the
SWSC of poured concrete is used as the top wearing course of the roadway construction aimed,
above all, for heavy traffic loads or as a sealing course under the open wearing course. The
layers of poured concrete are also aimed as protection layers in the hydraulisation of bridging
elements of structures. The type of bitumen mixture of poured asphalt for SWSC is usually
defined by the project. If it is not the case, the Engineer must specify this. The quantity of binder
(road–constructional bitumen and natural asphalt) in mixtures of poured asphalt is such, that all
the voids in the mixtures of stone granules are filled with it and there still remains extra. Such a
bituminous mixture is possible to pour and roll in its hot state without any processes of
densification. The surface of the SWSC of poured asphalt must be gritted after laying at once.
3.4.2.2 Binders
Road–construction bitumen BIT 60, or a mixture of bitumen and natural asphalt which has the
properties of BIT 60, is used for SWSC of poured asphalt.
3.4.3.1.1 General
The mixture of stone granules for SWSC of poured asphalt is composed from granules of:
• stone dust;
• sand; and
• chippings.
3.4.3.1.3 Sand
Sand from natural and / or crushed granules may be used for SWSC of poured asphalt. Natural
sand allows for the easier placing of the mixture of poured concrete. Requirements for the
composition and properties of mixtures of stone granules of sand are stated in Tables 3.6 and
3.7, while granules of sand which can be used for SWSC of poured asphalt are stated in
Table 3.8.
3.4.3.1.4 Chippings
Mixtures of stone granules of chippings of 11 mm in grade are used in SWSC of poured asphalt.
Requirements for the composition of individual denominative fractions of chipping are given in
Table 3.9. Mixtures of granules of very fine or fine chipping of 2/4 and 4/8 mm, produced from
silicate stones, may be used for sand rubbing the surface of SWSC of poured concrete. The
required properties of mixtures of stone granules of chippings for SWSC of poured asphalt are
specified in Table 3.10.
Mixtures of poured asphalt are specified in Table 3.16 in regard to traffic loads:
Table 3.16: Types of poured asphalt used for SWSC based on traffic loads
The technological conditions stated for the thickness of the SWSC of poured asphalt are given in
Table 3.17:
Table 3.17: Boundary value of thickness of SWSC based on type of bituminous mixture
Every mixture of stone granules expected for use in the SWSC must be inspected before the
beginning of work, in accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. The
number of samples is specified by the Engineer.
Type of bitumen
Property of bitumen Unit measure
BIT 60 BIT 45 BIT 25
Required value
Table 3.18: The required value of properties of bitumen used for poured asphalt for SWSC
The Contractor must provide the corresponding evidence of the quality of the binder which he
will use in the SWSC of poured asphalt in reasonable time before the beginning of work, in
accordance with the requirements of these conditions. The properties of the natural asphalt,
which, with the agreement of the Engineer, must be used for the improvement of the properties
of the road–construction bitumen for mixtures of poured asphalt for SWSC is tested under the
specifications of the Engineer.
If the compound of poured asphalt must be kept in the cooker – mixer for a longer period (over
six hours), the temperature of the poured asphalt may be during this period, only up to 230ºC. If
the conditions of work allow, the poured asphalt for the SWSC must be constructed at once over
the whole width of the carriageway. The longitudinal and transverse joints of the superimposed
layer of bituminous compound must be placed one above the other by at least 20 cm. The joints
must be straight and vertical. They can also be finished as sealed joints or as welded joints. With
the latter, the cold side of the joint must be spread with bitumen and heated. All joints of the
layers of poured asphalt in kerbs, and other installations in the region of the carriageway, must
be finalised as sealed joints. The thickness of the constructed layer of poured asphalt must be
as even as possible over the entire transverse section. The surface of the SWSC of poured
asphalt must be hand or mechanically spread with a compound of coated granules (glazed) for
gritting when it is still hot. The quantity of the compound of coated granules for gritting must
amount to:
The spread coated granules must be rolled into the layer of poured asphalt at once, with rollers
which have a smooth metal roller. Traffic is permitted over the constructed SWSC from poured
asphalt only when the bituminous compound in the centre of the layer has cooled to
approximately 20—25ºC. The Engineer can also specify other conditions for allowing traffic onto
the layer of poured asphalt.
Impression depth, mm
Collective traffic load
for 30 increase to 60
Table 3.19: Required value of the depth of the impression based on traffic loads
During the process of production and construction of the bituminous compound the bituminous
binder may harden for two degrees, but the softening point by PK
The required values of the depth of the impression after 30 minutes of loading are the boundary
values. The extreme boundary values are 1 mm greater.
In examples that the Engineer discovers during routine tests greater deviations of results from
the trial tests, he may additionally increase the numbers of the minimal routine tests. In cases of
uniform results, the Engineer may also decrease the numbers of the minimal routine tests. The
quality of the constructed SWSC of poured asphalt may be determined also by other suitable
acknowledge methods, with the agreement of the Engineer. In such cases, also the measures
for quality of constructing and the method and number of the tests must be settled and be in
accordance with the Engineer.
3.4.8.1 General
The executed works is calculated in accordance with these technical conditions. The quantity
specified in these technical conditions must calculated according to the contract unit price. All
services necessary for the completion of work must be included in the contract unit price. The
Contractor has no entitlement to any additional payment.
Boundary values
Unit Quotient of
Properties
measure Extreme Extreme influence K
Lower Upper
lower upper
Height mm - - 10 15 2
Table 3.20: Boundary values of properties for estimation of the quality of executed SWSC (poured asphalt)
3.5.1 Description
The construction of bound wearing and sealing courses (BWSC) – surface dressing of
carriageway includes supply of suitable aggregates and binders, and incorporation on site
determined by the design.
This work must be carried out mainly in the period between May and September in weather
without rainfall and/or wind and where both the foundation and air temperatures are at least
15ºC. Surface dressing of the carriageway is a thin layer of asphalt made with one or more
successive sprayings of bitumen binder, alternated with spreading and rolling-in of one or more
layers of uncoated or bitumen binder coated crushed aggregate on a suitable foundation.
The surface dressing of the traffic surface is a thin course applied over a suitable foundation by
means of one or more successive sprayings or alternative applications of appropriate binder, in
turn with spreading and – in predominant application procedures – rolling in one or more layers
of non-coated or binder coated or suitably coloured crushed aggregate or sand.
• Single layer carriageway surface dressing with single crushed aggregate spread
(EPPE) which consists of a single spray of bituminous binder and single spread of
crushed aggregate;
• Single layer carriageway surface dressing with double crushed aggregate spread
(EPPD) which consists of a single spray of bituminous binder and double spreading with
different crushed aggregate; first with coarse grained aggregate fraction which produces
an open texture of this one-grained layer which, after slight rolling, is immediately filled
with a second fine-grained spreading of crushed aggregate;
• Double layer carriageway surface dressing (DPP) which consists of two single layer
carriageway surface dressings, the first one being made of crushed aggregate which is
coarser than the second surface dressing;
• Inverted double carriageway surface dressing (ODPP) which consists of two single
layers of carriageway surface dressings, the first being made of crushed aggregate that
is finer than the second surface dressing;
• “Sandwich” surface dressing (SSD) which consist of coarse spread, a spray and
another spread of finer grains
3.5.2.2 Binders
The following bituminous binders are used:
With the approval by the Engineer other appropriate adhesives may also be used for surface
dressings (for example: a two-component durable elastic binder based on synthetic resins –
epoxy resins).
Required rock stone properties for crushed aggregate production for surface dressing are given
in Table 3.22 in this chapter, with an amendment on the content of badly shaped grains which
must not exceed 10% (m/m) for gradings of 4/8, 8/12.5 and 12.5/16. When using road
construction bitumen as binder it is also possible to use crushed aggregate coated (glazed) with
suitable bituminous binder (recommended use of 0.6 to 0.8% (m/m) of suitable road construction
bitumen) for BWSC – surface dressing.
Before the commencement of works every aggregate intended for use in surface dressing must
be examined according to these technical conditions. The number of samples is determined by
the Engineer. The particle distribution of natural silica sand intended for spreading is determined
by limit values of screened under-sized grains not more than 5% (m/m).and over-sized grains
not more than 10% (m/m).
The particle distribution of natural silica sand intended for epoxy binder is determined in Table
3.21:
1 maximum 5 - - - -
2 maximum 15 maximum 5 - - -
20 - - - 100 minimum 90
31.5 - - - - 100
Table 3.21: Distribution of natural silica sand intended for epoxy binder
The crushed aggregate or gravel for BWSC must have the properties given in Table 3.22:
Required
Aggregate properties Unit measure
value
Content of badly shaped grains (according to 1:d ≥ 3:1) (maximum) % (m/m) 20***
Bonding with bitumen BIT 100, coated grain surfaces (minimum) % (m/m) 95/95
Table 3.22: Required values for the crushed aggregate or gravel for BWSC
For bound wearing courses and sealing courses – surface dressings containing epoxy binders
are possible to use for spreading with appropriately pigmented (e.g. red) silica sand grains.
RB - + + + +
BE - - + + +
PmBE + + + + +
Table 3.23: Types of binder used for surface dressings based on traffic load
Required basic properties of road construction bitumen BIT 100 for surface dressings are given
in Table 3.24:
Table 3.24: Required value of bitumen BIT 100 used for surface dressing
The basic properties of other binders for surface dressings must be given in a detailed
producer’s list. The Contractor must in a timely method before the commencement of works
acquire adequate certificates of binder quality to be used for surface dressing according to the
corresponding requirements in these technical conditions. For improvement of binder bonding
with crushed aggregate grains a suitable admixture must be used. The use of such admixture
must be approved by the Engineer (type, quantity and method of adding).
The stone mixture quality certificates required in these technical conditinos which the Contractor
must present to the Engineer must not be older than one year, and binder quality certificates
according to the requirements in these technical conditions must not be older than three months.
• planum of unbound bearing course which must be prepared according to these technical
conditions;
• planum of bound base course which must be prepared according to these technical
conditions.
With surface dressings as a measure for maintaining the existing pavement a cleaned surface of
existing wearing and sealing course, which must be adequately levelled if necessary, can be
used as a foundation. The Contractor can commence the constructing of the surface dressing
after the Contractor hands over the road base, in accordance with stated requirements, to the
Engineer. Prior to the application of surface dressing containing epoxy binder, to the cement
concrete foundation must be added an appropriate adhesion layer (e.g. approximately 4 cm
thick layer of asphalt and bituminous concrete composition).
The Contractor is obliged during all the period from the commencement of surface dressing
application to maintain the road base in the same conditions in which it was at the time of taking
over. All damages must be rectified in time and corresponding verifications presented to the
Engineer.
With regard to traffic surfaces intended for cyclists and pedestrians, surface dressings may be
built:
After two to three hours the entire unbound silica sand must be removed.
Appropriate dry (asphalt) foundation planned for such surface dressing must be heated to at
least 10°C.
Aggregate Binder
Roller
Surface dressing type
2 Cool Hot passages
Grading kg/m
kg/m2 kg/m2
EPPE
EPPD
DPP
ODPP
SSD
1)
When using LD-slag its special properties must be taken into account
2)
Values for cool binder in the Table refer to 65% emulsion
Table 3.24: Required quantities of binder for spraying based on types of surface dressing
Suitable transport spraying machines equipped for heating and pumping of binder must be used
for spreading the binder. Arrangement of spouts for splashing the binder must provide even
quantities of spread binder (deviation from trial composition is permitted up to 10% (m/m) for BIT
180, PmB and RB, and 15% (m/m) for BE and PmBE).
For spreading of chip sealing, suitable vehicles and spreaders must be used. The quantity of
spread chip sealing can deviate from the quantity prescribed after trial examination by no more
than 5% (m/m).
Traffic can be admitted onto the constructed BWSC – surface dressing immediately after
finishing rolling but with speed limits (no more than 40 km/h for 3—5 days). The duration of the
speed limit is to be determined by the Engineer.
3.5.5.1 General
Before commencement of machines and equipments operations upon which performance
quality relates, their ability to provide consistent quality according to these technical conditions
must be verified. All the equipments and machines must be attested and their capacity must be
sufficient to meet the requirements of the design and these technical conditions.
• information on mechanisation;
The Contractor must also provide relevant evidence stating that appropriate:
• abrasion resistance;
• type and required quantity of individual aggregate fractions (in l/m² or kg/m²);
In addition to the trial composition the Contractor must also present to the Engineer
corresponding certificates about the origin and suitable quality of all materials used in
preparation of the trial composition. With the trial composition the Contractor must prove that it is
possible to achieve the required quality of the surface dressing according to the requirements of
these technical conditions with prescribed aggregate fractions and binder.
Before the Engineer accepts the presented technological expert report the Contractor is not
permitted to commence application. If, in the previous year, the Contractor has already produced
surface dressings using similar aggregates and binders, it is possible to take the results of the
composition acquired during regular examination as trial composition. This is a decision of
Engineer.
In the same way the Engineer can adopt the technological programme if there have been no
significant changes during this time. The Contractor must check the trial composition for surface
dressing, incorporation of surface dressing into BWSC, and other requirements from the
technological expert report on the location of the attesting application after approval of the
Engineer.
The Engineer usually approves the location of attesting application on contract structure after
the suitability of the prepared road base has been checked. During attesting production and
application the examinations conducted by authorised institute such as the ISTC or another
certified laboratory, upon the Contractor’s order must:
• ascertain the suitability of deposits and asphalt plant for production of coated aggregates
and suitability of transport method and application equipments, all in accordance with the
requirements in these technical conditions;
• take on the location of application two binder samples and aggregate for full examination
that is conducted for both samples jointly (one examination).
If in the previous year, the Contractor has already constructed surface dressings, it is possible to
take the results of the earlier composition as attestation of production and application. This is a
decision of Engineer.
Assent for regular production in applying surface dressing for BWSC must also include detailed
requirements for potential additional levelling of the underlay surface in accordance with these
technical conditions. If any changes occur during surface dressing application, the Contractor
must present the proposed changes in written form to the Engineer. It can be put in force only
after the approval of the Engineer.
- aggregate
- grading on 8000 m²
- the quantity of spraying and application on 2000 m²
- quantity of spread on 4000 m²
- binder
- properties (control testing only) on 8000 m²
- spray quantity on 2000 m²
If the internal testing shows significant deviations of the results from trial technological
examinations the Engineer can increase the numbers of minimum internal tests. In case of
consistent results the Engineer can decrease the numbers of internal testing. In agreement with
the Engineer the quality of surface dressing can be specified by other acknowledged
procedures. In this case the criteria for application quality and methods and the numbers of
testing must be given in agreement with the Engineer.
In general the warranty periods for surface dressings with standard binders are two years, and
three years for surface dressing with special binders. For any works which do not meet the
quality requirements in these technical conditions (exceed limits or extreme limit values) which
the Contractor has not rectified them according to the Engineer’s instructions, the Contractor is
not entitled to any payment. In such an event, the Client is entitled to prolong the warranty
period for all the works that relate to unrectified works to at least five years.
According to these technical conditions, a five-year guarantee period applies regarding the
application quality as well as the durability of the surface dressing containing epoxy binder
3.5.8.1 General
Performed works are accounted for in accordance with these technical conditions. Quantities,
specified in these technical conditions, must be accounted for according to contract uniform
price. The contract uniform price must include all the services necessary for full completion of
works. The Contractor has no entitlement to additional payments.
Table 3.26: Boundary values of properties for estimation of the quality of executed BWSC
3.6.1 Description
The construction of Stabilised Wearing Courses (SWC) from mixtures of drainage-asphalt
includes the supply of corresponding mixtures of stone granules and binders, its production and
placing at sites specified in the design. This work must be performed in weather when there is
no rainfalls and wind and, the temperature of the base and air is above 10ºC. The SWC of
drainage-asphalt are aimed for – depending on the type of mixture of stone granules and
binders – placing into the roadway construction for all groups of traffic loads. Usually, they are
applied as the top wearing course of the high speed roadway constructions and on roadway
constructions with a minimum of slope. The base for such a course must be sealed. The type of
bituminous mixture of drainage-asphalt for the SWC is usually defined in the design. If it is not
the case, the Engineer must specify this.
• stone dust;
• sand; and
• chippings.
3.6.3.1.2 Sand
Sand from crushed granules can be used for SWC of drainage-asphalt.
The requirements for the composition and properties of mixtures of sand are given in Tables 3.6
and 3.7. The properties for the used mixtures of sand 0/1 mm or 0/2 mm for SWC of drainage-
asphalt are given in Table 3.8.
3.6.3.1.3 Chippings
Mixtures of stone granules of chippings, grade size up to 20 mm are used for SWC of drainage-
asphalt.
The requirements for the composition of individual fractions of chippings are given in Table 3.9.
The required mechanical properties of mixtures of stone granules of chippings for SWC of
drainage-asphalt are specified in Table 3.10.
The trade marks and region of granulations of these bituminous mixtures are:
The mixtures of drainage-asphalt are specified in Table 3.27 according to traffic load category:
Type of drainage–asphalt
Very Very
High Medium Low
High Low
DA 8 - - + + +
DA 8s - + + - -
DA 12 - - + + +
DA 12s + + + - -
DA 16 - - + + -
DA 16s + + + - -
DA 20s + + - - -
Table 3.27: Types of mixture used for drainage-asphalt, according to traffic load
Bituminous mixtures with the mark “s” must contain mixtures of stone granules made exclusively
from silicate stones.
The technological conditions for SWC of drainage-asphalt are given in Table 3.28:
DA 8 DA 12 DA 16 DA 20s
DA 8s DA 12s DA 16s
At least 25 30 35 40
At most 40 50 60 70
Each mixture of granules foreseen for use in the SWC of drainage-asphalt must be investigated
in accordance with the requirements in these technical conditions. The number of samples is
specified by the Engineer.
Any stoppage of work must be performed over the whole width of the carriageway or lane,
usually at right angle to the axle of the road and vertically. Deviations from this are possible only
with the approval of the Engineer. The surface of the construction joint must be indirectly heated
before commencing the work. The placing effect of the finisher during spreading of the
bituminous mixture must ensure at least an 85 % compaction. The selected type of roller and the
method of compaction must ensure an even required density or compaction of the mixture of
drainage-asphalt as possible over the whole designed width of the carriageway. For this, the
width of the course must be increased according to designed thickness of the course, if this has
not already been foreseen by the design. The bituminous mixture in the SWC must be
compacted from the edge towards the middle of the course and from the lower towards the
higher edge of the course. Individual transitions of the roller must always cover one another. Any
stoppage of the roller on the constructed course must be avoided. All regions inaccessible to
machines must be compacted to the required density with other means, the use of which the
Engineer must approve, the Engineer also specifies the conditions in which such means are to
be used. Traffic may be released over the SWC of drainage-asphalt only when the bituminous
mixture in the centre of the layer has cooled to approximately 20—25ºC. The Engineer may also
place other conditions for allowing traffic over the SWC.
All equipments and machines must be attested and must correspond to the requirements of the
design and these technical conditions in regard to capacity.
Core or cut-out:
% (m/m) 15 to 23
Voids content
Density, at least % 98
* from the quantity determined in the trial composition of the mixture of drainage-asphalt
Table 3.30: The required value of properties for bituminous mixtures of drainage-asphalt
The bituminous binder may harden for up to two degrees during the process of production and
placing of the bituminous mixture. The content of binder in the sample according to Marshall
represents the boundary value; the extreme boundary values amount to ± 0.5 % (m/m). The
content of all voids in the sample according to Marshall and in the drilled core or cut-out on the
carriageway is permitted to be smaller for 1% (V/V) (extreme lower boundary value) or the
greater for 2 % (V/V) (extreme upper boundary value). The density of the placed bituminous
mixture of drainage asphalt, determined in regard to the density of the sample according to
Marshall, must not be smaller than the required, which is the boundary value, for more than 3%
(extreme boundary value).
In cases when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of results from the trial technological
tests in the routine tests, the Engineer may additionally increase the numbers of the minimal
routine tests. In cases of uniform results, the Engineer may decrease the numbers of the
minimal routine tests. The quality of the constructed SWC of drainage-asphalt may be
determined by other acknowledged methods, with the approval of the Engineer. In such cases,
also the measures for the quality of placing and the method and numbers of the tests must be
approved by the Engineer.
3.6.8.1 General
The executed work is accounted in accordance with these technical conditions.
The quantity specified in these technical conditions must be calculated according to the contract
unit price. All services necessary for the completion of works must be included in the contract
unit price. The Contractor has no entitlement to additional payment.
Boundary value
Unit Quotient
Properties Extreme Extreme
measure Lower Upper influence of K
lower upper
Produced bituminous mixture:
Content of binder %(m/m) - 0.5 -0.3 0.3 0.5 1.5
Content of voids % - 15 -16 22 24 11-16
Placed bituminous mixture:
2
Quantity of spray kg/m -0.2 -0.3 0.5 - 3
Layer thickness mm -5 * * - 5-8
Level mm - - 4-10 15 2
Height mm - - 10 15 2
Density % 95 98 - - 47
* Boundary values are given in Table 3.28
3.7.1 Description
Production of bound wearing and seal courses (from now on “BWSC”) made of split mastic
asphalt mixture (from now on “DBM”) encompasses supply of suitable aggregates and binders,
production and incorporation on places specified by the design.
This work must be carried out in weather without rainfalls and the temperature of the foundation
and air (without wind) must be above 5ºC when the prescribed application thickness is 2.5 cm or
more, and above 15ºC when the prescribed application thickness is less than 2.5 cm. BWSC
DBM are intended – in regard to the aggregate type and binders – for incorporation into
pavements for all traffic load groups.
Type of bituminous DBM mixture for BWSC is usually specified in the design. If it is not, it is the
decision of the Engineer.
3.7.2.2 Binders
Road construction bitumens of type BIT 45, BIT 60 and BIT 90 and/or a mixture of bitumen and
additives (polymer, natural asphalt) with characteristics required for these bituminous mixtures
are in use for BWSC DBM.
3.7.3.1.1 General
Aggregate for BWSC DBM consists of grains of:
• stone dust,
• sand, and
3.7.3.1.3 Sand
For BWSC DBM crushed and natural sand (the mass proportion of crushed sand and natural
sand must be at least 1 : 1) must be used (on freeways and roads with very heavy and heavy
traffic load the use of natural sand is not permitted). Requirements regarding composition and
properties of sand aggregate are given in Tables 3.6 and 3.7. For BWSC DBM in Table 3.8 the
applicable nominal sand fraction in relation to traffic load group are given.
• DBM 4
• DBM 8
• DBM 8s
• DBM 12s
DBM type
Envisioned layer thickness
DBM 12s DBM 8s DBM 8 DBM 4
Use of DBM type according to traffic load group is shown in Table 3.33:
DBM type
Traffic load group
DBM 12s DBM 8s DBM 8 DBM 4
Bituminous mixtures with label ‘s’ must contain crushed aggregate made exclusively of silicate
rock.
If modified binder is used, additional technical conditions and/or Client requirements must be
taken into account.
Required properties of road construction bitumens for DBM mixtures are given in Table 3.34:
Bitumen type
Bitumen properties Measure unit
BIT 100 BIT 80 BIT 60 BIT 45
Penetration, maximum % 40 40 40 35
The use of road construction bitumen type depending on the traffic loads group is shown in
Table 3.35.
Bitumen type
Traffic load group
BIT 100 BIT 80 BIT 60 BIT 45
Highway and very heavy VH) - - + +
Heavy (H) - + + +
Medium (M) - + + -
Light (L) + + - -
Very light (VL) + + - -
Table 3.35: Types of bitumen used for DBM according to traffic load
If modified bitumen is used the manufacturer’s instructions must be followed. Production of DBM
mixture must be performed mechanically in a suitable plant for preparation of bituminous
mixtures, and must be carried out in batches. The proportioning devices must assure suitable
quantities of components of the DBM mixture.
The time of mixing and other influences on the quality of coating of grains with the binder and/or
distribution of the binder in the mixture must assure an homogenous mixture of DBM. DBM
mixture for BWSC must be produced by hot procedure. The mixing temperature of the DBM
mixture for BWSC depends on the binder type used.
For transport of DBM mixture suitable vehicles must be used – dump trucks equipped for
discharging backwards (into the paver) and with suitable protection of bituminous mixture
against precipitation, cooling or dust. The inside metal surfaces (sides and bottom) of the truck
bed must be coated with solution to prevent sticking, before loading the bituminous mixture. The
number of vehicles for bituminous mixture transport to the construction site must be matched to
the application conditions which depends on the site production machinery capacity and
distance to travel.
In case of application of DBM 12s and DBM 8s in lower thicknesses set out in Table 3.32 it is
necessary to spray the foundation surface with polymer modified bitumen emulsion.
Incorporation of DBM bituminous mixture into BWSC is usually done mechanically with the
paver. In exceptions manual application is acceptable if the use of machines is not possible due
to lack of space. volume application must be approved by the Engineer. The lowest and highest
temperature of bituminous mixture on the application site must be determined in regard to the
type of binder used for production of DBM after trial examinations. In windy conditions the lowest
temperature of bituminous mixture for BWSC must be above 10ºC, and when the bituminous
mixture is applied manually, the temperature must be 25ºC higher than required bottom limit
value for the given type of binder.
If work conditions permit the BWSC must be applied over the whole width of the carriageway
simultaneously. If multiple pavers are used for application, the difference in applied bituminous
mixture quality at joins must not be noticeable.
When application is performed in multiple layers, the longitudinal joins must be shifted from each
other by at least 20 cm, and transverse (construction) joins by at least 50 cm. Each stoppage of
works must be carried out in the whole width of the carriageway, perpendicular to the road axis
and vertically. Deviation from this is only permitted with the permission of the Engineer. Before
continuing the application the surfaces of the construction join must be warmed with a heater
and indirect heating. In spreading of the bituminous mixture the application effectiveness of the
paver must assure at least 90% compactness.
Selected roller type and compacting method must assure the best possible evenness of required
density or compactness of DBM mixture over the whole designed width of the carriageway. For
this it is necessary to increase the layer width for designed layer thickness if the design does not
foreseen it.
For improvement of friction properties of freshly applied asphalt layer grains of coarse sand
fraction or finely crushed aggregate of grades 0.5—2.0 mm or 2.0—4.0 mm in quantities of 1—2
kg/m² must, unless otherwise specified, be pressed into it during compacting. The bituminous
mixture incorporated into the BWSC must be compacted from the edge towards the centre of the
layer and from lower towards the higher edge of the layer. Individual passes of the rollers must
always overlap. Any break of rollers on hot applied layer must be prevented.
On all places unreachable by vehicles the mixture must be compacted to the required
compactness by other methods, the use of which must be approved by the Engineer which also
determines the conditions in which to use such methods. Traffic can be permitted onto the DBM
mixture, applied into the BWSC, only after the bituminous mixture in the middle of the layer has
cooled to approximately 20—30ºC. The Engineer can specify other conditions for admission of
traffic onto BWSC.
3.7.5.1 General
Before the commencement of operation of machines and equipments on which the performance
quality depends, it is necessary to confirm their ability to assure quality evenness in accordance
with requirements in these technical conditions.
All the equipments and machines must be attested and their capacity must correspond to the
requirements of the project and these technical conditions.
Traffic load
Required value
PRODUCED MIXTURE
APPLIED MIXTURE
Core or cutting:
Compaction, minimum % 98 98 98
Table 3.36: Required value of properties of DBM bituminous mixtures according to traffic load
The temperature of the asphalt mixture during compacting of Marshall test specimen must be
such that the viscosity of bitumen in the asphalt mixture is 0.268 Pas. During bituminous mixture
production and application procedures the bitumen binder can stiffen by up to two degrees.
Minimum internal control tests which must be conducted by the Contractor include:
- Input materials:
- aggregate: - properties of individual fraction of aggregates (grades, grain shape, proportion
of round grains and fine particles) every 40000 m²
If the internal testing shows significant deviations of the results from trial technological
examinations the Engineer can additionally increase the numbers of minimum internal tests.
Where there are consistent results the Engineer can decrease the level of internal testing.
In agreement with the Engineer the quality of applied BWSC DBM can be specified by other
acknowledged procedures. In this case the criteria for application quality and methods and
numbers of testing must be agreed with the Engineer.
All quantities are measured according to actually performed works that were conducted as part
of design measurements.
For any works which do not meet the quality requirements in these technical conditions (exceed
limits or extreme limit values) and the Contractor has not rectify them according to the
instructions of the Engineer, the Contractor is not entitled to any payment. The Client in such a
case is entitled to prolong the warranty period for all the works that depend on uncorrected
works to at least five years.
3.7.8.1 General
Performed works are accounted for in accordance with these technical conditions. Quantities,
specified in these technical conditions must be accounted for according to the contract uniform
price.
The contract uniform price must include all the services necessary for full completion of works.
The Contractor has no entitlement to additional payments.
If the Contractor incorporates material into BWSC DBM which does not meet the requirements
of these technical conditions, the method of accounting (payment) is determined by the Engineer
which can reject the entire performed work.
If the Contractor does not provide the required quality of BWSC DBM according to these
technical conditions the method of accounting (payment) is determined by the Engineer.
4.1 General
Roadbases and wearing courses from cement concrete are parts of the road construction above
the roadbases to the road surface.
It must be constructed in a method and in dimensions and quality specified by the design and in
accordance with these technical conditions.
4.2 Description
The construction of stabilised roadbases and wearing courses (RWC) from mixes of cement
concrete includes the supply and preparation of suitable stone granules, water and chemical
additives and the production, transportation and construction of the fresh mix at sites specified
by the design. It also includes all works in the execution of joints and the protection of the
surface of the SRWC of cement concrete after constructing, as also, if necessary, all works in
connection with the reinforcing the cement concrete. The roadbase and wearing course of
cement concrete may be constructed from mixtures of an equal composition (at the same time in
one course) or from different cement concrete mixes (each course by itself).
This work must be executed in weather when during placing there is no rainfalls and wind, and
the temperature of the base is 5—30°C. If the temperature is periodically lower or higher, then
special measures must be taken during placing. SRWC from cement concrete are aimed also as
top courses – depending on the type of mixture – for placing into the road construction for all
groups of traffic loads. But SRWC from cement concrete are aimed for road constructions with a
lot of traffic loads and harsh climatic conditions (great axial loads, great longitudinal slopes of the
carriageway, canalised and directed traffic, a great extent and long duration of high and low
temperatures).
Depending on the traffic load, the following minimal thickness for SRWC from cement concrete
(if this is not specified otherwise in the design) is required:
The type of cement concrete mix for SRWC is usually defined in the design. If it is not the case,
the Engineer must specify this.
4.3.2 Binders
Binders used for SRWC from cement concrete are:
The type of cement for SRWC from cement concrete is specified by the design, if not, the
Engineer specifies it, in regard to the quality of the cement, traffic load and climatic conditions.
The Engineer may require changes in the project for the foreseen type of cement if the reason
for this is traffic loads/or climatic conditions. The Contractor may use other hydraulic binders on
the basis of Portland cement clinker for the SRWC if he demonstrates their use and the
Engineer gives approval.
4.3.3 Water
Natural or processed water, for which evidence exists that it corresponds to the use, for the
preparation of cement concrete.
4.3.5 Steel
For reinforcing SRWC of cement concrete, corresponding welded nets are used, for keys and
anchors corresponding rolls of smooth or ribbed rolled steel, as it is specified in the design or
required by the Engineer.
• protective(rubber) tampons,
• agents for the pre-coating of the upper part of the joint and,
4.4.1.1 General
Mixtures of stone granules for cement concrete mixes for SRWC must, unless otherwise
specified, be composed from granules of;
• Sand; and
Mixtures of stone granules must be chemically inert, rinsed or dusted and fractionised.
4.4.1.2 Sand
Sand for SRWC of cement concrete is mainly from natural granules. A mixture of mixed (natural
or crushed) granules may also be used.
The requirements for the composition of mixtures of granules of sand are given in Table 4.1:
The length of one side of square sieve opening Sift through sieve% (m/m)
2 at least 65
4 at least 90
Requirements for other properties of mixtures of stone granules of sand for cement concrete
mixes are not specially defined but are combined in the requirements for the collective quality of
mixtures of stone granules.
Requirements for other properties of mixtures of stone granules of gravel and chippings are
defined in the requirements for the collective granulation of mixtures of stone granules.
Mixtures of stone granules of gravel and chippings of silicate origin must be used in cement
concrete mixes for SRWC with the mark ‘s’. The size of the largest granule in the mix must not
be greater than a 1/3 of the thickness of the cement concrete layer. The Contractor may also
use another composition of mixtures of stone granules for the preparation of the cement
concrete mix for the SWRC if he submits corresponding evidence to the Engineer that the
mechanical characteristics of such a composed cement concrete mix correspond to the
requirements of these technical conditions. The mixtures of stone granules for SRWC of cement
concrete must have the properties given in Table 4.3:
Before the commencing of work, each mixture of stone granules foreseen to be used in the
SRWC of cement concrete, must be investigated in accordance with the requirements of these
technical conditions. The number of samples is specified by the Engineer. If the Engineer has
already permitted the Contractor the use of an equal mixture of stone granules for placing in a
SRWC, then repetition of the investigation of stone granules is not necessary. The required
mechanical properties of the mixtures of stone granules must be ensured (extreme boundary
values).
In the same cross section, cement with the same properties and produced from the same raw
materials must be used for road-bases and wearing courses from cement concrete (even
quality). The Contractor must receive from an authorised institute such as the ISTC or another
certified laboratory, in reasonable time before the commencing of work, corresponding evidence
of the quality of the cement which will be used in the cement concrete mix for the SRWC, in
accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. The Engineer may also demand
or approve cement with other properties.
- fine grinding:
- Stability of volume:
- time of hardening:
2
- compressive, at least N/mm 35
4.4.3 Water
The required properties for water used for preparing cement concrete mixes for SRWC are
specified in Table 4.5:
Unit Required
Properties of water
measure value
- PH value, at least - 6.5
- chloride content (CI), not more than mg/l 300
- sulfur content (SO4), not more than mg/l 400
The required properties of water for preparing cement concrete mixes must be ensured (extreme
boundary value).
Drinking water is permitted to be used without evidence of its suitability for the preparation of
cement concrete.
The used chemical additives must ensure the required improved properties of the mixes in a
specific condition of cement concrete (fresh, hardening, hardened concrete). This must be
previously tested on a mix of mixtures of stone granules and water as will be used for the
preparation of cement concrete. Evidence of the quality of the chemical additives of cement
concrete must be used by an authorised institute such as the ISTC.
4.4.5 Steel
The required properties for steel for reinforcing SRWC of cement concrete (according to EN
10027) are specified in Table 4.6:
Required value
Properties of steel Unit measure
Smooth steelrods E 360 Welded netsE 360
The required properties of steel for grids and rods must be ensured (extreme boundary value).
The Engineer may allow deviations from the specified requirements for steel in the SRWC of
cement concrete, if the Contractor submits evidence.
The required properties of bituminous elastic mixtures for sealing joints are specified in
Table 4.7:
The required properties of mixtures for sealing joints must be ensured (extreme boundary
value). The use of all materials for hardening joints between concrete slabs must be previously
approved by the Engineer on the basis of the evidence of their suitability for a specific purpose.
(cement, water, additives, steel, protective agents and material for sealing joints) in reasonable
time before the commencing the work. This evidence must not be older than six months.
The method of preparing the base must be approved by the Engineer. The Contractor is
permitted to commence the construction of the SRWC of cement concrete when the Engineer
has taken-over the base according to mentioned requirements. The Contractor is obliged to
maintain the base in the same conditions in which it was at the time of taking-over during all the
time before placing the SRWC. All damages must be suitably rectified and an evidence of this
must be submitted to the Engineer.
Steel rods and grids for reinforcing must be protected against rainfalls at the temporary storage
sites. Keys do not must be protected if they are already insulated. Protective agents for the care
of and maintenance of fresh or young cement concrete and material for sealing joints of cement
concrete slabs must be stored under the instructions of the producer. The quality of all materials
at the storage site must be such, that a continuous production of the cement concrete mix for the
SRWC is ensured.
Equipments for batching must ensure a corresponding quantity of all the composing parts by
weight. The time of mixing and other factors which influence the quality must be so adjusted,
that a uniform cement concrete mix is ensured. When working at lower temperatures, the plant
for the production of cement concrete must have the possibility of heating the mixture of stone
granules and/or water to the corresponding temperature. The produced cement concrete mix
may be stored for a short time in corresponding cement at the production plant or it is conveyed
at once to the site of the constructing the SRWC.
With steel reinforced SRWC of cement concrete, the grids must fit completely. The connection of
the steel grids must amount to in the:
The method and conditions for the use of agents for compressing the SRWC from cement
concrete is specified by the Engineer. The selected method of compressing the spread cement
concrete mix into the SRWC with a finisher or other methods of compacting must ensure an
even as possible of the mix over the whole width of the constructed carriageway. The
compactness of the constructed SRWC of cement concrete must be tested regularly. Spreading
and compressing of the lower (roadbase) and upper (wearing) course from cement concrete
must be adapted to time. The period of constructing the SRWC from cement concrete must not
be:
The Engineer may allow a longer period of constructing, if the Contractor submits evidence that
the required quality of the SRWC from cement concrete is still ensured. For processing of the
surface of the SRWC from cement concrete, machine smoothers and brushing must be used,
which must ensure the required level and skid-friction of the road surface of the SRWC. If this is
not ensured, then a suitable additional quantity of cement concrete must be placed. The addition
of cement, water or cement mortar is not permitted.
The temperature of the cement concrete during placing must not be:
If the air temperature falls below –5°C, then the placing of the cement concrete for the cement
concrete for the SRWC must be stopped. The surface of the constructed SRWC of cement
concrete must be protected so that the temperature of the placed cement concrete does not fall
below 5°C until it has reached 50% of the required compressive strength. Light traffic needed for
construction may be permitted over the SRWC or cement concrete when 50% of the required
compressive strength has been reached, and public traffic when the required mark of cement
concrete has been reached.
as possible) must be used. When placing with a finisher with a levelling beam, only chemical
protective agents are permitted to be used. The corresponding protection of the cement
concrete ensured from the producer must be considered, if needed, also supplementary
instructions for use, which are issued by an authorised institute such as the ISTC. The use of
water for moistening the surface of the SRWC of fresh cement concrete is usually permitted only
as an additional measure with the protection of chemical agents at very high temperatures, but
which may last for only three days. Excessive and rapid cooling of the cement concrete spread
and hardening in the SRWC must be avoided by covering the SRWC with straw matting or some
other suitable method, which must be continued until the cement concrete has reached at least
50% of the required compressive strength. The SRWC of cement concrete, which were
constructed in autumn must be protected against the influence of salt, which is used in the
maintenance of roads during the winter, by soaking with water.
4.5.8.1 General
The process or manufacturing joints must ensure an equal quality of cement concrete at the joint
as elsewhere in the SRWC. The place and method of manufacture is usually defined in the
design. If it is not the case, the Engineer must specify this.
mm mm mm
Up to 1 25 8
1 to 2 30 12
over 2 35 15
If the longitudinal contraction joint must be done over the whole width of the carriageway due to
the execution of the SRWC, then the depth of the groove must be 25 mm and the width of the
groove must be 8 mm.
With working (transverse) pressed joints, the vertical surface of the cement concrete must be
coated with a corresponding bituminous binder (0.8—1.0 kg/m²). With constructional
(longitudinal) pressed joints, the vertical surface of the cement concrete must be coated with an
agent for pre-coating, after it has dried, then also with a corresponding bituminous binder (1.0—
1.5 kg/m²).
The depth of the pressed joint grooves must be 35 mm and the width must be 10 mm.
4.6.1 General
The Contractor must submit to the Engineer the design of the cement concrete with all the
required data in accordance with these technical conditions in reasonable time before the
commencing of work. Before the machines and equipments, from which the quality of the
executed work depends, begin to operate, their suitability for ensuring an even quality according
to the requirements of these technical conditions must be checked. All equipment and
machinery must be attested and must correspond to the requirements of the design and these
technical conditions in regard to capacity.
• the type and quantity of the individual fractions of mixtures of stone granules (in kg/m³)
• the type and quantity of chemical additives (in % of quantity of cement or cement
concrete in kg/m³).
o waterproofness
o wear resistance
The Contractor must submit to the Engineer also suitable evidence of the source and suitable
quality of all materials used in the preparation of the trial composition, besides the trial analysis.
The Contractor must prove with the trial composition that the foreseen composition of mixtures
of stone granules, cement, water, and chemical additives can achieve the required quality of the
cement concrete in accordance with these technical conditions. The contractor must not begin
placing before receiving approval from the Engineer for the trial composition of the cement
concrete mix. If the Contractor has already in the previous year constructed a SRWC with similar
cement concrete mixes, then the trial composition can be taken over from the results of the
executed stets ascertained during routine tests. This must be specified by the Engineer.
Table 4.8: Required values of properties of fresh cement concrete for the SRWC
The required properties of hardened cement concrete for SRWC are given in Tables 4.09 and 4.10:
Tensile
Compressive
Expected traffic load Unit measure S* strength S*
strength
at bending
- very heavy N/mm² 40 2.0 5.5 0.5
- heavy N/mm² 35 1.75 4.5 0.45
Table 4.10: Required values of properties of hardened cement concrete for the SRWC
The value of consistency or sag of the cone is also the average value of production. The
required pore content is the extreme boundary values. The required content of cement and
mixtures of granules up to 0.25 mm are the upper boundary value. The value of compressive
strength and tensile strength at bending are the lower boundary values. The required value of
watertightness is the extreme lower boundary value. The resistance of cement concrete against
freezing and salt is defined as the lower boundary value. The required value of wear resistance
is the upper boundary value.
of the prepared formation of the base. In trial production and placing, which an authorised
institute such as the ISTC must perform under the order of the Contractor, the tests must:
• ascertain the suitability of the depots and production plant for the production of fresh
cement concrete mixes, the suitability of the method of transport and the equipments for
placing, all in the sense of the requirements of these technical conditions;
• take a sample of the mix from the location of placing for testing the properties of the fresh
and hardened cement concrete;
• ascertain the suitability of the processing of the surface of the SRWC from cement
concrete;
• ascertain the thickness, level, height, slope and direction of the SRWC.
If the Contractor has, in the past year, constructed a SRWC under similar conditions with a
similar composition of cement concrete mixes, then the results of the executed works may be
taken as the trial production and constructing. This must be specified by the Engineer.
I any changes occur during the production or construction of fresh cement concrete mixes, then
the Contractor must submit a proposal of changes to the Engineer in writing. The Contractor can
affirm this only when the Engineer gives approval.
The height of individual measuring sites on the formation of the SRWC must be determined by
levelling. The formation of the SRWC can deviate at any arbitrary location by no more than ±10
(upper boundary value) from the projected height. The slope of the formation of the SRWC must
be equal to the transverse and longitudinal slope of the carriageway. The permitted load is
defined by the permitted unevenness and the deviations from the height of the formation of the
SRWC, but it must not be greater than ±0.3% of the absolute value of the slope (extreme
boundary value). The edges of the constructed SRWC from cement concrete may deviate from
the direction of the carriageway by no more than (extreme upper boundary value):
In examples when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of the results from the trial
investigations, he may additionally increase the numbers of the minimal routine tests. In cases of
uniform results, the Engineer can decrease the numbers of the routine tests. The quality of the
placed SRWC from cement concrete may be determined by other acknowledged methods, in
agreement with the Engineer. In such cases, also the measurements for the quality of the
placing and the method and numbers of the tests must also be stated and the Engineer must
approve them.
4.9.1 General
The executed work is calculated in accordance with these technical conditions must be
calculated according to the contract unit price. The contract unit price must include all services
necessary for the completion of work. The Contractor has no entitlement to any additional
payment.
Boundary value
Properties of cement Unit Quotient of
concrete measure Extreme Extreme influence K
Lower Upper
lower upper
- consistency cm - - +1 +2 1
- watertightness MV - - - - -
- level mm - - 4 to 10 8 to 15 2
- height mm - - 10 15 2
- alignment** mm - - - - -
* boundary values are given in section 3.3.1.
** boundary values are given in section 3.3.5.6.
Bases for the calculation of inferior quality of cast-in cement concrete must be modified and
amended, respectively, as follows:
4.9.2.3.1 General
Cast-in cement concrete must be calculated as follows:
The single price, as defined by the contract, must cover all services, necessary for the full
completion of works according to their agreed description. The Contractor does not have the
right to claim additional payment above the amount as specified in the contract.
Since adequate quality of basic materials is conditional, there are no deductions from the
account. When placing cement-concrete surfacing the Contractor has used the type of material
that does not meet the quality requirements as are defined in the Technical Specifications, the
method of accounting is decided by the Client, who also has the right to reject the completed
works in their entirety.
In the case of insufficient quality of the cast-in cement concrete the Client has the right to claim
financial deductions.
In the evaluation of lower quality of completed works and in the calculation of quality deductions,
the following bases must be taken into account:
FD = __D__ x C x P x IW (Al L)
100
where:
D refers to deviation from the limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
The determination of financial deduction for each individual substandard result of compressive
strength test performed on cement concrete samples must be founded upon required (limit)
values, as defined in Table 2.1, and specified extreme limit value fckel.
FD = __D__ x C x P x IW (Al L)
100
where:
D refers to deviation from the limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
The determination of financial deduction for each individual substandard result of flexural tensile
strength test performed on cement concrete samples must be founded upon required (limit)
values, as defined in Table 2.2, and specified extreme limit value ffkel.
4.9.2.3.4 Failure to achieve frost/thaw resistance in the absence of de-icing salts (FT –
frost/thaw)
The financial deductions must be as calculated according to the following equation:
FD = __D__ x C x P x IW (Al L)
100
where:
D refers to deviation from the limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
where:
FTa = actually achieved coefficient between Edyn or fc of concrete test samples that
have been exposed to a required number of cycles and Edyn or fc of concrete test
samples that have not been exposed to frost/thaw cycles.
4.9.2.3.5 Failure to achieve frost/thaw resistance in the presence of de-icing salts (FTS –
frost/thaw + salts)
The financial deductions must be as calculated according to the following equation:
FD = __D__ x C x P x IW (Al L)
100
where:
D refers to deviation from the limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
where:
ml = permitted mass loss value in concrete test samples during exposure to required
cycles = 0.20 mg/mm²
ma = mass loss value achieved (determined) in concrete test samples during exposure
to required cycles (mg/mm²)
Each time when the mass loss value achieved exceeds the limit value of mass loss (ma > ml),
the concrete surface must be protected.
FD = __D__ x C x P x IW (Al L)
100
where:
D refers to deviation from the limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
where:
Each time when the value of maximum water penetration depth achieved exceeds the limit value
of maximum water penetration depth (mmax.a > mmax.l), the concrete surface must be protected.
FD = ƒ x C x P x IW (Al L)
where:
where:
The value of deduction coefficient f must be established on the basis of Table 4.12:
D (%) 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
F 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.42
Financial deduction must be determined for each individual substandard result in relation to
surfacing layer (cement-concrete slab) thickness obtained on the basis of limit values, as
defined in these technical conditions.
FD = ΣDi2 x w x C x P
where:
W refers to traffic lane width on the site of measurement, including margin strip (m)
When determining surface porosity, only pores with diameter ≥ 1 mm and ≤ 15 mm may be
taken into account. The permitted percentage of the surface of these pores (on the site of
measurement ≥ 50 x 50 cm) is 0.3 %.
where:
DEV refers to deviation from limit value, as established according to the following
equation:
DAl = permitted value of deviation in evenness in relation to the length of straight edge
(mm)
DPS = deviation from limit value, as established according to the following equation:
Psel = extreme limit value of the pore surface percentage (on the site of measurement ≥
50 x 50 cm) = 0.4 %
PSa = achieved (determined) value of pore surface percentage (on the site of
measurement ≥ 50 x 50 cm) %
5.1 General
Paved wearing courses are parts of the road construction above the roadbase to the road
surface. They must be placed in dimensions specified by the design and in accordance with
these technical conditions.
5.2 Description
The construction of paved wearing courses (PWC) includes the supply of suitable material and
the construction works at sites specified by the design, including the execution of joints. Paved
wearing courses are – depending on the execution – aimed for road constructions for all groups
of lighter traffic loads, above all for slow and standing traffic. Sett paving wearing courses, which
are composed from cubes and a sub-base, may be placed as wearing courses on an
unstabilised or stabilised roadbase of the road construction, depending on the traffic load. The
sub-base may be from unstabilised mixtures of stone granules and cement of lime mortar. PWC
must be protected at the edges against shifting with a corresponding lining. The type of paved
wearing course is usually specified in the design. If it is not the case, the Engineer must specify
this.
5.3.3 Slabs
Slabs from cement concrete, rarely also slabs from natural stone, are used above all for paved
surfaces aimed for pedestrians.
Sand for cement (lime) mortar may be composed from natural and/or crushed granules. Binders
which may be used with cement mortar are:
• Portland cements;
For lime mortar hydrated lime, water for cement (lime) mortars may be natural or suitably
processed.
Dimensions of setts, mm
Type of stone sett
Length Width Height
40 40 40
Mosaic 50 50 50
60 60 60
80 80 80
Small setts (cubes) 90 90 90
100 100 100
120—180 120 130
Large setts 140—200 140 150
160—220 160 160
Deviations from the dimensions given in Table 5.1 are permitted up to ± 10 %. As setts are
placed in PWC above all in the shape of arches, setts of trapezoid and elongated shapes are
necessary. Elongated setts are also needed for linking. The Engineer may also allow the use of
stone setts with different dimensions.
The Engineer may approve the use of setts and grassed slabs from cement concrete with other
properties. If the setts or grassed slabs are produced from two types of cement (core and
surface coat), then their complete connection must be ensured.
5.4.3 Slabs
Stone slabs for PWC must be from tough and uniform silicate stone, resistant against the effects
of freezing and salt. Slabs from cement concrete must correspond to the requirements in Table
5.2. The length of the slab must not be greater than 1.5 times the width.
• sand and very fine gravel and /or chippings 0/8 mm.
Mixtures of stone granules for filling joints between the setts must be from crushed or natural
granules of medium sand 0/2 mm. The content of granules up to 0.063 mm in the mixture of
stone granules is permitted to amount to 3% (m/m), except for mixtures of gravel and chippings
which must be in accordance with the requirements in Tables 2.13 and 2.14.
The necessary properties of water and lime mortar are specified in these technical conditions.
Table 5.4: Required values of properties of mixtures for sealing joints on the PWC
The use of all materials for sealing joints between the setts or slabs must be previously
approved by the Engineer on the basis of submitted evidence of their suitability for a specific
purpose.
• than six months for all remaining material (including the cement concrete)
All required properties of materials in these technical conditions must be ensured (extreme
boundary value).
The voids content in the layers of the base of the PWC and the slope must ensure a good
drainage of water which must seep through the PWC. Stabilised wearing courses may also be
used in certain conditions for the base of the PWC. For this, the Engineer must give his consent.
The Contractor may begin to construct the PWC when the Engineer has taken-over the base
under the stated requirements. The Contractor is obliged to maintain the formation of the base in
the same conditions it was at take-over until the beginning of placing the PWC. All damage must
be duly and suitably rectified and suitable evidence of this must be submitted to the Engineer.
Engineer. Suitable vehicles must be used for transport. The number of vehicles for transport to
the construction site must adapted to the conditions set for even constructing, depending on the
capacity of the mechanical equipment for production, the distance of transport and the capability
for constructing.
5.5.6 Constructing
5.5.6.3 Joints
In the execution of PWC with joints filled with unstabilised mixtures of stone granules, the whole
surface of the already placed setts or slabs must be covered with a mixture of sand and then
moistened. The remaining mixture of sand must be cleared from the surface of the PWC after
vibrating. With the execution of PWC with joints filled with cement mortar or a mixture for
sealing, the joints must be cleared of sand for at least 30 mm in depth. The filling of joints with
cement mortar or with a sealing mixture must be performed where larger influence of water or
fuel is to be expected. The setts or slabs must be moistened during the placing of cement mortar
into the joints, while during placing the mixture for sealing the joints must be dry and the region
of the joint must be coated with suitable agent for the trial coating. The joints between the setts
or slabs must be filled simultaneously with progress of work. Elastic mixtures for sealing must be
placed into joints where, due to the stiff connections (with cement mortar), larger movements of
the PWC are to be expected (at a distance of 8 m at connections with structures). The
temperature of the cement mortar during placing, which must be executed at a temperature
above 10°C, must not be lower than 10°C and not higher than 30°C. The surface of the PWC
with sealed joints with cement mortar must be maintained in a wet condition for at least seven
days. During this time it must not be loaded with heavy traffic.
5.6.1 General
Before the machines and equipments, on which the quality of work depends, begin to operate,
their suitability for ensuring an even quality in accordance with the requirements of these
technical conditions must be ensured. All equipments and machinery must be attested and must
satisfy the requirements of the design and these technical conditions in regard to quality.
• the type and quantity of the individual fractions of the mixture of stone granules (in kg/m³)
The Contractor must submit to the Engineer also corresponding evidence of the source and
suitable quality of all materials used in the preparation of the trial composition of the mortar
besides this trial composition. The Contractor must demonstrate that the foreseen mixture of
stone granules and binders can reach the conditions required for the quality of the mortar
specified in these technical conditions with the trial composition. The Contractor must not begin
placing before getting the approval of the Engineer for the trial composition of mortar. If the
Contractor has already constructed a PWC with similar mixtures of stone granules and binders
in the past year, then the results of the executed works found during the routine tests can be
taken as the trial composition. This must be specified by the Engineer.
Table 5.5: Required values of properties of the cement mortar for PWC
The value of the consistency is the upper boundary value. The value of compressive strength
and tensile strength at bending are the lower boundary values. The required resistance against
effects of freezing and salt is specified as the lower boundary value.
The site of trial placing is approved by the Engineer usually at the contract site, after he has
tested the suitability of the prepared formation of the base.
With trial production and placing, the tests, which must be performed by an authorised institute
such as the ISTC or other certified laboratory by the order of the Contractor, must:
• ascertain the suitability of the storage site and plant for the production of mortar, method
of transport and equipment for placing, all in the sense of these technical conditions;
• take two sample from the site of placing for a complete test of the fresh and hardened
cement mortar;
If the Contractor has already constructed a PWC with similar mortar under similar conditions in
the past year, then the results of the executed compositions may be taken as the trial production
and placing. The must be specified by the Engineer.
site from the designed height by no more than ±10 mm (upper boundary value). The slope of the
formation of the PWC must usually be equal to the transverse and longitudinal slope of the
carriageway. Permitted deviations are specified with the permitted unevenness and the deviation
of the height of the formation of the PWC, but must not be more than ± 0.4% of the absolute
value of the slope (extreme boundary value).
The number and type of tests of lime mortar for PWC are specified by the Engineer. In examples
when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of the results from the trial tests during the
routine tests, he can additionally increase the numbers of minimal routine tests. In examples of
uniform results, the Engineer can also decrease the numbers of the routine tests. The quality of
the constructed PWC can be determined with other acknowledged methods, in agreement with
the Engineer. In such examples, also the measures for the quality of the constructing and the
method and numbers of the tests must be in agreement with the Engineer.
5.9.1 General
Executed work is calculated in accordance with these technical conditions. The quantities
specified in these technical conditions must be calculated according to the contract unit price. All
services necessary for the completion of work must be included in the contract unit price. The
Contractor is not entitled to demand any additional payment.
Boundary value
Properties of cement Unit Quotient of
mortar measure Extreme Extreme influence K
Lower Upper
lower upper
Fresh cement mortar
- cement content:
kg / m2 245 270 - - 11
- for base layers
- for sealing joints kg / m2 550 600 - - 12
- consistency
cm - - 5 7 2.5
- for base layers
- for sealing joints cm - - 15 18 5
Hardened cement mortar:
- compressive strength: 2
N / mm 3.5 5 - - 3.3
- for base layers
6.1 General
Border elements of carriageways are longitudinal elements for stabilising and limiting the
exterior edge of carriage lanes. They must be constructed in dimensions specified in the design
and in accordance with these technical conditions.
6.2 Description
Border elements of carriageways are extra widths, kerbs, linings and guard rails.
• the supply of all necessary basic materials, their manufacture and placing in the BEC,
both at sites defined with the design.
It also includes all works in the preparation of the foundations for BEC, the execution of joints
and the necessary protection of the surface as also all other works in association with reinforcing
of these elements. This work must be executed in weather when there is no rainfalls and the
temperature of the base (no wind) is from 5—25ºC. If the temperature is temporarily lower or
higher, then the special measures must be taken during installing. Border elements are meant
for protecting the edges of road constructions and increasing traffic safety on all types of roads.
The type of border elements is usually specified by the design. If it is not the case, the Engineer
must specify this.
Basic Materials used for the production of cement concrete mixes and for constructing BEC are
stated in these technical conditions. Basic Materials used for the production of bituminous
mixtures of concrete for the manufacture of kerbs are specified in these technical conditions.
Stone kerbs and setts for lining may be from silicate or carbonate stone.
6.4.1 General
The quality of material for cement concrete mixes and all other necessary materials for the
construction of BEC are defined in these technical conditions. The quality of materials for
mixtures of bituminous concrete is specified in these technical conditions.
The granulation of stone mixtures may deviate from the region of boundary granulation during
production up to 3% (m/m). The mixture of stone granules must contain only crushed granules.
In exceptions, natural sand 0 / 20 mm is permitted to be used, but only in a 1:1 ratio with
crushed sand. BIT 60 must be used for the preparation of mixtures of bituminous concrete for
kerbs.
The permitted deviations in the dimension of stone setts is permitted to amount to 10% of the
specified dimensions.
An test is conducted when the kerb is 28 days old on samples cut out of front slanted or upper
level surface of the kerb. A kerb is suitable if after 25 cycles of freezing and thawing it meets the
following criteria
A test is conducted on three samples where the surface of individual sample must not be smaller
than 100 cm².
• frost resistance in presence of thawing salt is checked on samples cut out of kerbs.
The examination is carried out on the front slanted or upper levelled surface of the kerb when
the concrete is 28 days old.
A kerb is suitable if after 25 cycles of freezing and thawing meets the criteria:
If the mass loss after 25 cycles is greater than 0.250 mg/mm² but smaller than 0.350 mg/mm²
the procedure can continue up to 50 cycles. If the total loss after 50 cycles of freezing/thawing in
the presence of salt does not exceed 0.500 mg/mm² and damage depth does not exceed 2.5
mm, the kerb is considered frost resistant.
During the testing the sample must be covered with plastic foil to prevent water evaporation and
to maintain a constant concentration of salt solution.
The Contractor may begin the construction of the BEC after the Engineer has taken-over the
formation of the base under the specified requirements. The Contractor is obliged to maintain
the formation of the base in the same conditions it was at the time of taking – over until the
beginning of constructing the BEC. All damages must be duly suitably rectified and
corresponding evidence of this must be submitted to the Engineer.
6.5.5 Constructing
• Suitable machines, which ensure the required form of the kerbs (usually trapezoid with
rounded upper edges), must be for placing kerbs from bituminous mixtures;
• The temperature of the base (which must be previously suitably sprayed) and air must be
at least 10 ºC;
• The greatest deviation of the temperature of the bituminous mixture during placing from
the optimal placing temperature, which was determined on the basis of trial production
and placing, is permitted to be ± 10 ºC;
• The exterior edge of the kerb from bituminous concrete must be removed from the
exterior edge of the base course of the bituminous mixture for at least 5 cm;
• The kerb may be burdened only when the bituminous mixture has cooled to the
temperature of the surroundings.
The distance between the kerbs or linings must be 10—15 mm. These joints must be filled with
cement mortar on the front and upper side to a depth of at least 30 mm, the remaining joints
may be filled with a suitable sand. The surface of the cement mortar joint must be suitably
shaped. In exceptions, the kerbs and linings may also be placed onto an unstabilised base
course. This must be specified by the Engineer.
- density, at least % 98
Table 6.1: The required value of properties of bituminous mixture for kerbs
The minimal routine test which the Contractor must perform include:
• for extra widths, to a corresponding extent all tests which are stated in these technical
conditions;
• for stone and prefabricated kerbs and setts for linings in sense all tests which are given
in these technical conditions in a ratio 400 m² = 100 ml;
• for kerbs from bituminous with levelling beams, all corresponding tests stated in these
technical conditions in a ratio 2000 m² = 100 ml;
• for kerbs from bituminous concrete all tests stated in these technical conditions;
• for guard rails all corresponding tests stated in these technical conditions in the ratio
4000 m² = 100 ml.
In cases when the Engineer discovers greater deviations of the results of the routine tests than
in the trial tests, then the Engineer may additionally increase the numbers of the minimal routine
test. In cases of uniform results, the Engineer may decrease the number of the routine test. The
quality of the placed BEC may also be determined by some other acknowledged method if the
Engineer agrees In such cases, the measures for the quality of placing and the method and
numbers of the test must also be stated and have the approval of the Engineer.
All expenses for repairing deficiencies are charged to the Contractor, including expenses for all
measurements and tests which showed the unsuitable quality of executed work and were
necessary, after the executed corresponding rectification, to ascertain the quality of work with
new tests. The Contractor is not entitled to any payment whatsoever for all work which does not
correspond to the required quality of these technical conditions (exceed the boundary values or
extreme boundary values) and the Contractor has not rectified under the instructions of the
Engineer. While the Client, in such examples, is entitled to prolong the guarantee for all work
depend on the unrectified work for at least five years.
6.9.1 General
The executed work is calculated in accordance with these technical conditions must be
calculated according to the unit contract price.
All services necessary for the completion of works must be included in the contract unit price.
The Contractor has no entitlement to any additional payment.
If the Contractor places materials which does not correspond to the requirements of these
technical conditions into BEC, the Engineer must specify the method of calculation; the Engineer
may also reject the work in whole.
If the Contractor does not ensure the requirements quality in the construction of the BEC in
accordance with these technical conditions, the Engineer must specify the method of calculation.
7 Shoulders
7.1 General
Shoulders are longitudinal belts by the exterior edges of the carriageway, which are not aimed
for traffic, but to ensure that the carriageway serves its purpose as a whole.
The must be constructed in dimensions specified by the project and in accordance with these
technical conditions.
7.2 Description
The construction of shoulders includes the supply and placing of all corresponding material for
the construction of shoulders at sites specified by the design. The construction of shoulders is
composed from one or more layer of material foreseen with the design. This work must be
executed when the temperature of the air is at least 2 0C and there are no precipitations.
Basic materials for the construction of shoulder top layer comprise stone mixtures, humus, and
grassed slabs that are made of cement concrete and asphalt composition.
The required quality of the mixture of stone, granules for the construction of shoulders is
specified in these technical conditions. Top soil material must be active, so that it ensures lasting
growth. The corresponding quality of grassed slabs is specified in these technical conditions.
Asphalt composition quality must fulfil the requirements concerning wearing and surfacing
courses on nearby traffic area
The conditions stated in these technical conditions must be adhered to for the construction of
shoulders.
The placed material in the construction of shoulders must be so linked and compacted that they
will be as little erosion as possible. The thickness of the layer of stone material in the
construction of shoulders must amount to at least 30 cm. Shoulders with top-soil must have a
base course of a mixture of mixed or coherent granules at least 20 cm thick, while the thickness
of the top layer of top-soil must not be more then 10 cm. The construction of shoulders with
grassed slabs must be from at least 20 cm thick base course of a corresponding mixture of
stone, granules and at least 5 cm thick sub-base of a mixture of granules of sand. The type of
slab must be approved by the Engineer.
Shoulders stabilised with crushed stone and filled with top-soil must be constructed from a basic
layer of a mixture of stone or mixed granules at least 20 cm in thickness and at least 10 cm layer
of chippings of skeletal composition, which is topped with an average 5 cm thick layer of top-soil
that must be rinsed into the layer of chippings and sowed with grass. Shoulder with asphalt
wearing course must be placed at maximum 10 cm away from the buffer for safety fence. The
shoulder construction must be as thick as the shoulder on the nearby traffic area, but instead of
bound wearing courses unbound stone mixture is placed
The quality of execution of the construction of the shoulders from mixtures of stone, granules
must correspond to the conditions stated in these technical conditions. The quality of execution
of the construction of the shoulders with grassed slabs must correspond to the requirements in
these technical conditions. The remaining executions in the construction of the shoulder must in
quality be in accordance with the requirements of these technical conditions. The formation of
the shoulders must be constructed with a slope going outwards (at least 2.5—4%) and at least
10 mm under the height of the edge of the nearby carriageway. This condition does not apply to
shoulders with asphalt wearing course.
The condition for the extent of testing the quality of execution of the construction of shoulders
are defined in these technical conditions. Conditions for the scope of quality verification in the
case of shoulders with asphalt wearing course are defined in these technical conditions.
The method of measuring and take-over of the constructed shoulders must be taken from these
technical conditions.
7.9 Calculation
The conditions stated in these technical conditions must be adhered to for calculating the
executed work on shoulders.