Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2/2010

SOLUTION OUTLINE

PART 1

(a) Accept any suitable and relevant information.

(b) Accept any suitable and relevant information explaining the different between the
Theoretical and Empirical Probabilities.

Part 2
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(b)

SECOND DIE

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

FIRST DIE

(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

Accept any other suitable representation.

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

Part 3
(a) Complete Table 1 as follows:

Sum of the two numbers (x) Possible outcomes Probability, P(x)

2 (1,1) 1
36
3 (1,2) , (2,1) 2
36
4 (1,3),(2,2),(3,1) 3
36
5 (1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1) 4
36
6 (1,5),(2,4),(3,3),(4,2),(5,1) 5
36
7 (1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,2),(6,1) 6
36
8 (2,6),(3,5),(4,4),(5,3),(6,2) 5
36
9 (3,6),(4,5),(5,4),(6,3) 4
36
10 (4,6),(5,5),(6,4) 3
36
11 (5,6),(6,5) 2
36
12 (6,6) 1
36

Table 1

(b) List of possible outcomes in each event:

A = {The two numbers are not the same}

A = {(1,2) , (1,3) , (1,4) , (1,5) , (1,6) , (2,1) , (2,3) , (2,4) , (2,5) , (2,6) , (3,1) , (3,2) , (3,4),
(3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6) , (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2),
(6,3), (6,4), (6,5)}

B = {The product of the two numbers is greater than 36}

B={ }

C = {Both numbers are prime or the difference between the two numbers is odd}
C = {(2,2) , (2,3) , (2,5) , (3,2) , (3,3) , (3,5) , (5, 2), (5,3) , (5,5), (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1),
(3, 4), (3, 6), (4,1), (4,3), (4,5), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,3), (6,5)}

D = {The sum of the two numbers are even and both numbers are prime}
D = {(2,2) , (3,3) , (3,5) , (5,3) , (5,5)}

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

5
P (A) =
6
P (B) = 0
23
P (C) =
36
5
P (D) =
36

Part 4
(a) First Method: Using the formula

Variance =
 fx 2

− x2
f
Sum of the two Frequency
fx x2 f x2
numbers (x) (f)
2 1 2 4 4
3 3 9 9 27

4 3 12 16 48
5 7 35 25 175

6 4 24 36 144
7 8 56 49 392

8 7 56 64 448

9 8 72 81 648
10 2 20 100 200
11 5 55 121 605

12 2 24 144 288

f = 50  fx = 365  fx 2
= 2979

Accept any frequency

 365
Mean , x = = 7.3
50

Variance =
 fx 2

− x2 =
2979
− 7.3 2 = 6.29
f 50

Standard Deviation = 2.508

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

(a) Second Method: Using the formula

 f x  x 
2

Variance =
f
Sum of the two
numbers (x)
Frequency
(f)
x  x x  x 2

f xx 
2

2 1 −5.3 28.09 28.09

3 3 −4.3 18.49 55.47

4 3 −3.3 10.89 32.67

5 7 −2.3 5.29 37.03

6 4 −1.3 1.69 6.76

7 8 −0.3 0.09 0.72

8 7 0.7 0.49 3.43

9 8 1.7 2.89 23.12
10 2 2.7 7.29 14.58

11 5 3.7 13.69 68.45

12 2 4.7 22.09 44.18

 f x  x
2

 f = 50
= 314.5

 365
Mean, x =
50

= 7.3

 f x  x 
2

Variance =
f
314.5
=
50

= 6.29

Standard Deviation = 2.508

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

(b) Accept any suitable predictions

(c) First Method: Using the formula

Variance =
 fx 2

− x2
f

Sum of the two Frequency

fx x2 fx2
numbers (x) (f)
2 2 4 4 8

3 6 18 9 54
4 8 32 16 128

5 13 65 25 325

6 13 78 36 468

7 16 112 49 784
8 14 112 64 896
9 12 108 81 972

10 10 100 100 1000

11 4 44 121 484

12 2 24 144 288

f = 100  fx = 697  fx 2
= 5407

Accept any frequency and prediction.

697
Mean, x =
100

= 6.97

5407
Variance = − 6.97 2
100

= 5.489

Standard Deviation = 2.343

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

Second Method: Using the formula

 f x  x 
2

Variance =
f
Sum of the two
numbers (x)
Frequency
(f)
x  x x  x2

f xx  2

2 2 −4.97 24.7009 49.4018

3 6 −3.97 15.7609 94.5654

4 8 −2.97 8.8209 70.5672

5 13 −1.97 3.8809 50.4517

6 13 −0.97 0.9409 12.2317

7 16 0.03 0.0009 0.0144

8 14 1.03 1.0609 14.8526

9 12 2.03 4.1209 49.4508
10 10 3.03 9.1809 91.809

11 4 4.03 16.2409 64.9636

12 2 5.03 25.3009 50.6018

 f = 100  f ( x  x) 2

= 548.91

697
Mean, x = = 6.97
100

5.4891
Variance = = 5.489
100

Standard Deviation = 2.343

Accept any suitable statement on whether the conjecture has been proven or not.

Alternative Method
The tossing of dice may be simulated using the graphing calculator application programme.

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

Part 5
(a)

Sum of the two numbers

P(x) x P (x) x2 x2 P (x)
(x)
1 2 4
2 4
36 36 36
2 6 18
3 9
36 36 36
3 12 48
4 16
36 36 36
4 20 100
5 25
36 36 36
5 30 180
6 36
36 36 36
6 42 294
7 49
36 36 36
5 40 320
8 64
36 36 36
4 36 324
9 81
36 36 36
3 30 300
10 100
36 36 36
2 22 242
11 121
36 36 36
1 12 144
12 144
36 36 36
 xp(x) =  x p( x) 
2

252 1974
36 36

252
Mean = =7
36

1974
Variance = − 72 = 54.833 − 49 = 5.833
36

Standard deviation = 2.415

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

(b) Comparison of mean, variance and standard deviation from Part 4 and Part 5.

Part 4(a) Part 4(b) Part 5

Mean 7.3 6.97 7

Variance 6.29 5.489 5.833

Standard Deviation 2.508 2.343 2.415

Accept any suitable and relevant explanations.

(c)

n Mean

50 7.3

100 6.97

Accept any suitable and relevant conjecture such as:

As n changes, the range of the mean of the sum of the two numbers is between 6 and 8.

Supporting Conjecture
From the probability distribution graph, it shows that the range of mean is between 6 and 8.

Probability distribution for the sum of two six-sided dice

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 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2010

FURTHER EXPLORATION
Accept any suitable and relevant information on LLN.

REFLECTION

Accept any forms of reflections which should include moral values.

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