12.

1 Introduction 671

We derived this for free carriers but the same result is obtained in Drude
theory [32, 1871. We consider a two-dimensional system lying in the z-
y plane, with the magnetic field pointing in the n direction. During a
lifetime T , the electrons accelerate freely under the action of the electri-
cal field E and the Lorentz force; then they suffer a collision, and the
process begins again. The typical velocity is

v = -F. r = - - e r (E + C1
-V x H). (12.4)
m m
Since the current density is j = - n e v , the above equation can be rear-
ranged so that we can read off the relevant components of the conduc-
tivity matrix from
er
j = uoE - -jxH (12.5)
mc
where 00 = n e 2 r / m is the zero-field Drude conductivity. One finds
00 WCTfJO
=W C T U ~ ~ (12.6)
uxx =
1 + (w,+ uyx =
1 + (WC+
where w, = e H / m c is the so-called cyclotron frequency. The resistivity
matrix is the inverse of the conductivity matrix
uxx (12.7)
Pxx =
4 x + u;x
The parameter wcr controls the nature of the conduction process. In
the weak-field limit wcr <( 1, uxx M uo diverges if r + 00. In the
) ~1/r vanishes if r +
strong-field limit o,r >> 1, uxx x u o / ( ~ , r cx
00: one needs collisions (friction) to get longitudinal electrical current.

(We can envisage the situation also classically: without collisions, the
combined action of E, and H , may cause the electrons to move in
the y direction, but motion along the 2 axis is oscillatory, carrying no
net current, Collisions interrupt the oscillatory motion, enabling the
electron to drift in the z direction). At the same time, gYxM n e c / H as
in (12.3). The combination of wcr >> 1 with a large r (a nearly ideal
sample in a high magnetic field) may be called the friction model [187]
which gives useful simple results. The longitudinal resistivity

(12.8)