DKK1493 HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 4
HEAT EXCHANGER
 CONTENTS

 Heat exchanger type

 The Heat Exchanger Analysis: Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD)
 TOPIC OUTCOMES

It is expected that students will be able:

 to classify different types of heat exchangers
 to calculate the log mean temperature
difference (LMTD) and determine correction
factor for multi-passes heat exchanger.
TYPE OF HEAT EXCHANGER
Double-pipe heat exchanger
Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
1 shell pass
I tube pass
(1-1
exchanger)

1 shell pass
2 tube passes
(1-2
exchanger)
Shell and tube exchanger Shell inlet

Tube outlet

Tube inlet

Shell outlet
Shell inlet

Tube outlet

Tube inlet

Shell outlet
 Cross-Flow Heat exchangers

Gas flow
Gas flow

One fluid mixed,

one fluid unmixed Both fluids unmixed
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE (LMTD)
 Log mean temperature
difference
T '1 Countercurrent Co-current
T '2
T1
T1
T '2
T '1
T2 T2 T1
T1
T2
T2
Distance
Distance
T2 T1

T’1 T’2 T’2 T’1

T1 T2
Energy Balances and Heat Transfer
Rate

 Energy balance on hot fluid: q m c p Thi Th o

h

 Energy balance on cool fluid:q m c p Tco Tci

c

 Heat transfer rate:q UA T m

LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
(LMTD)

When the hot and cold fluids in a heat exchanger are

in true counter-current flow or in co-current (parallel)
flow,
T2 T1 T1 T2
T lm
T2 T1
ln ln
T1 T2

q UA T lm

This Tlm holds for a double-pipe heat exchanger

and 1-1 exchanger with 1 shell pass and 1 tube
pass in parallel or counter-flow.
Example
An oil which has a cpm = 2.30 kJ/kg.K is being cooled in
a heat exchanger from 371.9 K to 349.7 K and flows
inside the tube at a rate of 3630 kg/h. A flow of water
enters at 288.6 K for cooling out and flows outside the
tube at 319.1 K. Calculate the heat-transfer area if the
U = 340 W/m2.K for each counter-current and co-
current flow. Discuss your result.

(Ans: 2.66 m2; 2.87 m2)

LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
(LMTD) CORRECTION FACTORS
 For multiple-pass heat exchanger, the correction factor FT
used to calculate the true mean temperature drop. (under
assumption of counter-flow conditions)
 Two dimensionless ratios are used as follows:
T hi T ho T co T ci
Z Y
T co T ci T hi T ci

T hi T co (T ho T ci )
 For counter-flow: T lm
T hi T co
ln
T ho T ci
 Correct mean temperature: Tm T lm F T

 Heat transfer rate: q U i Ai T m U o Ao T m

Correction factor FT for shell
and tube heat exchanger
with one shell pass and
any multiple of two tube
passes (2, 4, 6, etc, tube
passes)

Correction factor FT for

shell and tube heat
exchanger with two shell
pass and any multiple
of four tube passes
(4, 8, 12, etc, tube
passes)
 EXAMPLE 4.9-1: Temperature Correction Factor for a Heat
Exchanger
A 1-2 heat exchanger containing one shell pass and two tubes
passes heats 2.52 kg/s of water from 21.1 to 54.4oC by using hot
water under pressure entering at 115.6 and leaving at 48.9oC. The
outside surface area of the tubes in the exchanger is Ao = 9.30 m2
a) Calculate the mean temperature difference ΔTm in the
exchanger and the overall heat-transfer coefficient Uo
b) For the same temperature but using a 2-4 exchanger, what
would be the ΔTm ?

o
1 15.6 C T hi
hot water
o
T1 T ho 48 . 9 C
o
54 . 4 C T co
T2
2.52 kg/s water
o
T ci 21 . 1 C
 o
1 15.6 C T hi
hot water
o
T1 T ho 48 . 9 C
o
54 . 4 C T co
T2
2.52 kg/s water
T ci 21 . 1 C
o cp 4 . 187 kJ/kg.K
water

(a) 1 2 Heat Exchanger

T co T ci 54 . 4 21 . 1
Y 0 . 352
T hi T ci 115 . 6 21 . 1

T hi T ho 115 . 6 48 . 9
Z 2 . 00
T co T ci 54 . 4 21 . 1
From the Fig 4.9 - 4a, FT 0.74

T1 T2
T lm
T1
ln
T2
115 . 6 54 . 4 48 . 9 21 . 1
115 . 6 54 . 4
ln
48 . 9 21 . 1
42 . 3 K

Tm T lm FT
42 . 3 ( 0 . 74 )
o
31.3 C 31.3 K
 q m c pm T co T ci
2 . 52 ( 4187 )( 54 . 4 21 . 1)
348200 W

q 348200 2
Uo 1196 W/m .K
Ao T m 9 . 30 ( 31 . 3 )

(b) 2 4 Heat Exchanger

From the Fig 4.9 - 4b, FT 0 . 94

Tm T lm FT
42 . 3 ( 0 . 94 )
o
39.8 C 39.8 K
PROBLEM 4.9-2: Cooling Oil by Water in an Exchanger

Oil flowing at the rate of 5.04 kg/s (cpm = 2.09 kJ/kg.K) is cooled in
a 1-2 heat exchanger from 366.5 K to 344.3 K by 2.02 kg/s of water
entering at 283.2 K. The overall heat transfer coefficient Uo is 340
w/m2.K. Calculate the area required. (Hint: A heat balance must
first be made to determine the outlet water temperature)