CHAPTER 1

1. Calculate the molar gas constant R in the following units:

a. (atm)(cm3)/(g ⋅ mol)(K) b. (psia)(ft3)/(lb ⋅ mol)(°R)
c. (atm)(ft3)/(lb ⋅ mol)(K) d. kWh/(lb ⋅ mol)(°R)
e. hp ⋅ h/(lb ⋅ mol)(°R) f. (kPa)(m3)/(kg ⋅ mol)(K)
g. cal/(g ⋅ mol)(K)

2. Estimate the critical properties of p-xylene and n-methyl-2-

pyrrolidone using Lydersen’s method of group contributions.

3. Estimate the molar volume of isopropyl alcohol vapor at 10 atm

(1013 kPa) and 473 K (392°F) using the Redlich-Kwong equation of
state. For isopropyl alcohol, use 508.2 K as the critical
temperature Tc and 50 atm as the critical pressure Pc.

4. A gaseous mixture at 25°C (298 K) and 120 atm (12,162 kPa) contains
3% helium, 40% argon, and 57% ethylene on a mole basis. Compute
the volume of the mixture per mole using the following: (a) ideal-
gas law, (b) compressibility factor based on pseudoreduced
conditions (Kay’s method), (c) mean compressibility factor and
Dalton’s law, (d) van der Waal’s equation and Dalton’s law, and
(e) van der Waal’s equation based on averaged constants.

5. Calculate the density of a natural gas mixture containing 32.1%

methane, 41.2% ethane, 17.5% propane, and 9.2% nitrogen (mole
basis) at 500 psig (3,550 kPa) and 250°F (394 K)
.
6. Calculate the heat capacity Cp of ethane vapor at 400 K (260°F)
and 50 atm (5065 kPa). Also estimate the heat-capacity ratio Cp/Cν
at these conditions. The ideal-gas heat capacity for ethane is
given by

Where Cp is in cal/(g ⋅ mol)(K), and Tc is in kelvins. For ethane,

critical temperature Tc = 305.4 K and critical pressure Pc = 48.2
atm.

7. Compute the ideal-gas enthalpy change for p-xylene between 289 and
811 K (61 and 1000°F), assuming that the ideal-gas heat-capacity
equation is (with T in kelvins)

Cp = −7.388 + (14.9722 × 10−2)T − (0.8774 × 10−4)T2 + (0.019528 ×

10−6)T3

8. Estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of acetone at the normal

boiling point using the following relations, and compare your
results with the experimental value of 7230 cal/(g ⋅ mol).

9. Estimate the vapor pressure of 1-butene at 100°C (212°F) using the

vapor-pressure correlation of Lee and Kesler.
10. Calculate (a) enthalpy Hν of ethane vapor at 1000 psia (6900 kPa)
and 190°F (360 K), (b) enthalpy HL of liquid ethane at 50°F (283 K)
and 450 psia (3100 kPa). Use generalized enthalpy departure charts
(Figs. 1.6 through 1.9) to estimate enthalpy values, and base the
calculations relative to H = 0 for saturated liquid ethane at
−200°F. The basic constants for ethane are molecular weight MW =
30.07, critical temperature Tc = 550°R, critical pressure Pc = 709.8
psia, and critical compressibility factor Zc = 0.284. Ideal-gas
enthalpy H° (relative to saturated liquid ethane at −200°F) at 190°F
= 383 Btu/lb, and at 50°F = 318 Btu/lb.

11. Calculate the molar entropies of fusion and vaporization for

benzene. Having a molecular weight of 78.1, benzene melts at 5.5°C
with a heat of fusion of 2350 cal/(g ⋅ mol). Its normal boiling
point is 80.1°C, and its heat of vaporization at that temperature
is 94.1 cal/g.

12. Calculate the work of isentropic expansion when 1000 lb ⋅ mol/h of

ethylene gas at 1500 psig (10,450 kPa) and 104°F (313 K) is expanded
in a turbine to a discharge pressure of 150 psig (1135 kPa). The
ideal-gas heat capacity of ethylene is
Cp = 0.944 + (3.735 × 10−2)T − (1.993 × 10−5)T2
Where Cp is in British thermal units per pound-mole per degree
Rankine,and T is temperature in degrees Rankine. Critical
temperature Tc is 282.4 K (508.3°R), critical pressure Pc is 49.7
atm, and critical compressibility factor Zc is 0.276.

13. Calculate fugacity of (a) methane gas at 50°C (122°F) and 60 atm
(6080 kPa), (b) benzene vapor at 400°C (752°F) and 75 atm (7600
kPa), (c) liquid benzene at 428°F (493 K) and 2000 psia (13,800
kPa), and (d) each component in a mixture of 20% methane, 40%
ethane, and 40% propane at 100°F (310 K) and 300 psia (2070 kPa),
assuming ideal-mixture behavior. The experimental pressurevolume
data for benzene vapor at 400°C (752°F) from very low pressures up
to about 75 atm are represented by

Where Z is the compressibility factor and P is the pressure in

atmospheres.

14. Calculate the values of standard heat of formation and standard

free energy of formation of 2-methyl propene (isobutene) from the
elements at 400 K (260°F): 4C(s) + 4H2(g) → C4H8(g)

15. Calculate the standard heat of reaction , standard free-energy ,

and the reaction equilibrium constant KT for the water-gas shift
reaction at 1000 K (1340°F): CO(g) + H2O(g) = CO2(g) + H2(g)
16. Calculate the standard heat of reaction ΔH° for the following acid-
base-neutralization reaction at standard conditions [25°C, 1 atm
(101.3 kPa)]: 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(l) = Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)\
17. Calculate the standard heat of reaction AH° of the following
reaction using heat-of-combustion data:

18. Calculate the standard heats of formation of

benzene(l),methanol(l), aniline(l), methyl chloride(g), and ethyl
mercaptan(l) using heat-of-combustion data, knowledge of the
combustion products,

19. If 1000 gal (3785.4 L) of water is saturated with potassium chlorate

(KClO3) at 80°C (176°F), determine (a) the weight, in pounds, of
KClO3 that will precipitate if the solution is cooled to 30°C (86°F)
and (b) the weight of KClO3 that will precipitate if one-half the
1000 gal (3785.4 L) of water is evaporated at 100°C (212°F).

20. For a liquid mixture of 20 wt % water, 30 wt % acetic acid, and 50

wt % isopropyl ether, determine the composition of the two phases
(e.g., the ether layer and the water layer) and the amount of acetic
acid that must be added to the system to form a one-phase (single-
layer) solution.

21. How many Btu’s of heat are released (generated) when 1000 lb (453.6
kg) of water at 80°C (176°F) is mixed with (1) 500 lb (226.8 kg) of
aluminum bromide, AlBr3; (2) 750 lb (340.3 kg) of barium nitrate,
Ba(NO3)2; and (3) 1000 lb (453.6 kg) of dextrin, C12H20O10?

22. Ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic reaction of ethylene

and oxygen: C2H4 + ½O2 → (CH2)2O. For each 100 lb (45.5 kg) of
ethylene, (1) how much ethylene oxide is produced, (2) how much
oxygen is required, and (3) what are the quantities of ethylene
oxide and ethylene in the product if there is a 20 percent deficiency
of oxygen?
 CHAPTER 2

23. A load of clay containing 35 percent moisture on a wet basis weighs

2000 lb (909.1 kg). If the clay is dried to a 15 percent moisture
content (on a wet basis), how much water is evaporated in the drying
process?

24. A slurry containing 25 percent by weight of solids is fed into a

filter. The filter cake contains 90 percent solids and the filtrate
contains 1 percent solids. Make a material balance around the filter
for a slurry feed rate of 2000 kg/h (4400 lb/h). For that feed rate,
what are the corresponding flow rates for the cake and the filtrate?

25. Natural gas consisting of 95% methane and 5% nitrogen by volume is

burned in a furnace with 15% excess air. How much air at 289 K
(61°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) is required if the fuel consumption
is 10 m3/s (353 ft3/s) measured at 289 K and 101.3 kPa? Make an
overall material balance and calculate the quantity and composition
of the flue gas.

26. Vinegar with a strength of 4.63% (by weight) acetic acid is pumped
into a vat to which 1000 kg (2200 lb) of 36.0% acetic acid is added.
The resulting mixture contains 8.50% acid. How much of this 8.50%
acid solution is in the vat?

27. In the feed-preparation section of an ammonia plant, hydrogen is

produced from methane by a combination steam-reforming/partial-
oxidation process. Enough air is used in partial oxidation to give
a 3:1 hydrogen-nitrogen molar ratio in the feed to the ammonia unit.
The hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is heated to reaction temperature and
fed into a fixed-bed reactor where 20 percent conversion of
reactants to ammonia is obtained per pass. After leaving the
reactor, the mixture is cooled and the ammonia is removed by
condensation. The unreacted hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is recycled
and mixed with fresh feed. On the basis of 100 kg ⋅ mol/h (220 lb
mol/h) of fresh feed, make a material balance and determine the
ammonia-production and recycle rates.

28. In the Procedure 27 for producing ammonia, the amount of air fed
is set by the stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen for the
ammonia feed stream. In addition to nitrogen and oxygen, the air
contains inert gases, principally argon, that gradually build up in
the recycle stream until the process is affected adversely. It has
been determined that the concentration of argon in the reactor must
be no greater than 4 mol argon per 100 mol hydrogen-nitrogen
mixture. Using the capacities given in the preceding example,
calculate the amount of the recycle stream that must be vented to
meet the concentration requirement. The fresh feed contains 0.31
mol argon per 100 mol hydrogen-nitrogen mixture. Also calculate the
amount of ammonia produced.
29. A particular crude oil is heated to 510 K (458°F) and charged at
10 L/h (0.01 m3/h, or 2.6 gal/h) to the flash zone of a laboratory
distillation tower. The flash zone is at an absolute pressure of
110 kPa (16 psi). Determine the percent vaporized and the amounts
of the overhead and bottoms streams. Assume that the vapor and
liquid are in equilibrium.

30. A coal has the following ultimate analysis: C = 0.8339, H2 = 0.0456,

O2 = 0.0505, N2 = 0.0103. S = 0.0064, ash = 0.0533, and total =
1.000. This coal is burned in a steam-boiler furnace. Determine the
weight of air required for theoretically perfect combustion, the
weight of gas formed per pound of coal burned, and the volume of
flue gas at the boiler exit temperature of 600°F (589 K) per pound
of coal burned; the air required with 20 percent excess air and the
volume of gas formed with this excess; and the CO2 percentage in
the flue gas on a dry and wet basis.

31. A fuel oil has the following ultimate analysis: C = 0.8543, H2 =

0.1131, O2 = 0.0270, N2 = 0.0022, S = 0.0034, and total = 1.0000.
This fuel oil is burned in a steam-boiler furnace. Determine the
weight of air required for theoretically perfect combustion, the
weight of gas formed per pound of oil burned, and the volume of
flue gas at the boiler exit temperature of 600°F (589 K) per pound
of oil burned; the air required with 20 percent excess air and the
volume of gas formed with this excess; and the CO2 percentage in
the flue gas on a dry and wet basis.

32. A natural gas has the following volumetric analysis at 60°F: CO2 =
0.004, CH4 = 0.921, C2H6 = 0.041, N2 = 0.034, and total = 1.000.
This natural gas is burned in a steam-boiler furnace. Determine the
weight of air required for theoretically perfect combustion, the
weight of gas formed per pound of natural gas burned, and the volume
of the flue gas at the boiler exit temperature of 650°F per pound
of natural gas burned; the air required with 20 percent excess air
and the volume of gas formed with this excess; and the CO2 percentage
in the flue gas on a dry and wet basis.

33. Feed to a distillation tower is 1000 lb ⋅ mol/h (0.126 kg ⋅ mol/s)

of a solution of 35 mole percent ethylene dichloride (EDC) in
xylene. There is not any accumulation in the tower. The overhead
distillate stream contains 90 mole percent ethylene dichloride, and
the bottoms stream contains 15 mole percent ethylene dichloride.
Cooling water to the overhead condenser is adjusted to give a reflux
ratio of 10:1 (10 mol reenters the column for each mole of overhead
product). Heat to the reboiler, Fig. 2.5, is adjusted so that the
recycle ratio is 5:1 (5 mol reenters the column for each mole of
bottom product), with a 2:15 bypass (2 mol bypasses the reboiler
for each 15 mol that passes through the reboiler). Determine the
flow rate of the overhead product, bottoms product, overhead reflux
reentering the column, bottoms recycle reentering the column,
bottoms bypassing the reboiler, and the total bottoms.
 CHAPTER 3

34. Assuming ideal-system behavior, calculate the K values and relative

volatility for the benzene-toluene system at 373 K (212°F) and 101.3
kPa (1 atm).

35. Calculate the fugacity of liquid hydrogen chloride at 40°F (277.4

K) and 200 psia (1379 kPa).

36. Calculate the fugacity coefficients of the components in a gas

mixture containing 80% HCl and 20% dichloromethane (DCM) at 40°F
(277.4 K) and 200 psia (1379 kPa).

37. Calculate the dew point of a vapor system containing 80 mol %

benzene and 20 mol % toluene at 1000 mmHg (l33.3kPa).

38. Calculate the bubble point of a liquid system containing 80 mol %

ethanol and 20 mol % water at 500 mmHg (66.7 kPa).

39. A two-phase binary mixture at 100°C (212°F or 373 K) and 133.3 kPa
(1.32 atm or 1000 mmHg) has an overall composition of 68 mol %
benzene and 32 mol % toluene. Determine the mole fraction benzene
in the liquid phase and in the vapor phase.

40. A mixture containing 50 mol % benzene and 50 mol % toluene exists

at 1 atm (101.3 kPa) and 100°C (212°F or 373 K). Calculate the
compositions and relative amounts of the vapor and liquid phases.
41. Size a liquid-liquid separator or decanter by using gravitational
force for continuous separation of two liquids, the first of which
has a density of 47 lb/ft3 (752.5 kg/m3) and the second liquid a
density of 81 lb/ft3 (1296.8 kg/m3). Both liquids flow into the
separator at a rate of 50 gal/min (189.3 L/min). The time required
for settling is 35 min. What size separator is required to handle
this flow? How far above the separator bottom should overflow of
the heavier liquid be located?

CHAPTER 4

42. Evaluate the heat of reaction of CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g) at 600

K (620°F) and 10.13 MPa (l00 atm).

43. Calculate the standard Gibbs free-energy change ΔG° for the
reaction CH3CH2OH → CH2=CH2 + H2O at 443 K (338°F).

44. Estimate the equilibrium composition of the reaction n-pentane →

neopentane, at 500 K(440°F) and 10.13 MPa (100 atm), if the system
initially contains 1 g ⋅ mol n-pentane. Ignore other isomerization
reactions.

45. For the reaction 2A → B + C at 573 K (572°F), a calculation based

on standard states of ideal gas at 101.32 kPa (1 atm) for A and B
and pure liquid at its vapor pressure of 202.65 kPa (2 atm) for C
produces a ΔG°/RT of −5, with G in calories per gram-mole. Calculate
the equilibrium constant based on ratios of final mole fractions at
303.97 kPa (3 atm), assuming that all three components are ideal
gases.

46. Estimate the composition of the liquid and vapor phases when n-
butane isomerizes at 311K (100°F). Assume that the reaction occurs
in the vapor phase.
47. Benzene is to be produced from toluene according to the reaction
C6H5CH3 + H2 = C6H6 + CH4
Some of the benzene formed undergoes a secondary reaction in series
to an unwanted byproduct, diphenyl, according to the reaction
2C6H6 = C12H10 + H2
The compositions of the reactor feed and effluent streams appear
in the table.

Calculate the conversion, selectivity, and reactor yield with

respect to (a) the toluene feed and (b) the hydrogen feed.
48. Determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction
CH4(g) + H2O(g) = CO(g) + 3H2(g)
at 1700°F (1200K), and find the amount of conversion achieved when
2 mol of steam per mole of methane are reacted at 1 atm.

49. Find the heat of the reaction: C(s) + CO2(g) = 2CO(g) at

1500°F(816°C)

Chapter 5

50. Saponification of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide, that is,

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH
has been investigated at 298 K (77°F) in a well-stirred isothermal
batch reactor. The following data were collected:

The run began with equimolar (0.1 g ⋅ mol/L) amounts of sodium

hydroxide and ethyl acetate as the reactants. Calculate the overall
order of the reaction and the value of the reaction rate constant
at 298 K, and write the rate expression for the reaction.

51. Laboratory experiments on the irreversible, homogeneous gas-phase

reaction 2A + B = 2C have shown the reaction rate constant to be 1
× 105 (g ⋅ mol/L)−2 s−1 at 500°C (932°F). Analysis of isothermal
data from this reaction has indicated that a rate expression of the
form –rA = kCACB^2 provides an adequate representation for the data
at 500°C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm) total pressure. Calculate the
volume of an isothermal, isobaric plug-flow reactor that would be
required to process 6 L/s (0.212 ft3/s) of a feed gas containing
25% A, 25% B, and 50% inserts by volume if a fractional conversion
of 90% is required for component A.

52. The heterogeneous gas-phase hydrogenation of acetylene to ethane

at 1000 K (1341°F), that is, C2H2 + 2H2 → C2H6 has been found to
proceed with a reaction rate that may be adequately represented by
the rate expression

Laboratory experiments at 1000 K indicate that the reaction rate

constant is 1 × 105 g ⋅ mol/(L)(min). If a mixture of 75 mol %
hydrogen and 25% acetylene is charged to a l-L (0.035-ft3 or 0.001-
m3) batch reactor and 0.001 g ⋅ mol acetylene is present initially
in the reactor, calculate the holding time at 1000 K necessary to
achieve 90% fractional conversion of acetylene to ethane. The
reactor is to be operated at a constant temperature of 1000 K.

53. It is proposed to process 3 m3/h of a reaction mixture in either

one or two (in series) continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors. The
 reaction is A + 2B → C. At 50°C, the kinetic rate expression is as
follows:
−rA = k1CACB/(1 + k2CA)
where k1 = 0.1 and k2 = 0.6, with concentrations in kilogram-moles
per cubic meter and rates in kilogram-moles per cubic meter per
hour. The mixture specific gravity is constant and equal to 1.2
kg/dm3. The molecular weight of the feed is 40. The feed contains
10 mol % A, 20% B, and 70% inert solvent S. The liquid viscosity is
0.8 mPa ⋅ s (cp) at reaction temperature.
Determine the reactor volume required for one reactor and that for
two equal-sized reactors in series for 80 percent conversion of A.
And if the capital cost of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor
unit is given by 200,000(V/100)0.6 (where V is reactor volume in
m3), the life is 20 years with no salvage value, and power costs 3
cents per kilowatt-hour, determine which system has the economic
advantage. Assume that overhead, personnel, and other operating
costs, except agitation, are constant. The operating year is 340
days. Each reactor is baffled (with a baffle width to tank diameter
of 1/12) and equipped with an impeller whose diameter is one-third
the tank diameter. The impeller is a sixbladed turbine having a
width-to-diameter ratio of 1/5. The impeller is located at one-
third the liquid depth from the bottom. The tank liquid-depth-to-
diameter ratio is unity.

54. Domestic wastewater with an average daily flow of 4.0 Mgd (15,140
m3/d) has a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 240 mg/L after
primary settling. The effluent is to have a BOD5 of 10 mg/L or less.
Design a complete-mix activated sludge reactor to treat the
wastewater including reactor volume, hydraulic retention time,
quantity of sludge wasted, oxygen requirements, food to
microorganism ratio, volumetric loading, and waste activated sludge
(WAS) and return activated sludge (RAS) requirements.

Chapter 6

55. A piping system is conveying 10 ft3/s (0.28 m3/s) of ethanol. At a

particular cross section of the system, section 1, the pipe diameter
is 12 in (0.30 m), the pressure is 18 lb/in2 (124 kPa), and the
elevation is 140 ft (42.7 m). At another cross section further
downstream, section 2, the pipe diameter is 8 in (0.20 m), and the
elevation is 106 ft (32.3 m). If there is a head loss of 9 ft (2.74
m) between these sections due to pipe friction, what is the pressure
at section 2? Assume that the specific gravity of the ethanol is
0.79.

56. An oil has a specific gravity of 0.8000 and a viscosity of 200 SSU
(Saybolt Seconds Universal) at 60°F (289 K). Determine the API
gravity and Bé gravity of this oil at 70°F (294 K) and its weight
in pounds per gallon. What is the kinematic viscosity in
centistokes? What is the absolute viscosity in centipoise?
57. Fuel oil at 300°F (422 K) and having a specific gravity of 0.850
is pumped through a 30,000-ft-long 24-in pipe at the rate of 500
gal/min (0.032 m3/s). What is the pressure loss if the viscosity of
the oil is 75 cP?

58. What is the pressure drop in a 5000-ft-long 6-in oil pipe conveying
500 bbl/h (0.022 m3/s) kerosene having a specific gravity of 0.813
at 65°F, which is the temperature of the liquid in the pipe? The
pipe is schedule 40 steel.

59. What is the velocity of 1000 gal/min (0.064 m3/s) of water flowing
through a 10-in inside-diameter cast-iron water-main pipe? What is
the hydraulic radius of this pipe when it is full of water? When
the water depth is 8 in (0.203 m)?

60. Dry air at 80°F (300 K) and 150 psia (1034 kPa) flows at the rate
of 500 ft3/min (0.24 m3/s) through a 4-in schedule 40 pipe from the
discharge of an air compressor. What is the flow rate in pounds per
hour and the air velocity in feet per second? Using the Fanning
formula, determine the pressure loss if the total equivalent length
of the pipe is 500 ft (153 m).

61. What is the friction loss in 800 ft of 6-in schedule 40 pipe when
400 gal/min (0.025 m3/s) of sulfate paper stock is flowing? The
consistency of the sulfate stock is 6 percent.

62. Steam is metered with an orifice meter in a 10-in boiler lead

having an internal diameter of dp = 9.760 in. Determine the maximum
rate of steam flow that can be measured with a steel orifice plate
having a diameter of do = 5.855 in at 70°F (294 K). The upstream
pressure tap is 1D ahead of the orifice, and the downstream tap is
0.5D past the orifice. Steam pressure at the orifice inlet pp = 250
psig (1825 kPa); temperature is 640°F (611 K). A differential gage
fitted across the orifice has a maximum range of 120 in of water.
What is the steam flow rate when the observed differential pressure
is 40 in of water? Use the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters
method in analyzing the meter. Atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psia.

63. A centrifugal pump designed for an 1800-r/min operation and a head

of 200 ft (61 m) has a capacity of 3000 gal/min (0.19 m3/s) with a
power input of 175 hp. What effect will a speed reduction to 1200
r/min have on the head, capacity, and power input of the pump? What
will be the change in these variables if the impeller diameter is
reduced from 12 to 10 in while the speed is held constant at 1800
r/min?

64. A test-model pump delivers, at its best efficiency point, 500

gal/min (0.03 m3/s) at a 350-ft (107-m) head with a required net
positive suction head (NPSH) of 10 ft (3.05 m) and a power input of
55 hp (41 kW) at 3500 r/min, when using a 10.5-in-diameter impeller.
Determine the performance of the model at 1750 r/min. What is the
performance of a full-scale prototype pump with a 20-in impeller
 operating at 1170 r/min? What are the specific speeds and the
suction specific speeds of the test model and prototype pumps?

65. What is the upper limit of specific speed and capacity of a 1750-
r/min single-stage double-suction centrifugal pump having a shaft
that passes through the impeller eye if it handles clear water at
85°F (302 K) at sea level at a total head of 280 ft with a 10-ft
suction lift? What is the efficiency of the pump and its approximate
impeller shape?

66. A single-suction centrifugal pump is driven by a 60-Hz ac motor.

The pump delivers 10,000 gal/min (0.63 m3/s) of water at a 100-ft
(30.5-m) head. The available net positive suction head is 32 ft
(9.75 m) of water. What is the best operating speed for this pump
if the pump operates at its best efficiency point?

67. What is the maximum capacity of a double-suction condensate pump

operating at 1750 r/min if it handles 100°F (311 K) water from a
hot well in a condenser having an absolute pressure of 2.0 in Hg
(6.8 kPa) if the pump centerline is 10 ft (3.05 m) below the hot-
well liquid level and the friction-head loss in the suction piping
and fitting is 5 ft (1.5 m) of water?

68. A centrifugal pump handles 220°F (377 K) water and has a shutoff
head (with closed discharge valve) of 3200 ft (975 m). At shutoff,
the pump efficiency is 17 percent and the input brake horsepower is
210. What is the minimum safe flow through this pump to prevent
overheating at shutoff? Determine the minimum safe flow if the NPSH
is 18.8 ft (5.73 m) of water and the liquid specific gravity is
0.995. If the pump contains 500 lb (227 kg) of water, determine the
rate of the temperature rise at shutoff.

69. Combustion calculations show that an oil-fired watertube boiler

requires 200,000 lb/h (25.2 kg/s) for air of combustion at maximum
load. Select forced- and induced-draft fans for this boiler if the
average temperature of the inlet air is 75°F (297 K) and the average
temperature of the combustion gas leaving the air heater is 350°F
(450 K) with an ambient barometric pressure of 29.9 inHg. Pressure
losses on the air-inlet side are, in inH2O: air heater, 1.5; air
supply ducts, 0.75; boiler windbox, 1.75; burners, 1.25. Draft
losses in the boiler and related equipment are, in inH2O: furnace
pressure, 0.20; boiler, 3.0; superheater, 1.0; economizer, 1.50;
air heater, 2.00; uptake ducts and dampers, 1.25. Determine the fan
discharge pressure and horsepower input. The boiler burns 18,000
lb/h (2.27 kg/s) of oil at full load.