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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of the research is to support the research as a basic of the

anlysis to answer the probem in chapter 1. Realizing that it is important to support

the research project, researcher should like to discuss some literatures.

Theoretical Background

2.1 Vocabulary

2.1.1 Definition of vocabulary

Language is formed of words. Words become important aspect

in all area of science and knowledge. It is caused words are symbol

which is used in written communication. In English language

learning, vocabulary is knowledge which discuss about words.

Vocabulary defined all the words known by human (Fathor Rasyid,

2011). Other definition is vocabulary means collection words of

human being individually (Jamaris, 2017). A vocabulary, usually

developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for

communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive

vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second

language. From some definitions above vocabulary is the

collection word of human being as tool for communication and

acquiring knowledge.

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2.1.2 The importance of vocabulary

Vocabulary should be learned by language learner.

Acording to Jonathan Sarwono (2013), there are two main reason

why we should learn vocabulary: we want other people understand

what we are speaking to them and we also want know what other

people want to communicate to us. Human recognize vocabulary to

help them in order to achieve their language learning. It is the key

in language and its acquisition. The important of vocabulary was

also indicated by Krashen (in Lewis 1993:iii) when he noted that

language learners do not carry around grammar books, they carry

around dictionaries. In conclusion, the language learner should

learn vocabulary to master their language learning.

2.1.3 Vocabulary Mastery

Vocabulary learning is the primary factor while the

language learner wants to learn second language learning. The

acquisition of adequate vocabulary is essential to be succes at

second language used since without extensive vocabulary, it is

imposible to apply the structure of the language and its function.

The more vocabulary develops, the easier to add new words even

though the first ten words are probably the most difficult to learn

(Nunan, 1991). Therefore, mastering vocabulary is needed by the

language learner to support them achieve language learning. Thus,

an extensive vocabulary is the bridge between the word-level

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processes and the cognitive processes of comprehension.

Theoretically, mastery is knowledge and skills that allow you to

do, use or understand something very well. It means that

vocabulary mastery is the compilation of knowledge and skill

which lead language learner to support them in language learning

activity.

2.1.4 Developing vocabulary comprehension

Vocabulary learning needs to be developed from a combination

of direct vocabulary instruction, vocabulary learning strategies,

extensive reading and word learning from context (William Grabe:

2007). Instruction needs provide opportunities for practice using

words and multiple encounters with words over time. A number

researchers have generated importantance principles to develop

vocabulary comprehension (Anderson,1999; Beck McKeown, &

Kucan, 2002; Nation, 2001; Stahl, 2005; Stahl& Nagy, 2006).

Drawing on these ideas, implications for developing vocabulary by

some instructions:

a. Prioritize instruction so that key activities are practiced

consistenly and sistematically over time.

b. Provide vocabulary exposures in multiple context. Teach

different word in different ways (e.g., words for which

students know synonims, words that can be explained well

with definitions and example

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c. Use visual supports and mapping technique

d. Develop student motivation for word collecting and provide

a supportive learning environment.

e. Develop activities that recycle a lot of words at one time

(e.g., sorting words into lists, semantic mapping, matching

activities, word recognation fluency activities,repeated

reading practice).

2.2 Self Confidence

2.2.1 Definition of self confidence

Confidence is a very important element in learning to speak

a language. Self confidence is a feeling of power to do things

successfully. Self-confidence is ability to take appropriate and

effective action in any situation (Kate&Brinley: 2006). Self

confident people trust their own abilities, have a general sense of

control in their lives, and believe that, within reason, they will be

able to do what they wish, plan, and expect. Self-confidence is the

belief in one’s ability to succeed. According to Brown (2000),

self-confidence is “a person’s belief in his or her ability to

accomplish the task.” From the definition above it can be

concluded that self-confidence is the belief or attitude which

allows people to have pretty good view of their life and ability and

banish negativity that may affect their life which can be

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characterized by high self belief, optimism, enthusiasm,

assertiveness, independence, trust, and emotional maturity.

2.2.2 Developing self confidence

There are some ways to develop self confidence, they are:

1. Start with a strong and persistent desire. Enumerate the benefits

this effort to train yourself will bring you. Arouse your

enthusiasm for it. Think what it can mean to you financially,

socially and in terms of increased influence and leadership.

Remember that upon the depth of your desire will depend on the

swiftness of your progress.

2. Prepare. You can't feel confident unless you know what you are

going to say.

3. Act confident. "To feel brave," advises Professor William

James, "act as if we were brave, use all of our will to that end,

and a courage fit will very likely replaces the fit of fear." Teddy

Roosevelt confessed that he conquered his fear of grizzly bears,

mean horses, and gunfighters by that method. You can conquer

your fear of audiences by taking advantage of this psychological

fact.

4. Practice. This is the most important point of all. Fear is the

result of a lack of confidence; and a lack of confidence is the

result of not knowing what you can do; and that is caused by a
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lack of experience. So get a record of successful experience

behind you, and your fears will vanish.

2.2.3 Characteristic of high and low self confidence

In any speaking class, students may be very different from

one another in term of how they are participated in class. In any case,

there are students with high self confidence and likewise, there are

students with low self confidence. Both of them affect in the

language learning process especially speaking. Some interactional

differences are due to personality factors such as being shy or having

an outgoing nature (Kathleen M Bailey, 2005).

There are six characteristics of high self confidence in ability

to affect the journey of the life. These factors are universal and can

be learned if someone not present in the life.

1. They are ambitious. They want more from life than existence or

survival. They can envision themselves in better circumstances

and surroundings.

2. They are goal oriented. They seek a challenge of completing and

setting new goals for themselves. They are not especially

competitive, except against themselves. They enjoy breaking

their own records.

3. They are visionary. Rather than being stuck for too long, they

can see themselves in better circumstances and surroundings.

They keep a picture of what success will be like.

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4. They have learned to communicate. They know how to ask for

what they want and to hear advice and counsel. It is less

important for them to be right than to be effective. They listen

more than they speak.

5. They are loving and kind. Those people who have a good inner

self image form nourishing relationships instead of toxic ones.

They have learned to detach from relationships which do not

allow them to be authentic (Judy H.Wright, 2018).

They are attractive and open to others. Self confident people

are usually drawn to one another. They vibrate their confidence in a

way that attracts good things and good people to them. Being attractive

does not necessarily mean physically attractive in the usual sense of

the word, but rather spiritually beautiful.

2.2.4 Self confidence towards English language learning

It is important for us to high self confidence. By having self

confidence in speaking, we will be able to have positive and realistic

perception of ourselves and our abilities. We will not be shy and afraid

in showing our abilities, asking something to teachers, and et cetera.

We will not surrender if we meet failure in doing tasks. it is different

when we have low self confidence, we will difficult to communicate.

According Huitt & Khodadad cited in Hayti: Brown 1994 in

Safaa Mohammad Al-Hebaish, “self-confidence is a personal factor

that pays a supportive role in the achievement of foreign language

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learning. Some studies claim that no language learning activities will

be carried out successfully without it. It may facilitate or debilitate

academic achievement.” Rubio in Safaa Mohammad Al-Hebaish said

that foreign language learners who possess general self-confidence

perform well and most likely believe themselves to be capable

learners. When there is low self-confidence, on the contrary, learners

suffer from uncertainty insecurity, fear and social distance.

H. Douglas Brown in Safaa Mohammad Al-Hebaish state that

among the four language skills, the achievement of oral performance is

thought to be highly correlated with self- confidence. Foreign language

learners can't speak the language or express themselves freely and

fluently without some degree of it. Thus the main objective of this

paper was to examine the correlation between general self-confidence

and learners' academic achievement on an oral presentation test.

2.3 Speaking

2.3.1 Definition of Speaking

Speaking is one of the basic language skills must be mastered

by students. The mastery of speaking skills in English is priority

for many second language and foreign language learners (Richards,

2008). Through speaking, students are able to express their idea.

They also can communicate with each other. They also can make

creation with their utterances. Therefore, should be learned because

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of it is important. In practicing English Language Teaching:

speaking book, Kathleen M Bailey, (2005) stated that:

Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves

producing and receiving and processing. Speaking consist of producing systematic verbal

utterances to convey meaning. It is spontaneous, open ended and evolving.

It means that speaking is process of producing, receiving and

processing information between speaker and listener. So, in this

case has been occurred communication between two or more

people.

2.3.2 Aspect of speaking

Actually, in English language learning, speaking is an ability

to communicate with others. It has some purpose relate on the

development of language learning. Speaking has many different

aspects, it involves as follow:

1) Accuracy

Accuracy is extent to which student speech

matches what people actually say when they use the

target language. Speaking accurately means that the

speaker speaks without errors of grammar and

vocabulary.

Accuracy in speaking consist of the correct using

the vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. They

will be explained as follow:

a) Vocabulary
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Vocabulary refers to the knowledge of

stored information about the meanings and

pronunciation of words necessary for

communication. Vocabulary is very important

in speaking since people who have many

literatures and comprehension about

vocabulary will be able to convey in different

words. If student does not know the meaning of

the word, it is difficult to check for the word

that fits. Vocabulary is an element to develop

language skill as the first aspect that must be

mastered by students to have acquisition on

English skill. It means that if student would to

master four skills of English, they have to

master vocabulary first.

b) Grammar

Usually people never concentrate on

learning grammar, especially their mother

tongue to use it for speaking, but people have

to pay attention in learning Grammar.

Grammar is used to avoid misunderstanding

and to help the listener to understand speaker

easily. When we come to learning a new

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language like English language, grammar is

important and the importance of grammar

cannot be neglected.

c) Pronunciation

Pronunciation refers to the production of

sounds that we use to make meaning. It

includes attention to the particular sounds of

language (segments), aspect of speech beyond

the level of individual sound, such as

intonation, phrasing, stress, timing, rhythm. To

read the symbols, people also must understand

about their stress, rhythm, and intonation.

From the explanation above, accuracy is one of

aspect in speaking that related with the correct

use of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar

pattern. Accuracy in speaking process is also

important because it is needed to make

information in order it can be understood by

listener. So, there is not miscommunication or

misunderstanding to intercept meaning.

2) Fluency

Fluency, on the other hand, is extent to which

speakers use the language quickly and confidently,

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with few hesitations or unnatural pauses, false starts,

word searches. Speaking English fluently is goal for

many learners of English. Therefore, speaking

fluently is capacity for good speakers.

Fluency aspect should be considered by teacher of

speaking. In language lesson especially at the

beginning and intermediate levels of speaking,

learners should be given opportunities by teacher to

develop both their fluency and their accuracy. Student

cannot develop fluency if the teacher is constantly

interrupting them to correct their oral errors. Teacher

must provide students with fluency-building practice

and realize that making mistakes is a natural part of

learning language.

From, the definition above, researcher assumes that

fluency is known as aspect that must be improved in

speaking, because the successful speaking, one of

them is learner can speak fluently, accurately and

confidently.

2.3.3 The importance of vocabulary mastery, self confidence against

speaking ability

Many researches demonstrate that the strong relationship

between vocabulary against speaking. Vocabulary takes an

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importance aspect toward speaking. The better students’

vocabulary will be affect towards students’ language learning. In

speaking, accuracy is one of the aspects of speaking. When

students want to be accurate when they speak, they must increase

their vocabulary comprehension. According Roger Gower in Adam

Basori Yasini, “accuracy involves the current use of vocabulary,

grammar, and pronunciation. It means the better students’

vocabulary are, the better in speaking.

2.4 Previous research finding

Some researcher had found the relationship between student

vocabulary mastery, self confidence and speaking ability. Ridho Tri

Wijanarko in his research entitled The Correlation between

Grammar mastery, Self confidence and Students’ speaking ability

in 2nd semester students of English education department of STAIN

Ponorogo. The result had proven there was significant correlation

between grammar mastery, students’ self confidence and speaking

ability. It means besides linguistic factor (grammar mastery), non

linguistics factor (students’ self confidence) will contribute

students to master speaking ability.

In a further set of research study, Safaa Mohammad Al-

Hebaish with his research The Correlation between General Self-

Confidence and Academic Achievement in the Oral Presentation

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Course revealed same result with the previous research. The result

had been proven a significant correlation between general self

confidence and academic achievement. Base on this research, self

confidence was correlated with academic achievement particularly

English language achievement.

Vocabulary as linguistic factor is also influence to students’

speaking ability. Vocabulary affects speaker to speak accurately.

Afif Fauzi reported the correlation between students’ vocabulary

mastery and speaking ability at 10th grade of SMA N Ciputat, the

result showed that there is strong relation between students’

vocabulary achievement and their speaking ability.

From those three researches finding, researcher can

assumed that by having self-confidence and vocabulary mastery,

learners will speak the language or expresing their ideas or feelings

more accurately and fluently. In other words, when learners have

good vocabulary mastery and self-confidence, they will have a

good speaking abilit.

3 Theoretical Framework

According to the previous discussion, it has been known that

vocabulary is important for language learner. Vocabulary is an important

aspect of language learning in which the language learner must consider

about this aspect. There is an assumption the better vocabulary mastery

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will affect English language learner to master each skill of English

particularly speaking skill. Absolutely, in speaking skill, a student with

high vocabulary comprehension will be easy to communicate with each

others than student with low vocabulary comprehension. It means that if

student has good vocabulary comprehension, it will make them having

ability to master speaking skill.

Self confidence is the belief or attitude which can allow students to

have good view of their life and ability. Self confidence becomes one of

the psychological factors which are strongly related to oral performance.

Skilled speaker should have self confidence to affect the audience.

Students who have high self confidence will believe in their abilities and

not feel fear of failure and making mistakes. So, self confidence affect to

the oral performance or speaking skill.

There are several aspects which affect students’ speaking skill.

Vocabulary and students self confidence have been included of those

aspects. Vocabulary is a part of linguistic factor and students self

confidence is non-linguistic factors which influence speaking ability.

Vocabulary makes students to speak accurately and self confidence will

help the students from being afraid of making mistakes and nervous in

speaking performance. Students who have high self confidence speak

fluently than others.

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4 Hypothesis

Based on theory above, the hypotheses of this research are

formulated as follow:

1. There is a significant correlation between students’ vocabulary mastery

and students’ speaking ability.

2. There is significant correlation between students’ self confidence and

students’ speaking ability

3. There is a significant correlation between students’ vocabulary

mastery, students’ self confidence and students’ speaking ability.