William F. Riley, Leroy D. Sturges, Don H. Morris-Mechanics of Materials - Intructor Solutions Manual-Wiley (2006) PDF

INSTRUCTOR
SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 6th Edition RILEY, STURGES AND MORRIS
Chapter 1
1-1*
From a free-body diagram of the forearm,
the equilibrium equations give
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T − F − W − 20 = 0
4 ΣM F = 0 : 1.5T − 5.5W − 11.5 ( 20 ) = 0
T = 3.667W + 153.33 lb ............................... Ans.
F = 2.667W + 133.33 lb ............................... Ans.
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1-2*
From a free-body diagram of the ring, the equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : T2 cos10° − T1 sin10° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T1 cos10° − T2 sin10° − 175 ( 9.81) = 0
are solved to get
T1 = 5.67128T2
T1 = 1799 N .............................................................................. Ans.
T2 = 317 N ................................................................................ Ans.
T3 = 175 ( 9.81) = 1717 N ....................................................... Ans.
1-3
The equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : N A sin 30° − N B sin 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N A cos 30° + N B cos 30° − 800 = 0
are solved to get
N A = NB
N A = 462 lb 60° ................................................................ Ans.
N B = 462 lb 60° ................................................................ Ans.
1-4*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − N B sin 45o = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + N B cos 45o − 300 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 1.5 ( N B cos 45o ) − 1.5 ( 300 ) = 0

are solved to get
N B = 424.264 N ≅ 424 N 45............................. Ans.
Ax = 300 N Ay = 0 N
A = 300 N → ........................................................ Ans.
1-5
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 250 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A − 3 ( 250 ) = 0
are solved to get
Ax = 0 lb Ay = 250 lb
A = 250 lb ↑ .....................................................Ans.
M A = 750 lb ⋅ ft 4 .................................................Ans.
1-6
From an overall free-body diagram, the equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 10 − 15 + N F = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 9 N F − 3 (10 ) − 6 (15 ) = 0
are solved to get
Ax = 0 kN
Ay = 11.6667 kN ↑
N F = 13.3333 kN ↑
Then, from a free-body diagram of the right hand section of the truss,
the equations of equilibrium
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 (13.3333) − 3TDE = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : 3TBC − 3 (15 ) + 6 (13.3333) = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 13.3333 − 15 − TCD cos 45o = 0
are solved to get
TDE = 13.33 kN (T) ............................................................................................................ Ans.
TBC = −11.67 kN = 11.67 kN (C) .................................................................................. Ans.
TCD = −2.36 kN = 2.36 kN (C) ...................................................................................... Ans.
1-7*
4 ΣM A = 0 : 27 N F − 13 ( 33cos15° ) + 4 ( 35sin15° ) = 0
N F = 14.93561 lb ≅ 14.94 lb 75° ............. Ans.
Z ΣFx = 0 : P cos 30° − 35sin15° = 0
P = 10.46005 lb ≅ 10.46 lb 15° ................ Ans.
^ ΣFy = 0 : N R + N F − P sin 30° − 35cos15° = 0
N R = 24.1 lb 75° .......................................... Ans.
1-8
↑ ΣFy = 0 : P + 4060 − 5210 = 0
P = 1150 N .......................................................................................Ans.
4 ΣM A = 0 : C − 16 ( 4060 ) − 37 ( 5210 ) = 0
C = 257, 730 N ⋅ mm ≅ 258 N ⋅ m ...............................................Ans.
1-9*
From an overall free-body diagram, the equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 10 − 20 + N E = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 45 N E − 15 (10 ) − 30 ( 20 ) = 0
are solved to get
Ax = 0 kip
Ay = 13.3333 kip ↑
N E = 16.6667 kip ↑
Then, from a free-body diagram of the right hand section
of the truss, the equations of equilibrium
4 ΣM F = 0 : 15 N E + 15 (TDE sin 30° ) = 0
4 ΣM E = 0 : 15 ( 20 ) − 15 (TCF sin 60° ) = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 22.5 N E − 7.5 ( 20 ) − (15cos 30° ) TFG = 0
are solved to get
TCD = −33.3333 kip ≅ 33.3 kip (C) ............................................................................... Ans.
TCF = +23.094 kip ≅ 23.1 kip (T) .................................................................................. Ans.
TFG = +17.32 kip = 17.32 kip (T) .................................................................................. Ans.
1-10*
W = 2000 ( 9.81) = 19, 620 N
Z ΣFx = 0 : P − W sin 30° = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 2 (W sin 30° ) − 2 (W cos 30° ) + 3 N F − 1P = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : N R + N F − W cos 30° = 0
P = 9810 N = 9.81 kN 30° ............................... Ans.
N R = 8933.806 N ≅ 8.93 kN 60° .................... Ans.
N F = 8057.612 N ≅ 8.06 kN 60° ................... Ans.
1-11
From a free-body diagram of the brake pedal, the equilibrium
equations are solved to get the forces
4 ΣM A = 0 : 5.5Q − ( 30 cos 30° )(11) − ( 30sin 30° )( 4 ) = 0
Q = 62.871 lb
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − Q + 30 cos 30° = 0
Ax = 36.890 lb
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 30sin 30° = 0
Ay = 15.00 lb
A = 39.8 lb 22.13° ........................................................... Ans.
Q = 62.9 lb ← ........................................................................ Ans.
1-12*
From a free-body diagram of the beam, the equilibrium equations are solved to get the forces and moment
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 2 = 0
Ay = 2 kN
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A − 2 ( 4) − 3 = 0
M A = 11 kN ⋅ m
A = 2 kN ↑ ................................................................................................................................ Ans.
M A = 11 kN ⋅ m 4 ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
1-13
From a free-body diagram of the beam, the equilibrium equations are solved to get the forces
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 15 B − 3 ( 500 ) − 6 ( 800 )
− 9 ( 700 ) − 12 ( 400 ) = 0
B = 1160 lb
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + B − 500 − 800 − 700 − 400 = 0
Ay = 1240 lb
A = 1240 lb ↑ ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
B = 1160 lb ↑ ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
1-14
W = 450 ( 9.81) = 4414.50 N
From a free-body diagram of the lower pulley,
vertical equilibrium equation gives the tension
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2T1 − 4414.50 = 0
T1 = 2207.25 N
Then, from a free-body diagram of the upper pulley,
moment equilibrium equation gives the force F
4 ΣM axle = 0 : 100T1 − 90T1 − 100 F = 0
F = 221 N ............................................................................................................................... Ans.
1-15*
From a free-body diagram of the bracket, the equilibrium equations
4 ΣM A = 0 : 18 B − (12 )(10 ) 2  (12 3) = 0
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + B = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − (12 )(10 ) 2  = 0
Are solved to get the forces
B = 13.333 lb
Ax = −13.333 lb Ay = 60.0 lb
A = 61.464 lb ≅ 61.5 lb 77.47° ..................................... Ans.
B = 13.33 lb → ....................................................................... Ans.
1-16
(a) From a free-body diagram of the plane, the force
equilibrium equations are solved to get the forces
→ ΣFx = 0 : V − 40 cos 70° − 70 cos16° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N − 40sin 70° − 70sin16° = 0
V = 81.0 N .........................................Ans.
N = 56.882 N ≅ 56.9 N .................Ans.
(b) Then the moment equilibrium equation gives
the required location of the normal force
4 ΣM A = 0 : ( 70 cos16° )( 75) − ( 70sin16° )( 280 ) + Nd
+ ( 40 cos 70° )( 60 ) − ( 40sin 70° )( 60 ) = 0
d = 31.5 mm
31.5 mm (from the left end of plane) ....................................................................... Ans.
1-17*
4 ΣM A = 0 : 1.25 N D − 9 ( 25 ) = 0
N D = 180.0 lb ....................................Ans.
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + N D sin 38° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 25 − N D cos 38° = 0
Ax = −110.8 lb Ay = 166.8 lb
A = 200.3 lb 56.4° ................................................................... Ans.
1-18*
From a free-body diagram of the upper handle,
moment equilibrium gives
→ ΣFx = 0 : FA cos θ + Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FA sin θ − 100 + By = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 93 (100 ) − 28 ( FA sin θ ) + 5 ( FA cos θ ) = 0
30
θ = tan −1 = 30.964°
50
FA = 919.116 N
Bx = −788.136 N By = −372.881 N
Then a free body diagram of the upper jaw gives

4 ΣM C = 0 : Fd + 12 By + 35 Bx = 0
d = 352 + 152 = 38.0789 mm

Therefore
F = 842 N 66.8° on the jaw
F = 842 N 66.8° on the block.......................................................................................... Ans.
1-19
Use W = 3750 lb (the weight carried by one truss). Then by symmetry (or from equilibrium of a free-body
diagram of the entire truss) each support carries half of the total weight
E y = Ay = W 2 = 1875 lb
Also by symmetry (or equilibrium of a free-body diagram of the truck), the truck’s weight is divided equally
between its front and rear wheels.
N F = N R = W 2 = 1875 lb
Then equilibrium of the floor panel between pins G and H gives
4 ΣM H = 0 : 10G1 − 4 (1875 ) = 0
G1 = 750 lb
4 ΣM G = 0 : 6 (1875 ) − 10 H1 = 0
H1 = 1125 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of a section of the left side of the truss
5 8
θ = tan −1 = 26.565° φ = tan −1 = 38.660°
10 10
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8TGH − 5 (1875 ) = 0
TGH = 1171.875 lb
4 ΣM G = 0 : −15 (1875 ) − 8 (TBC cos θ ) − 10 (TBC sin θ ) + 10 (1125 ) = 0
TBC = −1451.295 lb ≅ 1451 lb (C) ............................................. Ans.
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 1875 + TBC sin θ − TBG sin φ − 1125 = 0
TBG = +161.6 lb = 161.6 lb (T) ................................................... Ans.
Finally, from a free-body diagram of pin C
→ ΣFx = 0 : TCD cos θ − TBC cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −TBC sin θ − TCD sin θ − TCG = 0
TCD = −1451.295 lb
TCG = +1298 lb = 1298 lb (T) ...................................................... Ans.
1-20*
Cut a section through CD, DG, and FG, and draw a free-body diagram
of the upper-portion of the truss. The equilibrium equations give
4 ΣM G = 0 : ( 5cos 30° )( 9 ) − ( 5sin 30° )( 4 ) + TCD ( 3) = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : ( 5cos 30° )( 6 ) − TFG ( 3) = 0
TCD = −9.66 kN = 9.66 kN (C) ................... Ans.
TFG = 8.66 kN (T) .......................................... Ans.
1-21
A free-body diagram of cylinder A gives
→ ΣFx = 0 : N AB cos 60° − N AC cos 60° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N AB sin 60° + N AC sin 60° − 100 = 0
N AB = N AC = 57.73503 lb
Then, from a free-body diagram of cylinder B
→ ΣFx = 0 : B sin θ − N AB cos 60° − N BC = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : B cos θ − N AB sin 60° − 200 = 0
The minimum force occurs when N BC = 0 , therefore
B sin θ N AB cos 60°

= tan θ =
B cos θ N AB sin 60° + 200
θ = 6.59° ........................................................................................... Ans.
1-22
W = 250 ( 9.81) = 2452.50 N
From a free-body diagram of the pulley
→ ΣFx = 0 : T cos φ − T cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T sin φ + T sin θ − 2452.50 = 0
φ =θ
From the geometry of the cable
a + b = 42 m
( a + b ) cos θ = 40 m
40
θ = cos −1 = 17.7528°
42
Also from the geometry of the cable
h = a sin θ = 6 + b sin θ
Therefore
( a − b ) = 6 sin θ = 19.67789 m
which together with a + b = 42 m gives
a = 30.83895 m b = 11.16105 m
x = a cos θ = 29.4 m ...................................................................... Ans.
T = 4020 N ...................................................................................... Ans.
1-23*
Max pull occurs when either the rear wheels begin to slip B = 0.8 By ( ) or when the front wheels start to lift off the
( )
ground Ay = 0 . The force which makes the front wheels lift off of the ground is
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8 (15, 000 ) − 5 ( P cos 30° ) − 10 ( P sin 30° ) = 0

P = 12,862 lb ≅ 12.86 kip ................................................................................................... Ans.
Checking the amount of friction required and the amount of friction available for this pulling force
→ ΣFx = 0 : P sin 30° − Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + By − 15, 000 − P cos 30° = 0
Ay = 0
Bx = 6431 lb (friction required)
By = 26,138 lb
0.8 ( 26138 ) = 20,911 lb (friction available)
Since the friction required is much less than the friction available, we made the correct guess.
1-24
Divide the weight by 2 since there are two frames
W = 200 ( 9.81) 2 = 981 N
Then from a free-body diagram of the drum
→ ΣFx = 0 : N1 cos 45° − N 2 cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 0.4 N1 sin 45° + N 2 sin 45° − 981 = 0
N1 = N 2 = 693.672 N ≅ 694 N ................................................Ans.
Finally from a free-body diagram of one leg

4 ΣM C = 0 : 1T − 1A − 0.8 N 2 = 0
→ ΣFx = 0 : T + Cx + N 2 sin 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : A + C y − N 2 cos 45° = 0
where by symmetry (or from overall equilibrium)
A = 981 2 = 490.5 N .............................................................. Ans.
and then
T = 1045.4376 N ≅ 1045 N .................................................. Ans.
Cx = −1535.94 N ≅ 1536 N ← ............................................ Ans.
C y = 0 N .................................................................................... Ans.
1-25*
The components of the three tension forces are
20i + 30 j − 50k
TA = TA
202 + 302 + 502
= 0.32444TAi + 0.48666TA j − 0.81111TAk
16i − 25 j − 50k
TB = TB
162 + 252 + 502
= 0.27517TB i − 0.42995TB j − 0.85990TB k
−25i − 15 j − 50k
TC = TC
252 + 152 + 502
= −0.43193TC i − 0.25916TC j − 0.86387TC k
Then the x-, y-, and z-components of the force equilibrium equation give
x: 0.32444TA + 0.27517TB − 0.43193TC = 0
y: 0.48666TA − 0.42995TB − 0.25916TC = 0
z: −0.81111TA − 0.85990TB − 0.86387TC + 900 = 0
TA = 418.214 lb ≅ 418 lb ..................................................................................................... Ans.
TB = 205.219 lb ≅ 205 lb ..................................................................................................... Ans.
TC = 444.876 lb ≅ 445 lb .................................................................................................... Ans.
1-26*
The components of the forces are
W = −100 ( 9.81) k = −981k N
4i − 8 j + 5k
TA = TA
4 2 + 82 + 5 2
= 0.39036TAi − 0.78072TA j + 0.48795TAk
−6i − 8 j + 5k
TB = TB
6 2 + 8 2 + 52
= −0.53666TB i − 0.71554TB j + 0.44721TB k
8 j + 5k
TC = TC = 0.84800TC j + 0.53000TC k
82 + 5 2
x: 0.39036TA − 0.53666TB = 0
y: −0.78072TA − 0.71554TB + 0.84800TC = 0
z: 0.48795TA + 0.44721TB + 0.53000TC − 981 = 0
TA = 603.139 N ≅ 603 N ..................................................................................................... Ans.
TB = 438.716 N ≅ 439 N ..................................................................................................... Ans.
TC = 925.473 N ≅ 925 N ..................................................................................................... Ans.
1-27
From a free-body diagram of pin A
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAF cos 45° − TAB cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 20 − TAB sin 45° − TAF sin 45° = 0
TAB = TAF = 14.14214 lb ≅ 14.14 lb .................................... Ans.
Finally from a free-body diagram of BCD
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB cos 45° + Cx + Dx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin 45° + C y − Dy = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 2 Dx − 1.5 (10 ) − 2 (TAB cos 45° ) − 1(TAB sin 45° ) = 0
where by symmetry (or from overall equilibrium)
Dy = 20 2 = 10 lb ↓
and then
Cx = −32.500 lb ≅ 32.5 lb ← C y = 0 lb
Dx = 22.500 lb ≅ 22.5 lb →
C = 32.5 lb ← ................................................................................. Ans.
D = 24.6 lb 24.0° ..................................................................... Ans.
1-28
From a free body diagram of the wheel and arm BC
→ ΣFx = 0 : TCD + Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2700 − By = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : −150 ( 2700 ) − 325TCD = 0
Bx = 1246 N By = 2700 N
B = 2970 N 65.2° (on AB) ....................................................... Ans.
TCD = −1246.154 N ≅ 1246 N (C) ............................................. Ans.
Then from a free-body diagram of the arm AB (and assuming that the
spring pushes perpendicularly against the arm)
4 ΣM A = 0 : −100 (1246.154 ) − 500 ( 2700 ) + bFS = 0
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − 1246.154 + FS sin φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2700 − FS cos φ + Ay = 0
50
φ = tan −1 = 11.310°
250
b = 502 + 2502 = 254.951 mm
FS = 5783.92 N ≅ 5780 N (C) .................................................... Ans.
Ax = 111.827 N Ay = 2971.60 N
A = 2970 N 87.8° .................................................................... Ans.
1-29*
First equilibrium of an overall free-body diagram gives
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − 100 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 200 − Ay = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 12 N F − 24 (100 ) = 0
Ax = 100 lb Ay = 200 lb
N F = 200 lb
A = 224 lb 63.4° ...............................Ans.
Then from a free-body diagram of the bar ABCD
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + Cx − FBE cos 45° − 100 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + FE sin 45° − Ay = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : −18 Ax + 6 ( FBE cos 45° ) − 6 (100 ) = 0
Cx = 400 lb C y = −200 lb
FBE = 565.685 lb ≅ 566 lb 45° .................................. Ans.
C = 447 lb 26.6° ............................................................ Ans.
1-30 The total weight of water carried by each truss is
WT = 1000 ( 9.81)( 0.2 )( 3.6 )( 2 ) = 14,126.40 N
By symmetry (or overall equilibrium) the support reactions at A and F are
Ay = F = WT 2 = 7063.20 N
The weight of water carried by each roof panel is

WP = 1000 ( 9.81)( 0.2 )(1.2 )( 2 ) = 4708.80 N
and by symmetry (or equilibrium of the panel) half of this load is carried by the pins at each end of the panel
B = E = WP 2 = 2354.40 N C = D = 2 (WP 2 ) = 4708.80 N
sin θ = 0.8000 cos θ = 0.6000
Then, equilibrium of Pin B gives

→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −TAB − 2354.40 = 0
TAB = −2354.40 N
Pin E:
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TDE = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −TEF − 2354.40 = 0
TEF = −2354.40 N
Pin A:
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAH + TAC cos θ = 0 TAH = 3531.60 N
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 7063.20 + ( −2354.40 ) + TAC sin θ = 0 TAC = −5886.00 N
Pin H:
→ ΣFx = 0 : TGH − ( 3531.60 ) = 0 TGH = 3531.60 N
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TCH = 0
Pin C:
→ ΣFx = 0 : TCD + TCG cos θ − ( −5886 ) cos θ − ( 0 ) = 0 TCD = −3531.60 N
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −4708.80 − ( −5886 ) sin θ − ( 0 ) − TCG sin θ = 0 TCG = 0 N
Pin G:
→ ΣFx = 0 : TFG − ( 3531.60 ) − ( 0 ) cos θ = 0 TFG = 3531.60 N
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 0 ) sin θ + TDG = 0 TDG = 0 N
Pin D:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −4708.80 − ( 0 ) − TDF sin θ = 0 TDF = −5886.00 N
1-30 (cont.)
The member forces are
AB: 2350 N (C) ...............................DE: 0 N ............................................................ Ans.
AC: 5890 N (C) ................................DF: 5890 N (C) .................................................... Ans.
AH: 3530 N (T) ................................DG: 0 N ............................................................ Ans.
BC: 0 N .......................................EF: 2350 N (C) .................................................... Ans.
CD: 3530 N (C) ................................FG: 3530 N (T) .................................................... Ans.
CG: 0 N .......................................GH: 3530 N (T) .................................................... Ans.
CH: 0 N ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
1-31
The equations of equilibrium for the two blocks are
→ ΣFx = 0 : T sin θ − N 2 cos θ = 0
−T cos θ + N1 sin θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T cos θ + N 2 sin θ − 150 = 0
T sin θ + N1 cos θ − 200 = 0
Adding the second and third equation together gives
N1 sin θ + N 2 sin θ = 150
while subtracting the first equation from the last equation gives
N1 cos θ + N 2 cos θ = 200
Dividing these two equations gives
( N1 + N 2 ) sin θ = tan θ =
150
( N1 + N 2 ) cos θ 200
θ = 36.87°
N1 + N 2 = 250 lb
Now the first two equations can be rewritten

T sin 2 θ − N 2 sin θ cos θ = 0
−T cos 2 θ + N1 sin θ cos θ = 0
and subtracting the second equation from the first gives
T ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) = ( N1 + N 2 ) sin θ cos θ
T (1) = ( 250 )( 0.6000 )( 0.8000 )
T = 120 lb
(a) N1 = 160 lb ......................................... N 2 = 90 lb ............................................................... Ans.

(b) T = 120 lb ................................................................................................................................ Ans.
(c) θ = 36.87° ............................................................................................................................... Ans.
1-32*
ABC is an equilateral triangle with a height of
h = 950sin 60° = 822.724 mm , and
W = −60 ( 9.81) k = −588.60k N
−475 j + 822.724k
FAB = FAB
950
= −0.50000 FAB j + 0.86603FAB k
Moment equilibrium about C
ΣM C = 0 : ( −0.95i ) × ( By j + Bz k )
( 0.95 j) × ( −0.50000 FAB j + 0.86603FABk )
+ ( −0.475i + 0.23750 j + 0.411362k ) × ( −588.6k ) = 0
has components
x: 0.82272 FAB − 139.7925 = 0
y: 0.95Bz − 279.585 = 0
z: 0 − 0.95By = 0
FAB = 169.915 N ≅ 169.9 N (C) ........................................................................................ Ans.
By = 0 N .................................................................................................................................. Ans.
Bz = 294.300 N ≅ 294 N .................................................................................................... Ans.
x: Cx = 0
y: C y + ( 0 ) − 0.5 (169.915 ) = 0
z: 294.300 + Cz − 588.6 + 0.86603 (169.915 ) = 0
Cx = 0 N .................................................................................................................................. Ans.
C y = 84.958 N ≅ 85.0 N ...................................................................................................... Ans.
Cz = 147.15 N ≅ 147.2 N .................................................................................................... Ans.
1-33
P = − Pj
Moment equilibrium about C
ΣM C = 0 :
( −50k ) × ( Dx i + Dy j)
+ ( −20k + 2.5i ) × ( −40 j)
+ (11k − 17.32051i + 10 j) × ( − Pj) = 0
has components
x: +50 Dy − 800 + 11P = 0
y: −50 Dx = 0
z: −100 + 17.32051P = 0
P = 5.77350 lb ≅ 5.77 lb ..................................................................................................... Ans.
Dx = 0 lb .................................................................................................................................. Ans.
Dy = 14.7298 lb ≅ 14.73 lb ................................................................................................. Ans.
x: Cx + 0 = 0 Cx = 0 lb ............................................ Ans.
y: C y + 14.7298 − 40 − 5.77350 = 0 C y = 31.044 lb ≅ 31.0 lb ............... Ans.
z: Cz = 0 Cz = 0 lb ............................................ Ans.
1-34*
From a free-body diagram of the platform the equilibrium equations give
→ ΣFx = 0 : FAC cos θ − FBD cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAC sin θ + FBD sin θ − P = 0
FBD = FAC
P = 2 FAC sin θ
Then from a free-body diagram of the screw-block A,
the equilibrium equations give
→ ΣFx = 0 : 800 − FAC cos θ − FAE cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAE sin θ − FAC sin θ = 0
400
FAE = FAC =
cos θ
Therefore
θ = 15° FAC = 414.110 N P = 214 N .................... Ans.
θ = 30° FAC = 461.880 N P = 462 N .................... Ans.
θ = 45° FAC = 565.685 N P = 800 N .................... Ans.
1-35*
From an overall free-body diagram, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − E = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 25 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 3 ( 25 ) − 21E = 0
Ax = E = 3.57143 lb
Ay = 25 lb
Assume that the weight of the seat back is very small compared to
the weight of the seat. Then the center of gravity of the seat and the
center of gravity of the entire chair are the same point. A free-body
diagram of the seat gives
→ ΣFx = 0 : TBD cos θ − Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + TBD sin θ − 25 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 ( 25 ) − 12 (TBD sin θ ) + 1(TBD cos θ ) = 0
10
in which θ = tan −1 = 39.806°
12
TBD = 10.8476 lb Cx = 4.76188 lb C y = 18.0555 lb
A = 25.3 lb 81.87° .......................................................................................................... Ans.
TBD = 10.85 lb 39.81° .................................................................................................... Ans.
C = 18.67 lb 75.23° ........................................................................................................ Ans.
1-36
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + ( 500 × 3) + 750 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 900 + C = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 4C − ( 3 × 500 )( 3) − 4 ( 900 ) − 3 ( 750 ) = 0
C = 2587.50 N
Ax = −2250 N Ay = −1687.50 N
Next, draw a free-body diagram of the bar ABC. Note that the forces
Ax and Ay are the forces exerted on bar ABC by the support (the same
forces that are shown on the overall free-body diagram) and that the forces
FAx and FAy are the forces exerted on bar ABC by the bar
ADE. The equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + Bx − FAx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − FAy − By + C = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 4 ( 2587.50 ) − 2 By = 0
By = 5175.00 N FAy = −4275.00 N
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the bar ADE
→ ΣFx = 0 : FAx + Dx + 750 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAy + Dy − 900 = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : 1.5 FAx − 2 ( −4275 )
−2 ( 900 ) − 1.5 ( 750 ) = 0
FAx = −3750 N
Dx = 3000 N Dy = 5175 N
A = 5690 N 48.7° ........................................................................................................... Ans.
D = 5980 N 59.9° ........................................................................................................... Ans.
E = 1170 N 50.2° ............................................................................................................ Ans.
1-37
First draw a free-body diagram of the lower jaw,
and write the equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : −C x = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : D − Cy − E = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : 3C y − 2 E = 0
Cx = 0
E = 1.5C y
Next, from a free-body diagram of the lower handle,
the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : 0 − Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 50 + C y − By = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 1C y − 20 ( 50 ) = 0
C y = 1000 lb
Bx = 0 lb By = 1050 lb
E = 1500 lb ............................................................................................................................. Ans.
1-38*
W = 100 ( 9.81) = 981 N
2500 − 1875
cos θ = θ = 58.612°
1200
300 − 150sin θ
tan φ = φ = 5.466°
1875 − 150 cos θ
There are two rollers (one on each side of the door) at B and D,
hence the 2 N B and 2 N C on the free-body diagram
→ ΣFx = 0 : T cos φ − 2 N B = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T sin φ + 2 N C − 981 = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : (1050 cos θ )( 981) − (150 cos θ )( 2 NC ) − (1350sin θ )( 2 N B ) = 0
Substituting the first two equations into the third gives
(1050 cos θ )( 981) − (150 cos θ )( 981 − T sin φ ) − (1350sin θ )(T cos φ ) = 0
T = 403.455 N ≅ 403 N ...................................................................................................... Ans.
N B = 200.812 N ≅ 201 N ................................................................................................... Ans.
N C = 471.283 N ≅ 471 N ................................................................................................... Ans.
1-39*
(a) First draw an overall free-body diagram. The force of the
ground on the track of the crane is equivalent to a single
concentrated force N acting at some location on the treads.
As the load increases, the distance d gets smaller and
smaller. The maximum load that the crane can lift
corresponds to d = 0 . Then, summing moments about
the point where the normal force acts gives
9 (12, 000 ) − (12 cos 30° − 1)( 600 )
− ( 24 cos 30° − 1 + 1)(W ) = 0
W = 4930 lb ..................................................... Ans.
(b) Next, from a free-body diagram of the pulley at the end of the boom
→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx − 3600 cos10° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : By − 3600 − 3600sin10° = 0
Bx = 3545.3079 lb
By = 4225.1334 lb
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the boom the equations of
equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − ( 3545.3079 ) − T cos10° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 600 − T sin10° − ( 4225.1334 ) = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 :
24 (T sin 20° ) + ( 24sin 30° )( 3545.3079 )
− (12 cos 30° )( 600 ) − ( 24 cos 30° )( 4225.1334 ) = 0
T = 6275.1466 lb ≅ 6280 lb ............................................................................................... Ans.
(c) Ax = 9725.1209 lb Ay = 5914.8012 lb
A = 11,380 lb 31.3° ........................................................................................................ Ans.
1-40
4 ΣM A = 0 :
(1.8cos 30° ) P − ( 0.9sin 30° )( 2 )
− ( 2.7 sin 30° + 0.6sin 30° )(1)
− ( 2.7 sin 30° + 1.8sin 30° + 0.3)(10 ) = 0
P = 17.99 kN .......................................................... Ans.
Next, from a free-body diagram of the bucket,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Gx − TEI = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : G y − 10 = 0
4 ΣM G = 0 : (1.2 cos 30° ) TEI − 0.3 (10 ) = 0
TEI = 2.88675 kN ≅ 2.89 kN (T) ........................................ Ans.
Gx = 2.88675 kN G y = 10.00 kN
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the arm DEFG,
→ ΣFx = 0 : ( 2.88675) − Dx − ( 2.88675) + FBF cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Dy − (10 ) − 1 + FBF sin φ = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : ( 0.6 cos 30° )( 2.88675) − ( 0.6sin 30° )(1)
+ (1.2 cos 30° )( FBF cos φ ) + (1.2sin 30° )( FBF sin φ )
− (1.8cos 30° )( 2.88675 ) − (1.8sin 30° )(10 ) = 0
in which
1.8cos 30° − 1.2 cos 30°
tan φ = φ = 19.107°
1.8sin 30° + 1.2sin 30°
FBF = 10.43807 kN ≅ 10.44 kN (C) .....................................Ans.
Dx = 9.86303 kN Dy = 7.58627 kN
D = 12.44 kN 37.6° ........................................................................................................ Ans.
G = 10.41 kN 73.9° ........................................................................................................ Ans.
1-41
First draw a free-body diagram of the wheel. It is stated that
the pin B is at or near the surface of the wheel. Then, the
equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM axle = 0 : 2P − 2B = 0
P=B
Next, from a free-body diagram of the platform,

→ ΣFx = 0 : FDE cos θ − Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + FDE sin θ − 80 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 ( FDE cos θ ) − 2 ( 80 ) = 0
2
θ = sin −1 = 30°
4
FDE = 61.5840 lb
Cx = 53.3333 lb C y = 49.2080 lb
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the arm ABC,

→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + ( 53.3333) − B sin θ = 0 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + B cos θ − ( 49.2080 ) = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 2 B − ( 4 cos θ )( 49.2080 ) − ( 4sin θ )( 53.3333) = 0
B = 138.5641 lb
Ax = 15.9487 lb Ay = 70.7920 lb
A = 72.6 lb 77.3° ............................................................................................................ Ans.
B = 138.6 lb 60° .............................................................................................................. Ans.
C = 72.6 lb 42.7° ............................................................................................................ Ans.
1-42*
The weight of the bar AB is
W = 25 ( 9.81) = 245.25 N
From a free-body diagram of the bar AB,
→ ΣFx = 0 : A sin 30° − B sin 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : A cos 30° + B cos 45° − W = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 0.5cos θ )W − (1cos θ )( A cos 30° )
+ (1sin θ )( A sin 30° ) = 0
Since sin 45° = cos 45° adding the first two equations together gives
A ( sin 30° + cos 30° ) = W
Substituting this result into the third equation gives
A ( cos 30° cos θ − sin 30° sin θ ) = 0.5cos θ  A ( sin 30° + cos 30° ) 
Dividing by A cos θ gives

2 ( cos 30° − sin 30° tan θ ) = ( sin 30° + cos 30° )
2 cos 30° − ( sin 30° + cos 30° )
tan θ =
2sin 30°
θ = 20.10° ............................................................................................................................... Ans.
(Actually, this result is independent of both the length and weight of the bar.)
1-43
W = 25 ( 9.81) = 245.25 N
0.65 j + 0.95k
FCD = FCD
0.652 + 0.952
= 0.56468 FCD j + 0.82531FCD k
Moment equilibrium about B
ΣM B = 0 :
(1.2i ) × ( Ay j + Az k ) + ( 0.6i + 0.5 j) × ( −245.25k )
+ (1.6i + 0.65 j) × ( 0.56468 FCD j + 0.82531FCD k ) = 0
has components
x: −122.625 + 0.53645 FCD = 0
y: −1.2 Az + 147.150 − 1.32050 FCD = 0
z: 1.2 Ay + 0.90349 FCD = 0
FCD = 228.586 N ≅ 229 N .................................................................................................. Ans.
Ay = −172.104 N ≅ −172.1 N ............................................................................................ Ans.
Az = −129.915 N ≅ 129.9 N ............................................................................................... Ans.
x: Bx = 0
y: ( −172.104 ) + By + 0.56468 ( 228.586 ) = 0
z: ( −129.915) + Bz + 0.82531( 228.586 ) − 245.25 = 0
Bx = 0 N .................................................................................................................................. Ans.
By = 43.026 N ≅ 43.0 N ..................................................................................................... Ans.
Bz = 185.511 N ≅ 185.5 N .................................................................................................. Ans.
1-44
From a free-body diagram of pipe A, the equations of equilibrium are
→ ΣFx = 0 : N A − FAB sin θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAB cos θ − 5 ( 9.81) = 0
where
b − 150
θ = sin −1
150
Therefore
49.05
FAB = N
cos θ
N A = FAB sin θ N
(a) N A < 50 N for b < 260 mm ..................Ans.
(b) FAB < 100 N for b < 280 mm ...............Ans.
(c) FAB < 200 N for b < 295 mm ...............Ans.
1-45
From a free-body diagram of the ring, the equations of equilibrium are
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB sin φ − TBD cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB cos φ − TBD sin θ − 250 = 0
where
b
φ = sin −1
5
5 (1 − cos φ )
θ = sin −1
3
Therefore
TBD cos θ
TAB =
sin φ
250sin φ
TBD = lb
cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
250 cos θ
TAB = lb
cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ
(a) bmax occurs when TBD goes negative
(after it goes to infinity);
bmax ≅ 3.90 ft ................................................... Ans.
(At this point, the rope will straight from D to B to A.)
(c) To pull further to the side, the worker needs a longer rope to pull on or he needs to attach
his rope lower - closer to the crate. .......................... Ans.
1-46
W = 50 ( 9.81) = 490.50 N
The cable is continuous, therefore the tension in the cable is continuous
(equal to the force P ); and from a free-body diagram of the pulley,
→ ΣFx = 0 : P cos θ − P cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : P sin θ + P sin φ − W = 0
d
φ = θ = tan −1
1.5
W
P=
2sin θ
(a) P < 2W d > 387 mm ............................. Ans.

(b) P < 4W d > 189 mm .............................. Ans.
(c) P < 8W d > 94 mm ................................ Ans.
1-47
d d
θ AB = tan −1 θ BC = tan −1
20 10
From a free-body diagram of the stop light,

→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC cos θ BC − TAB cos θ AB = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin θ AB + TBC sin θ BC − 75 = 0
Solving yields
75cos θ BC
TAB =
sin θ BC cos θ AB + cos θ BC sin θ AB
75cos θ AB
TBC =
sin θ BC cos θ AB + cos θ BC sin θ AB
1-48
W = 6800 ( 9.81) = 66, 708 N
From a free-body diagram of the truck,
the equilibrium equations are
→ ΣFx = 0 : P sin θ − Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + By − 66, 708 − P cos θ = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 66, 708 )( 2.4 ) − 4.4 Ay − ( P cosθ )(1.5)
− ( P sin θ )( 3) = 0
The fourth equation needed to solve for the four unknowns is either Ay = 0 (the front wheels are on the verge of
lifting off the ground) or Bx = 0.8 By (the rear wheels are on the verge of slipping). Guessing that the front wheels
are on the verge of lifting off the ground gives the solution
Ay = 0 N
66, 708 ( 2.4 )
P= N
1.5cosθ + 3sin θ
Bx = P sin θ N
By = 66, 708 + P cos θ N
The forces Bx and 0.8 By are plotted on the same
graph as the force P . Since Bx is always less than
0.8By , the guess that the front wheels are on the verge
of lifting off the ground was the correct guess, and the
solution is valid for all values of θ .
E = 1500 lb ............................................................................................................................. Ans.

TBD = 10.85 lb 39.81° .................................................................................................... Ans.
C = 18.67 lb 75.23° ........................................................................................................ Ans.
1-49
From a free-body diagram of the I-beam,
4 ΣM D = 0 : 400 ( 3) + 1000 ( 7 − d ) + 6 F = 0
4 ΣM F = 0 : 6 D − 1000 ( d − 1) − 400 ( 3) = 0
1000 ( d − 1) + 1200
D=
6
1000 ( 7 − d ) + 1200
F=
6
Next, from a free-body diagram of the joint D,

→ ΣFx = 0 : −TCD cos φ − TDE = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TCD sin φ − D = 0
D −D
TCD = TDE =
sin φ tan φ
in which
1
φ = tan −1 = 18.435°
3
By inspection, members CE and CF are both zero-force
members. Therefore the tension force in member BC
will be the same as the tension force in member CD and
the compression force in member EF will be the same as
the compression force in member DE,
D
TBC = TCF = 0
sin φ
−D
TEF =
tan φ
1-50
From an overall free-body diagram of the light pole,
1.75 2.75 − b
θ = tan −1 φ = tan −1
b 5
the moment equation of equilibrium gives
4 ΣM A = 0 : 2 ( 7500 ) − 2.75 (TGH cos θ ) = 0
2 ( 7500 )
TGH =
2.75cos θ
It will be assumed that the cable DG supports the end of the
arm BG and that the connection of the horizontal arm BG to the
vertical pole ABCD exerts negligible moment on the arm.
(If the connection could provide a sufficient moment, then the
cable between D and G would not be necessary.)
Then, from a free-body diagram of the pin G,
→ ΣFx = 0 : FBG + TGH sin φ − TDG cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TDG sin θ − TGH cos φ = 0
TGH cos φ
TDG =
sin θ
cos φ cos θ − sin φ sin θ
FBG = TGH
sin θ
1-51
From an overall free-body diagram of the crane,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N − 12, 000 − 600 − W = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : ( 9 )(12, 000 ) − (12 cos θ − 1)( 600 )
− ( 24 cos θ − 1 + 1) W − Nd = 0
N = (12, 600 + W ) lb
108, 600 − ( 7200 + 24W ) cos θ
d= ft
12, 600 + W
(a) For W = 3600 lb
108, 600 − 93, 600 cos θ
d= ft
16, 200
(b) From a free-body diagram of the pulley at B,

24sin θ − 6
tan φ =
24 cos θ + 9
and the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx − 3600 cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : By − 3600 − 3600sin φ = 0
Bx = 3600 cos φ By = 3600 (1 + sin φ )
From a free-body diagram of the boom,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − Bx − T cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − By − T sin φ − 600 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 :  24sin (θ − φ )  T − (12 cos θ )( 600 )

+ ( 24sin θ ) Bx − ( 24 cos θ ) By = 0
T=
( 7200 + 24B ) cosθ − 24B sin θ
y x
24sin (θ − φ )
Ax = Bx + T cos φ
Ay = By + T sin φ + 600
A = Ax2 + Ay2
Note that the tension force becomes negative for
an angle of about 66° . Since negative forces in
the cable are not possible, the boom would topple
over onto the top of the cab of the crane if the
operator tried to lift higher than 66° .
1-51 (cont.)
(c) For d = 1 ft
108, 600 − ( 7200 + 24W ) cos θ
d= = 1 ft
12, 600 + W
96, 000 − 7200 cos θ
Wmax = lb
1 + 24 cos θ
1-52
W = 250 ( 9.81) = 2452.50 N
(a) From a free-body diagram of the post AB,
moment equilibrium gives
4 ΣM B = 0 : 6 (TBC sin 60° ) − ( 3cos θ ) W = 0
TBC =
( 2452.50 )( 3cos θ )
6sin 60°
Since the pin at A is frictionless and the weight of the brace AC is

neglected, the brace AC is a two-force member and from a free-body
diagram of the pin C, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : FAC cos ( 60° + θ ) + TBC cos ( 60° − θ ) − TCD cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAC sin ( 60° + θ ) − TBC sin ( 60° − θ ) − TCD sin φ = 0
cos ( 60° − θ ) sin φ + sin ( 60° − θ ) cos φ
FAC = TBC
sin ( 60° + θ ) cos φ − cos ( 60° + θ ) sin φ
FAC cos ( 60° + θ ) + TBC cos ( 60° − θ )
TCD = =P
cos φ
in which
6sin β 6sin ( 60° + θ )
tan φ = =
7 + 6 cos β 7 + 6 cos ( 60° + θ )
For this arrangement, the force P necessary to start

raising the post ( 2300 N ) is almost as large as the
weight of the post ( 2450 N ) .
1-52 (cont.)
(b) From a free-body diagram of the post AB,
moment equilibrium now gives
4 ΣM B = 0 : 6 (TBC sin 67.5° ) − ( 3cos θ ) W = 0
TBC =
( 2452.50 )( 3cos θ )
6sin 67.5°
Again, since the pin at A is frictionless and the weight of the brace
AC is neglected, the brace AC is a two-force member and from a
free-body diagram of the pin C, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 :
FAC cos ( 45° + θ ) + TBC cos ( 67.5° − θ ) − TCD cos ( 22.5° − θ ) = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 :
FAC sin ( 45° + θ ) − TBC sin ( 67.5° − θ ) + TCD sin ( 22.5° − θ ) = 0
sin ( 67.5° − θ ) cos ( 22.5° − θ ) − cos ( 67.5° − θ ) sin ( 22.5° − θ )
FAC = TBC
sin ( 45° + θ ) cos ( 22.5° − θ ) + cos ( 45° + θ ) sin ( 22.5° − θ )
FAC cos ( 45° + θ ) + TBC cos ( 67.5° − θ )
TCD =
cos ( 22.5° − θ )
Finally, since the weight of the brace AD is also neglected, the brace
AD is also a two-force member and from a free-body diagram of the
pin D, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : − FAD cos ( 90° − θ ) + TCD cos ( 22.5° − θ ) − TDE cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAD sin ( 90° − θ ) − TCD sin ( 22.5° − θ ) − TDE sin φ = 0
cos ( 22.5° − θ ) sin φ + sin ( 22.5° − θ ) cos φ
FAD = TCD
cos ( 90° − θ ) sin φ + sin ( 90° − θ ) cos φ
TCD cos ( 22.5° − θ ) − FAD cos ( 90° − θ )
TDE = =P
cos φ
Note that the force in the brace AD goes to zero at

about θ = 75° . For 75° ≤ θ ≤ 90° , the solution
becomes similar to that of part a (with the angle
between the post and the brace AC 45° rather
than 60° ).
For this arrangement, the force P necessary to start

raising the post (1700 N ) is about 25% less than
the force required using a single brace (part a).
1-53
a = 12.5cos θ − 2
b = 12.5sin θ + 0.5
b
φ = tan −1
a
From a free-body diagram of the truck box,

→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − C cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + C sin φ − 22, 000 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 8.5 ( 22, 000 cos θ ) − 2.5 ( 22, 000sin θ )
−12.5 C sin (φ − θ )  = 0

187, 000 cos θ − 55, 000sin θ
C=
12.5sin (φ − θ )
Ax = C cos φ
Ay = 22, 000 − C sin φ
A = Ax2 + Ay2
1-54*
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TAB − 75 + 100 − 50 = 0
TAB = −25 kN = 25 kN (C) ............................................... Ans.
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TBC + 100 − 50 = 0
TBC = +50 kN = 50 kN (T) ............................................... Ans.
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TCD − 50 = 0
TCD = −50 kN = 50 kN (C) ............................................... Ans.
1-55*
→ ΣFx = 0 : −V = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 90 − 120 − P = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M − 90 ( 5 8 ) − 120 (1.5 ) = 0
V = 0 lb .................................................................................................Ans.
P = −30 lb = 30 lb (C) ......................................................................Ans.
M = −236 lb ⋅ in. .................................................................................Ans.
1-56
Next, from a free-body diagram of the man standing on the beam,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : T − 75 ( 9.81) + T − 40 ( 9.81) + C y = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 75 ( 9.81)  + 1.5  40 ( 9.81)  − 3T − 1.5T = 0

T = 621.300 N C y = −114.450 N
Next, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam

between section a–a and the right end of the beam. Note that
since one-fourth of the beam has been “cut away,” only three-
fourths of the total beam weight is included on the free-body
diagram. The equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : − Pa + 0 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Va + ( 621.3) − 30 ( 9.81) − 114.450 = 0
4 ΣM a = 0 : − M a + 0.75 ( 621.3) − 1.125 30 ( 9.81)  − 2.25 (114.450 ) = 0

Pa = 0 N ........................ Va = −213 N ................................................................................. Ans.
M a = −122.6 N ⋅ m ............................................................................................................... Ans.
Finally, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam between

section b–b and the right end of the beam. This time three-fourths of the
beam has been “cut away” and only one-fourth of the total beam weight is
included on the free-body diagram. The equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : − Pb + 0 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Vb − 10 ( 9.81) − 114.450 = 0
4 ΣM b = 0 : − M b − 0.375 10 ( 9.81)  − 0.75 (114.450 ) = 0

Pb = 0 N ........................ Vb = 213 N .................................................................................... Ans.
M b = −122.6 N ⋅ m ................................................................................................................ Ans.
1-57*
From an overall free-body diagram of the bracket,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + B cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + B sin 45° − 500 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 5 ( 500 ) − 15 ( B cos 45° ) − 15 ( B sin 45° ) = 0
B = 117.85113 lb
Ax = −83.3333 lb Ay = 416.6667 lb
Next, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the bracket between

section a–a and pin A. The equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : V − 83.3333 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : P + 416.6667 = 0
4 ΣM a = 0 : M − 8 ( 83.3333) = 0
P = −417 lb = 417 lb (C) .................................................. Ans.
V = 83.3 lb ............................................................................ Ans.
M = 667 lb ⋅ in. .................................................................... Ans.
1-58
From a free-body diagram of the lower half of the clamp,
→ ΣFx = 0 : V =0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : P − 2000 = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + 0.075 ( 2000 ) = 0
P = 2000 N (T) .................................................................... Ans.
V = 0 N .................................................................................. Ans.
M = −150.0 N ⋅ m ............................................................... Ans.
1-59*
Draw free-body diagrams of the sections of the tower between
the points of interest and the top. For each section, the vertical
component of the equation of equilibrium gives
↑ ΣFy = 0 : PA − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − W = 0
W = 40 ( 50 ) = 2000 lb
PA = 7900 lb .................................................... Ans.
↑ ΣFy = 0 : PB − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − 3 (1250 cos 40° ) − W = 0

W = 40 (150 ) = 6000 lb
PB = 14, 770 lb .....................................................................................Ans.
↑ ΣFy = 0 : PC − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − W

−3 (1250 cos 40° ) − 3 (1000 cos 50° ) = 0
W = 40 ( 250 ) = 10, 000 lb
PC = 20, 700 lb ............................................ Ans.
↑ ΣFy = 0 : PD − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − W
−3 (1250 cos 40° ) − 3 (1000 cos 50° )
−3 ( 750 cos 60° ) = 0
W = 40 ( 350 ) = 14, 000 lb
PD = 25,800 lb ....................................................................................Ans.
1-60*
The weights of the two cylinders are the same
W = 50 ( 9.81) = 490.5 N
First draw a free-body diagram of the upper cylinder,
Z ΣFx = 0 : N 2 − W sin 27° = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : N1 − W cos 27° = 0
N1 = 437.0387 N
N 2 = 222.6823 N
Next, from a free-body diagram of the lower cylinder, the equations of equilibrium give
Z ΣFx = 0 : N 4 − N 2 − W sin 27° = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : N 3 − W cos 27° = 0
N 3 = 437.0387 N N 4 = 445.3647 N
Next, from a free-body diagram of the rack,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − N 4 cos 27° + ( N1 + N 3 ) sin 27° − B sin 27° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − N 4 sin 27° − ( N1 + N 3 ) cos 27° + B cos 27° = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 120 ( 445.3647 ) − 320 ( 437.0387 )
−120 ( 437.0387 ) + 580 B = 0
B = 239.4022 N
Ax = 902.3320 N Ay = 767.6911 N
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the upper portion of the rack (between section a and the roller support B),
Z ΣFx = 0 : −P = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : B − V − N1 = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : 0.360 B − M − 0.100 N1 = 0
P = 0 N ...............................................................................Ans.
V = −197.6 N ....................................................................Ans.
M = 42.5 N ⋅ m .................................................................Ans.
1-61
From a free-body diagram of the lower portion of
the crutch (between section a and the bottom B),
Z ΣFx = 0 : V − 35sin 25° = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : P + 35cos 25° = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M − 2 ( 35sin 25° ) = 0
P = −31.7 lb = 31.7 lb (C) ............................................Ans.
V = 14.79 lb .......................................................................Ans.
M = 29.6 lb ⋅ ft ..................................................................Ans.
1-62
From a free-body diagram of the wheel, the equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM B = 0 : 325 FCD − 150 ( 2700 ) = 0
FCD = 1246 N
Since CD is a two-force member, the axial force on every cross section is
the same
P = 1246 N (C) ........................................................................ Ans.
and the shear force and the bending moment are both zero
V = 0 N ...................................................................................... Ans.
M = 0 N ⋅ m .............................................................................. Ans.
1-63
From a free-body diagram of the handle, the equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM F = 0 : 30 (1000 ) − 8 FDE = 0
FDE = 3750 lb
Since DE is a two-force member, the axial force on every cross section is
the same
P = 3750 lb (C) ................................................................... Ans.
and the shear force and the bending moment are both zero
V = 0 lb .................................................................................................Ans.
M = 0 lb ⋅ ft ..........................................................................................Ans.
1-64*
First draw an overall free-body diagram of the shaft
and sum moments about the bearing B
ΣM C = 0 :
( −800 j + 250i ) × ( −5k ) + ( −800 j − 250i ) × ( −30k )
+ ( −2000 j + 250k ) × ( 30i ) + ( −2000 j − 250k ) × ( 5i )
+ ( −2800 j) × ( Bx i + Bz k ) = 0
The x-, y-, and z-components of this equation give
x: 4000 + 24, 000 − 2800 Bz = 0
y: 1250 − 7500 + 7500 − 1250 = 0
z: 60, 000 + 10, 000 + 2800 Bx = 0
Bx = −25.00 kN Bz = 10.00 kN
Next draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the shaft between the
bearing B and the section at A and write the equations of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0 : Vx + 30 + 5 − 25 = 0
ΣFy = 0 : Py = 0
ΣFz = 0 : Vz + 10 = 0
Vx = −10 kN .......................................................................... Ans.
Py = 0 kN .............................................................................. Ans.
Vz = −10 kN .......................................................................... Ans.
ΣM cut = 0 :
( M i + T j + M k ) + ( −0.4 j + 0.25k ) × ( 30i )

x y z
+ ( −0.4 j − 0.25k ) × ( 5i ) + ( −1.2 j) × ( −25i + 10k ) = 0

The x-, y-, and z-components of this equation give
x: M x − 12 = 0 M x = 12 kN ⋅ m ................................. Ans.
y: Ty + 7.5 − 1.25 = 0 Ty = −6.25 kN ⋅ m ............................ Ans.
z: M z − 30 + 12 + 2 = 0 M z = 16 kN ⋅ m ................................. Ans.
1-65*
First draw a free-body diagram of the blocks,
→ ΣFx = 0 : NC − N A = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FC + FA − 30 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 8 ( 30 ) − 16 ( FC ) = 0
NC = N A FC = FA = 15 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of the left handle,

→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx − N C = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 30 − By − (15 ) = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 4 ( 30 ) + 4 (15 ) − 4 N C = 0
N C = 45 lb
Bx = 45 lb By = 15 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of the lower section of the left handle,
→ ΣFx = 0 : P − 45 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : V − 15 = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M − 4 ( 45 ) = 0
P = 45 lb ........................................................................................Ans.
V = 15 lb ......................................................................................................Ans.
M = 180 lb ⋅ in. ...........................................................................................Ans.
1-66
W = 360 ( 9.81) = 3531.60 N
From a free-body diagram of the bar ABC,
→ ΣFx = 0 : − Ax + FBD cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : − Ay + FBD sin φ − W = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 1430 ( FBD sin β ) − ( 2700 cos16° ) W = 0
h 900 + 1430sin16°
tan φ = =
b 1430 cos16° − 890
φ = 69.471° β = φ − 16° = 53.471°
FBD = 7976.730 N
Ax = 2797.2911 N Ay = 3938.5663 N
Then, from a free-body diagram of the left section of the bar,
Z ΣFx = 0 : P − Ax cos16° − Ay sin16° = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : V + Ax sin16° − Ay cos16° = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M − ( 0.530sin16° ) Ax + ( 0.530 cos16° ) Ay = 0
P = 3770 N .................................................................... Ans.
V = 3010 N .................................................................................................Ans.
M = −1598 N ⋅ m .......................................................................................Ans.
1-67
From a free-body diagram of the pipe the moment equilibrium equation
ΣM cut = 0 :
( M i + T j + M k ) + ( −7i + 18j + 10k ) × ( −50k ) = 0

x y z
has x-, y-, and z-components

x: M x − 900 = 0 M x = 900 lb ⋅ in. .............. Ans.
y: Ty − 350 = 0 Ty = 350 lb ⋅ in. ................ Ans.
z: Mz = 0 M z = 0 lb ⋅ in. .................. Ans.
and the force equilibrium equation has components
ΣFx = 0 : Vx = 0 Vx = 0 lb ................................................................................. Ans.
ΣFy = 0 : Py = 0 Py = 0 lb ................................................................................. Ans.
ΣFz = 0 : Vz − 50 = 0 Vz = 50 lb .............................................................................. Ans.
1-68*
From a free-body diagram of the bar ABC,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : − Ay + FBD − 3 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 200 FBD − 400 ( 3) = 0
FBD = 6 N
Ax = 0 N Ay = 3 N
Then, from a free-body diagram of the left section of the bar,
Z ΣFx = 0 : P − ( 3) sin θ = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : V − ( 3) cos θ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : ( 0.1)( 3) − M = 0
in which
120
θ = tan −1 = 30.964°
200
Then
P = 1.543 kN ................................................................. Ans.
V = 2.57 kN ................................................................................................Ans.
M = 0.3 kN ⋅ m ..........................................................................................Ans.
1-69
From a free-body diagram of a part of the hook,
Z ΣFx = 0 : V − 10 cos θ = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : P − 10sin θ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M − 10 (10sin θ ) = 0
P = 10sin θ kip .................................... Ans.
V = 10 cos θ kip ................................... Ans.
M = −100sin θ kip ⋅ in. ...................... Ans.
1-70
From a free-body diagram of the top handle
4 ΣM A = 0 : 93 (100 ) − 38 ( C sin θ )
+ ( 35 − d )( C cos θ ) = 0
9300
C=
38sin θ − ( 35 − d ) cos θ
Note that tan θ = d 40 ; therefore d = 40 tan θ and
9300 9300
C= =
38sin θ − 35cos θ + 40sin θ 78sin θ − 35cos θ
→ ΣFx = 0 : C cos θ − Ax = 0 Ax = C cos θ
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C sin θ − Ay − 100 = 0 Ay = C sin θ − 1000
Next, from a free-body diagram of the part of the top handle
to the right of section a–a the equations of equilibrium give
[ ΣFx = 0 : P + Ax cos φ + Ay sin φ = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : V + Ax sin φ − Ay cos φ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : Ax (18 tan φ ) − M − 18 Ay = 0
P = ( − Ax cos φ − Ay sin φ ) N ..................... Ans.
V = ( Ay cos φ − Ax sin φ ) N ........................ Ans.
M =  Ax (18 tan φ ) − 18 Ay  N ⋅ mm ......... Ans.
1-71
(a) From a free-body diagram of the complete beam,
4 ΣM A = 0 : 20 RB − ( x + 2.5 )( 4000 ) = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA + RB − 4000 = 0
RB = 200 ( x + 2.5 ) = ( 200 x + 500 ) lb
RA = ( 3500 − 200 x ) lb
Load, shear force, and bending moment diagrams are as shown.
The moment under the left wheel is
M C = xRA = ( 3500 x − 200 x 2 ) lb ⋅ ft
and the moment under the right wheel is
M D = (15 − x ) RB = (15 − x )( 200 x + 500 ) lb ⋅ ft
These moments are graphed below. Notice that the maximum
moment occurs under the right wheel when 0 ≤ x ≤ 7.5 m
(and the right wheel is closer to the center of the beam) and
under the right wheel when 7.5 ≤ x ≤ 15 m (and the left
wheel is closer to the center of the beam).
(b) The graph of maximum moment is also shown below.
1-72
W = 250 ( 9.81) = 2452.50 N
(a) From a free-body diagram of the post AB,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − TBC cos ( 60° − θ ) = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + TBC sin ( 60° − θ ) − W = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 6 (TBC sin 60° ) − ( 3cos θ ) W = 0
 ( 2452.50 )( 3cos θ ) 
TBC =   N
 6sin 60° 
Ax = TBC cos ( 60° − θ )  N
 Ay = 2452.50 − TBC sin ( 60° − θ )  N
Next, draw a free-body diagram of the lower portion of ABC.

The weight of this portion is proportional to its length
Wb 2452.50b
Wb = = = ( 408.75b ) N
L 6
Then the equations of equilibrium give
Z ΣFx = 0 : P + Ax cos θ + Ay sin θ − Wb sin θ = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : V − Ax sin θ + Ay cos θ − Wb cos θ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + Wb ( b 2 ) cos θ 

+ Ax ( b sin θ ) − Ay ( b cos θ ) = 0
M =  Ay ( b cos θ ) − Ax ( b sin θ ) − 204.375b 2 cos θ  N ⋅ m .............Ans.
P = ( 408.75b − Ay ) sin θ − Ax cos θ  N .....Ans.
V = ( 408.75b − Ay ) cos θ + Ax sin θ  N .....Ans.
1-73*
From a free-body diagram of the collar, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : T cos 20° − N BC sin 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N BC cos 30° − T sin 20° − 900 = 0
T = 700 lb 20° ..............................................................................Ans.
N BC = 1316 lb 60° ........................................................................Ans.
1-74*
W = 500 ( 9.81) = 4905 N
First draw a free-body diagram of joint A, and write the equations of equilibrium
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAC + TAB cos 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin 30° − W = 0
TAB = 9810 N = 9.81 kN (T) ............................................................Ans.
TBC = −8495.709 N ≅ 8.50 kN (C) ................................................Ans.
Next, from a free-body diagram of joint C,

→ ΣFx = 0 : TAC + TBC cos 60° + TCD cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBC sin 60° − TCD sin 45° = 0
TBC = −6219.291 N = 6.22 kN (C) ................................................Ans.
TCD = −7617.044 N ≅ 7.62 kN (C) ................................................Ans.
1-75
From a free-body diagram of the motor and support,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − 21 − 1 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + B − 25 = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : 12 B − 8 ( 25 ) + 10.5 ( 21) + 5.5 (1) = 0
B = −2.16667 lb ≅ 2.17 lb ↓ ............................. Ans.
Ax = 22 lb Ay = 27.16667 lb
A = 35.0 lb 51.0° ............................................ Ans.
1-76*
W = 135 ( 9.81) = 1324.50 N
220 − 75
φ = cos −1 = 48.769°
220
First draw a free-body diagram of the cylinder. When the cylinder just starts
to rotate about the step, the normal force N becomes zero. Then moment
equilibrium gives
4 ΣM C = 0 : 220 W sin ( 20° + φ )  − 220  P cos ( 20° + φ )  = 0
P = 3410 N ...................................................................................Ans.
1-77
(a) From a free-body diagram of the entire beam,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA + RB − 3000 − 500 ( 6 ) = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 :
500 ( 6 )  ( 3) + 3000 (12 ) + 1800 − 18RA = 0
RA = 2600 lb ............................................................................................................ Ans.
RB = 3400 lb ............................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) Next, from a free-body diagram of the left end of the beam,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 2600 ) − 3000 − V = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + 1800 + 3000 ( 4 ) − ( 2600 )(10 ) = 0
V = −400 lb ............................................................ Ans.
M = 12, 200 lb ⋅ ft .................................................. Ans.
1-78
First draw a free-body diagram of the upper jaw. The resultant of the
distributed load is a 300 N force acting through the centroid of the
distributed load. The equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM D = 0 : 225 ( 300 ) − 100 FC = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 125 ( 300 ) − 100 FD = 0
FC = 675 N ↓ ........................................................ Ans.
FD = 375 N ↑ ........................................................ Ans.
1-79*
(a) First, from a free-body diagram of the entire frame,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Dx − 400 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : A + Dy − 1000 = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 : 8 ( 400 ) + 2 (1000 ) − 10 A = 0
A = 520 lb
Dx = 400 lb Dy = 480 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of bar ABCD,
→ ΣFx = 0 : ( 400 ) − Bx + FCE cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 520 ) + By − FCE sin θ + 480 = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8 ( 480 ) − 2 ( 520 ) − 6 ( FCE sin θ ) = 0
sin θ = 4 5 cos θ = 3 5
FCE = 583.333 lb
Bx = 750 lb By = −533.333 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of the lower end of bar BEF,
Z ΣFx = 0 : Pa + 750 cos θ + 533.333sin θ = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : Va − 750sin θ + 533.333cos θ = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : M a + 2.5 ( 750sin θ ) − 2.5 ( 533.333cos θ ) = 0
Pa = −876.667 lb ≅ 877 lb (C) ................................................Ans.
Va = 280 lb ....................................................................................Ans.
M a = −700 lb ⋅ ft ..........................................................................Ans.
(b) Finally, from a free-body diagram of the left end of bar ABCD,
Z ΣFx = 0 : Pb − 750 = 0
^ ΣFy = 0 : Vb + 520 − 533.333 = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : M b + 3 ( 533.333) − 5 ( 520 ) = 0
Pb = 750 lb (T) .............................................................................Ans.
Vb = 13.33 lb .................................................................................Ans.
M b = 1000 lb ⋅ ft ...........................................................................Ans.
1-80
Next, from a free-body diagram of the upper handle,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : By − 5 − D = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 70 ( 5 ) − 40 D = 0
D = 8.75 N ↓ ....................................................................... Ans.
Bx = 0 N By = 13.75 N
B = 13.75 N ↓ (on the pin) ............................................. Ans.
1-81*
Draw a free-body diagram of the shaft.

The moment equation of equilibrium
ΣM A = 0 :
(18 j) × ( Bx i + By j + Bz k ) + (14i + 32 j) × ( 200 j − Pk )
+ ( −12 j + 6k ) × ( −500i ) + ( −12 j − 6k ) × ( −150i ) = 0
has components
x: 18 Bz − 32 P = 0 Bz = 266.667 lb ≅ 267 lb .............. Ans.
y: −14 P − 3000 + 900 = 0 P = 150 lb .......................................... Ans.
z: −18Bx + 2800 − 6000 − 1800 = 0 Bx = −277.778 lb ≅ 278 lb ............ Ans.
x: Ax + ( −277.778 ) − 500 − 150 = 0 Ax = 928 lb ........................................ Ans.
y: 200 + By = 0 By = −200 lb ..................................... Ans.
z: Az + ( 266.667 ) − (150 ) = 0 Az = −116.7 lb .................................. Ans.
1-82*
W1 = 300 ( 9.81) = 2943 N
W2 = 100 ( 9.81) = 981 N
W3 = 200 ( 9.81) = 1962 N
WP = 500 ( 9.81) = 4905 N
Draw a free-body diagram of the platform.
The moment equation of equilibrium
ΣM O = 0 : ( i + j) × ( −2943k ) + ( 2i + j) × ( −981k )
+ ( 3i + j) × (TB k ) + ( i + 3 j) × ( −1962k )
+ ( i + 4 j) × (TC k ) + (1.5i + 2 j) × ( −4905k ) = 0
has components
x: −2943 − 981 + TB − 5886 + 4TC − 9810 = 0
y: 2943 + 1962 − 3TB + 1962 − TC + 7357.5 = 0
TB = 3388.909 N ≅ 3390 N .................................................................................. Ans.
TC = 4057.773 N ≅ 4060 N .................................................................................. Ans.
and the z-component of the force equilibrium equation gives

z: TA + ( 3388.909 ) + ( 4057.773) − ( 2943) − ( 981) − (1962 ) − ( 4905 ) = 0
TA = 3344.318 N ≅ 3340 N .................................................................................. Ans.
1-83
From a free-body diagram of the upper half of the clamp,
→ ΣFx = 0 : V =0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 300 − P = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M − 3 ( 300 ) = 0
P = 300 lb (T) ...................................................................... Ans.
V = 0 lb .................................................................................. Ans.
M = 900 lb ⋅ ft ...................................................................... Ans.
1-84
T = W = 100 ( 9.81) = 981 N
WP = 50 ( 9.81) = 490.50 N
First draw a free-body diagram of the arm AB and the pulley.
The moment equation of equilibrium gives
4 ΣM A = 0 :
1500 By − 300 ( 981) − 350 ( 981) − 650 ( 490.5 ) = 0
By = 637.650 N
Next, from a free-body diagram of the bar BC,

→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx − ( 981) + Bx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y − ( 637.5 ) = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 600 Bx − 300 ( 981) − 300 ( 637.650 ) = 0
Bx = 809.325 N
Cx = 171.675 N C y = 637.650 N
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the right end of bar AB,

→ ΣFx = 0 : − P − ( 809.325 ) = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 637.650 ) − V = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 300 ( 637.650 ) − M = 0
P = −809 N = 809 N (C) ..................................................................................................... Ans.
V = 638 N ............................................................................................................................... Ans.
M = 191.3 N ⋅ m ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-1*
N 10
σ= = ≤ 30 ksi
A A
π
A = (12 − di2 ) ≥ in 2
1
4 3
di ≤ 0.75867 in.
d o − di
t= ≥ 0.1207 in. .......................................................................................... Ans.
2
2-2*
40 (103 )
= 106.6 (106 ) N m 2 = 106.6 MPa (T) ....................... Ans.
NA
σA = =
AA ( 0.025 )( 0.015 )
50 (103 )
= 133.3 (106 ) N m 2 = 133.3 MPa (T) ........................ Ans.
NB
σB = =
AB ( 0.025 )( 0.015 )
20 (103 )
= 53.3 (106 ) N m 2 = 53.3 MPa (T) ............................ Ans.
NC
σC = =
AC ( 0.025 )( 0.015 )
2-3
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N AB − 90 − 2 ( 75 ) + 2 ( 60 ) − 2 (125 ) = 0 N AB = 370 kip (C)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N BC − 90 − 2 ( 75 ) + 2 ( 60 ) = 0 N BC = 120 kip (C)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N CD − 90 − 2 ( 75 ) = 0 N CD = 240 kip (C)
N AB 370
σ AB = = = 23.1 ksi (C) ................................................................................... Ans.
AAB 16
N BC 120
σ BC = = = 30.0 ksi (C) ................................................................................... Ans.
ABC 4
N CD 240
σ CD = = = 20.0 ksi (C) ................................................................................... Ans.
ACD 12
2-4*
W = 130 ( 9.81) = 1275.30 N
From a free-body diagram of joint B, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB sin 8° − P cos 20° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB cos8° − P sin 20° − (1275.3) = 0
TAB = 1357.261 N
= 7.68 (106 ) N m 2 = 7.68 MPa (T) ...................... Ans.

TAB 1357.261
σ AB = =
AAB π ( 0.015 )2 4
2-5
From a free-body diagram of a portion of the wood block,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : V − 16,800 = 0
V = 16,800 lb
V 16800
τ= = = 1050 psi ........................................................Ans.
A (8 × 2)
2-6
From a free-body diagram of the lever, moment
equilibrium about the center of the shaft gives
4 ΣM = 0 : 25V − 625 (1) = 0
V = 25 kN
V 25 (10 )
3
τ= = ≤ 125 (106 ) N m 2
A 0.020a
a ≥ 0.0100 m = 10.00 mm ........................................................Ans.
2-7*
V 8000 8000
τ= = = ≤ 500 psi
A π ( 2 ) L1 π (1.5 ) L2
L1 ≥ 2.55 in. .............................................................................................................. Ans.
L2 ≥ 3.40 in. .............................................................................................................. Ans.
2-8
≤ 75 (106 ) N m 2 P ≤ 589 (103 ) N

V P
τ= =
A π ( 0.100 )( 0.025 )
≤ 100 (106 ) N m 2 P ≤ 982 (103 ) N

N P
σ= =
A π ( 0.150 − 0.100 ) 4
2 2
Pmax = 589 kN .......................................................................................................... Ans.
2-9*
V 100 ( 2000 )
τ= = = 40 (103 ) psi
A π d ( 0.5 )
d = 3.18 in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
2-10*
Assuming that the pulleys rotate freely, the tension will be the same throughout the length of the cord, and
T = W = 45 ( 9.81) = 441.45 N
= 5.62 (106 ) N m 2 = 5.62 MPa (T) .............................. Ans.

T 441.45
σ= =
A π ( 0.010 ) 4
2
2-11
Assume that the girl’s arms are vertical. Each arm will carry half of the girl’s weight and
N 125 2
(a) σ= = = 79.6 psi (T) ...................................................................................... Ans.
A π (1)2 4
N 125 2
σ= = = 124.3 psi (T) ........................................................................ Ans.
A π (1 − 0.62 ) 4
(b) 2
2-12
W = 225 ( 9.81) = 2207.25 N
From a free-body diagram of pulley 4,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2T + TB − ( 2207.25 ) = 0
Next, from a free-body diagram of the double pulley
(1 and 2), the equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM axle = 0 : 100TA − 300TB = 0
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the pulley 3,
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TA − 2T = 0
Combining these three equations gives
TA = 1655.4375 N
TB = 551.8125 N
T = 827.7188 N
= 4.68 (106 ) N m 2 = 4.68 MPa (T) ........................... Ans.

T 827.7188
σC = =
A π ( 0.015 ) 4
2
2-13*
From free-body diagrams of the rings B and C,
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TAB cos 45° + TBC cos α = 0
−TBC cos α + TCD cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin 45° + TBC sin α − 10 = 0
−TBC sin α + TCD sin 45° − 8 = 0
Adding the first pair of equations together gives
TAB = TCD
Then, adding the second pair of equations together gives
TAB = TCD = 12.72792 lb
Now, the third equation can be written

TBC sin α = 10 − TAB sin 45°
and the first equation can be written
TBC cos α = TAB cos 45°
Dividing this pair of equations gives
TBC sin α 10 − (12.72792 ) sin 45°
= tan α = or α = 6.340°
TBC cos α (12.72792 ) cos 45°
TBC = 9.05539 lb
≤ 18 (103 ) psi
TAB 12.72792
σ max = =
A πd 4
2
d ≥ 0.0300 in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
2-14*
1.5
θ = tan −1 = 36.870° sin θ = 3 5 cos θ = 4 5
2
From symmetry (or overall equilibrium), each support carries half of the total load
RA = RC = 18 2 = 9 kN
Then, from a free-body diagram of the joint A,
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAD cos θ + TAB = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAD sin θ + 9 = 0
TAD = −15.00 kN
TAB = 12.00 kN
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the bottom chord,
→ ΣFx = 0 : (12.00 ) − V = 0
V = 12 kN
V 12 (10 )
3
τ= = ≤ 2.25 (106 ) N m 2
A 0.100a
a ≥ 0.0533 m = 53.3 mm ............................................................................................. Ans.
2-15
V = τ A = 225 ( 5 × 4 ) = 4500 lb
From a free-body diagram of member AB and the end
of the bottom chord, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : V − (12 13) P = 0
P = 4870 lb ................................................................... Ans.
2-16*
From a free-body diagram of the block A,
→ ΣFx = 0 : 700 − FAC cos θ − FAE cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FAE sin θ − FAC sin θ = 0
700
FAC = FAE = N
2 cos θ
V FAC
τ= = N m2
A π ( 0.010 ) 4
2
(a) θ = 15° FAC = 362.347 N τ = 4.61 MPa ........................................... Ans.

(b) θ = 30° FAC = 404.145 N τ = 5.15 MPa ........................................... Ans.
(c) θ = 45° FAC = 494.975 N τ = 6.30 MPa ........................................... Ans.
2-17
→ ΣFx = 0 : D sin 38° − Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − D cos 38° − 25 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 1.25 D − 9 ( 25 ) = 0
D = 180 lb
Ax = 110.8191 lb Ay = 166.8419 lb
A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 200.2925 lb

V 200.2925
τ= = = 4080 psi ................................................................................ Ans.
A π ( 0.25 )2 4
2-18
From an overall free-body diagram of the truss,
4 ΣM A = 0 : 9 F − 3 (10 ) − 6 (15 ) = 0
F = 13.3333 kN
Then, from a free-body diagram of the right half of the truss,

4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 (13.3333) − 3TDE = 0
TDE = 13.3333 kN
13.3333 (103 )
σ DE = = 17.78 (106 ) N m 2 = 17.78 MPa
750 (10 )
(a) −6
Ans.
4 ΣM D = 0 : 3TBC − 3 (15 ) + 6 (13.3333) = 0

TBC = −11.6667 kN
11.6667 (103 )
σ BC = ≤ 30 (106 ) N m 2
ABC
(b) ABC ≥ 388.89 (10−6 ) m 2 = 389 mm 2 ......................................................................... Ans.
2-19*
From an overall free-body diagram of the seat,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − E = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 30 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 3 ( 30 ) − 21E = 0
E = 4.28571 lb
Ax = 4.28571 lb Ay = 30 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of the seat back,
4 ΣM C = 0 : 9 (TBD cos θ ) − 21( 4.28571) = 0
10
θ = tan −1 = 39.806°
12
TBD = 13.01707 lb
VB 13.01707
τ= = = 117.9 psi ..............................................Ans.
A π ( 3 8)2 4
2-20
From a free-body diagram of the pin E,
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TDE − TEF cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −10 − TEF sin θ = 0
4
θ = tan −1 = 53.130°
3
TDE = 7.500 kN TEF = −12.500 kN
Next, from a free-body diagram of the pin D,

→ ΣFx = 0 : ( 7.5) − TCD cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −12 − TCD sin 45° − TDF = 0
TCD = 10.60660 kN TDF = −19.500 kN
T 10.6066 (10 )
3
σ CD = = = 17.00 (106 ) N m 2 = 17.00 MPa (T) ..................... Ans.

624 (10 )
(a) −6
A
T 19.5 (10 )
3
σ DF = = ≤ 25 (106 ) N m 2
A A
(b) ADF ≥ 780 (10−6 ) m 2 = 780 mm 2 ............................................................................... Ans.
2-21
From a free-body diagram of the pin A, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAF cos 45° − TAB cos 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 20 − TAF sin 45° − TAB sin 45° = 0
TAB = TAF = 14.14214 lb
VB 14.14214
τB = = = 1152 psi .............................................Ans.
A π (1 8 )2 4
2-22*
→ ΣFx = 0 : FC cos θ − Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FC sin θ − 100 − Ay = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 93 (100 ) − 28 ( FC sin θ ) + 5 ( FC cos θ ) = 0
30
FC = 919.1059 N θ = tan −1 = 30.964°
50
Ax = 788.1248 N Ay = 372.8794 N A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 871.8829 N
= 34.7 (106 ) N m 2 = 34.7 MPa

VA 871.8829
τA = = Ans.
A 2π ( 0.004 ) 4
2
Then, from a free-body diagram of the upper jaw, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : ( 788.1248) − Bx − N sin φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 372.8794 ) − By + N cos φ = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : Nd − 35 ( 788.1248 ) − 12 ( 372.8794 ) = 0
15
N = 841.9084 N d = 152 + 352 = 38.0789 mm φ = tan −1 = 23.199°
35
Bx = 456.4753 N By = 1146.7130 N B = Bx2 + By2 = 1234.229 N
= 31.4 (106 ) N m 2 = 31.4 MPa

VB 1234.229
τB = = Ans.
A 2π ( 0.005 ) 4
2
2-23*
From a free-body diagram of the platform, the equations of equilibrium give
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 ( FDE cos 30° ) − 2 ( 80 ) = 0
FDE = 61.58403 lb
(a) Member DE is a two-force member and the stress on every cross
section is the same
FDE 61.58403
σ DE = = = 49.3 psi ..........................................Ans.
A 1.25
V 61.58403
(b) τE = E = = 627 psi ....................................Ans.
A 2 π ( 0.25 )2 4 
 
2-24
From a free-body diagram of the bucket, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : Gx − TEI = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : G y − 10 = 0
4 ΣM G = 0 : (1.2 cos 30° ) TEI − 0.3 (10 ) = 0
TEI = 2.88675 kN
Gx = 2.88675 kN G y = 10 kN
Then, from a free-body diagram of the arm DEFG,

→ ΣFx = 0 : Dx + ( 2.88675 ) − ( 2.88675 ) + FBF cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Dy − (1) + FBF sin φ − (10 ) = 0
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 0.6 cos 30° )( 2.88675) − ( 0.6sin 30° )(1)
+ (1.2 cos 30° )( FBF cos φ ) + (1.2sin 30° )( FBF sin φ )
− (1.8cos 30° )( 2.88675 ) − (1.8sin 30° )(10 ) = 0
1.8cos 30° − 1.2 cos 30°
φ = tan −1 = 19.107°
1.8sin 30° + 1.2sin 30°
FBF = 10.43809 kN
Dx = −9.86304 kN Dy = 7.58327 kN
D = Dx2 + Dy2 = 12.44128 kN
VD 12.44128 (10 )
3
τD = = ≤ 120 (106 ) N m 2
A 2 π d 4 
2
d ≥ 0.00812 m = 8.12 mm ................................................................................................. Ans.
2-25*
First, from an overall free-body diagram of the frame,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx − 500 + 1500 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : By − 1000 = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8 ( 500 ) + 5 (1000 ) − 6 A = 0
A = 1500 lb
Bx = −1000 lb
By = 1000 lb
Next, from a free-body diagram of the horizontal member ACDE,

4 ΣM E = 0 : 8 (1000 ) − 3Dy = 0
Dy = 2666.667 lb
Finally, from a free-body diagram of the vertical member BDF,

4 ΣM F = 0 : 4 Dx − 10 (1000 ) = 0
Dx = 2500 lb
D = Dx2 + Dy2 = 3655.285 lb

VD 3655.285
τD = = ≤ 7500 psi
A πd2 4
d ≥ 0.788 in. .................................................................................Ans.
2-26
From a free-body diagram of the wheel,
→ ΣFx = 0 : Bx − FCD = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2700 − By = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 325 FCD − 150 ( 2700 ) = 0
FCD = 1246.15385 N
Bx = 1246.15385 N
By = 2700 N
B = Bx2 + By2 = 2973.701 N
Then from a free-body diagram of the arm AB (and assuming

that the spring pushes perpendicularly against the arm)
4 ΣM A = 0 : −100 (1246.154 ) − 500 ( 2700 ) + bFS = 0
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − (1246.154 ) + FS sin φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2700 − FS cos φ + Ay = 0
b = 502 + 2502 = 254.951 mm

50
φ = tan −1 = 11.310°
250
FS = 5783.917 N
Ax = 111.8278 N Ay = 2971.5958 N
A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 2973.699 N
≤ 125 (106 ) N m 2
VA 2973.699
τA = =
A 2 π d A 4 
2
d A ≥ 0.00389 m = 3.89 mm ............................................................................................... Ans.
≤ 125 (106 ) N m 2
VB 2973.701
τB = =
A 2 π d B 4 
2
d B ≥ 0.00389 m = 3.89 mm ............................................................................................... Ans.

The forces on pins C and D are equal (both equal to the force
in the member CD) and their diameters will be the same
≤ 125 (106 ) N m 2
TCD 1246.154
τC = =
A 2 π d C 4 
2
dC = d D ≥ 0.00252 m = 2.52 mm ..................................................................................... Ans.
2-27
di = d o − 2 ( 0.1d o ) = 0.8d o
P 9000 11, 459.156
σ= = = psi
A π ( d o − di ) 4
2 2
d o2
For standard steel pipe,

P 9000
σ= = ≤ 12, 000 psi
A A
A = 0.75 in.2
d = 1.5 in. ...........................................Ans.
2-28
For a uniformly distributed load
P P 4P 4 (150 ) (103 )
σ= = 2 d = 2
= = 0.05876
A πd 4 πσ π ( 3.25 ) (106 )
d = 0.242 m = 242 mm ................................................................................................ Ans.
For the flexible bearing plate:

σ = σ max 0 ≤ r ≤ rc rc = 75 mm
σ max ( rp − 0.2rc − 0.8r )
σ= rc ≤ r ≤ rp
rp − rc
σ max ( rp − 0.2rc − 0.8r )
P = ∫ σ dA = ∫ σ max ( 2π rdr ) + ∫ ( 2π rdr )
rc rp
A 0 rc rp − rc
π
= σ max ( 0.8rc2 + 0.8rp rc + 1.4rp2 ) = 150 kN
3
450 (103 )
σ max = N m2
π ( 0.8r + 0.8rp rc + 1.4r
c
2 2
p )
For σ max = 3.25 MPa
d = 2rp ≅ 296 mm ............................... Ans.
(
For d p = 150 mm , rp = 75 mm )
σ max = 8.49 MPa
(
For d p = 400 mm , rp = 200 mm )
8.49 − 1.98
σ max = 1.98 MPa D= (100 ) = 76.7% ................................. Ans.
8.49
(
For d p = 600 mm , rp = 300 mm )
8.49 − 0.94
σ max = 0.94 MPa D= (100 ) = 89.0% ................................. Ans.
8.49
copyright owner is unlawful.45
2-29
P P 4P 4 ( 50 )
σ= = d c2 = +4= + 4 = 10.366
A π ( d c2 − 22 ) 4 πσ π (10 )
d c = 3.22 in. ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
σ max ( 5 − r )
For the flexible collar: σ=
4
σ max ( 5 − r )
( 2π rdr )
rc
P = ∫ σ dA = ∫
A 1 4
π  
σ max 5 ( rc2 − 1) − ( rc − 1)  = 50 kip
2 3
=
4  3 
200
σ max = ksi
 
π 5 ( rc2 − 1) − ( rc3 − 1)
2
 3 
For σ max = 10 ksi
d c = 2rc ≅ 3.32 in. ............................... Ans.
For d c = 2.4 in. , ( rc = 1.2 in.)
σ max = 37.13 ksi

For d c = 3.2 in. , ( rc = 1.6 in.)
37.13 − 11.10
σ max = 11.10 ksi D= (100 ) = 70.1% ............................ Ans.
37.13
For d c = 4.0 in. , ( rc = 2.0 in.)
37.13 − 6.16
σ max = 6.16 ksi D= (100 ) = 83.4% ............................... Ans.
37.13
For d c = 5.0 in. , ( rc = 2.5 in.)
37.13 − 3.86
σ max = 3.86 ksi D= (100 ) = 89.6% ............................... Ans.
37.13
2-30
P P 4P 4 ( 80 ) (103 )
σ= = d =
2
+ 0.040 = 2
+ 0.0016
A π ( d w − 0.0402 ) 4 πσ π ( 2.8 ) (106 )
2 w
d w = 0.1949 m = 194.9 mm ........................................................................................ Ans.
For the flexible washer:

σ = σ max 0.020 mm ≤ r ≤ 0.030 mm
0.030σ max
σ= 0.030 mm ≤ r ≤ rw
r
0.030σ max
σ max ( 2π rdr ) + ∫ ( 2π rdr )
0.030 rw
P = ∫ σ dA = ∫
A 0.020 r 0.030
= πσ max ( 0.0302 − 0.0202 ) + 0.060σ maxπ ( rw − 0.030 )

= πσ max 0.0005 + 0.060 ( rw − 0.030 )  = 80 kN
80 (103 )
σ max = N m2
π 0.0005 + 0.060 ( rw − 0.030 ) 
For σ max = 2.8 MPa
d w = 2rw ≅ 346 mm ............................. Ans.
For no washer
80 (103 )
σ max =
π ( 0.0302 − 0.0202 )
= 50.93 (106 ) N m 2 = 50.93 MPa
For d w = 200 mm , ( rw = 100 mm )
50.93 − 5.42
σ max = 5.42 MPa D= (100 ) = 89.4% ............................... Ans.
50.93
For d w = 300 mm , ( rw = 150 mm )
50.93 − 3.31
σ max = 3.31 MPa D= (100 ) = 93.5% ............................... Ans.
50.93
2-31*
P = −5000 lb
A = 4 × 4 = 16 in.2
θ = 90° − 14° = 76°
( −5000 ) 1 + cos 2 76°  = −18.29 psi = 18.29 psi (C) ...................Ans.
σn = ( )
2 (16 ) 
− ( −5000 )
τn = sin 2 ( 76° ) = +73.4 psi ...........................................................Ans.
2 (16 )
2-32*
P = 400 kN
A = 75 × 45 mm 2
θ = 37°
( 400 ) (103 )
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( 37° ) 
2 ( 0.075 × 0.045 ) 
σ n = +75.6 (106 ) N m 2 = 75.6 MPa (T) ................................................................ Ans.
− ( 400 × 103 )
τn = sin 2 ( 37° )
2 ( 0.075 × 0.045 )
τ n = −57.0 (106 ) N m 2 = −57.0 MPa ..................................................................... Ans.
2-33
P 270
σ max = = = 22.5 ksi (T) .................................................................................. Ans.
A 2×6
P 270
τ max = = = 11.25 ksi ............................................................................... Ans.
2 A 2 ( 2 × 6)
2-34
P = −80 kN
A = π ( 75 ) 4 = 4417.865 mm 2
2
θ = 57°
( −80 ) (103 )
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( 57° ) 
2 ( 4417.865 ) (10−6 )
σ n = −5.37 (106 ) N m 2 = 5.37 MPa (C) ....................................... Ans.

− ( −80 × 103 )
τn = sin 2 ( 57° )
2 ( 4417.865 ) (10−6 )
τ n = +8.27 (106 ) N m 2 = +8.27 MPa ..................................................................... Ans.
2-35*
P
σn = [1 + cos 2θ ] = 12 ksi
2 ( 4 ×1)
−P
τn = sin 2θ = −9 ksi
2 ( 4 × 1)
sin 2θ 9
=
1 + cos 2θ 12
Solve by trial and error to get
θ = 36.870° ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
P = 75.0 kip .................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-36*
( 400 ) (103 )
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( −33° )  ≤ 70 (106 ) N m2
2 ( 0.1t )
t ≥ 0.0402 m = 40.2 mm
− ( 400 × 103 )
τn = sin 2 ( −33° ) ≤ 45 (106 ) N m 2
2 ( 0.1t )
t ≥ 0.0406 m = 40.6 mm
tmin = 40.6 mm ................................................................................................................ Ans.
2-37
− ( −P)
τa = sin 2 ( 55° ) = 2 ksi
2 ( 4 × 8)
(a) P = 136.21475 kip ≅ 136.2 kip (C) ...............................................Ans.
( −136.21475) 1 + cos 2 55° 
σa = ( )
2 ( 4 × 8) 
(b) σ a = −1.400 ksi = 1.400 ksi (C) .....................................................Ans.
P 136.21475
(c) σ max = = = 4.26 ksi .............................................................................. Ans.
A 4×8
P 136.21475
τ max = = = 2.13 ksi ............................................................................. Ans.
2A 2 ( 4 × 8)
2-38
1 + cos 2 ( −30° )  ≤ 13.60 (106 ) N m 2

P
σn =
2 ( 0.200 )( 0.120 )
P ≤ 435.2 (103 ) N
−P
τn = sin 2 ( −30° ) ≤ 5.25 (106 ) N m 2
2 ( 0.200 )( 0.120 )
P ≤ 291.0 (103 ) N
≤ 8.75 (106 ) N m 2
P P
τ max = =
2 A 2 ( 0.200 )( 0.120 )
P ≤ 420 (103 ) N
Pmax = 291 kN .................................................................................................................. Ans.
2-39*
P
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( −θ )  ≤ 12 ksi
2 ( 4 ×1) 
−P
τn = sin 2 ( −θ ) ≤ 9 ksi
2 ( 4 ×1)
Optimum angle occurs when σ n = 12 ksi and τ n = 9 ksi
sin 2θ 9
=
1 + cos 2θ 12
Solve by trial and error to get θ = 36.870°
(a) φ = 90° − θ = 53.13° ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) P = 75.0 kip .................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-40*
TAB = 500 kN (T) TBC = 300 kN (T) Ttop = 250 kN (T)
(a) On plane a–a
( 500 ) (103 )
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( 30° ) 
2 ( 0.200 )( 0.100 ) 
σ n = 18.75 (106 ) N m 2 = 18.75 MPa (T) ............................Ans.
− ( 500 ) (103 )
τn = sin 2 ( 30° )
2 ( 0.200 )( 0.100 )
τ n = −10.83 (106 ) N m 2 = −10.83 MPa ..............................Ans.
(b) The maximum stresses in the bar occur in the section with the maximum load
Pmax = TAB = 500 kN (T)
500 (103 )
= 25.0 (106 ) N m 2 = 25.0 MPa (T) .................... Ans.
P
σ max = =
A ( 0.200 )( 0.100 )
500 (103 )
= 12.50 (106 ) N m 2 = 12.50 MPa ................... Ans.
P
τ max = =
2 A 2 ( 0.200 )( 0.100 )
2-41
There are two bolts and they each carry a normal force of N
and a shear force of V . Equilibrium of the eyebar gives
Z ΣFn = 0 : 2 N − P cos 30° = 0
^ ΣFt = 0 : 2V + P sin 30° = 0
P cos 30°  π ( 0.5 )2 

N= ≤ 12   kip
2  4 
P ≤ 5.441 kip
P sin 30°  π ( 0.5 )2 

V= ≤ 8  kip
2  4 
P ≤ 6.283 kip
Pmax = 5.44 kip ................................................................................................................ Ans.
2-42
1 + cos 2 ( −θ )  ≤ 5 (106 ) N m 2

P
σn =
2 ( 0.050 )( 0.100 )
−P
τn = sin 2 ( −θ ) ≤ 3 (106 ) N m 2
2 ( 0.050 )( 0.100 )
Optimum angle occurs when σ n = 5 (106 ) N m 2 and τ n = 3 10 ( ) 6
N m2
sin 2θ 30
=
1 + cos 2θ 50
Solve by trial and error to get θ = 30.964°
(a) φ = 90° − θ = 59.036° .................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) P = 34.0 (103 ) N = 34.0 kN ........................................................................................ Ans.
2-43
P
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( −θ )  psi
2 ( 3 × 3) 
−P
τn = sin 2 ( −θ ) psi
2 ( 3 × 3)
σn P
= [1 + cos 2θ ]
800 14, 400
τn P
= sin 2θ
500 9000
When θ = 37° the shear stress reaches its maximum value (τ n 500 = 1) first at which point
Pmax ≅ 9.36 kip ................................................................................................................ Ans.
When θ = 25° the normal stress reaches its maximum value (σ n 800 = 1) first at which point
Pmax ≅ 8.77 kip ................................................................................................................ Ans.
For simultaneous control

σn P P τ
= [1 + cos 2θ ] = sin 2θ = n = 1
800 14, 400 9000 500
sin 2θ 2sin θ cos θ 9000
= = tan θ =
1 + cos 2θ 2 cos θ
2
14, 400
θ = 32.01° ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
2-44
250 (103 )
σn = 1 + cos 2 ( −θ )  N m 2
2 ( 0.100 )( 0.025 ) θ = 90° − φ
= 50 (1 + cos 2θ ) MPa
−250 (103 )
τn = sin 2 ( −θ ) N m 2
2 ( 0.100 )( 0.025 )
= 50sin 2θ MPa
For σ n ≤ 80 MPa and τ n ≤ 60 MPa

P = 250 kN 30° ≤ φ ≤ 63°
P = 305 kN 30° ≤ φ ≤ 40°
50° ≤ φ ≤ 54°
P = 350 kN φ < 30°
2-45*
The given values are
σ x = 20 ksi σ y = −10 ksi τ xy = 0 ksi θ ab = −26°
σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
= ( 20 ) cos 2 ( −26° ) + ( −10 ) sin 2 ( −26° ) + 2 ( 0 ) sin ( −26° ) cos ( −26° )
σ ab = +14.23 ksi = 14.23 ksi (T) ................................................................................ Ans.
τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= − ( 20 ) − ( −10 )  sin ( −26° ) cos ( −26° ) + ( 0 ) cos 2 ( −26° ) − sin 2 ( −26° ) 
τ ab = +11.82 ksi .............................................................................................................. Ans.
2-46*
σ x = 95 MPa σ y = 125 MPa τ xy = 0 MPa θ ab = 110°
= ( 95 ) cos 2 (110° ) + (125) sin 2 (110° ) + 2 ( 0 ) sin (110° ) cos (110° )
σ ab = +121.5 MPa = 121.5 MPa (T) ......................................................................... Ans.
= − ( 95 ) − (125 )  sin (110° ) cos (110° ) + ( 0 ) cos 2 (110° ) − sin 2 (110° ) 
τ ab = −9.64 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
2-47
σ x = 0 ksi σ y = 0 ksi τ xy = 15 ksi θ ab = 30°
= ( 0 ) cos 2 ( 30° ) + ( 0 ) sin 2 ( 30° ) + 2 (15 ) sin ( 30° ) cos ( 30° )
σ ab = +12.99 ksi = 12.99 ksi (T) ............................................................................... Ans.

= − ( 0 ) − ( 0 )  sin ( 30° ) cos ( 30° ) + (15 ) cos 2 ( 30° ) − sin 2 ( 30° ) 
τ ab = +7.50 ksi ................................................................................................................ Ans.
2-48*
σ x = −65 MPa σ y = −125 MPa τ xy = 75 MPa θ ab = 145°
= ( −65 ) cos 2 (145° ) + ( −125 ) sin 2 (145° ) + 2 ( 75 ) sin (145° ) cos (145° )
σ ab = −155.2 MPa = 155.2 MPa (C) ........................................................................ Ans.
= − ( −65 ) − ( −125 )  sin (145° ) cos (145° ) + ( 75 ) cos 2 (145° ) − sin 2 (145° ) 
τ ab = +53.8 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
2-49
= (18 ) cos 2 (155° ) + ( 6 ) sin 2 (155° ) + 2 (15 ) sin (155° ) cos (155° )
σ ab = +4.37 ksi = 4.37 ksi (T) .................................................................................... Ans.
= − (18 ) − ( 6 )  sin (155° ) cos (155° ) + (15 )  cos 2 (155° ) − sin 2 (155° ) 
τ ab = +14.24 ksi .............................................................................................................. Ans.
2-50
σ x = −170 MPa σ y = 0 MPa τ xy = −70 MPa θ ab = 145°
= ( −170 ) cos 2 (145° ) + ( 0 ) sin 2 (145° ) + 2 ( −70 ) sin (145° ) cos (145° )
σ ab = −48.3 MPa = 48.3 MPa (C) ............................................................................. Ans.
= − ( −170 ) − ( 0 )  sin (145° ) cos (145° ) + ( −70 )  cos 2 (145° ) − sin 2 (145° ) 
τ ab = −103.8 MPa .......................................................................................................... Ans.
2-51*
−5000
σ x = 0 psi σy = = −312.5 psi τ xy = 0 psi θ = 166°
( 4 )( 4 )
= ( 0 ) cos 2 (166° ) + ( −312.5 ) sin 2 (166° ) + 2 ( 0 ) sin (166° ) cos (166° )
σ n = −18.29 psi = 18.29 psi (C) ................................................................................. Ans.
= − ( 0 ) − ( −312.5 )  sin (166° ) cos (166° ) + ( 0 )  cos 2 (166° ) − sin 2 (166° ) 
τ n = +73.4 psi ................................................................................................................. Ans.
2-52*
400 (103 )
σx = = 100 (106 ) N m 2 = 100 MPa
( 0.100 )( 0.040 )
σ y = 0 MPa τ xy = 0 MPa θ = −33°
= (100 ) cos 2 ( −33° ) + ( 0 ) sin 2 ( −33° ) + 2 ( 0 ) sin ( −33° ) cos ( −33° )
σ = +70.3 MPa = 70.3 MPa (T) ............................................................................... Ans.
= − (100 ) − ( 0 )  sin ( −33° ) cos ( −33° ) + ( 0 ) cos 2 ( −33° ) − sin 2 ( −33° ) 
τ ab = +45.7 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
2-53
−P 4
σ x = 0 psi σy = psi τ xy = 0 ksi θ aa = tan −1 = 53.130°
9 3
= ( 0 ) + ( P 9 ) sin 2 ( 53.13° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 800 psi
P ≤ 11, 250 lb

= ( P 9 ) sin ( 53.13° ) cos ( 53.13° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 500 psi
P ≤ 9375 lb
P ≤ 9.37 kip ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-54
−P
σ x = τ xy = 0 MPa σy = = −50 P N m 2 θ ab = −35°
( 0.100 )( 0.200 )
= − ( 0 ) − ( −50 P )  sin ( −35° ) cos ( −35° ) + ( 0 ) = 15 (106 ) N m 2
(a) P = 638.51(103 ) N ≅ 639 kN (C) ............................................................................. Ans.

= ( 0 ) + ( −50 )( 638.51) (103 ) sin 2 ( −35° ) + ( 0 )
(b) σ ab = −10.52 (106 ) N m 2 = 10.52 MPa (C) .......................................................... Ans.
2-55*
σ x = τ xy = 0 ksi σ y = −32 b 2 ksi θ = −20°
= ( 0 ) + ( −32 b 2 ) sin 2 ( −20° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 3.5 ksi
b ≥ 1.034 in.
= − ( 0 ) − ( −32 b 2 )  sin ( −20° ) cos ( −20° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 0.8 ksi
b ≥ 3.59 in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-56
−P
σx = = −41.667 P N m 2 σ y = τ xy = 0 MPa θ = −30°
( 0.2 )( 0.12 )
= ( −41.667 P ) cos 2 ( −30° ) + ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 13.60 (106 ) N m 2
P ≤ 435.2 (103 ) N

= − ( −41.667 P ) − ( 0 )  sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 5.25 (106 ) N m 2
P ≤ 291(103 ) N
Pmax = 291 kN .................................................................................................................. Ans.
2-57*
4
σ x = 0 ksi θ = − tan −1 = −53.130° sin θ = −0.8000 cos θ = 0.6000
3
= ( 0 ) + σ y ( −0.8 ) + 2τ xy ( −0.8 )( 0.6 ) = 4800 psi
2

= − ( 0 ) − σ y  ( −0.8 )( 0.6 ) + τ xy ( 0.6 ) − ( −0.8 )  = 1500 psi
2 2
 
0.64σ y − 0.96τ xy = 4800 psi
−0.48σ y − 0.28τ xy = 1500 psi
(a) τ xy = −5100 psi ............................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) σ y = −150 psi = 150 psi (C) ........................................................................................ Ans.
2-58*
5
σ y = 0 MPa τ xy = 25 MPa θ ab = 90° + tan −1 = 112.620°
12
= σ x cos 2 θ ab + ( 0 ) + 2 ( 25 ) sin θ ab cos θ ab = 15 MPa
(a) σ x = 221.398 MPa ≅ 221 MPa (T) ........................................................................... Ans.
= − ( 221.398 ) − ( 0 )  sin θ ab cos θ ab + ( 25 ) ( cos 2 θ ab − sin 2 θ ab )
(b) τ ab = +61.0 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
2-59
(a) The given values are
σ x = 18 ksi σ y = 13 ksi τ xy = 6 ksi θ ab = −19°
= (18 ) cos 2 ( −19° ) + (13) sin 2 ( −19° ) + 2 ( 6 ) sin ( −19° ) cos ( −19° )
σ ab = +13.78 ksi = 13.78 ksi (T) ................................................................................ Ans.
= − (18 ) − (13)  sin ( −19° ) cos ( −19° ) + ( 6 ) cos 2 ( −19° ) − sin 2 ( −19° ) 
τ ab = +6.27 ksi ................................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) The given values are
σ x = 18 ksi σ y = 13 ksi τ xy = 6 ksi θ n = 26° θt = 116°
= (18 ) cos 2 ( 26° ) + (13) sin 2 ( 26° ) + 2 ( 6 ) sin ( 26° ) cos ( 26° )
σ n = +21.77 ksi = 21.77 ksi (T) ................................................................................ Ans.

= − (18 ) − (13)  sin ( 26° ) cos ( 26° ) + ( 6 )  cos 2 ( 26° ) − sin 2 ( 26° ) 
τ nt = +1.724 ksi .............................................................................................................. Ans.
σ t = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ

= (18 ) cos 2 (116° ) + (13) sin 2 (116° ) + 2 ( 6 ) sin (116° ) cos (116° )
σ t = +9.23 ksi = 9.23 ksi (T) ...................................................................................... Ans.
2-60*
(a) Using x-y-coordinates rotated to align with the n-t-coordinates
σ n = σ x = 200 MPa σ t = σ y = 50 MPa τ nt = τ xy = 0 MPa θ aa = 135°
= ( 200 ) cos 2 (135° ) + ( 50 ) sin 2 (135° ) + ( 0 )
σ aa = +125.0 MPa = 125.0 MPa (T) ........................................................................ Ans.

= − ( 200 ) − ( 50 )  sin (135° ) cos (135° ) + ( 0 )
τ aa = +75.0 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) Using the original coordinate system with the x- and y-axes horizontal and vertical
θ n = 18° θt = 108°
σ n = 200 MPa 200 = σ x cos 2 (18° ) + σ y sin 2 (18° ) + 2τ xy sin (18° ) cos (18° )
σ t = 50 MPa 50 = σ x cos 2 (108° ) + σ y sin 2 (108° ) + 2τ xy sin (108° ) cos (108° )
τ nt = 0 MPa 0 = − (σ x − σ y ) sin (18° ) cos (18° ) + τ xy cos 2 (18° ) − sin 2 (18° ) 

σ x = 185.7 MPa (T) ......... σ y = 64.3 MPa (T) ........... τ xy = 44.1 MPa ........... Ans.
2-61
3
σ x = 8 ksi σ y = 0 ksi θ aa = 90° + tan −1 = 126.870°
4
σ n = 8 ksi 8 = ( 8 ) cos 2 126.870° + ( 0 ) + 2τ xy sin126.870° cos126.870°
(a) τ xy = τ h = τ v = −5.3333 ksi ≅ −5.33 ksi ................................................................... Ans.

= − ( 8 ) − ( 0 )  sin θ aa cos θ aa + ( −5.3333) cos 2 θ aa − sin 2 θ aa 
(b) τ a = +5.33 ksi ................................................................................................................. Ans.
2-62
5
σ y = 0 MPa τ xy = 25 MPa θ ab = 90° + tan −1 = 112.620°
12
σ n = 15 MPa 15 = σ x cos 2 (112.620° ) + ( 0 ) + 2 ( 25 ) sin (112.620° ) cos (112.620° )
(a) σ x = +221.40 MPa ≅ 221 MPa (T) ........................................................................... Ans.
(b)
= − ( −221.40 ) − ( 0 )  sin θ ab cos θ ab + ( 25 )  cos 2 θ ab − sin 2 θ ab 
τ ab = +61.0 MPa ............................................................................................................ Ans.
2-63*
σ y = 2σ x τ xy = 0 ksi θ = 35°
= σ x cos 2 ( 35° ) + ( 2σ x ) sin 2 ( 35° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 10 ksi
σ x ≤ 7.52451 ksi
τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy ( cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= − σ x − ( 2σ x )  sin ( 35° ) cos ( 35° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 7 ksi
σ x ≤ 14.8985 ksi
(σ x )max = 7.52 ksi .......................................................................................................... Ans.
2-64
The given values are θbb = 126.870° θ cc = 36.870°
σ bb = 125 MPa 125 = σ x cos 2 (126.87° ) + σ y sin 2 (126.87° ) + ( 0 )
σ cc = −225 MPa −225 = σ x cos 2 ( 36.87° ) + σ y sin 2 ( 36.87° ) + ( 0 )
τ bc = 0 MPa 0 = − (σ x − σ y ) sin (126.87° ) cos (126.87° ) + ( 0 )

0.3600σ x + 0.6400σ y − 0.9600τ xy = 125
0.6400σ x + 0.3600σ y + 0.9600τ xy = −225
0.4800σ x − 0.4800σ y − 0.2800τ xy = 0
(a) σ x = −99.0 MPa = 99.0 MPa (C) .............................................................................. Ans.
τ xy = −168.0 MPa .......................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) σ y = −1.000 MPa = 1.000 MPa (C) ......................................................................... Ans.
τ xy = −168.0 MPa .......................................................................................................... Ans.
2-65
P
The given values are σx = ksi σ y = 0 ksi τ xy = 0 ksi
4
σ ab = 12 ksi 12 = σ x cos 2 θ + ( 0 ) + ( 0 )
τ ab = −9 ksi −9 = − σ x − ( 0 )  sin θ cos θ + ( 0 )

σ x sin θ cos θ 9
= tan θ = θ = 36.870° ...................................................... Ans.
σ x cos θ
2
12
σ x = 18.750 ksi = P 4 P = 75.0 kip .................................................... Ans.
2-66
(a) σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ
σ n = ( 60 ) cos2 θ + ( 0 ) + 2 ( −40 ) sin θ cos θ  MPa .............................................. Ans.
{ }
τ nt = − ( 60 ) − ( 0 )  sin θ cos θ + ( −40 ) ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) MPa ........................ Ans.
(b) At θ = 153.435°
σ max = 80 MPa .........................................Ans.
τ = 0 MPa .................................................Ans.
At θ = 63.435°
σ min = −20 MPa .......................................Ans.
τ = 0 MPa .................................................Ans.
(c) At θ = 108.435°
τ max = 50 MPa ..........................................Ans.
σ = 30 MPa ..............................................Ans.
At θ = 18.435°
τ min = −50 MPa .............................................................................................................. Ans.
σ = 30 MPa ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-67
σ n = (18 ) cos 2 θ + (13) sin 2 θ + 2 ( 6 ) sin θ cos θ  ksi ..................................... Ans.
{ }
= − (18 ) − (13)  sin θ cos θ + ( 6 ) ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ksi ................................ Ans.
(b) At θ = 33.69°
σ max = 22 ksi ............................................Ans.
τ = 0 MPa .................................................Ans.
At θ = 123.69°
σ min = 9 ksi ...............................................Ans.
τ = 0 MPa .................................................Ans.
(c) At θ = 168.69°
τ max = 6.5 ksi ............................................Ans.
σ = 15.5 ksi ..............................................Ans.
At θ = 78.69°
τ max = −6.5 ksi ................................................................................................................. Ans.
σ = 15.5 ksi ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-68
Note that the θ on the figure is for the surface rather
than for the normal to the surface. Therefore, need to
use φ = 90° − θ in the transformation equations.
σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ
+2τ xy sin θ cos θ
= ( −10 ) cos 2 φ + ( −70 ) sin 2 φ
+2 ( 40 ) sin φ cos φ
τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ
+τ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= − ( −10 ) − ( −70 )  sin φ cos φ
+40 ( cos 2 φ − sin 2 φ )
2-69
σ x = −15 ksi σ y = 10 ksi τ xy = 8 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 (8)
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −16.310°, 73.690°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −15) − (10 )
When θ p = −16.310°
= ( −15 ) cos 2 θ p + (10 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( 8 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −17.341 ksi = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 12.341 ksi
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 14.841 ksi
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = −2.500 ksi
(a) σ p1 = 12.34 ksi (T) 73.69° ..................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 17.34 ksi (C) 16.31° ..................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 14.841 ksi .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-70
σ x = 50 MPa σ y = 20 MPa τ xy = 40 MPa
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 40 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 34.722°, − 55.278°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 50 ) − ( 20 )
When θ p = 34.722°
= ( 50 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 20 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( 40 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 77.720 MPa = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −7.720 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 42.720 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 35.00 MPa
(a) σ p1 = 77.7 MPa (T) 34.72° ................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 7.72 MPa (C) 55.28° ................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 42.7 MPa .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-71
σ x = −15 ksi σ y = 10 ksi τ xy = 8 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 (8)
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −16.310°, 73.690°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −15) − (10 )
When θ p = −16.310°
= ( −15 ) cos 2 θ p + (10 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( 8 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −17.341 ksi = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 12.341 ksi
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 14.841 ksi
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = −2.500 ksi
(a) σ p1 = 12.34 ksi (T) 73.69° ..................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 17.34 ksi (C) 16.31° ..................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 14.841 ksi .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-72
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 25 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 7.018°, − 82.982°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 200 ) − ( 0 )
When θ p = 7.018°
= ( 200 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 0 ) + 2 ( 25 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 203.078 MPa = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −3.078 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 103.078 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 100.00 MPa
(a) σ p1 = 203 MPa (T) 7.02° ....................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 3.08 MPa (C) 82.98° ................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 103.1 MPa .................................................................................................. Ans.
2-73
σ x = 12 ksi σ y = −4 ksi τ xy = −6 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −6 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −18.435°, 71.565°
2 σ x −σ y 2 (12 ) − ( −4 )
When θ p = −18.435°
= (12 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −4 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −6 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 14.000 ksi = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −6.000 ksi
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 10.000 ksi
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 4.000 ksi
(a) σ p1 = 14.00 ksi (T) 18.43° ..................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 6.00 ksi (C) 71.57° ...................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 10.00 ksi ...................................................................................................... Ans.
2-74
σ x = 75 MPa σ y = −25 MPa τ xy = −35 MPa
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −35 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −17.496°, 72.504°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 75 ) − ( −25)
When θ p = −17.496°
= ( 75 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −25 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −35 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 86.033 MPa = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −36.033 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 61.033 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 25.00 MPa
(a) σ p1 = 86.0 MPa (T) 17.50° .................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 36.0 MPa (C) 72.50° ................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 61.0 MPa .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-75
σ x = 25 ksi σ y = 12 ksi τ xy = −10 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −10 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −28.488°, 61.512°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 25) − (12 )
When θ p = −28.488°
= ( 25 ) cos 2 θ p + (12 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −10 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 30.427 ksi = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = 6.573 ksi
τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 11.927 ksi σ n = 18.500 ksi
τ max = (σ max − σ min ) 2 = 15.213 ksi σ n = 15.213 ksi
(a) σ p1 = 30.43 ksi (T) 28.49° ..................................................Ans.

σ p 2 = 6.57 ksi (T) 61.51° ...................................................Ans.
τ p = 11.93 ksi ............................. τ max = 15.21 ksi ...................................................... Ans.
2-76
1 2τ xy 1 2 (12 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 33.690°, − 56.310°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 36 ) − ( 26 )
When θ p = 33.690°
= ( 36 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 26 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 (12 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 44.000 MPa = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = 18.000 MPa
τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 13.00 MPa σ n = 31.00 MPa
τ max = (σ max − σ min ) 2 = 22.00 MPa σ n = 22.00 MPa
(a) σ p1 = 44.0 MPa (T) 33.69° ................................................Ans.

σ p 2 = 18.00 MPa (T) 56.31° ................................................................................. Ans.
τ p = 13.00 MPa ......................... τ max = 22.0 MPa .................................................... Ans.
2-77
σ x = −2 ksi σ y = −14 ksi τ xy = −8 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −8 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −26.565°, 63.435°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −2 ) − ( −14 )
When θ p = −26.565°
= ( −2 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −14 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −8 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 2.000 ksi = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −18.00 ksi
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 10.00 ksi
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = −8.00 ksi
(a) σ p1 = 2.00 ksi (T) 26.57° ....................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 18.00 ksi (C) 63.43° .................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 10.00 ksi ...................................................................................................... Ans.
2-78
σ x = −170 MPa σ y = 0 MPa τ xy = −70 MPa
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −70 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 19.736°, − 70.264°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −170 ) − ( 0 )
When θ p = 19.736°
= ( −170 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 0 ) + 2 ( −70 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −195.114 MPa = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 25.114 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 110.114 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = −85.00 MPa
σ p1 = 25.1 MPa (T) 70.26° ................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 195.1 MPa (C) 19.74° ................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = 110.1 MPa .................................................................................................. Ans.
2-79
σ x = σ y = 0 ksi τ xy = 15 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 (15 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 45.00°, − 45.00°
2 σ x −σ y 2 (0) − (0)
When θ p = 45.00°
= ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) + 2 (15 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 15.00 ksi = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −15.00 ksi
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 15.00 ksi
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 0 ksi
σ p1 = 15.00 ksi (T) 45.00° ..................................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = 15.00 ksi (C) 45.00° .................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 15.00 ksi ...................................................................................................... Ans.
2-80
σ x = −27 MPa σ y = 45 MPa τ xy = 0 MPa θ ab = −57°
σ n = ( −27 ) cos 2 ( −57° ) + ( 45 ) sin 2 ( −57° ) + ( 0 )
σ ab = 23.6 MPa(T) ...................................................... Ans.
τ nt = − ( −27 ) − ( 45 )  sin ( −57° ) cos ( −57° ) + ( 0 )
τ ab = −32.9 MPa .......................................................... Ans.
(b) Since there are no shear stresses on the horizontal and vertical surfaces, they are principal surfaces and the
stresses on them are principal stresses.
σ p1 = σ y = 45 MPa
σ p 2 = σ x = −27 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 36.00 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 9.00 MPa
σ p1 = 45.0 MPa (T) ↑ .................................................................................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = 27.0 MPa (C) → ............................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 36.0 MPa .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-81
σ x = (T) σ y = (C) τ xy = 8 ksi σ p1 = 12 ksi σ p 2 = −20 ksi
We know that σ x + σ y = σ p1 + σ p 2 = −8 ksi
σx +σ y  σ −σ y   σ −σ y 
2 2
−8
σ p1 = +  x  + τ xy = +  x  + ( 8 ) = 12 ksi
2 2
and that
2  2  2  2 
which gives σ x − σ y = 27.71281 ksi
Therefore
σ x = 9.85641 ksi σ y = −17.85641 ksi
1 2τ xy 1 2 (8)
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 15.00°, − 75.00°
2 σ x −σ y 2 27.71281
When θ p = 15.00°
= ( 9.85641) cos 2 θ p + ( −17.85641) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( 8 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 12 ksi = σ p1
σ x = 9.86 ksi (T) ............................................................................................................ Ans.
σ y = 17.86 ksi (C) .......................................................................................................... Ans.
θ p1 = 15.00° ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
2-83
σ y = −σ C σ x = −4σ C = 4σ y τ xy = 0 ksi θ = −30°
= ( −4σ C ) cos 2 ( −30° ) + ( −σ C ) sin 2 ( −30° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ −300 psi
σ C ≤ 92.3 psi
= − ( −4σ C ) − ( −σ C )  sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° ) + ( 0 ) ≤ 125 psi
σ C ≤ 96.2 psi
(σ C )max = 92.3 psi .......................................................................................................... Ans.
2-84
σ x = −10 MPa σ y = −70 MPa τ xy = 40 MPa θ ab = −28°
= ( −10 ) cos 2 ( −28° ) + ( −70 ) sin 2 ( −28° ) + 2 ( 40 ) sin ( −28° ) cos ( −28° )
σ ab = −56.4 MPa = 56.4 MPa (C) ............................................................................. Ans.
= − ( −10 ) − ( −70 )  sin ( −28° ) cos ( −28° ) + ( 40 ) cos 2 ( −28° ) − sin 2 ( −28° ) 
τ ab = 47.2 MPa ..........................................................................................Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 40 )
(b) θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 26.565°, − 63.435°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −10 ) − ( −70 )
When θ p = 26.565°
= ( −10 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −70 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( 40 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 10.00 MPa = σ p1
σ p 2 = σ x + σ y − σ p1 = −90.00 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 50.00 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = −40.00 MPa
σ p1 = 10.00 MPa (T) 26.565° ............................................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 90.0 MPa (C) 63.565° ................................................................................ Ans.
τ max = τ p = 50.0 MPa .................................................................................................... Ans.
2-85
The given values for use in
drawing Mohr’s circle are
σ x = σ p1 = 10 ksi
σ y = σ p 2 = 0 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
10 + 0
a= = 5 ksi
2
10 − 0
R= = 5 ksi
2
σ aa = 5 + 5cos 90° = 5 ksi (T) ................................................................Ans.
τ aa = 5sin 90° = 5 ksi (CW) = −5 ksi ...................................................Ans.
2-86
σ x = σ y = 0 MPa
τ xy = 40 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
R = 40 MPa
σ aa = σ p 2 = −40 MPa = 40 MPa (C) ...................................................Ans.
τ aa = 0 MPa ................................................................................................Ans.
2-87
σ x = σ p1 = 12 ksi
σ y = σ p 2 = −16 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
12 + ( −16 )
a= = −2 ksi
2
12 − ( −16 )
R= = 14 ksi
2
σ ab = −2 + 14 cos 52° = 6.62 ksi (T) .....................................................Ans.
τ ab = 14sin 52° = 11.03 ksi (CCW) = +11.03 ksi .............................Ans.
2-88
The given values for use in drawing Mohr’s circle are
σ x = σ p 2 = −27 MPa
σ y = σ p1 = 45 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
a=
( −27 ) + 45 = 9 MPa
2
45 − ( −27 )
R= = 36 MPa
2
σ ab = 9 + 36 cos 66° = 23.6 MPa (T) ....................................................Ans.
τ ab = 36sin 66° = 32.9 MPa (CW) = −32.9 MPa .............................Ans.
2-89
σ x = 25 ksi
σ y = 7 ksi
τ xy = 12 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
25 + 7
a= = 16.00 ksi
2
R = 92 + 122 = 15.00 ksi
φ 1 12
θ p1 = tan −1 = 26.57° (CCW)
=
2 2 9
σ p1 = 16.00 + 15.00 = 31.0 ksi (T) 26.57° ......................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 16.00 − 15.00 = 1.0 ksi (T) 63.43° ............................................................ Ans.
τ p = R = 15 ksi ................................................................................................................ Ans.
τ max = (σ max − σ min ) 2 = ( 31 − 0 ) 2 = 15.5 ksi (out of plane) ............................. Ans.
2-90
σ x = 50 MPa
σ y = 20 MPa
τ xy = 40 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
50 + 20
a= = 35.00 MPa
2
R = 152 + 402 = 42.72 MPa

φ 1 40
θ p1 = = tan −1 = 34.72° (CCW)
2 2 15
τ max = τ p = R = 42.7 MPa .........................................................Ans.
σ p1 = 35.00 + 42.7 = 77.7 MPa (T) 34.72° ....................Ans.
σ p 2 = 35.00 − 42.72 = −7.72 MPa = 7.72 MPa (C) 55.28° .......................... Ans.
2-91
σ x = −15 ksi
σ y = 10 ksi
τ xy = 8 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
a=
( −15) + 10 = −2.50 ksi
2
R = 12.52 + 82 = 14.841 ksi
φ 1 8
θ p2 = tan −1
= = 16.31° (CW)
2 2 12.5
σ p1 = −2.50 + 14.84 = 12.34 ksi (T) 73.69° ........... Ans.
σ p 2 = −2.50 − 14.84 = −17.34 ksi = 17.34 ksi (C) 16.31° ............................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = R = 14.84 ksi .............................................................................................. Ans.
2-92
σ x = 50 MPa σ y = 0 MPa
τ xy = 25 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
a = ( 50 + 0 ) 2 = 25.00 MPa
R = 252 + 252 = 35.355 MPa

φ 1 25
θ p1 = = tan −1 = 22.50° (CCW)
2 2 25
τ max = τ p = R = 35.4 MPa .........................................................Ans.
σ p1 = 25.0 + 35.4 = 60.4 MPa (T) 22.50° .......................Ans.

σ p 2 = 25.00 − 35.36 = −10.36 MPa = 10.36 MPa (C) 67.50° ...................... Ans.
2-93
σ x = 25 ksi
σ y = 12 ksi
τ xy = −10 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
25 + 12
a= = 18.50 ksi
2
R = 6.52 + 102 = 11.927 ksi
φ 1 10
θ p1 = tan −1
= = 28.488° (CW)
2 2 6.5
σ p1 = 18.5 + 11.9 = 30.4 ksi (T) 28.49° ................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 18.50 − 11.93 = 6.57 ksi (T) 61.51° .............. Ans.
τ p = R = 11.93 ksi .....................................................................................Ans.
τ max = (σ max − σ min ) 2 = ( 30.427 − 0 ) 2 ≅ 15.21 ksi (out of plane) .................. Ans.
2-94
σ x = 80 MPa
σ y = −100 MPa
τ xy = −60 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
80 − 100
a= = −10.00 MPa
2
R = 902 + 602 = 108.17 MPa
φ 1 60
θ p1 = = tan −1 = 16.845° (CW)
2 2 90
(a) σ p1 = −10.0 + 108.2 = 98.2 MPa (T) 16.85° ...................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = −10.0 − 108.2 = −118.2 MPa = 118.2 MPa (C) 73.15° ...................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = R = 108.2 MPa .....................................................................Ans.
(b) σ ab = −10 − 108.17 cos 62.310° = −60.3 MPa = 60.3 MPa (C) ....Ans.
τ ab = 108.17 sin 62.310° = 95.8 MPa (CW) = −95.8 MPa .............Ans.
2-95
σ x = 8 ksi
σ y = 0 ksi
τ xy = −5 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
8+0
a= = 4.00 ksi
2
R = 42 + 52 = 6.403 ksi
φ 1 5
θ p1 = tan −1 = 25.670° (CW)
=
2 2 4
(a) σ p1 = 4.00 + 6.40 = 10.40 ksi (T) 25.67° ......................................Ans.
σ p 2 = 4.00 − 6.40 = −2.40 ksi = 2.40 ksi (C) 64.33° .................Ans.
τ max = τ p = R = 6.40 ksi ...........................................................................Ans.
(b) σ ab = 4.00 + 6.403cos 54.920° = 7.68 ksi (T) ...................................Ans.
τ ab = 6.403sin 54.920° = 5.24 ksi (CCW) = +5.24 ksi ...................Ans.
2-96
σ x = 20 MPa
σ y = 120 MPa
τ xy = −80 MPa
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 MPa
20 + 120
a= = 70.00 MPa
2
R = 502 + 802 = 94.340 MPa
φ 1 80
θ p1 = = tan −1 = 28.997° (CCW)
2 2 50
(a) σ p1 = 70.00 + 94.3 = 164.3 MPa (T) 61.00° ...................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 70.00 − 94.3 = −24.3 MPa = 24.3 MPa (C) 29.00° ............................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = R = 94.3 MPa ................................................................... Ans.
(b) σ ab = 70 + 94.340 cos 5.995° = 163.82 MPa (T) ........................... Ans.

τ ab = 94.340sin 5.995° = 9.85 MPa (CCW) = 9.85 MPa ........... Ans.
2-97
σ x = 12 ksi
σ y = −6 ksi
τ xy = 10 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
12 + ( −6 )
a= = 3.00 ksi
2
R = 92 + 102 = 13.454 ksi
φ 1 10
θ p1 = tan −1 = 24.006° (CCW)
=
2 2 9
(a) σ p1 = 3.00 + 13.45 = 16.45 ksi (T) 24.01° .......................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 3.00 − 13.45 = −10.45 ksi = 10.45 ksi (C) 65.99° ................................ Ans.
τ max = τ p = R = 13.45 ksi .............................................................................................. Ans.
(b) σ ab = 3.00 − 13.454 cos 71.987° = −1.160 ksi = 1.160 ksi (C) ......Ans.
τ ab = 13.454sin 71.987° = 12.79 ksi (CCW) = 12.79 ksi ...............Ans.
2-98*
The given stress values are:
σ x = 40 MPa σ y = −20 MPa σ z = 20 MPa θ x = 40° θ y = 75°
τ xy = 40 MPa τ yz = 0 MPa τ zx = 30 MPa θ z = 54°
Then
S x = σ x cos θ x + τ yx cos θ y + τ zx cos θ z
= 40 cos 40° + 40 cos 75° + 30 cos 54° = 58.628 MPa
S y = τ xy cos θ x + σ y cos θ y + τ zy cos θ z
= 40 cos 40° − 20 cos 75° + 0 = 25.465 MPa
S z = τ xz cos θ x + τ yz cos θ y + σ z cos θ z
= 30 cos 40° + 0 + 20 cos 54° = 34.737 MPa
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = ( 58.628) + ( 25.465) + ( 34.737 ) = 72.749 MPa

2 2 2
σ n = S x cos θ x + S y cos θ y + S z cos θ z

= 58.628cos 40° + 25.465cos 75° + 34.737 cos 54°
σ n = 71.920 MPa ≅ 71.9 MPa (T) ............................................................................ Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = ( 72.749 ) − ( 71.920 ) = 10.95 MPa ...................................... Ans.

2 2
2-99*
σ x = 14 ksi σ y = 12 ksi σ z = 10 ksi θ x = 40° θ y = 60°
τ xy = 4 ksi τ yz = −4 ksi τ zx = 0 ksi θ z = 66.2°
Then

= 14 cos 40° + 4 cos 60° + 0 = 12.7246 ksi
= 4 cos 40° + 12 cos 60° − 4 cos 66.2° = 7.4500 ksi
= 0 − 4 cos 60° + 10 cos 66.2° = 2.0355 ksi
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = (12.7246 ) + ( 7.4500 ) + ( 2.0355) = 14.8849 ksi

2 2 2

= 12.7246 cos 40° + 7.4500 cos 60° + 2.0355cos 66.2°
σ n = 14.2939 ksi ≅ 14.29 ksi (T) ............................................................................... Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = (14.8849 ) − (14.2939 ) = 4.15 ksi ........................................ Ans.

2 2
2-100
σ x = 60 MPa σ y = 90 MPa σ z = 60 MPa θ x = 60° θ y = 70°
τ xy = 120 MPa τ yz = 75 MPa τ zx = 90 MPa θ z = 37.3°
Then
= 60 cos 60° + 120 cos 70° + 90 cos 37.3° = 142.6347 MPa
= 120 cos 60° + 90 cos 70° + 75cos 37.3° = 150.4421 MPa
= 90 cos 60° + 75cos 70° + 60 cos 37.3° = 118.3797 MPa
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = (142.6347 ) + (150.4421) + (118.3797 ) = 238.7283 MPa

2 2 2

= 142.6347 cos 60° + 150.4421cos 70° + 118.3797 cos 37.3°
σ n = 216.9390 MPa ≅ 217 MPa (T) ........................................................................ Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = ( 238.7283) − ( 216.9390 ) = 99.6 MPa ............................... Ans.

2 2
2-101*
σ x = σ y = σ z = 0 ksi θx = θ y = θz
τ xy = 6 ksi τ yz = 10 ksi τ zx = 8 ksi
But cos 2 θ x + cos 2 θ y + cos 2 θ z = 1
Therefore cos θ x = cos θ y = cos θ z = 1 3

S x = σ x cos θ x + τ yx cos θ y + τ zx cos θ z = ( 0 + 6 + 8) 3 = 8.0829 ksi
S y = τ xy cos θ x + σ y cos θ y + τ zy cos θ z = ( 6 + 0 + 10 ) 3 = 9.2376 ksi
S z = τ xz cos θ x + τ yz cos θ y + σ z cos θ z = ( 8 + 10 + 0 ) 3 = 10.3923 ksi
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = (8.0839 ) + ( 9.2376 ) + (10.3923) = 16.0831 ksi

2 2 2
σ n = S x cos θ x + S y cos θ y + S z cos θ z = ( 8.0829 + 9.2376 + 10.3923) 3

σ n = 16.00 ksi = 16.00 ksi (T) .................................................................................... Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = (16.0831) − (16.00 ) = 1.633 ksi ........................................... Ans.

2 2
2-102
σ x = 72 MPa σ y = −32 MPa σ z = 0 MPa θx = θ y = θz
τ xy = 21 MPa τ yz = 0 MPa τ zx = 21 MPa
But cos 2 θ x + cos 2 θ y + cos 2 θ z = 1
Therefore cos θ x = cos θ y = cos θ z = 1 3

S x = σ x cos θ x + τ yx cos θ y + τ zx cos θ z = ( 72 + 21 + 21) 3 = 65.8179 MPa
S y = τ xy cos θ x + σ y cos θ y + τ zy cos θ z = ( 21 − 32 + 0 ) 3 = −6.3509 MPa
S z = τ xz cos θ x + τ yz cos θ y + σ z cos θ z = ( 21 + 0 + 0 ) 3 = 12.1244 MPa
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = ( 65.8179 ) + ( 6.3509 ) + (12.1244 ) = 67.2260 MPa

2 2 2
σ n = S x cos θ x + S y cos θ y + S z cos θ z = ( 65.8179 − 6.3509 + 12.1244 ) 3

σ n = 41.3333 MPa ≅ 41.3 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = ( 67.2260 ) − ( 41.3333) = 53.0 MPa ................................... Ans.

2 2
2-103*
σ x = 12 ksi σ y = −10 ksi σ z = 8 ksi
τ xy = 8 ksi τ yz = −10 ksi τ zx = 12 ksi
σ x + σ y + σ z = 10 ksi
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = −412 ksi 2
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = −3152 ksi3
σ 3p − (10 ) σ p2 + ( −412 ) σ p − ( −3152 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 22.1706 ksi ≅ 22.2 ksi (T) .................................................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 7.3013 ksi ≅ 7.30 ksi (T) ...................................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −19.4719 ksi ≅ 19.47 ksi (C) ............................................................. Ans.
σ max − σ min 22.1706 − ( −19.4719 )

τ max = = = 20.8 ksi ........................................ Ans.
2 2
2-104*
σ x = 40 MPa σ y = −20 MPa σ z = 20 MPa
σ x + σ y + σ z = 40 MPa
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = −2900 MPa 2
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = −30, 000 MPa 3
σ 3p − ( 40 ) σ p2 + ( −2900 ) σ p − ( −30, 000 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 73.7908 MPa ≅ 73.8 MPa (T) ........................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 9.4107 MPa ≅ 9.41 MPa (T) ............................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −43.2014 MPa ≅ 43.2 MPa (C) ........................................................ Ans.
σ max − σ min 73.7908 − ( −43.2014 )
τ max = = = 58.5 MPa .................................... Ans.
2 2
2-105
σ x = 14 ksi σ y = 12 ksi σ z = 10 ksi
σ x + σ y + σ z = 36 ksi
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = 396 ksi 2
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = 1296 ksi3
σ 3p − ( 36 ) σ p2 + ( 396 ) σ p − (1296 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 18.00 ksi ≅ 18.00 ksi (T) ..................................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 12.00 ksi ≅ 12.00 ksi (T) ....................................................................... Ans.

σ p 3 = σ min = 6.00 ksi ≅ 6.00 ksi (T) ......................................................................... Ans.
σ max − σ min 18 − ( 6 )
τ max = = = 6.00 ksi ................................................................... Ans.
2 2
2-106*
σ x = 60 MPa σ y = 90 MPa σ z = 60 MPa
σ x + σ y + σ z = 210 MPa
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = −13, 725 MPa 2
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = 13,500 MPa 3
σ 3p − ( 210 ) σ p2 + ( −13, 725 ) σ p − (13,500 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 262.485 MPa ≅ 262 MPa (T) ............................................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = −1.000 MPa ≅ 1.000 MPa (C) ............................................................ Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −51.485 MPa ≅ 51.5 MPa (C) ........................................................... Ans.

σ max − σ min 262.485 − ( −51.485 )
τ max = = = 157.0 MPa ..................................... Ans.
2 2
2-107
σ x = σ y = σ z = 0 ksi τ xy = 6 ksi τ yz = 10 ksi τ zx = 8 ksi
σ x + σ y + σ z = 0 ksi
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = −200 ksi 2

σ 3p − ( 0 ) σ p2 + ( −200 ) σ p − ( 960 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 16.1116 ksi ≅ 16.11 ksi (T) ................................................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = −5.7511 ksi ≅ 5.75 ksi (C) ................................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −10.3605 ksi ≅ 10.36 ksi (C) ............................................................. Ans.
σ max − σ min 16.1116 − ( −10.3605 )

τ max = = = 13.24 ksi ...................................... Ans.
2 2
2-108
σ x + σ y + σ z = 40 MPa
σ 3p − ( 40 ) σ p2 + ( −3186 ) σ p − (14,112 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 81.3151 MPa ≅ 81.3 MPa (T) ............................................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = −4.7457 MPa ≅ 4.75 MPa (C) ............................................................ Ans.
σ max − σ min 81.3151 − ( −36.5695 )

τ max = = = 58.9 MPa ..................................... Ans.
2 2
2-109*
σ x = −18 ksi σ y = −15 ksi σ z = −12 ksi
τ xy = −15 ksi τ yz = 12 ksi τ zx = −9 ksi
(a) σ x + σ y + σ z = −45 ksi
σ 3p − ( −45 ) σ p2 + ( 216 ) σ p − ( 6507 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 9.1477 ksi ≅ 9.15 ksi (T) ..................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = σ int = −22.4191 ksi ≅ 22.4 ksi (C) ................................................................. Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −31.7286 ksi ≅ 31.7 ksi (C) ............................................................... Ans.
σ max − σ min 9.1477 − ( −31.7286 )

τ max = = = 20.4 ksi .......................................... Ans.
2 2
(b) For σ p 3 = −31.7286 ksi
( −31.7286 ) − ( −18 )  l − ( −15 ) m − ( −9 ) n = 0 (1)
( −31.7286 ) − ( −15 )  m − ( −15 ) l − (12 ) n = 0 (2)
( −31.7286 ) − ( −12 )  n − ( −9 ) l − (12 ) m = 0 (3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) m = 1.01021l

From Eqs. (2) and (3) n = −0.15827l
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = l 2 + (1.01021l ) + ( −0.15827l ) = 1
2 2
l = 0.69919 θ x 3 = 45.64° .............................................. Ans.

m = 0.70632 θ y 3 = 45.06° .............................................. Ans.
n = −0.11066 θ z 3 = 96.35° .............................................. Ans.
2-110*
σ x = 75 MPa σ y = 35 MPa σ z = 55 MPa
(a) σ x + σ y + σ z = 165 MPa

σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = 4570 MPa 2
σ 3p − (165 ) σ p2 + ( 4570 ) σ p − (19,560 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 131.3380 MPa ≅ 131.3 MPa (T) ....................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 28.4218 MPa ≅ 28.4 MPa (T) ............................................................ Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = 5.2399 MPa ≅ 5.24 MPa (T) ............................................................. Ans.
σ max − σ min 131.33880 − ( 5.2399 )

τ max = = = 63.0 MPa ..................................... Ans.
2 2
(b) For σ p1 = 131.3380 MPa
(131.3380 ) − ( 75 )  l − ( 45 ) m − ( 36 ) n = 0 (1)
(131.3380 ) − ( 35 )  m − ( 45 ) l − ( 28 ) n = 0 (2)
(131.3380 ) − ( 55 )  n − ( 36 ) l − ( 28 ) m = 0 (3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) m = 0.67626l

From Eqs. (2) and (3) n = 0.71963l
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = l 2 + ( 0.67626l ) + ( 0.71963l ) = 1
2 2
l = 0.71153 θ x1 = 44.64° .............................................. Ans.

m = 0.48118 θ y1 = 61.24° .............................................. Ans.
n = 0.51204 θ z1 = 59.20° .............................................. Ans.
2-111
σ x = 18 ksi σ y = 12 ksi σ z = 6 ksi
(a) σ x + σ y + σ z = 36 ksi
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = −2484 ksi3
σ 3p − ( 36 ) σ p2 + (135 ) σ p − ( −2484 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 28.0170 ksi ≅ 28.0 ksi (T) .................................................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 14.2186 ksi ≅ 14.22 ksi (T) .................................................................. Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −6.2355 ksi ≅ 6.24 ksi (C) .................................................................. Ans.
σ max − σ min 28.0170 − ( −6.2355 )
τ max = = = 17.13 ksi ........................................ Ans.
2 2
(b) For σ p1 = 28.0170 ksi
( 28.0170 ) − (18 )  l − (12 ) m − ( 9 ) n = 0 (1)
( 28.0170 ) − (12 )  m − (12 ) l − ( −6 ) n = 0 (2)
( 28.0170 ) − ( 6 )  n − ( 9 ) l − ( −6 ) m = 0 (3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) m = 0.66384l

From Eqs. (2) and (3) n = 0.22787l
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = l 2 + ( 0.66384l ) + ( 0.22787l ) = 1
2 2
l = 0.81852 θ x1 = 35.06° .............................................. Ans.
m = 0.54336 θ y1 = 57.09° .............................................. Ans.

n = 0.18652 θ z1 = 79.25° .............................................. Ans.
2-112
τ xy = 50 MPa τ yz = −70 MPa τ zx = −64 MPa
(a) σ x + σ y + σ z = 80 MPa
σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 = −21, 496 MPa 2
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = −632, 400 MPa 3
σ 3p − ( 80 ) σ p2 + ( −21, 496 ) σ p − ( −632, 400 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 179.9330 MPa ≅ 179.9 MPa (T) ....................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 27.5659 MPa ≅ 27.6 MPa (T) ............................................................ Ans.
σ p 3 = σ min = −127.4990 MPa ≅ 127.5 MPa (C) .................................................... Ans.

σ max − σ min179.9330 − ( −127.4990 )
τ max = = = 153.7160 MPa ....................... Ans.
2 2
(b) For σ p3 = −127.4990 MPa
( −127.4990 ) − (100 )  l − ( 50 ) m − ( −64 ) n = 0 (1)
( −127.4990 ) − ( −100 )  m − ( 50 ) l − ( −70 ) n = 0 (2)
( −127.4990 ) − ( 80 )  n − ( −64 ) l − ( −70 ) m = 0 (3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) m = −7.31291l

From Eqs. (2) and (3) n = −2.15885l
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = l 2 + ( 7.31591l ) + ( 2.15885l ) = 1
2 2
l = 0.13004 θ x 3 = 82.53° .............................................. Ans.

m = −0.95094 θ y 3 = 161.98° ............................................ Ans.
n = −0.28073 θ z 3 = 106.30° ............................................ Ans.
2-113*
From a free-body diagram of the ring C,
→ ΣFx = 0 : TCE sin15° − TBC = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TCE cos15° − 2000 = 0
TCE = 2070.552 lb
TBC = 535.898 lb
Then, from a free-body diagram of the ring B

→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC − TAB cos15° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin15° − P = 0
TAB = 554.803 lb
P = 143.594 lb
TAB 554.803
σ AB = = = 11,302 psi ≅ 11.30 ksi (T) ............................................... Ans.
A π ( 0.25 )2 4
TCE 2070.552
σ CE = = = 42,181 psi ≅ 42.2 ksi (T) ................................................. Ans.
A π ( 0.25 )2 4
2-114*
From a free-body diagram of the pin B, the equations of equilibrium give
→ ΣFx = 0 : −TAB + TBC cos 60° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBC sin 60° − 75 = 0
TAB = 43.30127 kN TBC = 86.60254 kN
TAB 43.30127 (10 )

3
σ AB = = ≤ 75 (106 ) N m 2
AAB AAB
(86.6025410 3
) ≤ 75 10
σ BC
T
= BC =
ABC ABC
( ) 6
N m2
AAB ≥ 577 (10−6 ) m 2 = 577 mm 2 ...................................................................................... Ans.
ABC ≥ 1155 (10−6 ) m 2 = 1155 mm 2 ................................................................................... Ans.
≤ 100 (106 ) N/m 2

V 43,301.27
τA = =
A π dA 4
2
≤ 100 (106 ) N/m 2

V 86, 602.54
τC = =
A π dC2 4
d A ≥ 23.5 (10−3 ) m = 23.5 mm .......................................................................................... Ans.
dC ≥ 33.2 (10−3 ) m = 33.2 mm .......................................................................................... Ans.
2-115
From a free-body diagram of the pin B,
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB cos 30° + TBC cos 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin 30° − TBC sin 30° − 7500 = 0
TAB = 7500 lb TBC = −7500 lb
Then, from a free-body diagram of the pin B
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAC cos 60° + TCD cos 30° − TBC cos 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAC sin 60° − TCD sin 30° + TBC sin 30° − 9000 = 0
TAC = 7794.229 lb
P = −12, 000 lb
TAC 7794.229
σ AC = = = 5277 psi ≅ 5.28 ksi (T) ........................................................ Ans.
A 1.477
T 12, 000
σ CD = CD = ≤ 3500 psi
A ACD
ACD ≥ 3.43 in.2 ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
2-116*
1 + cos 2 ( 65° )  ≤ 12 (106 ) N m 2

P
σn =
2 ( 0.150 )( 0.180 )
P ≤ 1.814 (106 ) N
sin 2 ( 65° ) ≤ 1.40 (106 ) N m 2

P
τn =
2 ( 0.150 )( 0.180 )
P ≤ 98.7 (103 ) N
Pmax = 98.7 kN .............................................................................Ans.
2-117
= (12 ) cos 2 ( 23° ) + ( 28 ) sin 2 ( 23° ) + 2 ( 7 ) sin ( 23° ) cos ( 23° )
σ ab = +19.48 ksi = 19.48 ksi (T) ...........................................................Ans.
= − (12 ) − ( 28 )  sin ( 23° ) cos ( 23° ) + ( 7 ) cos 2 ( 23° ) − sin 2 ( 23° ) 
τ ab = +10.62 ksi .........................................................................................Ans.
2-118
σ x = −35 MPa σ y = 45 MPa τ xy = −18 MPa
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −18 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 12.114°, − 77.886°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −35) − ( 45)
When θ p = 12.114°
= ( −35 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 45 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −18 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −38.863 MPa = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 48.863 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 43.863 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 5 MPa
σ p1 = 48.9 MPa (T) 77.89° ................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = 38.9 MPa (C) 12.11° ................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = 43.9 MPa .................................................. Ans.
2-119*
σ x = 13 ksi
σ y = 7 ksi
τ xy = −4 ksi
σ z = σ p 3 = 0 ksi
13 + 7
a= = 10.00 ksi
2
R = 32 + 42 = 5.00 ksi
φ 1 4
θ p1 = tan −1 = 26.57° (CW)
=
2 2 3
(a) σ p1 = 10.00 + 5.00 = 15.00 ksi (T) 26.57° ......................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 10.00 − 5.00 = 5.0 ksi (T) 63.43° ............................................................. Ans.
τ p = R = 5 ksi .................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = (σ max − σ min ) 2 = (15 − 0 ) 2 = 7.50 ksi (out of plane) ............................. Ans.
(b) σ ab = 10 − 5.00 cos 66.870° = 8.04 ksi = 8.04 ksi (T) ......................Ans.
τ ab = 5.00sin 66.870° = 4.60 ksi (CW) = −4.60 ksi ........................Ans.
2-120
σ x = 53 MPa σ y = −28 MPa σ z = 36 MPa θ x = 40° θ y = 75°
τ xy = 24 MPa τ yz = −18 MPa τ zx = 46 MPa θ z = 54°
(a) S x = σ x cos θ x + τ yx cos θ y + τ zx cos θ z

= 53cos 40° + 24 cos 75° + 46 cos 54° = 73.8501 MPa
= 24 cos 40° − 28cos 75° − 18cos 54° = 0.5578 MPa
= 46 cos 40° − 18cos 75° + 36 cos 54° = 51.7385 MPa
S = S x2 + S y2 + S z2 = ( 73.8501) + ( 0.5578) + ( 51.7395) = 90.1728 MPa
2 2 2

= 73.8501cos 40° + 0.5578cos 75° + 51.7395cos 54°
σ n = 87.1285 MPa ≅ 87.1 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.
τ n = S 2 − σ n2 = ( 90.1728) − ( 87.1285) = 23.2 MPa ................................... Ans.

2 2
2-120 (cont.)
(b) σ x + σ y + σ z = 61 MPa
σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx = −71,828 MPa 3
σ 3p − ( 61) σ p2 + ( −3600 ) σ p − ( −71,828 ) = 0
σ p1 = σ max = 91.7133 MPa ≅ 91.7 MPa (T) ........................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ int = 16.5662 MPa ≅ 16.57 MPa (T) ........................................................... Ans.

91.7133 − ( −47.2785 )
σ max − σ min
τ max = = = 69.5 MPa ..................................... Ans.
2 2
(c) For σ p1 = 91.7133 MPa
( 91.7133) − ( 53)  l − ( 24 ) m − ( 46 ) n = 0 (1)
( 91.7133) − ( −28 )  m − ( 24 ) l − ( −18 ) n = 0 (2)
( 91.7133) − ( 36 )  n − ( 46 ) l − ( −18 ) m = 0 (3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) m = 0.08023l

From Eqs. (2) and (3) n = 0.79973l
l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = l 2 + ( 0.08023l ) + ( 0.79973l ) = 1
2 2
l = 0.77944 θ x1 = 38.79° .............................................. Ans.
m = 0.06253 θ y1 = 86.41° .............................................. Ans.

n = 0.62334 θ z1 = 51.44° .............................................. Ans.
2-121 Equation 2-22 is
σ 3p − (σ x + σ y + σ z ) σ p2 + (σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ zσ x − τ xy2 − τ yz2 − τ zx2 ) σ p
− (σ xσ yσ z − σ xτ yz2 − σ yτ zx2 − σ zτ xy2 + 2τ xyτ yzτ zx ) = 0
For plane stress σ z = τ zx = τ yz = 0

σ 3p − (σ x + σ y ) σ p2 + (σ xσ y − τ xy2 ) σ p = 0
σ p σ p2 − (σ x + σ y ) σ p + (σ xσ y − τ xy2 )  = 0
(σ +σ y ) ± (σ + σ y ) − 4 (σ xσ y − τ xy2 ) (σ +σ y ) (σ + σ y ) − 4 (σ xσ y − τ xy2 )
2 2
σp =
x x
= ±
x x
2 2 4
(σ +σ y ) σ x2 − 2σ xσ y + σ y2
+τ
(σ +σ y )  σ x −σ y 
2
= ± = ±   + τ xy
x 2 x 2
xy
2 4 2  2 
which is Eq. 2-15.
3-1*
∆L 0.625
ε= = = 0.00208 in./in. = 2080 µ in./in. ................................................. Ans.
L ( 25 )(12 )
3-2*
∆L ∆L
ε= 1200 (10−6 ) =
L 400
∆L = 0.480 mm ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-3
∆L 1.5 + 0.450 ( 2 )
ε avg = = = 0.300 in./in. ..................................................................... Ans.
L 8
3-4
∆L 5 + 5.5 + 6.5 + 9 + 19.5 + 7 + 6 + 5
(a) ε avg = = ε avg = 0.317 m/m .................. Ans.
L 200
9 + 19.5
(b) ε avg =
50
(ε )
avg max = 0.570 m/m .................... Ans.
3-5*
∆y 0.1
γ= = = 0.0200 in./in. = 0.0200 rad ................................................................... Ans.
Lx 0.5
3-6*
0.380 0.200
γ xy = tan −1 + tan −1 = 0.08938° = 0.001560 rad
500 250
γ xy = 1560 µ rad ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-7
γ xy = 90° − 89.92° = 0.0800° = 0.001396 rad = 1396 µ rad ........................................ Ans.
3-8
(a) LAB = 22 + 1992 = 199.01005 mm
LAB − 200 −0.98995
ε avg = = = −0.00495 m/m = −4950 µ m/m .............................. Ans.
200 200
∆x 2
(b) γ= = = 0.0100 rad ................................................................................................ Ans.
Ly 200
3-9*
(a) δ BC = δ DE = ε DE LDE = 800 (10−6 ) ( 70 ) = 0.056000 in.

δ BC 0.056000
ε BC = = = 0.001400 in./in.
LBC 40
ε BC = 1400 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) δ BC = δ DE − 0.006 = 0.050000 in.

δ BC 0.050000
ε BC = = = 0.001250 in./in.
LBC 40
ε BC = 1250 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................ Ans.
3-10*
δ D = ε D LD = 0.0075 (150 ) = 1.1250 mm
e b
= e = 2b
100 50
(a) b = δ D + 0.09 mm e = δ CE
δ CE = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) = 2 (1.1250 + 0.09 ) = 2.4300 mm
δ CE 2.4300
ε CE = = = 0.00810 m/m = 8100 µ m/m .................................................... Ans.
LCE 300
(b) b = δ D + 0.09 mm e = δ CE + 0.10 mm
(δ CE + 0.10 ) = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) = 2 (1.12500 + 0.09 ) = 2.4300 mm
δ CE = 2.3300 mm
δ CE 2.3300
ε CE = = = 0.00777 m/m = 7770 µ m/m .................................................... Ans.
LCE 300
3-11
∆d 2.15 − 2.00
(a) ε avg = = = 0.0750 in./in. .....................................Ans.
d 2.00
∆circ circ′ − circ 2π d ′ − 2π d d ′ − d ∆d
(b) ε circ = = = = =
circ circ 2π d d d
∆d
ε circ = = ε d = 0.0750 in./in. .......................................................Ans.
d
3-12*
ε = kx 2 1250 (10−6 ) = k (1500 )
2
k = 5.55556 (10−10 ) /mm 2 ε = 5.55556 (10−10 ) x 2 m/m

3000
kx 3
= 9 (109 ) k = 5.00 mm ................................................. Ans.
3000
(a) ∆L = ∫ kx dx =
2
0 3 0
∆L 5.00
(b) ε avg = = = 0.001667 m/m = 1667 µ m/m ............................................... Ans.
L 3000
ε max = ε x =3000 = k ( 3000 ) = 0.00500 m/m = 5000 µ m/m .................................... Ans.

2
(c)
3-13
δ B = ε B LB = 0.0014 (15 ) = 0.02100 in.
a b 5b
= a=
10 6 3
a = δ AD b = δ B + 0.009 in.
5 (δ B + 0.009 ) 5 ( 0.02100 + 0.009 )
δ AD = = = 0.05000 in.
3 3
δ 0.05000
ε AD = AD = = 0.001000 in./in. = 1000 µ in./in. ...............Ans.
LAD 50
3-14
1.5° = 0.02618 rad
a = 55 ( 0.02618 ) = 1.43990 mm
b = 42.5 ( 0.02618 ) = 1.11265 mm
a 1.43990
α = tan −1 = tan −1 = 6.5710° = 0.1147 rad
12.5 12.5
b 1.11265
β = tan −1 = tan −1 = 5.0866° = 0.0888 rad
12.5 12.5
(a) γ rθ = α = 0.1147 rad ............................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) γ rθ = β = 0.0888 rad ............................................................................................................ Ans.
3-15*
20sin 45° + 0.4
α = R P′QR = tan −1
20 cos 45°
= 45.7989°
θ ′ = R QP′R = 180° − 2α
= 180° − 2 ( 45.7989° ) = 88.4021°
γ = 90° − θ ′ = 90° − ( 88.4021° ) = 1.5979°

γ = 0.0279 rad ..................................................................... Ans.
3-16*
ε x = −2000 µ m/m ε y = −1500 µ m/m
γ xy = 1250 µ rad θ n = −35°
ε n = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ

= ( −2000 ) cos 2 ( −35° ) + ( −1500 ) sin 2 ( −35° ) + (1250 ) sin ( −35° ) cos ( −35° )
ε n = −2420 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-17*
ε x = 880 µ in./in. ε y = 960 µ in./in. γ xy = −750 µ rad
(a) θ AC = tan −1 ( 2 4 ) = 26.565°
ε AC = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ
= ( 880 ) cos 2 ( 26.565° ) + ( 960 ) sin 2 ( 26.565° ) + ( −750 ) sin ( 26.565° ) cos ( 26.565° )
ε AC = 596 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) θ BD = − tan −1 ( 2 4 ) = −26.565°
ε BD = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ
= ( 880 ) cos 2 ( −26.565° ) + ( 960 ) sin 2 ( −26.565° ) + ( −750 ) sin ( −26.565° ) cos ( −26.565° )
ε BD = 1196 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................ Ans.
3-18
ε x = 1750 µ m/m ε y = −2200 µ m/m γ xy = −800 µ rad
(a) θ n = −45° θt = +45°
= (1750 ) cos 2 ( −45° ) + ( −2200 ) sin 2 ( −45° ) + ( −800 ) sin ( −45° ) cos ( −45° )
ε n = 175 µ m/m ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
ε t = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ

= (1750 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + ( −2200 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + ( −800 ) sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° )
ε t = −625 µ m/m .................................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) γ nt = −2 ( ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= −2 (1750 ) − ( −2200 )  sin ( −45° ) cos ( −45° ) + ( −800 ) cos 2 ( −45° ) − sin 2 ( −45° ) 
γ nt = 3950 µ rad ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-19*
∆L 0.06
(a) εx = = = 0.00200 in./in. = 2000 µ in./in. ........................................................ Ans.
L 30
∆L −0.03
εy = = = −0.00100 in./in. = 1000 µ in./in. ................................................... Ans.
L 30
γ xy = 0 µ rad ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) ε n = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ
= ( 2000 ) cos 2 ( 30° ) + ( −1000 ) sin 2 ( 30° ) + ( 0 )
ε n = 1250 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-20*
Lx′ = (100.5) + ( 0.1) = 100.0500500 mm

2 2
L′y = ( 0.02 ) + ( 49.99 ) = 49.9900040 mm

2 2
 0.02   −1 0.1 
θ ′ xy = 90° −  tan −1
+ tan = 90.03438°
 50   100 
∆L
= 501(10−6 ) m/m = 500 µ m/m ............................................. Ans.
0.0500500
εx = x =
Lx 100
∆Ly 49.9900040 − 50
εy = = = −199.9 (10−6 ) m/m = −199.9 µ m/m ..................... Ans.
Ly 50
γ xy = 90° − θ xy′ = −0.03438° = −600 (10−6 ) rad = −600 µ rad .................................... Ans.
3-21
ε x = −800 µ in./in. ε y = 640 µin./in. γ xy = −960 µ rad
θ n = 42° θt = 132°
= ( −800 ) cos 2 ( 42° ) + ( 640 ) sin 2 ( 42° ) + ( −960 ) sin ( 42° ) cos ( 42° )
ε n = −633 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
= ( −800 ) cos 2 (132° ) + ( 640 ) sin 2 (132° ) + ( −960 ) sin (132° ) cos (132° )
ε t = 473 µ in./in. ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ nt = −2 ( ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= −2 ( −800 ) − ( 640 )  sin ( 42° ) cos ( 42° ) + ( −960 ) cos 2 ( 42° ) − sin 2 ( 42° ) 
γ nt = 1332 µ rad ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-22
ε x = 720 µ m/m ε y = −480 µ m/m γ xy = 360 µ rad
θ n = −30° θt = 60°
= ( 720 ) cos 2 ( −30° ) + ( −480 ) sin 2 ( −30° ) + ( 360 ) sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° )
ε n = 264 µ m/m ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
= ( 720 ) cos 2 ( 60° ) + ( −480 ) sin 2 ( 60° ) + ( 360 ) sin ( 60° ) cos ( 60° )
ε t = −24.1 µ m/m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ nt = −2 ( ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
= −2 ( 720 ) − ( −480 )  sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° ) + ( 360 ) cos 2 ( −30° ) − sin 2 ( −30° ) 
γ nt = 1219 µ rad ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-23
Equation (b) is
(1 + ε n ) dn 2 = (1 + ε x ) dn 2 cos 2 θ + (1 + ε y ) dn 2 sin 2 θ
2 2 2
+2dn 2 sin θ cos θ (1 + ε x ) (1 + ε y ) sin γ xy
1 + 2ε n + ε n2 = (1 + 2ε x + ε x2 ) cos 2 θ + (1 + 2ε y + ε y2 ) sin 2 θ
+2sin θ cos θ ( sin γ xy + ε x sin γ xy + ε y sin γ xy + ε xε y sin γ xy )

But sin
2
θ + cos 2 θ = 1 , therefore
2ε n + ε n2 = ( 2ε x + ε x2 ) cos 2 θ + ( 2ε y + ε y2 ) sin 2 θ
+2sin θ cos θ ( sin γ xy + ε x sin γ xy + ε y sin γ xy + ε xε y sin γ xy )

and then the small strain approximation ε n2 = ε n , ε x2 = ε x ,and ε y2 = ε y . Also, sin γ xy ≅ γ xy ,
therefore ε xγ xy , ε yγ xy , and ε xε yγ xy are all = γ xy , and Eq. (b) can be written
2ε n = 2ε x cos 2 θ + 2ε y sin 2 θ + 2γ xy sin θ cos θ

which upon dividing through by 2 is Eq. 3-7a.
3-24*
ε x = ε AD = −600 µ m/m
240
ε AB = −1200 µ m/m θ AB = tan −1 = 50.194°
200
ε BD = 750 µ m/m θ BD = −θ AB = −50.194°
ε AB = ( −600 ) cos 2 θ AB + ε y sin 2 θ AB + γ xy sin θ AB cos θ AB = −1200

ε BD = ( −600 ) cos 2 θ BD + ε y sin 2 θ BD + γ xy sin θ BD cos θ BD = 750
0.59016ε y + 0.49180γ xy = −954.098
0.59016ε y − 0.49180γ xy = 995.902
ε y = 35.4 µ m/m ..................................................................................................................... Ans.

γ nt = −1983 µ rad ................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-25*
ε x = 1250 µ in./in. ε n = 1575 µ in./in. ε t = 1350 µ in./in.
θ n = 45° θt = 135°
ε n = (1250 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 1575
ε t = (1250 ) cos 2 (135° ) + ε y sin 2 (135° ) + γ xy sin (135° ) cos (135° ) = 1350
0.5ε y + 0.5γ xy = 950
0.5ε y − 0.5γ xy = 725
ε y = 1675 µ in./in. γ xy = 225 µ rad
(a) γ nt = −2 (1250 ) − (1675 )  sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) + ( 225 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) − sin 2 ( 45° ) 
γ nt = 425 µ rad ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) ε y = 1675 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-26
ε x = 1950 µ m/m ε y = −1625 µ m/m ε n = −1275 µ m/m
sin θ n = 3 5 cos θ n = 4 5
(a) ε n = (1950 ) cos 2 θ n + ( −1625 ) sin 2 θ n + γ xy sin θ n cos θ n = −1275
γ xy = −4037.500 µ rad ≅ −4040 µ rad .............................................................................. Ans.
(b) ε QR = (1950 ) cos 2 ( −θ n ) + ( −1625 ) sin 2 ( −θ n ) + ( −4037.5 ) sin ( −θ n ) cos ( −θ n )

ε QR = 2600 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-27*
ε x = 600 µ in./in. ε y = −200 µ in./in. γ xy = −480 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −480 ) = −15.482°, 74.518°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 600 ) − ( −200 )
When θ p = −15.482°
= ( 600 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −200 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −480 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 666.476 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −266.476 µ in./in.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 932.952 µ rad
ε p1 = +666 µ in./in. 15.48° ................................... Ans.
ε p 2 = −266 µ in./in. 74.52° ............................................................................................ Ans.

ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 933 µ rad ............................................................................................................ Ans.
3-28*
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 500 ) = 10.668°, − 79.332°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 960 ) − ( −320 )
When θ p = 10.668°
= ( 960 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −320 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 500 ) sin θ p cos θ p = 1007.095 µ m/m = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −367.095 µ m/m
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1374.190 µ rad
ε p1 = +1007 µ m/m 10.67° ..............Ans.
ε p 2 = −367 µ m/m 79.33° ................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 1374 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
3-29
ε x = 900 µ in./in. ε y = −300 µ in./in. γ xy = 480 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 480 ) = 10.901°, − 79.099°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 900 ) − ( −300 )
When θ p = 10.901°
= ( 900 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −300 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 480 ) sin θ p cos θ p = 946.220 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −346.220 µ in./in.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1292.440 µ rad
ε p1 = +946 µ in./in. 10.90° ..................... Ans.
ε p 2 = −346 µ in./in. 79.10° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 1292 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
3-30
ε x = −900 µ m/m ε y = 600 µ m/m γ xy = −420 µ rad

1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −420 ) = 7.821°, − 82.179°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −900 ) − ( 600 )
When θ p = 7.821°
= ( −900 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 600 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −420 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −928.845 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 628.845 µ m/m
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1557.690 µ rad
ε p1 = +629 µ m/m 82.18° ...........................Ans.

ε p 2 = −929 µ m/m 7.82° .............................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 1558 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
3-31*
ε x = 750 µ in./in. ε y = −1000 µ in./in. γ xy = 360 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 360 ) = 5.812°, − 84.188°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 750 ) − ( −1000 )
When θ p = 5.812°
= ( 750 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −1000 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 360 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 768.322 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −1018.322 µ in./in.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1786.64 µ rad
ε p1 = +768 µ in./in. 5.81° ................... Ans.

ε p 2 = −1018 µ in./in. 84.19° .............. Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 1787 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
3-32
ε x = −750 µ m/m ε y = 410 µ m/m γ xy = −250 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −250 ) = 6.081°, − 83.919°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −750 ) − ( 410 )
When θ p = 6.081°
= ( −750 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 410 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −250 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −763.317 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 423.317 µ m/m
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1186.634 µ rad
ε p1 = +423 µ m/m 83.92° ................... Ans.
ε p 2 = −763 µ m/m 6.08° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 1187 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
3-33*
ε x = 720 µ in./in. ε y = 520 µin./in. γ xy = 480 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 480 ) = 33.690°, − 56.310°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 720 ) − ( 520 )
When θ p = 33.690°
= ( 720 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 520 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 480 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 880 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 360 µ in./in.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 520 µ rad
γ max = ε max − ε min = 880 − 0 = 880 µ rad
ε p1 = +880 µ in./in. 33.69° ..................... Ans.
ε p 2 = +360 µ in./in. 56.31° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ p = 520 µ rad ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
γ max = 880 µ rad (out-of-plane) .......................................................................................... Ans.
3-34*
ε x = −540 µ m/m ε y = −980 µ m/m γ xy = 560 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 560 ) = 25.921°, − 64.079°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −540 ) − ( −980 )
When θ p = 25.921°
= ( −540 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −980 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 560 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −403.910 µ m/m = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −1116.090 µ m/m
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 712.180 µ rad
ε p1 = −404 µ m/m 25.92° ...........................Ans.
ε p 2 = −1116 µ m/m 64.08° ........................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................Ans.
γ p = 712 µ rad .....................................................Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 0 − ( −1116 ) = 1116 µ rad (out-of-plane) ..................................... Ans.
3-35
ε x = 864 µ in./in. ε y = 432 µ in./in. γ xy = 288 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 288) = 16.845°, − 73.155°
2 εx −εy 2 (864 ) − ( 432 )
When θ p = 16.845°
= 907.600 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 388.400 µ in./in.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 519.200 µ rad
ε p1 = +908 µ in./in. 16.85° ..................... Ans.
ε p 2 = +388 µ in./in. 73.15° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ................................................ Ans.
γ p = 519 µ rad ................................................. Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 908 − 0 = 908 µ rad (out-of-plane) ................................................ Ans.
3-36*
ε x = 900 µ m/m ε y = 650 µ m/m γ xy = 300 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 300 ) = 25.097°, − 64.903°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 900 ) − ( 650 )
When θ p = 25.097°
= 970.256 µ m/m = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 579.744 µ m/m
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 390.512 µ rad
ε p1 = +970 µ m/m 25.10° ..................... Ans.
ε p 2 = +580 µ m/m 64.90° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ................................................ Ans.
γ p = 391 µ rad ............................................... Ans.
3-37
ε x = −325 µ in./in. ε y = −625 µ in./in. γ xy = 680 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 680 ) = 33.097°, − 56.903°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −325) − ( −625 )
When θ p = 33.097°
= ( −325 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −625 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 680 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −103.382 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −846.618 µ in./in.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 743.236 µ rad
ε p1 = −103.4 µ in./in. 33.10° ........................ Ans.
ε p 2 = −847 µin./in. 56.90° ............................ Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................... Ans.
γ p = 743 µ rad ........................................................ Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 0 − ( −847 ) = 847 µ rad (out-of-plane) ......................................... Ans.
3-38
ε x = −900 µ m/m ε y = −650 µ m/m γ xy = −600 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −600 ) = 33.690°, − 56.310°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −900 ) − ( −650 )
When θ p = 33.690°
= ( −900 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −650 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −600 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −1100 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = −450 µ m/m
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 650 µ rad
ε p1 = −450 µ m/m 56.31° .............................. Ans.

ε p 2 = −1100 µ m/m 33.69° ........................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................... Ans.
γ p = 650 µ rad ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 0 − ( −1100 ) = 1100 µ rad (out-of-plane) ..................................... Ans.
3-39*
ε x = 480 µ in./in. ε y = −1200 µ in./in. ε p 2 = −1400 µ in./in.
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = +680 µ in./in.
480 + ( −1200 )  480 − ( −1200 )   γ xy 

2 2
680 = +   + 
2  2   2 
γ xy = ±1226.377 µ rad ≅ ±1226 µ rad .............................................................................. Ans.
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( ±1226.377 ) = ±18.064°, m71.936°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 480 ) − ( −1200 )
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 2080 µ rad
Using θ p = +18.064°
ε p1 = +680 µ in./in. 18.06° .........................Ans.
ε p 2 = −1400 µ in./in. 71.94° ......................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2080 µ rad ......................................Ans.
3-40*
ε x = 300 µ m/m ε y = −800 µ m/m ε p1 = 1500 µ m/m
ε p 2 = −2000 µ m/m ............................................... Ans.
300 + ( −800 )  300 − ( −800 )   γ xy 

2 2
1500 = +   + 
2  2   2 
γ xy = ±3322.650 µ rad ≅ ±3320 µ rad .............. Ans.
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( ±3322.650 )
2 εx −εy 2 ( 300 ) − ( −800 )
= ±35.841°, m54.159°
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 3500 µ rad

ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 3500 µ rad ......................................... Ans.
3-41
ε x = 800 µ in./in. ε p1 = 1280 µ in./in. γ max = 2400 µ rad
Assuming that γ max = γ p gives
γ max = γ p = (1280 ) − ε p 2 = 2400

ε p 2 = −1120 µ in./in.
Then ε y = ε p1 + ε p 2 − ε x = (1280 ) + ( −1120 ) − ( 800 )
ε y = −640 µ in./in. .......................................... Ans.
800 + ( −640 )  800 − ( −640 )   γ xy 

2 2
1280 = +   + 
2  2   2 
γ xy = ±1920.00 µ rad ≅ ±1920 µ rad .......... Ans.
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( ±1920 ) = ±26.565°, m63.435°
2 εx −εy 2 (800 ) − ( −640 )
Using θ p = +26.565°
ε p 2 = −1120 µ in./in. 71.94° ......................................................................................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-42
ε x = −450 µ m/m ε p 2 = −780 µ m/m γ max = 960 µ rad
Assuming that γ max = γ p gives
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ( −780 ) = 960

ε p1 = 180.00 µ m/m
Then ε y = ε p1 + ε p 2 − ε x = (180 ) + ( −780 ) − ( −450 )
ε y = −150.0 µ m/m ............................................... Ans.
( −450 ) + ( −150 ) +  ( −450 ) − ( −150 )   γ xy 

2 2
180 =   + 
2  2   2 
γ xy = ±911.921 µ rad ≅ ±912 µ rad .................... Ans.
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( ±911.921) = m35.895°, ± 54.105°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −450 ) − ( −150 )
Using θ p = −35.895°
ε p1 = +180.0 µ m/m 54.10° .......................................................................................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-43*
γ xy = −1800 µ rad ε p1 = 225 µ in./in. θ p = −30°
tan 2 ( −30° ) =
( −1800 )
εx −ε y
ε x − ε y = 1039.230 µ in./in.
εx +εy  (1039.230 )   −1800 

2 2
225 = +   + 
2  2   2 
ε x + ε y = −1628.461 µ in./in.
ε x = −294.615 µ in./in. ≅ −295 µ in./in. ........... Ans.
ε y = −1333.845 µ in./in. ≅ −1334 µ in./in. ...................................................................... Ans.
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −1853.461 µ in./in. ≅ −1853 µ in./in.
ε p 2 = −1853 µ in./in. 60° ............................................................................................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 2078 µ rad .................................................................................... Ans.
3-44
γ xy = 840 µ rad ε p1 = 1100 µ m/m θ p = 20°
tan 2 ( 20° ) =
( 840 )
εx −εy
ε x − ε y = 1001.073 µ m/m
εx +εy  (1001.073)   840 

2 2
1100 = +   + 
2  2   2 
ε x + ε y = 893.192 µ m/m
ε x = +947.133 µ m/m ≅ 947 µ m/m .................................................................................. Ans.

ε y = −53.940 µ m/m ≅ −53.9 µ m/m ................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.

ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −206.808 µ m/m ≅ −207 µ m/m
ε p 2 = −207 µ m/m 70° .................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1306.808 µ rad ≅ 1307 µ rad .................................................... Ans.
3-45
ε y = −750 µ in./in. γ xy = −750 µ rad ε p 2 = −1500 µ in./in.
ε x + ( −750 )  ε − ( −750 )   −750 

2 2
−1500 = +  x  + 
2  2   2 
ε x = −1312.500 µ in./in. ≅ −1313 µ in./in. ...................................................................... Ans.
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −750 ) = 26.565°, − 63.435°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −1312.5) − ( −750 )
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = −562.500 µ in./in.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 937.500 µ rad
γ max = ε max − ε min = ( 0 ) − ( −1500 ) = 1500 µ rad
ε p1 = −563 µ in./in. 63.43° .......................... Ans.

ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ..................................................... Ans.
γ p = 937 µ rad ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
γ max = 1500 µ rad (out-of-plane) ........................................................................................ Ans.
3-46*
ε y = 750 µ m/m γ xy = −750 µ rad ε p1 = 1000 µ m/m
ε x + ( 750 )  ε − ( 750 )   −750 

2 2
1000 = +  x  + 
2  2   2 
ε x = 437.50 µ m/m ≅ +437 µ m/m .................... Ans.

1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −750 )
2 εx −εy 2 ( 437.5) − ( 750 )
θ p = 33.690°, − 56.310° ................................Ans.
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 187.50 µ m/m
ε p 2 ≅ +187.5 µ m/m ...........................................Ans.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 813 µ rad ................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 1000 − 0 = 1000 µ rad (out-of-plane) ............................................ Ans.

ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-47*
ε p1 = 400 µ in./in.
ε p 2 = −600 µ in./in.
φ
θp = = 18.43°
2
400 + ( −600 )
a= = −100 µ in./in.
2
400 − ( −600 )
R= = 500 µ in./in.
2
ε x = −100 + 500 cos 36.86° = +300 µ in./in. ......... Ans.

ε y = −100 − 500 cos 36.86° = −500 µ in./in. ........ Ans.
γ xy = 2 ( 500sin 36.86° ) = 600 µ rad (CCW)

γ xy = +600 µ rad .......................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1000 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-48*
ε p1 = 945 µ m/m
ε p 2 = −785 µ m/m
φ
θp = = 16.85°
2
945 + ( −785 )
a= = 80 µ m/m
2
945 − ( −785 )
R= = 865 µ m/m
2
ε x = 80 + 865cos 33.70° = +800 µ m/m ................ Ans.
ε y = 80 − 865cos 33.70° = −640 µ m/m ................ Ans.
γ xy = 2 ( 865sin 33.70° ) = 960 µ rad (CCW)

γ xy = +960 µ rad .......................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1730 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-49
ε p1 = 708 µ in./in.
ε p 2 = −104 µ in./in.
φ
θp = = −34.10°
2
708 + ( −104 )
a= = 302 µ in./in.
2
708 − ( −104 )
R= = 406 µ in./in.
2
ε x = 302 + 406 cos 68.20° = +453 µ in./in. ........... Ans.
ε y = 302 − 406 cos 68.20° = +151.2 µ in./in. ........ Ans.
γ xy = 2 ( 406sin 68.20° ) = 754 µ rad (CW)

γ xy = −754 µ rad .......................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 812 µ rad ................................................................................................. Ans.
3-50
ε p1 = −114 µ m/m
ε p 2 = −903 µ m/m
φ
θp = = 19.26°
2
a=
( −114 ) + ( −903) = −508.5 µ m/m
2
R=
( −114 ) − ( −903) = 394.5 µ m/m
2
ε x = −508.5 + 394.5cos 38.52° = −199.8 µ m/m Ans.
ε y = −508.5 − 394.5cos 38.52° = −817 µ m/m .... Ans.
γ xy = 2 ( 394.5sin 38.52° ) = 491 µ rad (CCW)

γ xy = +491µ rad ........................................................... Ans.
γ p = 2 R = 789 µ rad .............................................................................................................. Ans.

γ max = ( ε max − ε min ) = 0 − ( −903) = 903 µ rad (out-of-plane) ...................................... Ans.
3-51*
ε x = 950 µ in./in.
ε y = −225 µ in./in.
γ xy = −275 µ rad
950 + ( −225 )
a= = 362.5 µ in./in.
2
R= ( 587.5 ) + (137.5) = 603.38 µ in./in.
2 2
φ 1 137.5
θ p1 = tan −1
= = 6.59° (CW)
2 2 587.5
ε p1 = 362.5 + 603.38 = +965.88 µ in./in.
ε p1 ≅ +966 µ in./in. 6.59° ............................ Ans.
ε p 2 = 362.5 − 603.38 = −240.88 µ in./in.
ε p 2 ≅ −241 µ in./in. 83.41° ............................................................................................ Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1207 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-52*
ε x = 900 µ m/m
ε y = −333 µ m/m
γ xy = 982 µ rad
900 + ( −333)
a= = 283.5 µ m/m
2
R= ( 616.5) + ( 491) = 788.133 µ m/m
2 2
φ 1 491
θ p1 = tan −1
= = 19.267° (CCW)
2 2 616.5
ε p1 = 283.5 + 788.133 = +1071.633 µ m/m
ε p1 ≅ +1072 µ m/m 19.27° .......................... Ans.
ε p 2 = 283.5 − 788.133 = −504.633 µ m/m
ε p 2 ≅ −505 µ m/m 70.73° .............................................................................................. Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1576 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-53
ε x = 750 µ in./in.
ε y = 390 µin./in.
750 + 390
a= = 570 µ in./in.
2
R= (180 ) + ( 450 ) = 484.66 µ in./in.
2 2
φ 1 450
θ p1 = tan −1
= = 34.100° (CW)
2 2 180
ε p1 = 570 + 484.66 = +1054.66 µ in./in.
ε p1 ≅ +1055 µ in./in. 34.10° ..............Ans.
ε p 2 = 570 − 484.66 = +85.34 µ in./in.
ε p 2 ≅ +85.3 µ in./in. 55.90° ..............Ans.
γ p = 2 R = 969 µ rad .............................................................................................................. Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 1055 − 0 = 1055 µ rad (out-of-plane) ............................................ Ans.
3-54
ε x = 600 µ m/m
ε y = 480 µ m/m
γ xy = 480 µ rad
600 + 480
a= = 540 µ m/m
2
R= ( 60 ) + ( 240 ) = 247.386 µ m/m
2 2
φ 1 240
θ p1 = tan −1
= = 37.982° (CCW)
2 2 60
ε p1 = 540 + 247.386 = +787.386 µ m/m
ε p1 ≅ +787 µ m/m 37.98° ..................Ans.
ε p 2 = 540 − 247.386 = +292.614 µ m/m
ε p 2 ≅ +293 µ m/m 52.02° ..................Ans.
γ p = 2 R = 495 µ rad .............................................................................................................. Ans.
γ max = ε max − ε min = 787 − 0 = 787 µ rad (out-of-plane) ............................................... Ans.
3-55*
ε x = −680 µ in./in.
ε y = 320 µin./in.
ε p1 = 414 µ in./in.
a=
( −680 ) + ( 320 ) = −180 µin./in.
2
R = 414 + 180 = 594 µ in./in.
φ 1 500
θp = = cos −1 = 16.34°
2 2 594
γ xy = 2 ( 594 ) sin 32.68°
γ xy = ±641 µ rad ..................................................Ans.
ε p 2 = ( −180 ) − 594
ε p 2 = −774 µ in./in. ............................................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1188 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-56*
ε x = 450 µ m/m
ε y = 150 µ m/m
ε p1 = 780 µ m/m
a=
( 450 ) + (150 )
2
= 300 µ m/m
R = 780 − 300 = 480 µ m/m
φ 1 150
θp = = cos −1 = 35.895°
2 2 480
γ xy = 2 ( 480 ) sin 71.790°
γ xy = ±912 µ rad ..................................................Ans.
ε p 2 = ( 300 ) − ( 480 ) = −180 µ m/m ................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 960 µ rad ................................................................................................. Ans.
3-57
ε x = 360 µ in./in.
ε y = 750 µin./in.
ε p 2 = 120 µ in./in.
a=
( 360 ) + ( 750 )
2
= 555 µ in./in.
R = 555 − 120 = 435 µ in./in.
φ 1 195
θp = = cos −1 = 31.683°
2 2 435
γ xy = 2 ( 435 ) sin 63.367°
γ xy = ±778 µ rad ..................................................Ans.
ε p1 = 555 + 435 = +990 µ in./in. ......................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................Ans.
γ p = 2 R = 870 µ rad ...........................................Ans.
3-58
ε x = −300 µ m/m
ε y = 600 µ m/m
ε p 2 = −450 µ m/m
a=
( −300 ) + ( 600 )
2
= 150 µ m/m
R = 150 + 450 = 600 µ m/m
φ 1 450
θp = = cos −1 = 20.705°
2 2 600
γ xy = 2 ( 600 ) sin 41.410°
γ xy = ±794 µ rad ..................................................Ans.
ε p1 = (150 ) + ( 600 ) = +750 µ m/m .................Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ......................................................Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1200 µ rad ............................Ans.
3-59*
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 750 µ in./in. ε b = ε 45° = −125 µin./in.
ε c = ε y = −250 µ in./in. ν = 0.30

ε b = ( 750 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + ( −250 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 125
Therefore: ε x = +750 µ in./in. .............. ε y = −250 µ in./in. .................................. Ans.
γ xy = −750 µ rad ........................................................................................ Ans.
(b)
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −750 ) = −18.435°, 71.565°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 750 ) − ( −250 )
When θ p = 71.565°
= −375 µ in./in. = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 875 µ in./in.
−ν −0.30
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( 750 ) + ( −250 )  = −214 µ in./in.
1 − 0.30 
ε p1 = +875 µ in./in. 18.43° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = −375 µ in./in. 71.57° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 3 = −214 µ in./in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1250 µ rad ..................................................................................... Ans.
3-60*
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = −555 µ m/m ε b = ε120° = 925 µ m/m
ε c = ε 240° = 740 µ m/m ν = 0.30

ε b = ( −555 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ε y sin 2 (120° ) + γ xy sin (120° ) cos (120° ) = 925
ε c = ( −555 ) cos 2 ( 240° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 240° ) + γ xy sin ( 240° ) cos ( 240° ) = 740
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 1063.750

0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = 878.750
Therefore: ε x = −555 µ m/m ....................................................................................... Ans.

ε y = 1295.00 µ m/m = +1295 µ m/m ................................................................................ Ans.
γ xy = −213.620 µ rad ≅ −214 µ rad ................................................................................... Ans.
(b)
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −213.620 ) = 3.293°, − 86.707°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −555) − (1295)
When θ p = 3.293°
ε n = ( −555 ) cos 2 θ p + (1295 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −213.620 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −561.146 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 1301.146 µ m/m
−ν −0.30
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( −555 ) + (1295 )  = −317 µ m/m
1 − 0.30 
ε p1 = +1301 µ m/m 86.71° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = −561 µ m/m 3.29° ................................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 3 = −317 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-61
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 800 µ in./in. ε c = ε y = 600 µ in./in.
3
ε b = ε n = 950 µ in./in. θb = tan −1 = 36.870° ν = 0.33
4
ε b = ( 800 ) cos 2 θb + ( 600 ) sin 2 θb + γ xy sin θb cos θ b = 950
Therefore: ε x = +800 µ in./in. .............. ε y = 600 µin./in. ..................................... Ans.
γ xy = 462.500 µ rad ≅ 463 µ rad ............................................................ Ans.
(b)
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 462.5 ) = 33.307°, − 56.693°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 800 ) − ( 600 )
When θ p = 33.307°
ε n = ( 800 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 600 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 462.5 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 951.946 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 448.054 µ in./in.
−ν −0.33
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +εy ) = ( 800 ) + ( 600 )  = −689.55 µ in./in.
1 − 0.33 
ε p1 = +952 µ in./in. 33.31° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = +448 µ in./in. 56.69° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 3 = −690 µ in./in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 504 µ rad ................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = ε p1 − ε p 3 = 1641 µ rad (out-of-plane) ................................................................... Ans.
3-62*
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 780 µ m/m ε b = ε120° = 345 µ m/m
ε c = ε 60° = −332 µ m/m ν = 0.33
ε b = ( 780 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ε y sin 2 (120° ) + γ xy sin (120° ) cos (120° ) = 345
ε c = ( 780 ) cos 2 ( 60° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 60° ) + γ xy sin ( 60° ) cos ( 60° ) = −332
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 150
0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = −527
Therefore: ε x = +780 µ m/m ....................................................................................... Ans.
ε y = −251.333 µ m/m ≅ −251 µ m/m ................................................................................ Ans.
γ xy = −781.732 µ rad ≅ −782 µ rad ................................................................................... Ans.
(b)
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −781.732 ) = −18.581°, 71.419°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 780 ) − ( −251.333)
When θ p = −18.581°
ε n = ( 780 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −251.333) sin 2 θ p + ( −781.732 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 911.395 µ m/m = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −382.728 µ m/m
−ν −0.33
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( 780 ) + ( −251.333)  = −260.388 µ m/m
1 − 0.33 
ε p1 = +911 µ m/m 18.58° ............................................................................................... Ans.
ε p 2 = −383 µ m/m 71.42° .............................................................................................. Ans.
ε p 3 = −260 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-63*
The given values are ε a = ε x = 36 µ in./in. ε b = ε 45° = 310 µ in./in.
ε c = ε y = 150 µ in./in. ν = 0.30

ε b = ( 36 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + (150 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 310
γ xy = 434.00 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 434 ) = −37.641°, 52.359°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 36 ) − (150 )
When θ p = −37.641°
ε n = ( 36 ) cos 2 θ p + (150 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 434 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −131.361 µ in./in. = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 317.361 µ in./in.
−ν −0.30
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +εy ) = ( 36 ) + (150 ) 
1 − 0.30 
= −79.714 µ in./in.
ε p1 = +317 µ in./in. 52.36° ................................Ans.
ε p 2 = −131.4 µ in./in. 37.64° ............................Ans.
ε p 3 = −79.7 µin./in. .............................................................................................................. Ans.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 449 µ rad ....................................................................................... Ans.
3-64
The given values are ε a = ε x = 525 µ m/m ε b = ε 45° = 450 µ m/m
ε c = ε135° = 1425 µ m/m ν = 0.30
ε b = ( 525 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 450
ε c = ( 525 ) cos 2 (135° ) + ε y sin 2 (135° ) + γ xy sin (135° ) cos (135° ) = 1425
0.5000ε y + 0.5000γ xy = 187.5
0.5000ε y − 0.5000γ xy = 1162.5
ε y = 1350 µ m/m γ xy = −975 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −975)
2 εx −εy 2 ( 525) − (1350 )
= 24.882°, − 65.118°
When θ p = 24.882°
ε n = ( 525 ) cos 2 θ p + (1350 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −975 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 298.898 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 1576.102 µ m/m
−ν −0.30
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx + εy ) = ( 525 ) + (1350 )  = −803.571 µ m/m
1 − 0.30 
ε p1 = +1576 µ m/m 65.12° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = +299 µ m/m 24.88° .............................................................................................. Ans.
ε p 3 = −804 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1277 µ rad ................................................................................................. Ans.
γ max = ε p1 − ε p 3 = 2380 µ rad .............................................................................................. Ans.
3-65*
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 875 µ in./in. ε c = ε y = 350 µ in./in.
4
ε b = ε n = 700 µ in./in. θb = tan −1 = 53.130° ν = 0.30
3
ε b = ( 875 ) cos 2 θb + ( 350 ) sin 2 θb + γ xy sin θ b cos θb = 700
γ xy = 335.417 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 335.417 ) = 16.287°, − 73.713°
2 εx −εy 2 (875 ) − ( 350 )
When θ p = 16.287°
ε n = ( 875 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 350 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 335.417 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 924.00 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = 301.00 µ in./in.
−ν
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
(ε x + ε y )
−0.30
= ( 875 ) + ( 350 ) 
1 − 0.30 
= −525.00 µ in./in.
ε p1 = +924 µ in./in. 16.29° ..................... Ans.
ε p 2 = +301 µin./in. 73.71° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = −525 µ in./in. ......................................... Ans.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 623 µ rad ................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = ε p1 − ε p 3 = 1449 µ rad (out-of-plane) ................................................................... Ans.

(b) ε n = ( 875 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ( 350 ) sin 2 (120° ) + ( 335.417 ) sin (120° ) cos (120° )
ε n = +336 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-66
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 875 µ m/m ε b = ε120° = 700 µ m/m
ε c = ε 60° = −650 µ m/m ν = 0.33

ε c = ( 875 ) cos2 ( 60° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 60° ) + γ xy sin ( 60° ) cos ( 60° ) = −650
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 481.25
0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = −868.75
ε y = −258.333 µ m/m
γ xy = −1558.846 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −1558.846 )
2 εx −εy 2 (875 ) − ( −258.333)
= −26.991°, 63.009°
When θ p = −26.991°
ε n = ( 875 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −258.333) sin 2 θ p + ( −1558.846 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 1271.978 µ m/m = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −655.312 µ m/m
−ν −0.33
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( 875 ) + ( −258.333)  = −303.732 µ m/m
1 − 0.33 
ε p1 = +1272 µ m/m 26.99° ............................ Ans.
ε p 2 = −655 µ m/m 63.01° .............................. Ans.
ε p 3 = −304 µ m/m ................................................. Ans.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1927 µ rad ..................... Ans.

(b) γ nt = −2 ( ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy ( cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
= −2 ( 875 ) − ( 258.333)  sin ( 40° ) cos ( 40° )
+ ( −1558.846 )  cos 2 ( 40° ) + sin 2 ( 40° ) 

γ nt = −1387 µ rad ................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-67*
(a) The given values are ε a = ε x = 800 µ in./in. ε b = ε y = 950 µin./in.
ε c = ε120° = 600 µ in./in. ν = 0.33
ε c = ( 800 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ( 950 ) sin 2 (120° ) + γ xy sin (120° ) cos (120° ) = 600
γ xy = 721.688 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 721.688 ) = −39.129°, 50.871°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 800 ) − ( 950 )
When θ p = −39.129°
ε n = ( 800 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 950 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 721.688) sin θ p cos θ p
= 506.444 µ in./in. = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 1243.556 µ in./in.
−ν −0.33
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +εy ) = ( 800 ) + ( 950 ) 
1 − 0.33 
= −861.94 µ in./in.
ε p1 = +1244 µ in./in. 50.87° ..............................Ans.
ε p 2 = +506 µ in./in. 39.13° ................................Ans.
ε p 3 = −862 µ in./in. ...................................................Ans.

γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 737 µ rad ................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = ε p1 − ε p 3 = 2110 µ rad .............................................................................................. Ans.

(b) ε n = ( 800 ) cos 2 ( 200° ) + ( 950 ) sin 2 ( 200° ) + ( 721.688 ) sin ( 200° ) cos ( 200° )
ε n = +1049 µ in./in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
3-68*
δ BF = ε BF LBF = 400 (10−6 ) (1000 ) = 0.400 mm
b c
=
80 240
c = 3b = 3δ BF = 1.200 mm
δ CE
= 2000 (10−6 ) m/m
c
ε CE = =
LCE 600
ε CE = 2000 µ m/m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-69*
δ AB = ε AB LAB = 0.0015 (15 ) = 0.02250 in.
b f b δ AB
= f = = = 0.00750 in.
6 2 3 3
(a) f = δ EF = 0.00750 in.
δ EF
= 937 (10−6 ) in./in.
0.00750
ε EF = =
LEF 8
ε EF = 937 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) f = 0.005 + δ EF = 0.00750 in. δ EF = 0.00250 in.

δ EF
= 313 (10−6 ) in./in.
0.00250
ε EF = =
LEF 8
ε EF = 313 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
3-70
R2φ
γ A = θA = .................................................. Ans.
R2 − R1
R1φ
γ B = θB = .................................................. Ans.
R2 − R1
3-71*
ε x = 3200 µ in./in. ε y = 1500 µ in./in. γ xy = 1000 µ rad θ n = 45°
(a) ε n = ε x cos 2 θ + ε y sin 2 θ + γ xy sin θ cos θ
ε n = ( 3200 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + (1500 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + (1000 ) sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° )
ε n = 2850 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) γ nt = −2 ( ε x − ε y ) sin θ cos θ + γ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )

γ nt = −2 ( 3200 ) − (1500 )  sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) + (1000 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) − sin 2 ( 45° ) 
γ nt = −1700 µ rad ................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-72
150
θ BD = − tan −1 = −36.870°
200
ε BD = (1500 ) cos 2 θ BD + ( −1250 ) sin 2 θ BD + (1000 ) sin θ BD cos θ BD
ε BD = 30.0 µ m/m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-73
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −800 ) = −11.981°, 78.019°
2 εx −εy 2 (1000 ) − ( −800 )
When θ p = −11.981°
= (1000 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −800 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −800 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 1084.886 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −884.886 µ in./in.
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 1969.772 µ rad
ε p1 = +1085 µ in./in. 11.98° ................... Ans.

ε p 2 = −885 µ in./in. 78.02° ..................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ in./in. ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = 1970 µ rad ................................................................................................................... Ans.
3-74*
ε x = −600 µ m/m ε y = 1200 µ m/m γ xy = 2000 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 2000 ) = −24.006°, 65.996°
2 εx −εy 2 ( −600 ) − (1200 )
When θ p = −24.006°
= ( −600 ) cos 2 θ p + (1200 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 2000 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= −1045.362 µ m/m = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 1645.362 µ m/m
γ max = γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 2690.724 µ rad
ε p1 = +1645 µ m/m 65.99° .......................... Ans.
ε p 2 = −1045 µ m/m 24.01° ......................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m ....................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2690 µ rad ....................................... Ans.
3-75
The given values are ε a = ε x = 600 µ in./in. ε b = ε 45° = 500 µ in./in.
ε c = ε y = −200 µ in./in. ν = 0.30
γ xy = 600.00 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( 600 ) = 18.435°, − 71.565°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 600 ) − ( −200 )
When θ p = 18.435°
ε n = ( 600 ) cos 2 θ p + ( −200 ) sin 2 θ p + ( 600 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 700.00 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −300.00 µ in./in.
ε p1 = +700 µ in./in. 18.43° ............................................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = −300 µ in./in. 71.57° ............................................................................................ Ans.
−ν −0.30
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( 600 ) + ( −200 )  = −171.4 µ in./in. ................ Ans.
1 − 0.30 
3-76*
ε x = −800 µ m/m
ε y = 640 µ m/m
a=
( −800 ) + ( 640 ) = −80 µ m/m
2
R= ( 720 ) + ( 480 ) = 865.332 µ m/m
2 2
φ 1 480
θ p1 = = tan −1 = 16.845° (CCW)
2 2 720
ε p1 = ( −80 ) + ( 865 ) = +785 µ m/m 73.15° ................................................................ Ans.
ε p 2 = ( −80 ) − ( 865 ) = −945 µ m/m 16.85° ............................................................... Ans.
ε p 3 = 0 µ m/m 73.15° ..................................................................................................... Ans.
γ max = γ p = 2 R = 1731 µ rad ............................................................................................... Ans.
3-77
The given values are ε a = ε x = 800 µ in./in. ε b = ε120° = 960 µ in./in.
ε c = ε 240° = 800 µ in./in. ν = 0.33

ε c = ( 800 ) cos 2 ( 240° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 240° ) + γ xy sin ( 240° ) cos ( 240° ) = 800
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 760

0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = 600
ε y = 906.667 µin./in.
γ xy = −184.752 µ rad
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −184.752 ) = 30.00°, − 60.00°
2 εx −εy 2 ( 800 ) − ( 906.667 )
When θ p = 30.00°
ε n = ( 800 ) cos 2 θ p + ( 906.667 ) sin 2 θ p + ( −184.752 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= 746.667 µ in./in. = ε p 2
ε p1 = ε x + ε y − ε p 2 = 960.00 µ in./in.
3-77 (cont.)
−ν −0.33
ε p3 = ε z =
1 −ν
( εx +ε y ) = ( 800 ) + ( 906.667 )  = −840.597 µ m/m
1 − 0.33 
ε p1 = +960 µ m/m 60.00° ................... Ans.
ε p 2 = +747 µ m/m 30.00° ................... Ans.
ε p 3 = −841 µ m/m ....................................... Ans.
γ p = ε p1 − ε p 2 = 213 µ rad ........................ Ans.
γ max = ε p1 − ε p 3 = 1801 µ rad .................... Ans.
4-1*
π (1.5 )
2
πd2 F 53
A= = = 1.76715 in.2 σ= = = 29.9919 ksi
4 4 A 1.76715
∆L ∆d −0.001
= 666.667 (10−6 ) in./in.
0.48
ε= = = 0.002000 in./in. εt = =
L ( 20 × 12 ) d 1.5
σ 29.9919
E= = = 15, 000 ksi ....................................................................................... Ans.
ε 0.002000
−ε t −666.667 (10−6 )
ν= = = 0.333 .................................................................................. Ans.
εl 0.002000
E 15, 000
G= = = 5630 ksi .......................................................................... Ans.
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.333)
4-2*
π ( 0.015 )
2
πd2
A= = = 176.715 (10−6 ) mm 2
4 4
62.6 (103 )
= 354.244 (106 ) N/m 2 = 354.244 MPa
F
σ= =
A 176.715 (10 )
−6
∆L 0.90 ∆d −0.022
ε= = = 0.004500 m/m εt = = = −1.46667 (10−3 ) m/m
L 200 d 15
σ 354.244 (10 ) = 78.721 10 N/m
6
E= =
ε 0.004500
( ) 9 2
≅ 78.7 GPa ......................................... Ans.
−ε t − ( −1.46667 ) (10−3 )
ν= = = 0.326 ........................................................................... Ans.
εl 0.004500
σ = σ PL = 354 MPa .............................................................................................................. Ans.
4-3
F 10
(a) σ= = = 20.0 ksi ........................................................................................... Ans.
A ( 2 )( 0.25 )
σ 20
(b) E= = = 15, 000 ksi ................................................................................. Ans.
ε 0.08 ( 5 × 12 )
(c) ν = −ε t ε l
− (δ 0.25 0.25 )
0.25 = δ 0.25 = −0.0000833 in. ........................................................ Ans.
0.08 ( 5 ×12 )
− (δ 2 2 )
0.25 = δ 2 = −0.000667 in. ............................................................. Ans.
0.08 ( 5 ×12 )
4-4*
Ao = π ( 5.64 ) 4 = 24.98 mm 2
2
= 24.98 (10−6 ) m 2
∆D = νε frac D = 0.30 ( 0.115 )( 5.64 )
= 0.19458 mm
Af = π ( 5.64 − 0.19458 ) 4
2
= 23.29 mm 2 = 23.29 (10−6 ) m 2

From the σ −ε diagram:
∆σ (139 − 0 ) (10 )
6
(a) E= ≅ = 69.5 (109 ) N/m 2 = 69.5 GPa ........................................ Ans.

∆ε 0.002 − 0
(b) σ PL ≅ 139 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) σ ult ≅ 450 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(d) σ ys ( 0.05% ) ≅ 220 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.

(e) σ ys ( 0.20% ) ≅ 278 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(f) σ t = σ ult ≅ 450 MPa ............................................................................................................. Ans.
Pf σ f Ao 450 ( 24.98 )
(g) σ ft = = ≅ = 483 MPa ................................................................. Ans.
Af Af 23.29
∆σ ( 410 − 393) (10 ) = 850 10 N/m

6
(h) Et =
∆ε
≅
0.06 − 0.04
( ) 6 2
= 850 MPa .................................... Ans.
∆σ ( 410 − 0 ) (10 )
6
(i) Es = ≅ = 6.83 (109 ) N/m 2 = 6.83 GPa ....................................... Ans.

∆ε 0.06
4-5
Ao = π ( 0.25 ) 4 = 0.04909 in.2
2
Af = π ( 0.212 ) 4 = 0.03530 in.2

2

∆σ 34.5 − 0
(a) E= ≅ = 27, 600 ksi ............Ans.
∆ε 0.00125 − 0
(b) σ PL ≅ 36 ksi .........................................................Ans.
(c) σ ult ≅ 73 ksi .........................................................Ans.
(d) σ ys ( 0.05% ) ≅ 43 ksi ............................................................................................................ Ans.

(e) σ ys ( 0.20% ) ≅ 43 ksi ............................................................................................................ Ans.
(f) σ t ≅ 65 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
Pf σ f Ao 65 ( 0.04909 )
(g) σ ft = = ≅ = 90 ksi ..................................................................... Ans.
Af Af 0.03530
∆σ 64 − 50
(h) Et = ≅ = 467 ksi ...................................................................................... Ans.
∆ε 0.06 − 0.03
∆σ 56 − 0
(i) Es = ≅ = 1400 ksi ............................................................................................. Ans.
∆ε 0.04
4-6
Ao = π ( 5.64 ) 4 = 24.98 mm 2
2
= 24.98 (10−6 ) m 2
Af = π ( 4.75 ) 4
2
= 17.72 mm 2 = 17.72 (10−6 ) m 2

∆σ ( 225 − 0 ) (10 )
6
(a) E= ≅
∆ε 0.0012 − 0
E ≅ 187 (109 ) N/m 2 = 187 GPa ........................................................................................ Ans.
(b) σ PL ≅ 270 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) σ ult ≅ 510 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(d) σ ys ( 0.05% ) ≅ 305 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(e) σ ys ( 0.20% ) ≅ 328 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(f) σ t ≅ 450 MPa ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
Pf σ f Ao 450 ( 24.98 )
(g) σ ft = = ≅ = 634 MPa ................................................................. Ans.
Af Af 17.72
∆σ ( 460 − 410 ) (10 ) = 2.50 10 N/m

6
(h) Et =
∆ε
≅
0.04 − 0.02
( ) 9 2
= 2.50 GPa .................................. Ans.
∆σ ( 440 − 0 ) (10 ) = 14.67 10 N/m

6
(i) Es =
∆ε
≅
0.03
( ) 9 2
= 14.67 GPa .................................. Ans.
4-7*
Ao = π ( 0.505 ) 4 = 0.200 in.2 Af = π ( 0.425 ) 4 = 0.142 in.2
2 2
First calculate stresses and strains from the given data and draw the σ −ε diagram (next page). Then, from the
σ − ε diagram:
∆σ 32 − 0
(a) E= ≅ = 26, 700 ksi .................................................................................. Ans.
∆ε 0.0012 − 0
(b) σ PL ≅ 38 ksi ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
(c) σ ult ≅ 73 ksi ................................................. Ans.
(d) σ ys ( 0.05% ) ≅ 43 ksi ................................. Ans.

(e) σ ys ( 0.20% ) ≅ 47 ksi ................................. Ans.
(f) σ t ≅ 65 ksi ................................................... Ans.
Pf σ f Ao 13
(g) σ ft = = ≅ = 91 ksi ........ Ans.
Af Af 0.142
∆σ 7.75
(h) Et = ≅ = 2400 ksi ................ Ans.
∆ε 0.0032
∆σ 46 − 0
(i) Es = ≅ = 14, 400 ksi ....................................................................................... Ans.
∆ε 0.0032
4-8
Ao = π (11.28 ) 4 = 99.93 mm 2
2
Af = π ( 9.50 ) 4 = 70.88 mm 2
2
First calculate stresses and strains from the given

data and draw the σ − ε diagram (next page). Then,
from the σ − ε diagram:
∆σ ( 222 − 0 ) (10 )
6
(a) E= ≅
∆ε 0.0012 − 0
E ≅ 185 (109 ) N/m 2 = 185 GPa ........................................................................................ Ans.
(b) σ PL ≅ 270 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) σ ult ≅ 510 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(d) σ ys ( 0.05% ) ≅ 305 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(e) σ ys ( 0.20% ) ≅ 328 MPa ...................................................................................................... Ans.
(f) σ t ≅ 450 MPa ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
Pf σ f Ao 450 ( 99.93)
(g) σ ft = = ≅ = 634 MPa ................................................................. Ans.
Af Af 70.88
∆σ 80 (10 )
6
(h) Et = ≅ = 16.7 (109 ) N/m 2 = 16.7 GPa .................................................... Ans.

∆ε 0.0048
∆σ 315 (10 )
6
(i) Es = ≅ = 109 (109 ) N/m 2 = 109 GPa .................................................... Ans.

∆ε 0.0029
4-9*
E = 10, 000 ksi ν = 0.30
2 ( x
ε +νε y ) =  900 ) + 0.30 ( −300 )  (10−6 )
E 10, 000
2 (
σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ x = +8.90 ksi = 8.90 ksi (T) ............................................................................................ Ans.
2 ( y
ε +νε x ) =  −300 ) + 0.30 ( 900 )  (10−6 )
E 10, 000
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ y = −0.330 ksi = 0.330 ksi (C) ....................................................................................... Ans.
E 10, 000
G= = = 3846.15 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = 3846.15 ( −400 ×10−6 ) = −1.538 ksi .......................................................... Ans.
4-10*
E = 190 GPa ν = 0.25
(190 ×103 )
 1175 ) + 0.25 ( −1250 )  (10−6 )
σx =
E
(ε x +νε y ) = 2 (
1 −ν 2 1 − ( 0.25 )
σ x = +174.8 MPa = 174.8 MPa (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
(190 × 103 )
 −1250 ) + 0.25 (1175 )  (10−6 )
2 ( y
ε +νε x ) =
E
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.25 )
σ y = −193.8 MPa = 193.8 MPa (C) ................................................................................ Ans.
E 190
G= = = 76.00 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.25 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = ( 76.0 × 103 )( 850 ×10−6 ) = +64.6 MPa ..................................................... Ans.
4-11
ε x = 500 µ in./in. ε y = 250 µ in./in. γ xy = 150 µ rad
E = 15, 000 ksi ν = 0.34
2 ( x
ε +νε y ) =  500 ) + 0.34 ( 250 )  (10−6 )
E 15, 000
2 (
σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.34 )
σ x = +9.92 ksi = 9.92 ksi (T) ............................................................................................ Ans.
2 ( y
ε +νε x ) =  250 ) + 0.34 ( 500 )  (10−6 )
E 15, 000
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.34 )
σ y = +7.12 ksi = 7.12 ksi (T) ............................................................................................ Ans.
E 15, 000
G= = = 5597.01 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.34 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = 5597.01(150 × 10−6 ) = +0.840 ksi ............................................................. Ans.
4-12
E = 210 GPa ν = 0.25
( 210 ×103 )
σx =
E
(ε x +νε y ) =  1000 ) + 0.25 ( 400 )  (10−6 )
2 (
1 −ν 2 1 − ( 0.25 )
σ x = +246 MPa = 246 MPa (T) ........................................................................................ Ans.
( 210 ×10 )  400 + 0.25 1000  10−6
3
2 ( y
ε +νε x ) = ) ( )
E
2 ( ) (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.25 )
σ y = +145.6 MPa = 145.6 MPa (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
E 210
G= = = 84.00 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.25 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = ( 84.0 ×103 )( 800 × 10−6 ) = +67.2 MPa ..................................................... Ans.
4-13*
σ x = 15, 000 psi σ y = 5000 psi σ z = 7500 psi E = 30, 000 ksi
τ xy = 5500 psi τ yz = 4750 psi τ zx = 3200 psi ν = 0.30
E 30, 000
G= = = 11,538.46 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
σ x −ν (σ y + σ z ) 15, 000 − 0.30 ( 5000 + 7500 )
εx = =
E ( 30 ×10 ) 6
ε x = +375 (10−6 ) in./in. = +375 µ in./in. .......................................................................... Ans.

σ y −ν (σ x + σ z ) 5000 − 0.30 (15, 000 + 7500 )
εy = =
E ( 30 ×10 ) 6
ε y = −58.0 (10−6 ) in./in. = −58.0 µ in./in. ....................................................................... Ans.

σ z − ν (σ x + σ y ) 7500 − 0.30 (15, 000 + 5000 )
εz = =
E ( 30 ×10 ) 6
ε z = +50.0 (10−6 ) in./in. = +50.0 µ in./in. ........................................................................ Ans.

τ xy
= +477 (10−6 ) rad = +477 µ rad ................................... Ans.
5500
γ xy = =
G (11.53846 × 10 6
)
τ yz
= +412 (10−6 ) rad = +412 µ rad ................................... Ans.
4750
γ yz = =
G (11.53846 ×10 )
6
τ zx
= +277 (10−6 ) rad = +277 µ rad ................................... Ans.
3200
γ zx = =
G (11.53846 ×10 )
6
4-14*
σ x = 120 MPa σ y = −85 MPa σ z = 45 MPa E = 73 GPa
τ xy = 35 MPa τ yz = 48 MPa τ zx = 76 MPa ν = 0.33
E 73
G= = = 27.444 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.33)
σ x −ν (σ y + σ z ) 120 − 0.33 ( −85 + 45 )
εx = =
E ( 73 ×10 ) 9
ε x = +1825 (10−6 ) m/m = +1825 µ m/m .......................................................................... Ans.

σ y − ν (σ x + σ z ) ( −85) − 0.33 (120 + 45)
εy = =
E ( 73 ×10 ) 9
ε y = −1910 (10−6 ) m/m = −1910 µ m/m ......................................................................... Ans.
σ z − ν (σ x + σ y ) 45 − 0.33 (120 − 85 )
εz = =
E ( 73 ×10 )9
ε z = +458 (10−6 ) m/m = +458 µ m/m .............................................................................. Ans.
τ xy 35 ×106
γ xy = = = 1275 (10−6 ) rad = 1275 µ rad ......................................... Ans.
G ( 27.444 × 10 9
)
τ yz 48 ×106
γ yz = = = 1749 (10−6 ) rad = 1749 µ rad ......................................... Ans.
G ( 27.444 ×10 )
9
τ zx
= 2770 (10−6 ) rad = 2770 µ rad .................................... Ans.
76
γ zx = =
G (11.53846 ×10 )
6
4-15
∆y 0.001
γ xy = = = 0.00200 in./in.
Lx 0.5
τ xy = Gγ xy = ( 3000 )( 0.00200 ) = 6 psi
P = 2τ xy A = 2 ( 6 )( 2 × 4 ) = 96 lb ................................................................................. Ans.
4-16*
The given values are E = 73 GPa ν = 0.33
ε a = ε x = 875 µ m/m ε b = ε120° = 700 µ m/m ε c = ε 60° = −650 µ m/m
ε c = ( 875 ) cos 2 ( 60° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 60° ) + γ xy sin ( 60° ) cos ( 60° ) = −650
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 481.25
0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = −868.75
ε y = −258.33 µ m/m γ xy = −1558.85 µ rad
( 73 ×103 )  875 + 0.33 −258.33  10−6

σx =
E
( x y)
ε + νε = 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
1 −ν 2 1 − ( 0.33)
σ x = +64.7 MPa = 64.7 MPa (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
( 73 × 103 )
σy =
E
(ε y +νε x ) =  −258.33) + 0.33 ( 875 )  (10−6 )
2 (
1 −ν 2 1 − ( 0.33)
σ y = +2.49 MPa = 2.49 MPa (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
E 73
G= = = 27.444 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.33)
τ xy = Gγ xy = ( 27.444 × 103 )( −1558.85 × 10−6 ) = −42.8 MPa ..................................... Ans.
4-17
The given values are E = 30, 000 ksi ν = 0.30
ε a = ε x = 650 µ in./in. ε b = ε 45° = 475 µ in./in. ε c = ε y = −250 µ in./in.
γ xy = +550 µ rad
2 ( x
ε + νε y ) =  650 ) + 0.30 ( −250 )  (10−6 )
E 30, 000
2 (
σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ x = +18.96 ksi = 18.96 ksi (T) ........................................................................................ Ans.
2 ( y
ε + νε x ) =  −250 ) + 0.30 ( 650 )  (10−6 )
E 30, 000
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ y = −1.813 ksi = 1.813 ksi (C) ........................................................................................ Ans.
E 30, 000
G= = = 11,538.46 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = (11,538.46 ) ( 550 × 10−6 ) = +6.35 ksi ........................................................ Ans.
4-18
ε a = ε x = 540 µ m/m ε b = ε 45° = 930 µ m/m ε c = ε y = 20 µ m/m
ε b = ( 540 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + ( 20 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 930
γ xy = +1300 µ rad
( 200 ×10 )  540 + 0.30 20  10−6

3
2 ( x
ε + νε y ) = ( ) ( )
E
2 ( )
σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ x = +120.0 MPa = 120.0 MPa (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
( 200 × 103 )
2 ( y
ε + νε x ) =  20 ) + 0.30 ( 540 )  (10−6 )
E
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ y = +40.0 MPa = 40.0 MPa (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
E 200
G= = = 76.923 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy = Gγ xy = ( 76.923 × 103 )(1300 × 10−6 ) = +100.0 MPa ............................................ Ans.
4-19*
σ x = 8 ksi σ y = 0 ksi τ xy = −5 ksi
σ x −νσ y ( 8) − 0.30 ( 0 ) = 267
εx =
E
=
30, 000
(10 ) = 267 µin./in. ........................................ Ans.
−6
σ y −νσ x ( 0 ) − 0.30 ( 8) = −80

εy =
E
=
30, 000
(10 ) = −80 µin./in. ....................................... Ans.
−6
E 30, 000
G= = = 11,538.46 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy −5
γ xy = = = −433 (10−6 ) = −433 µ rad ....................................................... Ans.
G 11,538.46
4-20*
ε a = ε x = −555 µ m/m ε b = ε120° = 925 µ m/m ε c = ε −120° = 740 µ m/m
ε b = ( −555 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ε y sin 2 (120° ) + γ xy sin (120° ) cos (120° ) = 925
ε c = ( −555 ) cos 2 ( −120° ) + ε y sin 2 ( −120° ) + γ xy sin ( −120° ) cos ( −120° ) = 740
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 1063.75
0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = 878.75
ε y = 1295.0 µ m/m γ xy = −213.620 µ rad
( 200 ×10 )  −555 + 0.30 1295  10−6

3
2 ( x
ε +νε y ) = ) ( )
E
2 ( ) (
(a) σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ x = −36.593 MPa ≅ 36.6 MPa (C) ................................................................................ Ans.
( 200 × 103 )
σy =
E
(ε y +νε x ) =  1295 ) + 0.30 ( −555 )  (10−6 )
2 (
1 −ν 2 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ y = +248.022 MPa ≅ 248 MPa (T) ............................................................................... Ans.
200 × 103
τ xy = Gγ xy =
E
2 (1 + ν )
γ xy =
2 (1 + 0.30 )
( −213.620 ×10−6 )
τ xy = −16.4323 MPa ≅ −16.43 MPa ................................................................................ Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −16.4323)
(b) θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 3.293°, − 86.707°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( −36.593) − ( 248.022 )
When θ p = 3.293°
= ( −36.593) cos 2 θ p + ( 248.022 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 ( −16.4323) sin θ p cos θ p
= −37.539 MPa = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 248.968 MPa
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 143.3 MPa
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 105.7 MPa
σ p1 = 249 MPa (T) 86.71° ........................Ans.

σ p 2 = 37.5 MPa (C) 3.29° ............................................................................................ Ans.
τ max = τ p = 143.3 MPa ......................................................................................................... Ans.
4-21*
ε a = ε x = 1000 µ in./in. ε b = ε 60° = 2000 µin./in. ε c = ε120° = 1200 µ in./in.
ε b = (1000 ) cos 2 ( 60° ) + ε y sin 2 ( 60° ) + γ xy sin ( 60° ) cos ( 60° ) = 2000
ε c = (1000 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ε y sin 2 (120° ) + γ xy sin (120° ) cos (120° ) = 1200
0.75000ε y + 0.43301γ xy = 1750
0.75000ε y − 0.43301γ xy = 950
ε y = 1800 µ in./in. γ xy = 923.760 µ rad
εx +εy  ε x − ε y   γ xy 
2 2
εp = ±   + 
2  2   2 
(1000 ) + (1800 ) ±  (1000 ) − (1800 )   923.760 

2 2
=   + 
2  2   2 
= 1400 ± 611.01 µ in./in.
ε p1 = 1400 + 611.01 µ in./in. = 2011.01 µ in./in. ( < 2200 µin./in. - okay )
ε p 2 = 1400 − 611.01 µ in./in. = 788.99 µ in./in.
−ν ( ε x + ε y ) −0.30 (1000 ) + (1800 ) 
ε p3 = ε z = = = −1200 µ in./in.
1 −ν 1 − 0.30
γ max = ( 2011) − ( −1200 ) µ rad = 3211 µ rad ( > 2500 µ rad - design fails )
( 30, 000 )  2011.01 + 0.30 788.99  10−6
2 ( p1
ε +νε p 2 ) = ) ( )
E
2 ( ) (
σ p1 =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
= 74.1 ksi ( > 74 ksi - design fails )
( 30, 000 ) 3211×10−6
τ max = Gγ max =
E
2 (1 +ν )
γ max =
2 (1 + 0.30 )
( )
= 37.05 ksi ( < 40 ksi - okay )
Design fails since both γ max and σ p1 are above the design limits. ........................ Ans.
4-22
δ x = 0 mm δ y = 0 mm δ z = −0.4 mm σ z = −P A
Then
σ x − 0.4 (σ y + σ z ) σ y − 0.4 (σ x + σ z )
εx = 0 = εy = 0 =
1400 1400
−0.4 σ z − 0.4 (σ x + σ y )
εz = =
25.4 1400
σ x − 0.4σ y − 0.4σ z = 0 MPa
−0.4σ x + σ y − 0.4σ z = 0 MPa
−0.4σ x − 0.4σ y + σ z = −22.04724 MPa
σ x = σ y = −31.496 MPa σ z = −47.244 MPa
P = −σ z A = − ( 22.04724 × 106 ) ( 0.010 × 0.010 ) = 4.72 (103 ) N
P = 4.72 kN ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-23
ε a = ε x = 875 µ in./in. ε b = ε135° = 700 µ in./in. ε c = ε −135° = −350 µ in./in.

ε c = ( 875 ) cos 2 ( −135° ) + ε y sin 2 ( −135° ) + γ xy sin ( −135° ) cos ( −135° ) = −350
0.5000ε y − 0.5000γ xy = 262.5
0.5000ε y + 0.5000γ xy = −787.5
ε y = −525.00 µ in./in.
γ xy = −1050.00 µ rad
(a)
1
θ p = tan −1
γ xy 1
= tan −1
( −1050 ) = −18.435°, 71.565°
2 εx −εy 2 (875 ) − ( −525)
When θ p = −18.435°
= 1050.00 µ in./in. = ε p1
ε p 2 = ε x + ε y − ε p1 = −700.00 µ in./in.
ε p1 = 1050 µ in./in. 18.43° ............................................................................................. Ans.

ε p 2 = −700 µ in./in. 71.57° ............................................................................................ Ans.
−ν −0.33
ε p3 =
1 −ν
( εx + εy ) = ( 875 ) + ( −525 )  = −172.4 µ in./in. ......................... Ans.
1 − 0.33 
(10, 600 )  1050 + 0.33 −700  10−6
2 ( p1
ε +νε p 2 ) = ) ( )
E
2 ( ) (
(b) σ p1 =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.33)
σ p1 = +9.7423 ksi ≅ 9.74 ksi (T) ...................................................................................... Ans.
(10, 600 )  −700 + 0.33 1050  10−6
2 ( p2
ε +νε p1 ) = ) ( )
E
2 ( ) (
σ p2 =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.33)
σ p 2 = −4.2050 ksi ≅ 4.21 ksi (C) ...................................................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 6.97 ksi ................................................................................ Ans.
4-24
ε ai = 500 µ m/m ε hi = 750 µ m/m σ ri = − p = −100 MPa
ε ao = 500 µ m/m ε ho = 100 µ m/m σ ro = 0 MPa
On the inside:
E
σ ri = (1 −ν ) ε ri + ν ( ε ai + ε hi ) 
(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) 
200 (109 )
−100 (10 6
) = (1 + 0.30 )(1 − 0.60 ) (1 − 0.30 ) ε ri + 0.30 ( 500 + 750 )  (10−6 )
ε ri = −907.1 µ m/m
E
σ ai = (1 −ν ) ε ai +ν ( ε ri + ε hi ) 
(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) 
200 (109 )
= (1 − 0.30 )( 500 ) + 0.30 ( −907.1 + 750 )  (10−6 )
(1 + 0.30 )(1 − 0.60 )
σ ai = 116.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 116.5 MPa (T) ....................................................................... Ans.
E
σ hi = (1 −ν ) ε hi +ν ( ε ri + ε ai ) 
(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) 
200 (109 )
= (1 − 0.30 )( 750 ) + 0.30 ( −907.1 + 500 )  (10−6 )
(1 + 0.30 )(1 − 0.60 )
σ hi = 155.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 155.0 MPa (T) ....................................................................... Ans.
On the outside:
200 (109 )
 500 ) + 0.30 (100 )  (10−6 )
E
2 ( ao
σ ao = ε + νε ho ) = 2 (
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ ao = 116.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 116.5 MPa (T) ...................................................................... Ans.
200 (109 )
 100 ) + 0.30 ( 500 )  (10−6 )
E
2 ( ho
σ ho = ε + νε ao ) = 2 (
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ ho = 54.9 (106 ) N/m 2 = 54.9 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.
4-25*
300 − τ i (π 3.25 )( 8 ) = 0 τ i = 3.67281 psi = 2000γ i
γ i = 1836.403 µ rad
300 − τ o (π 4.25 )( 8 ) = 0 τ o = 2.80862 psi = 2000γ o
γ o = 1404.308 µ rad
1836.403 + 1404.308 ∆x
γ avg = = 1620.356 µ rad ≅
2 0.5
∆x ≅ 0.5 (1620.356 × 10−6 ) = 8.10 (10−4 ) in. ................................................................... Ans.
4-26*
(a) δ L = α∆TL = (12.1×10−6 ) ( 70 )( 2500 ) = 2.12 mm ....................................................... Ans.

δ do = α∆Td o = (12.1× 10−6 ) ( 70 )(105 ) = 0.0889 mm .................................................. Ans.
δ di = α∆Tdi = (12.1×10−6 ) ( 70 )( 70 ) = 0.0593 mm ..................................................... Ans.
(b) δ L = α∆TL = (12.1×10−6 ) ( −85 )( 2500 ) = −2.57 mm .................................................. Ans.

δ do = α∆Td o = (12.1×10−6 ) ( −85 )(105 ) = −0.1080 mm ............................................. Ans.
δ di = α∆Tdi = (12.1×10−6 ) ( −85 )( 70 ) = −0.0720 mm ................................................ Ans.
4-27*
PL
δ =εL = + α ∆T L
AE
3000 ( 4 ×12 )
0.05 = + ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 4 × 12 )
(1× 2 ) ( 30 ×10 6
)
∆T = 150.3 °F ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-28
PL
δ =εL = + α∆TL
AE
= 0 + ( 22.5 ×10−6 ) ( −80 ) ( 40 × 103 )
δ = −72.0 mm ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-29
PL
δ =εL = + α ∆T L
AE
δ L = 0 + ( 6.5 ×10−6 ) ( 250 )( 225 × 12 ) = 4.39 in. ............................................................. Ans.
δ d = 0 + ( 6.5 × 10−6 ) ( 250 )(12 × 12 ) = 0.234 in. ............................................................. Ans.
4-30*
PL
99.8 + δ br = 100 + δ st δ =εL = + α ∆T L
AE
99.8 + 0 + (16.9 ×10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 99.8 )  = 100 + 0 + (11.9 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(100 ) 
∆T = 403 °C ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-31*
PL
δ =εL = + α ∆T L
AE
δ a = 0 + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( 80 )( 20 ) = 0.020000 in.
δ s = 0 + ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( 80 )( 20 ) = 0.0105600 in.
b = 5 (δ a − δ s ) = 5 ( 0.02 − 0.01056 ) = 0.0472 in. ↑ ..................................................... Ans.
4-32
PL
δ =εL = + α ∆T L
AE
δ a = 0 + ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( 75 )( 300 ) = 0.50625 mm
δ s = 0 + (11.9 ×10−6 ) ( 75 )( 300 ) = 0.26775 mm = b
250 250
a+b = (δ a − δ s ) = ( 0.50625 − 0.26775)
25 25
a = 2.12 mm ← ..........................................................................Ans.
4-33
σ d −νσ a
ε d = εσ + εT = + α ∆T
E
0 − 0.33 ( 4 ) δd
= + (12.5 ×10−6 ) ( 60 ) =
(10, 000 ) π ( 0.25) 4
2
0.25

δ d = +0.000860 in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
4-34*
P = W = 2500 ( 9.81) = 24,525 N
= 49.962 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 50.0 MPa ......................................... Ans.

P 24,525
(a) σ= =
A π ( 0.025 )2 4
σ 49.962 (106 )
ε= + α ∆T = + ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( −50 )
73 (10 )
(b) 9
E
ε = −441(10−6 ) = −441 µ m/m ........................................................................................... Ans.
σ d −νσ a
(c) ε d = εσ + εT = + α ∆T
E
0 − 0.33 ( 49.962 × 106 ) δd
εd = + ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( −50 ) =
73 ×10 9
25
δ d = −0.0338 mm ................................................................................................................. Ans.
4-35
εd =
P
+ α ∆T =
( 25 − 10 ) + ( 6.5 × 10−6 ) (100 − 72 ) = 214 (10−6 )
AE (1 2 )(1 32 ) ( 30 ×10 )
6
∆L = ε L = ( 214 ×10−6 ) (100 × 12 ) = +0.257 in.

correction = −0.257 in. ........................................................................................................ Ans.
4-36
TAB = TBC = P = 25 kN
(a) δ AB =
PL
+ α∆TL =
( 25, 000 )( 200 ) + (12 × 10−6 ) ( 20 )( 200 )
AE π ( 0.050 )2 4  ( 200 ×109 )
 
δ AB = 0.0607 mm .................................................................................................................. Ans.
(b) δ BC =
PL
+ α∆TL =
( 25, 000 )(150 ) + ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( 20 )(150 )
π 0.025 ) 4  ( 70 × 10 )
 (
2
AE 9

δ BC = 0.1766 mm .................................................................................................................. Ans.
(c) ∆ C = δ AB + δ BC = 0.237 mm → ........................................................................................ Ans.
4-37*
From Table 4-1 for the T300/5208 material
E1 = 26,300 ksi E2 = 1494 ksi G12 = 1040 ksi ν 12 = 0.28

E2 1494
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.28) = 0.01591
E1 26,300
The given data are
ε1 = 2000 µ in./in. ε 2 = 4000 µ in./in. γ 12 = 1500 µ rad
( 2000 ) + 0.01591( 4000 )  (10−6 )

E1 26,300
σ1 = (ε1 +ν 21ε 2 ) =
1 −ν 12ν 21 1 − ( 0.28 )( 0.01591)
σ 1 = +54.5 ksi = 54.5 ksi (T) ............................................................................................. Ans.
( 4000 ) + 0.28 ( 2000 )  (10−6 )

E2 1494
σ2 = (ε 2 +ν 12ε1 ) =
1 −ν 12ν 21 1 − ( 0.28 )( 0.01591) 
σ 2 = +6.84 ksi = 6.84 ksi (T) ............................................................................................ Ans.
τ 12 = G12γ 12 = (1040 ) (1500 × 10−6 ) = +1.560 ksi ........................................................... Ans.
4-38*
From Table 4-1 for the Scotchply 1002 Glass/Epoxy material
E1 = 36.8 GPa E2 = 8.27 GPa G12 = 4.14 GPa ν 12 = 0.26
E2 8.27
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.26 ) = 0.05843
E1 36.8
The given data are
σ 1 = 30 MPa σ 2 = −2 MPa τ 12 = 0.3 MPa
σ1 σ2 −2
= 829 (10−6 ) m/m
30
ε1 = −ν 21 = − ( 0.05843)
E1 E2 36.8 (10 )
3
8.27 (10 )
3
ε1 = 829 µ m/m ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
σ2 σ1 −2
= −454 (10−6 ) m/m
30
ε2 = −ν 12 = − ( 0.26 )
E2 E1 8.27 (10 )
3
36.8 (10 )
3
ε 2 = −454 µ m/m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ 12
= +72.5 (10−6 ) rad = +72.5 µ rad ............................................ Ans.
0.3
γ 12 = =
G12 4.14 (10 )
3
4-39
E1 = 26,300 ksi E2 = 1494 ksi G12 = 1040 ksi ν 12 = 0.28
E2 1494
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.28) = 0.01591
E1 26,300
The given data are
σ 1 = 40 ksi σ 2 = −10 ksi τ 12 = 2 ksi
σ1 σ2 ( −10 ) = 1627 10−6 in./in.
ε1 =
E1
−ν 21
E2
=
40
26,300
− ( 0.01591)
1494
( )
ε1 = 1627 µ in./in. ................................................................................................................... Ans.
σ2 σ1 ( −10 ) − 40
= −7120 (10−6 ) in./in.
ε2 = −ν 12 = ( 0.28)
E2 E1 1494 26,300
ε 2 = −7120 µ in./in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
τ 12
= +1923 (10−6 ) rad = +1923 µ rad ................................................... Ans.
2
γ 12 = =
G12 1040
4-40
From Table 4-1 for the Boron/epoxy material
E1 = 200 GPa E2 = 20 GPa G12 = 6 GPa ν 12 = 0.23
E2 20
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.23) = 0.02300
E1 200
The given data are
ε1 = 1000 µ m/m ε 2 = 500 µ m/m γ 12 = 300 µ rad
200 (103 )
(1000 ) + 0.023 ( 500 )  (10−6 )
E1
σ1 = (ε1 +ν 21ε 2 ) =
1 −ν 12ν 21 1 − ( 0.23)( 0.023) 
σ 1 = +203 MPa = 203 MPa (T) ........................................................................................ Ans.
20 (103 )
( 500 ) + 0.23 (1000 )  (10−6 )
E2
σ2 = (ε 2 +ν 12ε1 ) =
1 −ν 12ν 21 1 − ( 0.23)( 0.023) 
σ 2 = +14.68 MPa = 14.68 MPa (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
τ 12 = G12γ 12 = ( 6 × 103 )( 300 × 10−6 ) = +1.800 MPa ...................................................... Ans.
4-41*
E1 = 26,300 ksi E2 = 1494 ksi G12 = 1040 ksi ν 12 = 0.28
E2 1494
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.28) = 0.01591
E1 26,300
The given data are
σ 1 = 5 ksi σ 2 = 5 ksi τ 12 = 1 ksi
σ1 σ2 5 5
ε1 = −ν 21 = − ( 0.01591) = 0.00013687 in./in.
E1 E2 26,300 1494
σ2 σ1 5 5
ε2 = −ν 12 = − ( 0.28 ) = 0.003293 in./in.
E2 E1 1494 26,300
δ x = ε 2 L = ( 0.003293)(10 ) = 0.0329 in. ......................................................................... Ans.
δ y = ε1 L = ( 0.00013687 )(10 ) = 0.001369 in. ................................................................ Ans.
4-42
From Table 4-1 for the Scotchply 1002 Glass/Epoxy material
E1 = 36.8 GPa E2 = 8.27 GPa G12 = 4.14 GPa ν 12 = 0.26
E2 8.27
ν 21 = ν 12 = ( 0.26 ) = 0.05843
E1 36.8
The given data are
σ 1 = 5 MPa σ 2 = −2 MPa τ 12 = 0 MPa
σ1 σ2 ( −2 ) = 150.00 10−6 m/m
ε1 =
E1
−ν 21
E2
=
5
36.8 (10 )
3
− ( 0.05843)
8.27 (103 )
( )
δ x = ε1 L = ( 0.00015000 )(125 ) = 0.01875 mm ............................................................. Ans.
ε2 =
σ2
−ν 12
σ1
=
( −2 ) − ( 0.26 )
5
= −277.16 (10−6 ) m/m
E2 E1 8.27 (10 3
) 36.8 (10 )
3
δ y = ε 2 L = ( −0.00027716 )(100 ) = −0.0277 mm ......................................................... Ans.
4-43
Since σy = 0, ε x = σ x Ex or σ x = Exε x
The total load carried by the composite is carried partially by the fibers and partially by the matrix. Thus,
P = σ x A = σ f Af + σ m Am = E f ε f Af + Emε m Am
where ε f = εm = ε x since the fibers and the matrix are bonded together. Therefore,
E f Af + Em Am
σx = ε x = E xε x
A
from which
E f Af + Em Am E f Af Em Am
Ex = = + = E f V f + EmVm ................................................... Ans.
A A A
4-44
The total load carried by the composite is carried partially by the fibers and partially by the matrix. Thus,
P = Pf + Pm = σ f Af + σ m Am
Therefore,
Pf σ f Af E f ε f Af
= =
P σ f Af + σ m Am E f ε f Af + Emε m Am
where ε f = εm = ε x since the fibers and the matrix are
bonded together. Therefore,
Pf E f Af E f Af
= =
P E f Af + Em Am E f Af + Em ( A − Af )
Dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the total area A gives
Pf E f ( Af A ) E fVf
= =
E f ( Af A ) + Em ( Am A ) E f V f + Em (1 − V f )
................................................... Ans.
P
4-45*
50 − 0
(a) E75 = = 25, 000 ksi .....................................................................................................Ans.
0.002 − 0
26 − 0
E1600 = = 13, 000 ksi ...................................................................................................Ans.
0.002 − 0
(b) σ y ( 75° ) ≅ 57 ksi ...........................................................................................................................Ans.

σ y (1600° ) ≅ 21 ksi .......................................................................................................................Ans.
4-46*
σ x = 120 MPa σ y = −80 MPa τ xy = 60 MPa
E = 70 GPa ν = 0.33
σ x − ν (σ y + σ z ) (120 ) − 0.33 ( −80 ) + 0 

εx = = = +0.00209143 = +2091.43 µ m/m
E 70 (103 )
σ y −ν (σ x + σ z ) ( −80 ) − 0.33 (120 ) + 0

εy = = = −0.00170857 = −1708.57 µ m/m
E 70 (103 )
E 70
G= = = 26.3158 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.33)
τ xy 60
γ xy = = = +0.002280 rad = +2280 µ rad
G 26.3158 (103 )

= ( 2091.43) cos 2 ( −30° ) + ( −1708.57 ) sin 2 ( −30° ) + ( 2280 ) sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° )
ε n = 154.2 µ m/m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-47
σ x = 12 ksi σ y = −4 ksi τ xy = −6 ksi
E = 30, 000 ksi ν = 0.30
σ x − ν (σ y + σ z ) (12 ) − 0.30 ( −4 ) + 0

εx = =
E 30, 000
ε x = ε a = +0.000440 in./in. = +440 µ in./in. ................................................................... Ans.
σ y −ν (σ x + σ z ) ( −4 ) − 0.30 (12 ) + 0
εy = =
E 30, 000
ε y = ε b = −0.00025333 in./in. ≅ −253 µ in./in. .............................................................. Ans.
E 30, 000
G= = = 11,538.46 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy −6
γ xy = = = −0.000520 rad = −520 µ rad
G 11,538.46

= ( 440 ) cos 2 (120° ) + ( −253.33) sin 2 (120° ) + ( −520 ) sin (120° ) cos (120° )
ε n = ε c = 145.2 µ in./in. ........................................................................................................ Ans.
4-48*
σ x = −100 MPa σ z = 0 MPa E = 210 GPa G = 80 GPa
E = 2 (1 + ν ) G 210 = 2 (1 +ν )( 80 ) ν = 0.31250
σ y −ν (σ x + σ z ) σ y − 0.31250 ( −100 ) + 0 
εy = = =0
E 210 (103 )
σ y = −31.250 MPa
σ z − ν (σ x + σ y ) 0 − 0.31250 ( −100 ) + ( −31.250 ) 
εz = = = 0.0001953 m/m
E 210 (103 )
δ = ε z L = ( 0.0001953)(10 ) = 0.001953 mm ................................................................. Ans.
4-49
E = 29, 000 ksi G = 11, 000 ksi E = 2 (1 + ν ) G
29, 000 = 2 (1 + ν )(11, 000 ) ν = 0.31818
6 − 0.31818σ y
δ xa = ε xa Lxa = ε xa ( 2 ) = ( 2)
29, 000
5
δ xb = ε xb Lxb = ε xb ( 3) = ( 3)
29, 000
But δ xa = δ xb , therefore
12 − 0.63636σ y = 15
σ y = −4.71 ksi ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
4-50
400 (106 ) − 0
(a) E1 = E2 = = 200 (109 ) N/m 2 = 200 GPa ............................................... Ans.
0.002 − 0
(b) σ y1 = 350 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
σ y 2 = 1000 MPa .................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-51*
Assume series of rails all initially separated by 0.125 in.
When heated, rails expand from center in both directions.
(a) δ = 0.125 = α ∆T L = ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 55 × 12 )
∆T = 28.7 °F
Rails touch when T = 60 + 28.7 = 88.7 °F .................................................................. Ans.
(b) δ = ( 6.6 ×10−6 ) ( −50 )( 55 × 12 ) = −0.21780 in.
gap = 0.125 + 0.2178 = 0.3428 in. ≅ 0.343 in. .............................................................. Ans.
4-52
σ x = 72 MPa σ y = 36 MPa τ xy = −24 MPa
E = 100 GPa ν = 0.28
εx =
σ x −νσ y
=
( 72 ) − 0.28 ( 36 ) = +0.00061920 = +619.20 µ m/m
E 100 (103 )
ε x = ε a = +619 µ m/m .......................................................................................................... Ans.
εy =
σ y −νσ x
=
( 36 ) − 0.28 ( 72 ) = 0.00015840 = 158.40 µ m/m
E 100 (103 )
E 100
G= = = 39.0625 GPa
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.28 )
τ xy −24
γ xy = = = −0.00061440 rad = −614.40 µ rad
G 39.0625 (103 )
= ( 619.20 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + (158.40 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + ( −614.40 ) sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° )
ε n = ε b = +81.6 µ m/m ......................................................................................................... Ans.
= ( 619.20 ) cos 2 (135° ) + (158.40 ) sin 2 (135° ) + ( −614.40 ) sin (135° ) cos (135° )
ε n = ε c = +696 µ m/m ........................................................................................................... Ans.
4-53
σ x = 8.5 ksi σ y = 4.5 ksi τ xy = 6 ksi
E = 30, 000 ksi ν = 0.30
εx =
σ x −νσ y
=
(8.5) − 0.30 ( 4.5) = +0.00023833 = +238.33 µin./in.
E 30, 000
εy =
σ y −νσ x
=
( 4.5) − 0.30 ( 8.5) = 0.00006500 in./in. ≅ +65.00 µin./in.
E 30, 000
E 30, 000
G= = = 11,538.46 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
τ xy 6
γ xy = = = 0.00052000 rad = 520.00 µ rad
G 11,538.46
= ( 238.33) cos 2 ( 20° ) + ( 65.00 ) sin 2 ( 20° ) + ( 520.00 ) sin ( 20° ) cos ( 20° )
ε n = 385 µ in./in. .................................................................................................................... Ans.
4-54*
( 73 × 103 )
2 ( x
ε +νε y ) =  825 ) + 0.33 ( 950 )  (10−6 )
E
2 (
(a) σx =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.33)
σ x = +93.2673 MPa ≅ +93.3 MPa (T) ............................................................................ Ans.
( 73 × 103 )
2 ( y
ε +νε x ) =  950 ) + 0.33 ( 825 )  (10−6 )
E
2 (
σy =
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.33)
σ y = +100.1282 MPa ≅ 100.1 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.
73 × 103
τ xy = Gγ xy =
E
2 (1 + ν )
γ xy =
2 (1 + 0.33)
( 680 ×10−6 )
τ xy = +18.6617 MPa ≅ +18.66 MPa ................................................................................ Ans.

1 2τ xy 1 2 (18.6617 )
(b) θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −39.792°, 50.208°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 93.2673) − (100.1282 )
When θ p = −39.792
= ( 93.2673) cos 2 θ p + (100.1282 ) sin 2 θ p + 2 (18.6617 ) sin θ p cos θ p
= +77.7234 MPa = σ p 2
σ p1 = σ x + σ y − σ p 2 = 115.6721 MPa
σ p1 = 115.7 MPa (T) 50.21° ................. Ans.
σ p 2 = 77.7 MPa (T) 39.79° ................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa .................................................... Ans.
τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 18.97 MPa ............... Ans.
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 2 ) 2 = 96.7 MPa
τ max = (σ p1 − σ p 3 ) 2 = 57.8 MPa (out-of-plane) .......................................................... Ans.
σ n 45 = (σ p1 + σ p 3 ) 2 = 57.8 MPa
5-1*
AA = π ( 62 − 4.52 ) 4 = 12.37002 in.2 PA = PB = 120 kip
AB = π 42 4 = 12.56637 in.2
δ total = ∑
PL
=
(120 )( 3 ×12 ) + (120 )( 4 ×12 )
AE (12.37002 )( 30, 000 ) (12.56637 )(10, 600 )
δ = 0.0549 in. ................................................................................................... Ans.
5-2*
A = ( 0.100 )( 0.025 ) = 0.002500 m 2
δ AB =
PL
=
( 350 × 103 ) ( 800 )
= 0.560 mm ........................................................ Ans.
AE ( 0.002500 ) ( 200 × 109 )
(a)
δ BC =
(100 ×10 ) (1200 ) = 0.240 mm ........... Ans.
3
( 0.002500 ) ( 200 ×10 )

(b) 9
δ CD =
(180 ×10 ) (1000 ) = 0.360 mm
3
( 0.002500 ) ( 200 ×10 )

(c) 9
δ total = 0.560 + 0.240 + 0.360 = 1.160 mm ............. Ans.
5-3
(a) Apipe = π ( 62 − 4.82 ) 4 = 10.17876 in.2
P 30
σ avg = = = 2.95 ksi (C) .................................................................................... Ans.
A 10.17876
(b) δ=
PL
=
( −30 )( 24 ) = −0.0024392 in. ≅ 0.00244 in. (shorten) ............. Ans.
AE (10.17876 )( 29, 000 )
δ −0.0024392
(c) ε avg = = = −101.6 (10−6 ) = −101.6 µ in./in. ............................................ Ans.
L 24
5-4*
AT = π ( 25 ) 4 = 490.9 mm 2 AB = π (15 ) 4 = 176.71 mm 2
2 2
PL ( 55 ×10 ) (1200 ) + ( 35 × 10 ) (1500 )

3 3
δ a−a =∑ =
( 490.9 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )
(a)
AE
δ a − a = 3.30693 mm ≅ 3.31 mm ........................................ Ans.
δ b −b =∑
PL
= 3.30693 +
( 20 ×103 ) (1500 )
(176.71×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )
(b)
AE
δ b −b = 0.563 mm .................................................................. Ans.
5-5
(a) δ =∑
PL
=
(10 )( 4 ×12 )
AE π (1.5 )2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
+
( 20 )( 4 ×12 )
π (1)2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
δ = 0.0498 in. ........................................................ Ans.
 π (1.5 )2 π (1)
2
 π d 2 
(b) W = γV = γ  ( )
48 + ( )
48  = γ  ( 96 ) d = 1.27475 in.
 4 4   4 
PL (10 )( 4 × 12 ) + ( 20 )( 4 × 12 )
δ =∑ = = 0.0376 in. ............................................... Ans.
AE π (1.27475 )2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
5-6
≤ 100 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 187.5 (103 ) N

N P
σ= =
A ( 0.025 × 0.075 )
P ( 2000 )
P ≤ 262.5 (103 ) N
PL
δ= = ≤ 4 mm
AE ( 0.025 × 0.075 ) ( 70 × 109 )
Pmax = 187.5 kN ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-7*
PL ( 230 )(11×12 )
(a) δ= =
AE ( 9 )( 29, 000 )
+
( 20 )( 4 ×12 )
π (1)2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
δ = 0.11632 in. ≅ 0.1163 in. .............................. Ans.
(b) δ =∑
PL
= 0.11632 +
(85)(11×12 )
AE ( 9 )( 29, 000 )
δ = 0.1593 in. ......................................................... Ans.
5-8
PL P (1000 )
δ =∑ =
AE π ( 0.030 )2 4  ( 200 × 109 )
 
P ( 2000 )
+ = 3 mm
π ( 0.0602 − 0.0402 ) 4  (180 ×109 )
 
P = 212 (103 ) N = 212 kN ................................................................................................. Ans.
5-9*
PL ( 5 )( 8 ) + (10 )( 6 ) + ( 4 )(10 )
(a) δ =∑ =
AE (1× 2 )(10, 000 )
δ = 0.00700 in. ...................................................... Ans.
(b) σ xA = τ xyA = 0 .......................................................... Ans.
P 4
σ yA = = = 2.00 ksi (T) ........................ Ans.
A (1× 2 )
σ xB = τ xyB = 0 .......................................................... Ans.
P 10
σ yB = = = 5.00 ksi (T) ........................ Ans.
A (1× 2 )
σ xC = τ xyC = 0 ......................................................................................................................... Ans.
P 5
σ yC = = = 2.50 ksi (T) ....................................................................................... Ans.
A (1× 2 )
5-10*
AA = π ( 602 − 502 ) 4 = 863.938 mm 2
AB = π ( 50 ) 4 = 1963.495 mm 2
2
AC = π ( 25 ) 4 = 490.874 mm 2
2
δA =
PL
=
(135 × 103 ) ( 400 )
AE ( 863.938 × 10−6 )( 200 × 109 )
(a)
δ A = 0.31252 mm ≅ 0.313 mm ............................... Ans.
δ total =∑
PL
= 0.31252 +
( 265 × 103 ) ( 500 )
+
( 45 ×103 ) ( 500 )
(1963.435 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 ) ( 490.874 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )
(b)
AE
δ total = 1.865 mm ................................................................................................................... Ans.
δ
= 781(10−6 ) = 781 µ m/m ................................................................. Ans.
0.31252
(c) εA = =
L 400
N 135 (10 )
3
(d) σA = = = 156.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 156.3 MPa

A 863.938
N 265 (10 )
3
σB = = = 135.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 135.0 MPa

A 1963.495
N 45 (10 )
3
σC = = = 91.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 91.7 MPa

A 490.874
σ max = 156.3 MPa ................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-11
AA = π ( 62 − 4.52 ) 4 = 12.3700 in.2
AB = π ( 4 ) 4 = 12.5664 in.2
2
(a) δA =
PL
=
( 205 )( 50 )
AE (12.3700 )( 29, 000 )
δ A = 0.02857 in. ≅ 0.0286 in. .......................................... Ans.
(b) δ total = ∑
PL
= 0.02857 +
(120 )( 40 )
AE (12.5664 )(10, 600 )
δ total = 0.0646 in. ................................................................................................................... Ans.
N 120
(c) σ max B = = = 9.5493 ksi ≅ 9.55 ksi .............................................................. Ans.
A 12.5664
σ max B
τ max B = = 4.7747 ksi ≅ 4.77 ksi ............................................................................ Ans.
2
σ
= 900.8774 (10−6 )
9.5493
(d) ε longB = =
E 10, 600
ε latB = −νε longB = − ( 0.33) ( 900.8774 × 10−6 ) = −297.2895 (10−6 )
δ dB = ε latB d = ( −297.2895 ×10−6 ) ( 4 ) = −1.189 (10−3 ) in. ........................................... Ans.
5-12*
AA = ( 25 )( 25 ) = 625 mm 2
AB = π ( 25 ) 4 = 490.874 mm 2
2
δ =∑
PL
=
( 50 ×103 ) (1000 )
AE ( 625 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )
(a)
+
( 50 ×10 ) ( 2000 )3
( 490.874 ×10 )( 73 ×10 ) −6 9
δ = 3.89 mm .......................................................................................................................... Ans.

50 (103 )
= 80 (106 ) N/m 2 = 80 MPa ....................................................... Ans.
N
σ xA = =
A 625 (10 )
(b) −6
σ yA = τ xyA = 0 MPa ............................................................................................................... Ans.
50 (103 )
= 101.859 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 101.9 MPa .............................. Ans.
N
σ xB = =
A 490.874 (10 )−6
σ yB = τ xyB = 0 MPa ............................................................................................................... Ans.
σ 101.859 (106 )
ε xB = = = 1395.331(10−6 ) ≅ 1395 µ m/m ......................................... Ans.
73 (10 )
(c) 9
E
(d) ε yB = −νε xB = − ( 0.33) (1395.331× 10−6 ) = −460.459 (10−6 )

δ d = ε yB d = ( −460.459 ×10−6 ) ( 25 ) = −0.01151 mm ................................................... Ans.
5-13*
A = π ( 0.75 ) 4 = 0.44179 in.2
2
(a) δA =
PL
=
( 5)( 3 ×12 ) = 0.01405 in. .............................................................. Ans.
AE ( 0.44179 )( 29, 000 )
N 5
(b) σx = = = 11.3177 ksi ≅ 11.32 ksi ............................................................... Ans.
A 0.44179
σ y = τ xy = 0 ksi ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
σ
= 390.265 (10−6 ) ≅ 390 µ in./in. .................................................... Ans.
11.31769
(c) εx = =
E 29, 000
ε y = −νε x = − ( 0.30 ) ( 390.265 × 10−6 ) = −117.1(10−6 ) ≅ −117.1 µ in./in. ............... Ans.
τ xy
γ xy = = 0 µ rad ................................................................................................................. Ans.
G
5-14
PL ( 260 ×10 ) ( 3500 ) + ( 930 × 10 ) ( 3500 )
3 3
δ =∑ =
( 9485 ×10−6 )( 200 ×109 )
(a)
AE
δ = 2.20 mm ........................................................................ Ans.
(b) σ xA = τ xyA = 0 MPa ............................................................. Ans.
260 (103 )
= 27.4117 (106 ) N/m 2
N
σ yA = =
A 9485 (10 )
−6
σ yA ≅ 27.4 MPa (C) ........................................................... Ans.
σ xB = τ xyB = 0 MPa ............................................................................................................... Ans.
930 (103 )
= 98.0496 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 98.0 MPa (C) .............................. Ans.
N
σ yB = =
A 9485 (10 )
−6
(c) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G 200 = 2 (1 +ν )( 76 ) ν = 0.31579
σ −27.4117 (106 )
ε yA = = = −137.059 (10−6 ) ≅ −137.1 µ m/m ................................ Ans.
E 200 (10 9
)
ε xA = −νε yA = − ( 0.31579 )( −137.059 ) = +43.3 µ m/m ................................................ Ans.
γ xyA = 0 µ m/m ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
σ −98.0496 (106 )
ε yB = = = −490.2478 (10−6 ) ≅ −490 µ m/m .................................. Ans.
E 200 (10 9
)
ε xB = −νε yB = − ( 0.31579 )( −490.2478 ) = +154.8 µ m/m ........................................... Ans.
γ xyB = 0 µ m/m ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
5-15
AA = π ( 42 − 22 ) 4 = 9.42478 in.2 AB = π ( 2 ) 4 = 3.14159 in.2
2
(a) δ a−a =
PL
=
(130 )( 50 )
AE ( 9.42478 )(15, 000 )
δ a − a = 0.045978 in. ≅ 0.0460 in. ↑ ......................................... Ans.
(b) δ b −b = 0.045978 +
(80 )( 60 ) = 0.0969 in. ↑ ..... Ans.
( 3.14159 )( 30, 000 )
N 130
(c) σ yA = = = 13.7934 ksi ≅ 13.79 ksi (C) ............. Ans.
A 9.42478
80
σ yB = = 25.4648 ksi ≅ 25.5 ksi (C) ................................................................. Ans.
3.14159
σ xB = τ xyB = 0 ksi .............................. σ xA = τ xyA = 0 ksi ................................................... Ans.
(d) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G 15, 000 = 2 (1 + ν )( 5600 ) ν = 0.33929
−νσ y
δ d = ε x d = ( −νε y ) d = d
E
− ( 0.33929 )( −13.7934 )
δ do = ( 4 ) = 0.000624 in. ........................................................ Ans.
30, 000
− ( 0.33929 )( −13.7934 )
δ di = ( 2 ) = 0.000312 in. ......................................................... Ans.
30, 000
5-16*
δ =∑
PL
=
( 35 ×103 ) ( 900 ) +
( 35 ×103 ) ( 300 ) ≤ 0.40 mm
AE π ( 0.025 )2 4  ( 200 × 109 ) A ( 73 × 109 )
 
A ≥ 1.81740 (10−3 ) m 2 = 1817.40 mm 2
π ( 752 − di2 )
≥ 1817.40 mm 2 di ≤ 57.5414 mm
4
tmin = ( 75 − 57.5414 ) 2 = 8.73 mm ................................ Ans.
5-17*
For the uniform section:
W1 = γ V = 0.284 ( 2 × 5 ) y = 0.284 y
P1 = 30, 000 + 0.284 y
δU = ∫
25 ( 30, 000 + 0.284 y ) dy
0
( 2 × 5) ( 29 ×106 )
 252 
= (1.03448 ×10 ) ( 25 ) + ( 9.79310 × 10 ) 
−3

−9
 2 
= 0.02587 in.
For the tapered section:
W2 = γ V = 0.284 ( y + 0.0125 y 2 )
P2 = 30, 007 + 0.284 ( y + 0.0125 y 2 )
 y 
Ay = by t =  2 +  ( 0.5 ) = 1 + 0.025 y
 20 
Py dy 30, 007 + 0.284 y + 0.00355 y 2
dδ = = dy
Ay E (1 + 0.025 y ) ( 29 ×106 )
60 30, 007 + 0.284 y + 0.00355 y 2
δT = ∫ dy
0
(1 + 0.025 y ) ( 29 ×106 )
0.284 (1600 )
= 0.04139 ln (1 + 0.025 y ) 0 + (1 + 0.025 y ) − ln (1 + 0.025 y )  0
60 60
( 29 ×10 ) 6
60
0.00355 ( 64, 000 )  (1 + 0.025 y ) 
2
+  − 2 (1 + 0.025 y ) + ln (1 + 0.025 y ) 
( 29 ×106 )  2  0
= 0.03793 in.
δ total = δU + δ T = 0.0638 in. ................................................................................... Ans.
5-18
γ π r 2 
Py = ( L + y ) − π r 2 L
3

3  L2 
 πr
2
r
2
Ay = π  ( L + y )  = 2 ( L + y )
2
L  L
Py dy γ  L3 
dδ = = ( L + y ) − 2
dy
Ay E 3E  ( L + y ) 
L
 L3  γ (L + y) L3 
2
γ γ L2
( L + y ) −
L
3E ∫0
δ=  dy =  +  = .................. Ans.
 ( L + y ) 
2
3E  2 ( L + y )  0 3E
5-19*
Py = W = γ Ay σ = P A = γ y = Kε 1 2
ε = (γ y K )
2
γ y
2
dδ = ε dy =   dy
K 
L
γ y γ 2  y 3  γ 2 L3
2
L
δ =∫   = =
K 2  3  0 3K 2
dy ...........................................Ans.
0
K 
5-21
πρ 2 y
Py = W = γ V = γ Ay = πρ 2
3
Py dy γπρ y 3
2
γy
dδ = = dy = dy
Ay E πρ E
2
3E
2 L
L γ y γy γ L2
δ =∫   dy = = ................................................Ans.
0
 3E  6E 0
6E
5-22*
AA = π ( 502 − 302 ) 4 = 1256.6 mm 2
AC = π ( 202 ) 4 = 314.16 mm 2
δA =
PL
=
( 75 ×103 ) ( 400 )
= 0.3411 mm
AE (1256.6 × 10−6 )( 70 × 109 )
δC =
PL
=
( 75 × 103 ) ( 500 )
= 1.7052 mm
AE ( 314.16 ×10−6 )( 70 × 109 )
For the tapered section: ρ = 0.01(1 + 2 y )

A = πρ 2 = π ( 0.01) (1 + 2 y )
2 2
dδ =
Pdy
=
( 75 ×10 ) dy 3
=
3.4105 (10 ) dy −3
Ay E π ( 0.01) (1 + 2 y ) ( 70 × 109 )
2 2
(1 + 2 y )
2
 dy 
0.75
−1
δ = 3.4105 (10 )∫  = 3.4105 (10−3 )
0.75
−3

0 
 (1 + 2 y ) 
2
 2 (1 + 2 y ) 0
= 1.0231(10−3 ) m = 1.0231 mm
δ total = δ A + δ B + δ C = 0.3411 + 1.0231 + 1.7052

δ total 3.0694 mm ≅ 3.07 mm ............................................................................................... Ans.
5-23
(a) P = τπ dL = π ( 300 )( 3) L = 900π L lb
0 in. ≤ L ≤ 15 in.
(b) Px = τπ d ( L − x ) = 900π (15 − x ) lb

Px 900π (15 − x )
σx = = =400 (15 − x ) psi
π ( 3) 4
2
A
0 in. ≤ x ≤ 15 in.
εx =
σ x −νσ y −νσ z
=
( 400 )(15 − x ) − 2 ( 0.30 )( 600 )
30 (106 )
(c)
E
(Both σx and σy are compressive, therefore εx will be a shrink.)
1 15 1 15 5640 (15 − x ) − 200 ( 225 − x 2

) in.
δ = ∫ ε x ds = ∫ ( 5640 − 400s ) ds =
E x E x 30 (106 )
0 in. ≤ x ≤ 15 in.
5-24
Px = ∫ τπ ( 0.300 ) ds
8
(a)
x
Px 1
π ( 400s )(1 − sin 28° )( tan 28° )( 0.300 ) ds
8
A π ( 0.300 ) 4 ∫x
σx = = 2
 82 x 2 
σ x = 1504.46  −  = 752.23 ( 64 − x 2 ) N/m 2
2 2
0 m≤ x≤8 m
σ x −νσ y −νσ z ( 752.23) ( 64 − x 2 ) − 2 ( 0.30 )( 400 )(1 − sin 28° )

εx = =
13 (109 )
(b)
E
ε x = 3.6935 (10−6 ) − 5.7864 (10−8 ) x 2
δ = ∫ ε x ds = ∫ 3.6935 (10−6 ) − 5.7864 (10−8 ) s 2  ds

8 8
x x
δ = 3.6935 (10−6 ) ( 8 − x ) − 1.9288 (10−8 )( 83 − x3 ) m 0 m≤ x≤8 m
P = σ x =0 π ( 0.300 ) 4
2
(c)
= 752.23L2 π ( 0.300 ) 4
2
P = 53.1721L2 N
0 m≤ L≤8 m
5-25*
→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC cos 60° − TAB = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBC sin 60° − 16 = 0
TAB = 9.2376 kip (T)
TBC = 18.4752 kip (T)
PL ( 9.2376 )( 80 )
(a) δ AB = = = 0.11620 in.
AE ( 0.6 )(10, 600 )
δ AB ≅ 0.1162 in. (stretch) ................................................................................................... Ans.
δ BC =
(18.4752 )(160 ) = 0.08155 in.
(1.25)( 29, 000 )
δ BC ≅ 0.0815 in. (stretch) ................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) sin 60° = a δ BC a = 0.07062 in.

cos 60° = b δ BC b = 0.04077 in.
b + δ AB
tan 60° = c = 0.09063 in.
c
uB = δ AB = 0.1162 in. → ........................................... Ans.

vB = a + c = 0.1613 in. ↓ ........................................... Ans.
5-26
→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB cos 45° − FBC + 50 cos 55° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin 45° − 50sin 55° = 0
TAB = 57.9228 kN (T) FBC = 69.6364 kN (C)
(a) LAB = 12 + 12 = 1.41421 m
PL ( 57.9228 × 10 ) (1414.21)
3
δ AB = = = 1.89619 mm
AE ( 450 ×10−6 )( 96 ×109 )
δ AB ≅ 1.896 mm (stretch) .................................................. Ans.
δ BC =
( 69.6364 ×10 ) (1000 ) = 0.26681 mm
3
(1450 ×10 )(180 ×10 )

−6 9
δ BC ≅ 0.267 mm (shrink) .................................................. Ans.

(b) sin 45° = a δ AB a = 1.34081 mm = b
cos 45° = b δ AB b = 1.34081 mm
b + δ BC
tan 45° = c = 1.60761 mm
c
uB = δ BC = 0.267 mm → ........................................... Ans.
vB = a + c = 2.95 mm ↓ ............................................. Ans.
5-27
→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC cos 25° − TAC cos 20° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBC sin 25° + TAC sin 20° − 220 = 0
TAC = 281.9768 lb (T) TBC = 292.3648 lb (T)
P ( 281.9768 )
(a) σ AC = = = 18, 798 psi ≅ 18.80 ksi (T) ............. Ans.
A ( 0.015 )
σ BC =
( 292.3648 ) = 19, 491 psi ≅ 19.49 ksi (T) ........................................................... Ans.
( 0.015)
(b) LAC = 20 cos 20° = 21.28356 ft = 255.4027 in.
LBC = 20 cos 25° = 22.06956 ft = 264.8107 in.
PL ( 281.9768 )( 255.4027 )
δ AC = = = 0.16556 in.
AE ( 0.015 ) ( 29, 000 × 103 )
δ AC ≅ 0.1656 in. (stretch) ................................................................................................... Ans.
δ BC =
( 292.3648)( 264.8107 ) = 0.17798 in.
( 0.015) ( 29, 000 ×103 )
δ BC ≅ 0.1780 in. (stretch) ................................................. Ans.
(c) a = δ AC cos 45° = 0.11707 in.

b = δ AC sin 45° = 0.11707 in.
d = δ AC sin 20° = 0.05662 in.
b + δ BC
cos 45° = c = 0.41726 in.
c
e = c cos 20° = 0.39210 in.
vC = d + e = 0.449 in. ↓ ............................................. Ans.
5-28*
θ = tan −1 ( 2.5 6 ) = 22.6199° LAB = 2.52 + 62 = 6.5000 m
φ = tan −1 ( 4.5 6 ) = 36.8699° LAC = 4.52 + 62 = 7.5000 m

→ ΣFx = 0 : TAB cos θ − FAC cos φ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TAB sin θ + FAC sin φ − 100 = 0
TAB = 92.8571 kN (T) FAC = 107.1432 kN (C)
P ( 92.8571× 10 )
3
σ AB = = = 149.8 (106 ) N/m 2

( 620 ×10 )
(a) −6
A
σ AB = 149.8 MPa (T) ........................................................................................................... Ans.
(107.1432 ×10 ) = 107.1 10 N/m = 107.1 MPa (C) .................................. Ans.

3
σ AC = ( ) 6 2
(1000 ×10 ) −6
PL ( 92.8571× 10 ) ( 6500 )
3
δ AB = = = 4.86751 mm
AE ( 620 × 10 )( 200 ×10 )
(b) −6 9
δ AB ≅ 4.87 mm (stretch) ...................................................................................................... Ans.
δ AC =
(107.1432 ×10 ) ( 7500 ) = 4.01787 mm
3
(1000 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )

−6 9
δ AC ≅ 4.02 mm (shrink) ........................................... Ans.

(c) β = 180° − θ − φ − 90° = 30.5102°
a = δ AC cos φ = 3.21430 mm
b = δ AC sin φ = 2.41072 mm
d = δ AC sin β = 2.03984 mm
δ AB + d
e= = 8.01746 mm
cos β
f = e cos φ = 6.41397 mm
g = e sin φ = 4.81048 mm
u A = a − g = −1.596 mm = 1.596 mm ← ...................................................................... Ans.
v A = b + f = 8.82 mm ↓ ..................................................................................................... Ans.
5-29
→ ΣFx = 0 : TBC sin 30° − TAC sin 45° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBC cos 30° + TAC cos 45° − 10 = 0
TAC = 5.17638 kip (T)
TBC = 7.32051 kip (T)
PL ( 5.17638 )(10 ×12 )
(a) δ AC = = = 0.17976 in.
AE ( 0.326 )(10, 600 )
δ AC ≅ 0.1798 in. (stretch) ................................................................................................... Ans.
δ BC =
( 7.32051)(15 ×12 ) = 0.08944 in.
( 0.508)( 29, 000 )
δ BC ≅ 0.0894 in. (stretch) ................................................Ans.
(b) a = δ AC cos 45° = 0.12711 in.

b = δ AC sin 45° = 0.12711 in.
c = δ AC sin15° = 0.04653 in.
d = δ AC cos15° = 0.17363 in.
e = δ BC − c = 0.04291 in.
f = e cos15° = 0.04443 in.
g = f cos 45° = 0.03142 in. uC = a − h = 0.0957 in. → .............................. Ans.
h = f sin 45° = 0.03142 in. vC = b + g = 0.1585 in. ↓ ................................ Ans.
5-30
δ δB
(a) εB = = = 1500 (10−6 )
L 375
δ B = b = 0.56250 mm
vC = c = ( 250 150 ) b = 0.937 mm ↓ ..................Ans.
(b) δ A = a = ( 50 150 ) b = 0.18750 mm
TA ( 200 )
δA = = 0.18750 mm
(1250 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9
TA = 234,375 N
TB ( 375 )
δB = = 0.56250 mm
( 940 ×10 )(100 ×10 )
−6 9
TB = 141, 000 N
4 ΣM D = 0 : 250 P − 150 (141.000 ) − 50 ( 234.375 ) = 0
P = 131.5 kN .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-31*
δ CD = ε CD LCD = ( 680 ×10−6 ) ( 72 ) = 0.048960 in. ≅ 0.0490 in. .................................. Ans.
PL T ( 6 × 12 )
δ CD = = CD = 0.048960 in.
AE ( 2.5 )( 29, 000 )
TCD = 49.300 kip (T)
sin θCD = 4 5 cos θCD = 3 5

sin θ AD = 12 13 cos θ AD = 5 13
δ CD = δ BD sin θ BD δ AD = δ BD sin θ AD
δ BD = 0.061200 in. ≅ 0.0612 in. ............................................Ans.
δ AD = 0.056492 in. ≅ 0.0565 in. ............................................Ans.
TBD ( 6 ×12 )
δ BD = = 0.061200 in.
( 2.5)( 6500 )
TBD = 13.8125 kip (T)
TAD ( 6 × 12 )
δ AD = = 0.056492 in.
( 2.5)( 26, 000 )
TAD = 51.0000 kip (T)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TCD sin θCD + TAD sin θ AD + TBD − P = 0

P = 100.3 kip .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-32
δ A = ε A LA = ( 625 × 10−6 ) ( 5000 ) = 3.12500 mm
δ A = a sin θ A = ( 3 5 ) a
a = 5.20833 mm
d = ( 5 4 ) a = 6.51 mm ↓ .................................... Ans.
5-33
→ ΣFx = 0 : 30 − FBC cos 45° − TAB cos 60° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FBC sin 45° − TAB sin 60° = 0
TAB = 21.9615 kip (T) FBC = 26.8973 kip (C)
P ( 21.9615 )
(a) σ max AB = = = 17.57 ksi (T) .......................... Ans.
A (1.25)
τ max AB = σ max AB 2 = 8.78 ksi .............................................................................................. Ans.
(b) σ max BC =
( 26.8973) = 10.76 ksi (C) ................................................................................. Ans.
( 2.50 )
τ max BC = σ max BC 2 = 5.38 ksi .............................................................................................. Ans.
(c) LAB = 30 sin 60° = 34.6410 in. LBC = 30 sin 45° = 42.4264 in.
PL ( 21.9615 )( 34.6410 )
δ AB = = = 0.0574166 in.
AE (1.25)(10, 600 )
δ AB ≅ 0.0574 in. (stretch) ................................................................................................... Ans.
δ BC =
( 26.8973)( 42.4264 ) = 0.0157401 in.
( 2.5)( 29, 000 )
δ BC ≅ 0.01574 in. (shrink) .................................................................................................. Ans.
(d) a = δ AB cos 30° = 0.0497242 in.
b = δ AB sin 30° = 0.0287083 in.
c = δ AB sin15° = 0.0148605 in.
c + δ BC
d= = 0.0316800 in.
cos15°
e = d cos 30° = 0.0274657 in.
f = d sin 30° = 0.0158400 in.
uB = b + e = 0.0561 in. → ......................................... Ans.
vB = a − f = 0.0339 in. ↑ .......................................... Ans.
5-34*
π ( 0.1002 − 0.0502 ) π ( 0.050 )
2
AA = AB =
4 4
= 5.89049 (10−3 ) m 2 = 1.96350 (10−3 ) m 2
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FA + TB − 500 = 0
FA + TB = 500 kN (a)
δA = δB
FA (1500 ) TB ( 2000 )
=
( 5.89049 ×10 )(100 ×10 ) (1.96350 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−3 9 −3 9
FA = 2.000TB (b)
FA = 333.333 kN (C) TB = 166.6667 kN (T)
P ( 333.333 × 10 )
3
σA = = = 56.6 (106 ) N/m 2 = 56.6 MPa (C) .............................. Ans.

A ( 5.89049 ×10−3 )
(a)
(166.6667 ×10 ) = 84.9 10 N/m = 84.9 MPa (T) ..................................... Ans.

3
σ BC = ( ) 6 2
(1.96350 ×10 ) −3
vC =δ =
(166.6667 ×10 ) ( 2000 ) = 0.849 mm ↓ ............................................... Ans.
3
(1.96350 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )

(b) B −3 9
5-35*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 2 FS + FW − 700 = 0
2 FS + FW = 700 kip (a)
δ S = δW
FS ( 20 ) FW ( 20 )
=
( 2 × 7.5 )( 29, 000 ) ( 7.5 × 7.5 )(1800 )
FS = 4.29630 FW (b)
FW = 72.9730 kip (C) FS = 313.5138 kip (C)
P ( 72.9730 )
(a) σW = = = 1.297 ksi (C) ..................................... Ans.
A ( 7.5 × 7.5 )
σS =
( 313.5138) = 20.9 ksi (C) ........................................................................................ Ans.
( 2 × 7.5)
(b) δS =
( 313.5138)( 20 ) = 0.01441 in. .............................................................................. Ans.
( 2 × 7.5)( 29, 000 )
5-36
TS + TC = 90 N (a)
δ S = δC
TS L TC L
=
π ( 2 − 1.5 ) 4 (14 ×10 )
 2 2 9
π (1.5 ) 4  ( 7 × 109 )
2
 
TS = 1.55556TC (b)
TC = 35.2 N (T) ...................................................................................................................... Ans.

TS = 54.8 N (T) ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-37*
2TB + TC = 40 kip (a)
δ B = δC
TB ( 36 ) TC ( 36 )
=
( 2 )(10, 600 ) ( 2 )( 28, 000 )
TC = 1.32075TB (b)
TB = 12.0455 kip (T)

TC = 15.9090 kip (T)
P (12.0455 )
σB = = = 6.02 ksi (T) .................................................................................. Ans.
A ( 2)
σC =
(15.9090 ) = 7.95 ksi (T) .......................................................................................... Ans.
( 2)
5-38
4 ΣM D = 0 : 250 ( 5 ) − 50TA − 150TB = 0
TA + 3TB = 25 kN (a)
b = 3a
δ B = 3δ A
TB ( 400 ) TA ( 200 )
=3
(80 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9
(80 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9
TB = 1.5TA (b)
(a) TA = 4.5455 kN ≅ 4.55 kN (T) .....................................Ans.

TB = 6.82 kN (T) ................................................................................................................... Ans.
 ( 4.5455 ×103 ) ( 200 ) 
vC = 5a = 5δ A = 5   = 1.136 mm ↓ ....................................... Ans.
 ( 80 ×10 )( 200 × 10 ) 
(b) −6 9
5-39
TAB + FBC = 150 kip (a)
δ AB = δ BC
TAB ( 24 ) FBC ( 24 )
=
π ( 2.25 ) 4  (10, 600 )
2
π ( 3.2 )2 4  (10, 600 )
   
FBC = 2.02272TAB (b)
TAB = 49.6242 kip (T) FBC = 100.3758 kip (C)
(a) u B = δ AB =
( 49.6242 )( 24 ) = 0.02826 in. ≅ 0.0283 in. → ......................... Ans.
π ( 2.25 )2 4  (10, 600 )
 
δ AB
= 1177.425 (10−6 ) ≅ 1177 µ in./in. ............................................ Ans.
0.02826
(b) ε AB = =
LAB 24
(c) ε d = −νε AB = − ( 0.33) (1177.425 × 10−6 ) = −388.550 (10−6 ) in./in.
δ d = ε d d = ( −388.550 × 10−6 ) ( 2.25 ) = −0.874 (10−3 ) in. ............................................ Ans.
5-40*
W = 4500 ( 9.81) = 44,145 N = 44.145 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TA + TB − 44,145 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 3000TB − 1000 ( 44.145 ) = 0
TA = 29.430 kN TB = 14.715 kN
δA = δB
( 29.430 ×10 ) (1200 ) = (14.715 ×10 ) (1800 )
3 3
π d 4  ( 70 ×10 )
2
A
π d 4  ( 200 × 10 )
9 2
B
9
d A d B = 1.952 ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
5-41*
TB = TA + 40 kip (a)
TC = TA − 10 kip (b)
δ A + δ B + δC = 0 (c)
TA ( 20 ) (TA + 40 )( 24 ) + (TA − 10 )( 24 ) = 0
+
π ( 2.5 − 2
2 2
) 4  ( 30, 000 ) π ( 2 ) 4  (10, 000 ) π (1) 4  (10, 000 )
2 2
    
TA = 0 kip TB = 40 kip (T) TC = −10 kip = −10 kip (C)
P
(a) σA = = 0 ksi ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
A
σB =
( 40 ) = 12.73 ksi (T) ........................................................................................... Ans.
π ( 2) 4
2
σC =
( −10 ) = −12.73 ksi = 12.73 ksi (C) ................................................................... Ans.
π (1) 4
2
(b) ua − a = δ C =
( −10 )( 24 ) = −0.0306 in. = 0.0306 in. → .............................. Ans.
π (1)2 4  (10, 000 )
 
5-42*
Fs + Fa = 30 kN (a)
δs = δa
Fs L Fa L
=
( 0.025 × 0.100 ) ( 200 ×10 ) ( 0.100 × 0.100 ) ( 73 ×109 )
9
Fa = 1.4600 Fs (b)
Fs = 12.1951 kN (C)
Fa = 17.8049 kN (C)
12.1951(12.5 ) + 17.8049 ( 75 )
x= = 49.6 mm ...................................Ans.
30
5-43
TA + FB = 95 kip (a)
δ A = δ B + 0.015 in.
TA ( 72 ) FB ( 24 )
= + 0.015
(1.25)( 30, 000 ) ( 3.75)(15, 000 )
TA = 0.22222 FB + 7.8125 kip (b)
TA = 23.6648 kip (T)

FB = 71.3352 kip (C)
N 23.6648
(a) σA = = = 18.93 ksi (T) .................................................................................. Ans.
A 1.25
N 71.3352
σB = = = 19.02 ksi (C) .................................................................................. Ans.
A 3.75
(b) vC = δ A =
( 23.6648)( 72 ) = 0.0454 in. ↓ ..................................................................... Ans.
(1.25)( 30, 000 )
5-44*
TP = TB (a)
δ P + δ B = 0.15 mm (b)
TP ( 200 ) TB ( 400 )
+ = 0.15
π ( 0.15 ) 4  ( 2.1×109 )
2
π ( 0.045 )2 4  (100 × 109 )
   
TP = TB = 18,976.74 N
= 1.074 (106 ) N/m 2

N 18,976.74
(a) σP = =
A π ( 0.15 ) 4
2
σ P = 1.074 MPa (T) ............................................................... Ans.
= 11.93 (106 ) N/m 2 = 11.93 MPa (T) ................................ Ans.

N 18,976.74
σB = =
A π ( 0.045 ) 4
2
(b) x = 200 + δ P = 200 +

(18,976.74 )( 200 ) = 200.1023 mm .............................. Ans.
π ( 0.15 )2 4  ( 2.1×109 )
 
5-45*
4 ΣM A = 0 : 2TB + 4TC − 6 (1000 ) = 0
TB + 2TC = 3000 = 0 (a)
δ B = b cos θ = ( L∆θ ) cos θ LB = (1 3)( 48 ) = 16 in.

δ C = c cos θ = ( 2 L∆θ ) cos θ LC = ( 2 3)( 48 ) = 32 in.
δ C = 2δ B (b)
TC ( 32 ) TB (16 )
=2
( 0.3)( 29, 000 ) ( 0.3)( 29, 000 )
TB = TC = 1.000 kip (T)
(1.000 ) 1( 48) 3

δB = = 0.001839 in. ......................... Ans.
( 0.3)( 29, 000 )
δ C = 2δ B = 0.00368 in. ...................................................... Ans.
5-46
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + TAD + FB − 225 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 500TAD + 1350 FB − 1350 ( 225 ) = 0
10TAD + 27 FB = 6075 kN (a)
δ B = (1350 500 ) δ AD
FB ( 375 )  1350   TAD ( 450 ) 

=  
( 4500 ×10−6 )(12 ×109 )  500   ( 300 ×10−6 )( 200 ×109 ) 
FB = 2.91600TAD (b)
TAD = 68.4646 kN FB = 199.6427 kN
Cx = 0 kN C y = −43.1073 kN C = Cx2 + C y2 = 43.1073 kN
N 68.4646 (10 )
3
σ AD = = = 228 (106 ) N/m 2

300 (10 )
(a) −6
A
σ AD = 228 MPa (T) .............................................................................................................. Ans.
199.6427 (103 )
σB = = 44.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 44.4 MPa (C) .......................................... Ans.
4500 (10 −6
)
43.1073 (103 )
= 68.6 (106 ) N/m 2 = 68.6 MPa ..................................... Ans.
V
(b) τC = =
A 2 π ( 0.020 )2 4 
 
vD = δ AD =
( 68.4646 ×10 ) ( 450 ) = 0.513 mm ↓ ..................................................... Ans.
3
( 300 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )

(c) −6 9
5-47
5FS + FC = 200 kip (a)
δ S = δC
FS L FC L
= (b)
π (1) 4  ( 29, 000 ) AC ( 4500 )
2
 
AC = b 2 − 5 π (1) 4 
2
(c)
 
If FS = FS max = σ S A = (18 ) π (1) 4  = 14.1372 kip , then
2
 
FC = 129.3142 kip AC = 46.2977 in.2 b = 7.09 in.
F 129.3142
and σC = = = 2.79 ksi > σ C max = 1.4 ksi (not correct guess)
A 46.2977
If σ C = FC AC = σ C max = 1.4 ksi , then
FS = 7.0860 kip FC = 164.5698 kip AC = 117.5499 in.2 b = 11.02 in.

F 7.0860
and σS = = = 9.02 ksi < σ S max = 18 ksi (correct guess)
A π (1)2 4
Therefore b = 11.02 in. .............................................................................................................. Ans.
5-48*
2Ts = Fa (a)
δ s + δ a = 1 mm (b)
Ts ( 330 ) Fa ( 251)
+ = 1 mm
(120 ×10 )(190 ×10 ) ( 625 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
T = 39.2520 (10 ) N = 39.2520 kN

s
3
F = 78.5040 (10 ) N = 78.5040 kN

a
3
N 39.2520 (10 )
3
σ = = = 327 (10 ) N/m 6 2
120 (10 )
(a) s −6
A
σ s = 327 MPa (T) ................................................................................. Ans.
78.5040 (103 )
σa = = 125.6 (106 ) N/m 2 = 125.6 MPa (C) ........................................ Ans.
625 (10 −6
)
δa =
( 78.5040 ×10 ) ( 251) = 0.432 mm (shrink) ........................................................ Ans.
3
( 625 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )

(b) −6 9
5-49*
Ts = Fb (a)
δ b + δ s = 0.020 in.
Fb ( 6 ) Ts ( 6 )
+ = 0.02 in.
( 0.375 )(15, 000 ) π ( 0.5) 4 ( 30, 000 )
2
 
Ts = Fb = 9.59114 kip (b)
N 9.59114
σs = = = 48.8 ksi (T) .............................................Ans.
A π ( 0.5 )2 4
9.59114
σb = = 25.6 ksi (C) ...........................................................Ans.
0.375
5-50
Initially, bar CE is not connected to bar ABCD (TCE = 0 ) and
the load P = 50 kN is applied to the end of bar ABCD . Then
4 ΣM A = 0 : 320 ( 50 ) − 80TBF = 0
TBF = 200 kN
δ BF =
( 200 ×10 ) (1000 ) = 0.79365 mm
3
(1200 ×10 )( 210 ×10 )

−6 9
At this point, bar CE is connected to bar ABCD (TCE ≠ 0 ) and

the applied load P is removed ( P = 0 ) . Then
4 ΣM A = 0 : 240TCE − 80TBF = 0
TBF = 3TCE (a)
c = 3b = 3δ BF
c = 3 ( 0.79365 ) − δ CE = 2.38095 − δ CE
3δ BF = 2.38095 − δ CE (b)
 TBF (1000 )  TCE ( 600 )

3  = 2.38095 −
 (1200 ×10 )( 210 × 10 )  ( 900 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )
−6 9
TBF = 159.2727 (103 ) N = 159.2727 kN
TCE = 53.0909 (103 ) N = 53.0909 kN
N 53.0909 (10 )
3
σ CE = = = 59.0 (106 ) N/m 2

900 (10 )
(a) −6
A
N 53.0909 (10 )
3
σ CE = = = 59.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 59.0 MPa (T) ................................. Ans.

A 900 (10 )
−6
δ BF =
(159.2727 ×10 ) (1000 ) = 0.63203 mm
3
(1200 ×10 )( 210 ×10 )

(b) −6 9
vD = d = 4b = 4δ BF = 2.53 mm ↑ ..................................................................................... Ans.
5-51
4 ΣM C = 0 : 8TA − 5TB = 0
TB = 1.6TA (a)
δ A = ( 8 5 ) b = ( 8 5 )( 0.1 − δ B )
δ A = 1.6 ( 0.1 − δ B ) in. (b)
TA ( 60 )  TB ( 60 ) 
= 1.6  0.1 − 
0.5 ( 29, 000 )  (1.2 )(15, 000 ) 
TA = 12.6270 kip TB = 20.2032 kip
N 12.6270
(a) σA = = = 25.3 ksi (T) .........................Ans.
A 0.5
(b) vA = δ A =
(12.6270 )( 60 ) = 0.0523 in. ↑ ....................................................................... Ans.
( 0.5)( 29, 000 )
5-52*
A = π ( 0.030 ) 4 = 706.858 (10−6 ) m 2
2
TBC = (TAB − 6 ) kN (a)
TCD = (TAB − 3) kN (b)
δ AB + δ BC + δ CD = 0 (c)
TAB (1000 ) + TBC (1000 ) + TCD (1000 )

=0
( 706.858 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
−6 9
TAB + (TAB − 6 ) + (TAB − 3) = 0

TAB = 3 kN TBC = −3 kN TCD = 0 kN
= 4.24 (106 ) N/m 2 = 4.24 MPa (T) ............................... Ans.

N 3000
σ AB = =
A 706.858 (10 )
(a) −6
σ BC = 4.24 MPa (C) ........................ σ CD = 0 MPa .......................................................... Ans.

(b) τ max = σ max 2 = 2.12 MPa .................................................................................................. Ans.
δ BC =
( 3000 )(1000 ) = 0.058139 mm ≅ 0.0581 mm (shrink) ............ Ans.
( 706.858 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
(c) −6 9
(d) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G 73 = 2 (1 + ν )( 28 ) ν = 0.30357
δ −0.058139
ε BC = = = −58.139 (10−6 ) m/m
L 1000
ε dBC = −νε BC = − ( 0.30357 ) ( −58.139 ×10−6 ) = +17.649 (10−6 ) m/m
δ d = ε d d = ( +17.649 × 10−6 ) ( 30 ) = +0.529 (10−3 ) mm (expands) ........................... Ans.
(e) δ AB = −δ BC = +0.0581 mm (stretch)

δ +0.058139
ε AB = = = +58.139 (10−6 ) m/m ≅ +58.1 µ m/m ................................... Ans.
L 1000
5-53*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : FA + FB − 10 + C y = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 5.5 (10 ) − 8 FA − 3FB = 0
8FA + 3FB = 55 kip (a)
δ A = ( 8 3) δ B
FA ( 48 ) 8 FB ( 36 ) 
=  
( 2.25 )(10, 600 ) 3  (1.75)( 28, 000 ) 
FB = 1.02725 FA (b)
FA = 4.96311 kip FB = 5.09835 kip C y = −0.06146 kip

N 4.96311
(a) σA = = = 2.2058 ksi ≅ 2.21 ksi (C) ............................................................ Ans.
A 2.25
5.09835
σB = = 2.9133 ksi ≅ 2.91 ksi (C) ..................................................................... Ans.
1.75
(b) τ max A = σ A 2 = 1.103 ksi ....................... τ max B = σ B 2 = 1.457 ksi .............................. Ans.
(c) C = Cx2 + C y2 = 61.46 lb
V 61.46
τC = = = 156.5 psi ................................................................................ Ans.
A 2 π ( 0.5 )2 4 
 
10 10δ A 10 ( 4.96311)( 48 )
(d) vD = a= = = 0.01249 in. ↓ ............................................. Ans.
8 8 8 ( 2.25 )(10, 600 )
5-54
4 ΣM F = 0 : 300 P − 50 FD − 100TC = 0
FD + 2TC = 6 P (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm
TC ( 300 )  FD (150 ) 
= 2  + 0 .09 
( 600 ×10−6 )( 200 ×109 )  ( 2500 ×10−6 )(100 ×109 ) 
TC = 0.48000 FD + 72, 000 N (b)
Guess that
TC = TC max = σ A
= ( 215 × 106 )( 600 ×10−6 ) = 129, 000 N
Then FD = 118, 750 N P = 62, 792 N
= 47.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 47.5 MPa

N 118, 750
σD = =
A 2500 (10 )
and −6
Since σ D = 47.5 MPa < σ max = 95 MPa , the guess was correct and
Pmax = 62.8 kN ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-55
Ts = Fb (a)
0.125θ
δ s + δ b = ∆ nut = (b)
360
Ts (14 ) Fb (12 ) 0.125θ

+ =
( 0.785 )( 30, 000 ) (1.767 )(15, 000 ) 360
Ts = Fb = 0.33156θ kip
N 0.33156θ
(a) σs = = = 0.42237θ ksi (T)
A 0.785
0.33156θ
σb = = 0.18764θ ksi (C)
1.767
( 0.33156θ )(14 ) = 0.19711θ 10−3 in.
(b) δs =
( 0.785)( 30, 000 )
( )
( 0.33156θ )(12 ) = 0.15011θ 10−3 in.
δb =
(1.767 )(15, 000 )
( )
(c) L = 12 − δ b = 12 − 0.15011θ (10−3 ) in.
5-56
4 ΣM C = 0 : 200TA − 125TB = 0
TB = 1.6TA (a)
δ A = ( 200 125 ) b = ( 200 125 )( ∆ nut − δ B )

δ A = 1.6 ( ∆ nut − δ B ) mm
TA (1500 )  2.5θ TB (1500 ) 

= 1.6  − 
( 350 ×10−6 )( 200 ×109 )  360 ( 750 ×10−6 )(100 ×109 ) 
TA + 1.49333TB = 518.5185θ N (b)
TA = 152.9854θ N
TB = 244.7766θ N
N 152.9854θ
(a) σA = = −6
= 0.43710θ (106 ) N/m 2
A 350 ×10
N 244.7766θ
σA = =
A 750 × 10−6
= 0.0.32637θ (106 ) N/m 2
vA = δ A =
(152.9854θ )(1500 )
( 350 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
(b) −6 9
vA = 3.27826θ (10 ) mm−3
δA
(c) tan φ = = 16.6913θ (10−6 )
200
5-57
4 ΣM C = 0 : 5P − 10TA − 6 FB = 0
10TA + 6 FB = 5 P (a)
δ A = (10 6 )(δ B + 0.009 ) = (10δ B 6 ) + 0.015 in.

If δ A ≤ 0.015 in. , then
δB = 0 FB = 0 σB = 0
TA = P 2 σ A = TA 2 = P 4
and δA =
( P 2 )( 50 ) = 0.00125P in.
( 2 )(10, 000 )
If δ A ≥ 0.015 in. , then
10TA + 6 FB = 5 P (a)
δ A = (10δ B 6 ) + 0.015 in. (b)
TA ( 50 ) 10  FB (15 ) 
=   + 0.015
( 2 )(10, 000 ) 6  (12 )(15, 000 ) 
TA = ( 0.042373P + 5.4915 ) kip
FB = ( 0.76271P − 9.15254 ) kip
0.042373P + 5.4915
(a) σA = = ( 0.02119 P + 2.74575 ) ksi (T)
2
0.76271P − 9.15254
σB =
12
= ( 0.06356 P − 0.76271) ksi (C)
(b) δA =
( 0.042373P + 5.4915) ( 50 ) in.
( 2 )(10, 000 )
δB =
( 0.76271P − 9.15254 ) ( 50 ) in.
(12 )(15, 000 )
δA
(c) θ = tan −1
10
5-58
4 ΣM F = 0 : 300 P − 50 FD − 100TC = 0
FD + 2TC = 6 P (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm
If δ C ≤ 0.18 mm , then
δD = 0 FD = 0 σD = 0
TC = 3P
= 0.00500 P (106 ) N/m 2

3P
σC =
600 (10 )
−6
δC =
( 3P )( 300 ) = 20.5480 P (10−6 ) mm
( 600 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
and −6 9
If δ C ≤ 0.18 mm , then
FD + 2TC = 6 P (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm
TC ( 300 )  FD (150 ) 
= 2  + 0 .09  mm
( 600 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )  ( 2500 ×10−6 )(100 ×109 ) 
TC = ( 0.17520 FD + 26, 280 ) N (b)
TC = ( 0.77844 P + 19,831) N
FD = ( 4.44313P − 39, 662 ) N
δC =
( 0.77844 P + 19,831)( 300 ) mm
( 600 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
(b) −6 9
δD =
( 4.44313P − 39, 662 )(150 ) mm
( 2500 ×10 )(100 ×10 )
−6 9
δC
(c) θ = tan −1
100
5-59*
σ   σ 
(a) δ =0= + α ∆T  L =  + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( −100 )  ( 80 )
E  10, 600 
σ = 13.25 ksi .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) δ = 0 (rigid supports) ........................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) σ = 0 (nothing to exert a force) ........................................................................................ Ans.
σ 
(d) δ =  + α∆T  L = 0 + (12.5 ×10−6 ) ( −100 )  ( 80 )
E 
δ = −0.1000 in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-60*
σ   σ 
δ =  + α ∆T  L =  + ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( − 55 )  ( 6000 ) = −1 mm
 70 (10 )
(a)
E  9
  
σ = 74.9583 (10 6
) N/m 2
≅ 75.0 MPa ............................................................................. Ans.
 −νσ   − ( 0.346 ) ( 74.9583 ×106 ) 

(b) δd = 
 E
+ α ∆T  d = 
 70 (109 )
+ ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( − 55 )  ( 50 )
 
δ d = −0.0804 mm ................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-61
FA = FS AA = π 32 4 = 7.06858 in.2
δ total = δ A + δ S = 0 AS = π 42 4 = 12.5664 in.2
 F 
δ = + α ∆T  L
 AE 
 ( − FA ) 
+ (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( 80 )  ( 30 )

 ( 7.06858 )(10, 600 ) 

+
( − FS ) 
+ ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( 80 )  ( 20 ) = 0
 (12.5664 )( 30, 000 ) 
FA = FS = 89.4493 kip (both C)
F 89.4493
(a) σA = = = 12.65 ksi (C) .................................................................................. Ans.
A 7.06858
89.4493
σS = = 7.12 ksi (C) .............................................................................................. Ans.
12.5664
 −νσ   − ( 0.30 )( −89.4493) 
(b) δd =  + α ∆T  d =  + ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( 80 )  ( 4 )
 E   (12.5664 )( 30, 000 ) 
δ d = +0.00240 in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
 ( −89.4493) + 12.5 ×10−6 80  30
(c) uB = δ A = 
( 7.06858 )(10, 600 )
( ) ( ) ( )
 
uB = −0.00581 in. = 0.00581 in. ← ................................................................................. Ans.
5-62
σ   15 (106 ) 
δ summer =  + α ∆T  L =  + (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( 0 ) L
E   200 (10 ) 
9
 σ 
δ winter =  + (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( −40 )  L = δ summer
 200 (10 ) 
9
 σ   15 (106 ) 
 + (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( − 40 )  L =  + (11.9 × 10 −6
) L
( 0 )
 200 (10 )   200 (10 ) 
9 9
σ = 110.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 110.2 MPa ................................................................................ Ans.
5-63*
AS = π ( 0.75 ) 4 = 0.44179 in.2
2
AC = (10 ) − 9 ( 0.44179 ) = 96.0239 in.2

2
9 FS + FC = 150 kip (a)
δ S = δC
( − FS )( 24 ) + 6.6 ×10−6 100 24
( 0.44179 )( 30, 000 )
( ) ( )( )
( − FC )( 24 ) + 6.0 ×10−6 100 24
=
( 96.0239 )( 4500 )
( ) ( )( )
32.60305FS − FC = 25.92646 kip (b)
FC = 111.9428 kip FS = 4.22869 kip

111.9418
(a) σC = = 1.166 ksi (C) .......................................................................................... Ans.
96.0239
4.22869
σS = = 9.57 ksi (C) ............................................................................................. Ans.
0.44179
( −4.22869 )( 24 ) + 6.6 ×10−6 100 24
(c) δ = δS =
( 0.44179 )( 30, 000 )
( ) ( )( )
δ = +0.00818 in. .................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-64*
AAB = ABC = π ( 50 ) 4 = 1963.495 mm 2
2
TAB = TBC + 100 kN (a)
δ AB + δ BC = 0
(TAB × 103 ) ( 200 )
+ (11.9 ×10−6 ) ( −20 )( 200 )
(1963.495 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9
+
(T ×10 ) ( 200 ) BC
3
+ (11.9 × 10 ) ( −20 )( 200 ) = 0 −6
(1963.495 ×10 )( 200 ×10 ) −6 9
TAB + TBC = 186.9248 kN (b)
TAB = 143.4624 kN TBC = 43.4624 kN
143.4624 (103 )
σ AB = = 73.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 73.1 MPa .............................................. Ans.
1963.495 (10 −6
)
43.4624 (103 )
σ BC = = 22.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 22.1 MPa .............................................. Ans.
1963.495 (10 −6
)
5-65
TC + 2TB = W
If W = 0 , then
TC = −2TB (a)
But since wires cannot sustain compressive
forces, neither of the tensions can be negative
and the only solution of Eq. (a) is
TC = TB = 0
regardless of any temperature change. And if the tensions are all zero, the stresses are also all zero
σ B = σC = 0 ............................................................................................................................ Ans.
5-66*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + TA + TB − 100 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 150TA + 450TB − 450 (100 ) = 0
TA + 3TB = 300 kN (a)
δ B = ( 450 150 ) δ A
 TB ( 500 ) 
 + ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( − 25 )( 500 ) 
 ( 300 × 10 )( 70 × 10 )
−6

9
 450   TA ( 250 ) 
=  
 150   (1200 ×10−6 )( 210 × 109 )
+ (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( − 25 )( 250 ) 

TA − 8TB = −19,530 N = −19.530 kN (b)
TA = 212.8555 kN TB = 29.0482 kN
Cx = 0 kN C y = −141.904 kN C = Cx2 + C y2 = 141.904 kN
212.8555 (103 )
σA = = 177.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 177.4 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.
1200 (10
)
(a) −6
29.0482 (10 ) 3
σB = = 96.8 (10 ) N/m 6 2

= 96.8 MPa (T) ............................................ Ans.
300 (10 ) −6
(b) τ max A = σ max A 2 = 88.7 MPa .............................................................................................. Ans.
τ max B = σ max B 2 = 48.4 MPa .............................................................................................. Ans.
141.904 (103 )
= 226 (106 ) N/m 2 = 226 MPa ....................................... Ans.
V
(c) τC = =
A 2 π ( 0.020 )2 4 
 
vE = δ B =
( 29.0482 )( 500 ) + ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( −25 )( 500 )
( 300 ×10 )( 70 ×10 )
(d) −6 9
vE = 0.410 mm ↓ ................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-67
TC + 2TB = W = 5 kip
Assume that the wires are adjusted such that the weight is evenly
supported by the three wires prior to the temperature change. Then
TC = TB = 5 3 = 1.66667 kip
δB =
(1.66667 )( 3 ×12 ) = 0.0082759 in.
( 0.25)( 29, 000 )
δC =
(1.66667 )( 5 ×12 ) = 0.0188679 in.
( 0.5)(10, 600 )
After the temperature change of +50 °F
TC + 2TB = 5 kip (a)
and assuming that the wires stay taught (in tension)
the additional stretch of the wires must be equal
δ B − 0.0082759 = δ C − 0.0188679
 TB ( 36 ) 
 + ( 6.6 ×10−6 ) ( 50 )( 36 )  − 0.0082759
 ( 0.25 )( 29, 000 ) 
 TC ( 60 ) 
= + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( 50 )( 60 )  − 0.0188679
 ( 0.5 )(10, 600 ) 
TB − 2.27987TC = 3.02647 kip (b)
TB = 2.59469 kip TC = −0.18939 kip

But since wires cannot sustain compressive forces, neither of the tensions can be negative. Therefore, the wire C
must have become slack, all of the weight is being carried by the wires B , and
TB = 5 2 = 2.500 kip TC = 0 kip
2.500
σB = = 10.00 ksi ....................................................................................................... Ans.
0.25
σ C = 0 ksi ................................................................................................................................ Ans.
5-68
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + TCE − TBF = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 240TCE − 80TBF = 0
TBF = 3TCE (a)
c = 3b b = δ BF c = −δ CE
( −δ CE ) = 3δ BF
 TCE ( 600 ) 
− + ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( − 60 )( 600 ) 
 ( 900 × 10 )( 73 × 10 )
−6

9
 TBF (1000 ) 
= 3 + (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( − 60 )(1000 ) 
 (1200 × 10 )( 210 × 10 )
−6

9
TCE + 1.30357TBF = 323, 244.00 N (b)
TBF = 197, 472.87 N TCE = 65,824.29 N Ay = 131, 648.58 N
= 164.6 (106 ) N/m 2 = 164.6 MPa (T) .......................................... Ans.

197, 472.87
σ BF =
1200 (10 )
(a) −6
= 73.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 73.1 MPa (T) ................................................. Ans.

65,824.29
σ CE =
900 (10 )
−6
(b) A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 131, 648.58 N
= 186.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 186.2 MPa ................................................. Ans.

131, 641.58
τA =
π ( 0.030 ) 4
2
= 139.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 139.7 MPa .......................................... Ans.

197, 472.87
τB =
2 π ( 0.030 ) 4 
2
 
= 93.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 93.1 MPa ...................................................... Ans.

65,824.29
τC =
π ( 0.030 ) 4
2
δ BF =
(197, 472.87 )(1000 ) + (11.9 ×10−6 ) ( −60 )(1000 ) = 0.069623 mm
(1200 ×10 )( 210 ×10 )
(c) −6 9
vD = d = 4b = 4δ BF = 0.278 mm ↑ .................................................................................. Ans.
5-69*
Initially,
( 200 )(120 ) + 12.5 ×10−6 0 120
δ init =
PL
+ α ∆T L = ( ) ( )( )
AE ( 0.15) (10.6 ×106 )
= 0.01509434 in.
First determine the temperature rise required to close the gap so the weight rests on the floor
( 200 )(120 ) + 12.5 ×10−6 ∆T 120
δ=
( 0.15) (10.6 ×106 )
( ) ( )( )
∆T = 53.33 °F
= δ init + 0.08 = 0.02309434 in.
(a) Not touching the floor. Therefore, T = W = 200 lb and
200
σ= = 1333 psi (T) ...................................................................................................... Ans.
0.15
(b) Now the weight is partially resting on the floor so T < W and
σ (120 )
δ= + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( 60 )(120 ) = 0.02309434 in.
(10.6 ×10 ) 6
σ = −5910 psi
But the wire cannot support a compression. Therefore, at this temperature the wire has become slack, and the
weight rests totally on the floor.
σ = 0 psi .................................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-70*
dδ σ P
= + α∆T = + α∆T
dx E AE
A = π r 2 = π (1 + x ) ro 
2
= π (1 + x ) ro2 = (1 + x ) Ao
2 2
1  P 
δ = ∫ dδ = ∫  + α∆T  dx = 0

0 AE

P 1 
1
dx P  −1  P
∫   + α ∆ T (1) =   + α∆T = + α∆T = 0
E  (1 + x ) Ao 
0 2
EAo  (1 + x )  0 2 EAo
P
= −2 Eα ∆T
Ao
−2 Eα ∆T −2 ( 74 ×10 )(12.5 × 10 ) ( 50 )
9 −6
P P
σ= = = =
A (1 + x )2 Ao (1 + x )
2
(1 + x )
2
−92.5 (106 ) 92.5

σ= N/m 2 = MPa (C) ............................................................ Ans.
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2
5-71*
sin θ = 4 5 P = 200 kip

TA + 2 ( 4 5 ) TB = 200 kip (a)
δ B = ( 4 5) δ A
TB ( 5 × 12 )
+ ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( 30 )( 5 ×12 )
( 2.5 )( 30, 000 )
 4   T ( 4 ×12 ) 
=   A + ( 9.4 ×10−6 ) ( −50 )( 4 × 12 ) 
 5   ( 3)(15, 000 ) 
TB = 1.06667TA − 37.41000 kip (b)
TA = 96.0055 kip (T) TB = 64.9966 kip (T)

96.0055
(a) σA = = 32.0 ksi .........................................................Ans.
3
64.9966
σB = = 26.0 ksi .........................................................Ans.
2.5
( 96.0055)( 4 ×12 ) + 9.4 ×10−6 −50 4 ×12
(b) vC = δ A =
( 3)(15, 000 )
( ) ( )( )
vC = 0.0799 in. ...........................................................................Ans.
5-72
2Ts = Fa (a)
δ s + δ a = 0.5 mm
 Ts ( 330 ) 
 + (17.3 × 10 −6
) (100 )( 330 ) 
 (115 × 10 )(190 ×10 )
−6

9
 Fa ( 250.5 ) 
+ − ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) (100 )( 250.5 )  = 0.5 mm
 ( 625 ×10 )( 73 × 10 )
−6

9
Fa + 2.75079Ts = 89, 742.83 N (b)
Ts = 18,890.08 N Fa = 37, 780.16 N
= 164.3 (106 ) N/m 2

18,890.08
σs =
115 (10 )
−6
σ s = 164.3 MPa (T) .............................................................................. Ans.
= 60.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 60.4 MPa (C) .................................................. Ans.

37, 780.16
σa =
625 (10 )
−6
5-73
TS = V FA = 2V = 2TS (a,b)
δS = δ A
TS ( 7 )
+ ( 6.6 ×10−6 ) ( −40 )( 7 )
( 0.5 ×1)( 29, 000 )
 ( − FA )( 7 ) + 12.5 ×10−6 −40 7 
= ( ) ( )( )
 ( 0.5 ×1)(10, 600 ) 
TS + 2.73585FA = −3.42200 kip (c)
TS = V = −0.52876 kip FA = 2V = −1.05752 kip

(The negative means that the steel is actually in compression and the aluminum is actually in tension.)
0.52876
τ= = 2.69 ksi ............................................................................................ Ans.
π ( 0.5 ) 4
2
5-74
dδ σ σ  100 x 2 
= + α ∆T = + α  2  δ =0
dx E E  L 
L σ 100α x 2  σ L 100α L3
δ =∫  +  dx = + =0
0
E L2  E 3L2
100α E 100 ( 22.5 × 10 )( 70 ×10 )

−6 9
σ= =
3 3
σ = 52.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 52.5 MPa .............................................................................. Ans.
5-75
Ta = Fs (a)
δ a + δ s = ∆ nut (b)
 Ta (14 ) 
 + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(14 ) 
 (1.4 )(10, 000 ) 
 Fs (12 ) 
+ − ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(12 )  = ∆ nut
 ( 0.400 )( 30, 000 ) 
Initially,
Ts = Fb = 3.500 kip ∆T = 0
∆ nut = 0.00700 in.
As the temperature rises,

 Ta (14 ) 
 + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(14 ) 
 (1.4 )(10, 000 ) 
 Fs (12 ) 
+ − ( 6.6 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(12 )  = 0.00700 in.
 ( 0.400 )( 30, 000 ) 
Ta = Fs = ( 3.5 − 0.0479000∆T ) kip (bolt - tension; sleeve - compression)
Note that at a temperature of about 73 °F the force in the bolt and in the sleeve both go to zero. Beyond this point,
the two pieces separate and no longer exert forces on each other – the forces and stresses both become zero
N ( 3.5 − 0.0479000∆T )
(a) σa = = = ( 2.5 − 0.0342143∆T ) ksi (T) 0 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 73 °F
A 1.4
( 3.5 − 0.0479000∆T ) =
σs = ( 8.75 − 0.119750∆T ) ksi (C) 0 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 73 °F
0.4
5-75 (cont.)
σ a = σ s = 0 ksi 73 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 100 °F
( 3.5 − 0.0479000∆T )(14 ) + 12.5 ×10−6 ∆T 14
(b) δa =
(1.4 )(10, 000 )
( ) ( )( )
δ a = ( 3.500 + 0.12710∆T ) (10−3 ) in. (stretch) 0 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 73 °F
( 3.5 − 0.0479000∆T )(12 ) − 6.6 ×10−6 ∆T 12

δs =
( 0.400 )( 30, 000 )
( ) ( )( )
0 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 73 °F
= ( 3.500 − 0.12710∆T ) (10−3 ) in. (shrink)
δ a = (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(14 ) = 0.17500∆T (10−3 ) in. (stretch) 73 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 100 °F
δ s = − ( 6.6 ×10−6 ) ( ∆T )(12 ) = −0.0.07920∆T (10−3 ) in. (shrink) 73 °F ≤ ∆T ≤ 100 °F
5-76
P = 35 kN
4 ΣM F = 0 : 300 ( 35 ) − 50 FD − 100TC = 0
FD + 2TC = 210 kN (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm
 TC ( 300 ) 
 + (11.9 × 10 −6
) ( )( )
∆ T 300
 ( 600 × 10 )( 200 × 10 )
−6

9
 FD (150 ) 
= 2 − ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( ∆ T )(150 ) + 0.09 
 ( 2500 × 10 )( 73 × 10 )
−6

9
TC = ( 0.65753FD − 4.12800∆T + 72.000 ) kN (b)
TC = ( 90.7455 − 1.78311∆T ) kN FD = ( 28.5090 + 3.56621∆T ) kN
( 90.7455 − 1.78311∆T ) (103 )

σC = = (151.2425 − 2.97185∆T ) MPa (T)
600 (10−6 )
(a)
5-76 (cont.)
( 28.5090 + 3.56621∆T ) (103 )
σD = = (11.4036 + 1.42648∆T ) MPa (C)
2500 (10−6 )
( 90.7455 − 1.78311∆T ) (103 ) ( 300 )

δC = + (11.9 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 300 )
( 600 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
(b) −6 9
δ C = ( 0.22686 − 0.00088778∆T ) mm
( 28.5090 + 3.56621∆T ) (103 ) (150 )
δD = − ( 22.5 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )(150 )
( 2500 ×10 )( 73 ×10 )
−6 9
δ D = ( 0.02343 + 0.00044387 ∆T ) mm
δC
(c) θ = tan −1
100
5-77
4 ΣM C = 0 : 8TA + 3TB = 0
8σ A (1.75 ) + 3σ B ( 2.25 ) = 0
σ B = −2.07407σ A (a)
δ A = ( 8 3) δ B
 σ A ( 48 ) 
 + ( 6.6 ×10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 48 ) 
 ( 28, 000 ) 
8  σ ( 36 ) 
=  B + (12.5 × 10−6 ) ( ∆T )( 36 ) 
3  (10, 600 ) 
σ A − 5.2830σ B = 0.51520∆T ksi (b)
(a) σ A = 0.043087∆T ksi (T)

σ B = −0.089365∆T = 0.089365∆T ksi (C)
(b) δ A = 390.7 (10−6 ) ∆T in. (stretch)
δ B = 146.51(10−6 ) ∆T in. (stretch)
5-78
4 ΣM A = 0 : 240TCE − 80TBF = 0
TBF = 3TCE
σ BF (1200 ×10−6 ) = 3σ CE ( 900 × 10−6 )
σ BF = 2.2500σ CE (a)
c = 3b (b)
σ BF (1000 )
b = δ BF = = 4.76190 (10−9 ) σ BF mm
( 210 ×10 )9
(The temperature of BF never changes.)

 σ ( 600 ) 
c = −  CE + ( 22.5 × 10 −6
) ( ∆ T )( 600 ) 
 ( 73 ×10 ) 
9
=  −8.21918 (10−9 ) σ CE − 13.500 (10−3 ) ( ∆T )  mm
When ∆T = 0 (after CE has been heated and the pin inserted),

b = c = σ CE = σ BF = 0
δ CE = ( 22.5 ×10−6 ) ( 80 )( 600 ) = 1.0800 mm
As CE cools down
c =  −8.21918 (10−9 ) σ CE − 13.500 (10−3 ) ( ∆T )  = 3b = 3  4.76190 (10−9 ) σ BF 
14.28570σ BF + 8.21918σ CE = −13.500 (106 ) ( ∆T ) (b)
5-78 (cont.)
(a) σ BF = −0.75256 (106 ) ∆T N/m 2 ........................................................................................ Ans.
σ CE = −0.33447 (106 ) ∆T N/m 2 ........................................................................................ Ans.
(Note that since ∆T is negative the stresses will be positive or tension stresses.)
 −0.75256 (106 ) ∆T  (1000 )
δ BF =  = −3.58364 (10−3 ) ∆T mm ................................ Ans.
( 210 ×10 )
(b) 9
c = −8.21918 (10−9 )  −0.33447 (106 ) ∆T  − 13.500 (10−3 ) ∆T
= −10.75093 (10−3 ) ∆T
δ CE = 1.080 − c = 1.080 + 10.75093 (10−3 ) ∆T  mm ................................................... Ans.
5-79*
For the fillet: D d = 3 2 = 1.50 r d = 0.4 2 = 0.20
From Fig. 5-20(c): K t ≅ 1.73
P P
σ = Kt = 1.73 ≤ 66 ksi P ≤ 19.08 kip
At ( 2 )( 0.25 )
For the hole: d w = 0.5 3 = 0.1667
From Fig. 5-20(b): K t ≅ 2.48
P P
σ = Kt = 2.48 ≤ 66 ksi P ≤ 16.63 kip
At ( 3 − 0.5)( 0.25)
Pmax = 16.63 kip ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-80
For the small hole: d w = 16 160 = 0.10
From Fig. 5-20(b): K t ≅ 2.6
≤ 760 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 421(103 ) N

P P
σ = Kt = 2.6
At ( 0.160 − 0.016 )( 0.010 )
For the large hole: d w = 64 160 = 0.40
From Fig. 5-20(b): K t ≅ 2.2
≤ 760 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 332 (103 ) N

P P
σ = Kt = 2.2
At ( 0.160 − 0.064 )( 0.010 )
Pmax = 332 kN ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
5-81
500
(a) With no hole: σA = = 1000 psi ....................................................................... Ans.
( 4 )(1 8)
With a hole: d w = (1 64 ) 4 = 0.0039
From Fig. 5-20(b): K t ≅ 3.00
500
σ A = 3.00 = 3012 psi ................................................................. Ans.
( 4 − 1 64 )(1 8)
(b) At A: θ = 0° σr = 0 τ rθ = 0
Eq. 5-6: σ θ = σ (1 + 2 cos 2θ ) = 1000 1 + 2 cos 2 ( 0° )  = 3000 psi ............................ Ans.
(c) With a 1-in. hole: d w = 1 4 = 0.25 K t ≅ 2.35

500
σ A = 2.35 = 3133 psi ....................................................................... Ans.
( 4 − 1)(1 8 )
σ θ = σ (1 + 2 cos 2θ ) = 1000 1 + 2 cos 2 ( 0° )  = 3000 psi ............................ Ans.
(d) With a 2-in. hole: d w = 2 4 = 0.50 K t ≅ 2.12

500
σ A = 2.12 = 4240 psi ...................................................................... Ans.
( 4 − 2 )(1 8)
σ θ = σ (1 + 2 cos 2θ ) = 1000 1 + 2 cos 2 ( 0° )  = 3000 psi ............................ Ans.
(Since Eq. 5-6 assumes a plate of infinite width, the size of the hole has no effect in the equation.)
5-82*
For the fillet: D d = 80 40 = 2.0
r d = r 40
100 (103 )
≤ 205 (106 ) N/m 2
P
σ = Kt = Kt
At ( 0.040 )( 0.020 )
K t ≤ 1.64
From Fig. 5-20(c): r d = r 40 ≥ 0.3
rmin ≅ 12.00 mm ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-83*
r 0.5 d
For the grooves: = =1
b B −1 r
P 10
σ = Kt = Kt ≤ 20 ksi (a)
At ( B − 1)( 0.5)
Solve by systematic trial and error.
First try K t ≅ 2 :
Eq. (a) gives B −1 = 2
then r b = 0.5 2 = 0.25
Fig. 5-20(a): K t ≅ 1.92
Next try K t ≅ 1.92 :
Eq. (a) gives B − 1 = 1.92
then r b = 0.5 1.92 = 0.26
Fig. 5-20(a): K t ≅ 1.92
Therefore Bmin = 1.92 + 1 = 2.92 in. ........................................................................................... Ans.
5-84
At A: σx = 0 τ xy = 0
d w = 80 200 = 0.40
From Fig. 5-20(b): K t ≅ 2.2
180 (103 )
= 132.0 (106 ) N/m 2
P
σ y = K t = 2.2
At ( 0.200 − 0.080 )( 0.025)
E 73
ν= −1 = − 1 = 0.30357
2G 2 ( 28 )
σ x −νσ y 0 − ( 0.30357 ) (132.0 × 106 )

εx = =
E 73 (109 )
ε x = −549 (10−6 ) = −549 µ m/m .................................................................................. Ans.
σ y −νσ x 132.0 (106 ) − 0

εy = =
E 73 (109 )
ε y = 1808 (10−6 ) = +1808 µ m/m ................................................................................ Ans.

τ xy
γ xy = = 0 µ rad .......................................................................................................... Ans.
G
5-85*
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8TCD − 10 P = 0
(a) TCD = 1.25 P = 1.25 ( 28 ) = 35 kip
σ CD =
( 35 ) = 35.0 ksi ................................................................Ans.
1.00
(b) TCD = 1.25 P = 1.25 ( 35 ) = 43.75 kip
σ CD =
( 43.75) = 43.75 ksi ≅ 43.7 ksi ...................................Ans.
1.00
43.75 − 42
(c) ε CD = 0.004 + = 0.0052500 in./in.
1400
δ CD = ε CD LCD = ( 0.0052500 )( 8 ) = 0.0420 in. ................................................................ Ans.
5-86*
π
A= ( 20 ) = 314.1593 mm 2
2
4
50 (103 )
σ top = = 159.2 (106 ) N/m 2
314.1593 (10 )
(a) −6
σ top = 159.2 MPa .................................................. Ans.
30 (103 )
σ bottom = = 95.5 (106 ) N/m 2
314.1593 (10 −6
)
σ bottom = 95.5 MPa ......................................................................................................... Ans.
95 (103 )
σ top = = 302 (106 ) N/m 2 = 302 MPa ................................................ Ans.
314.1593 (10 )
(b) −6
30 (103 )
σ bottom = = 95.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 95.5 MPa .......................................... Ans.
314.1593 (10 −6
)
5-87
10
(a) σ AB = = 8.14873 ksi ( < 42 ksi )
π (1.25 ) 4
2
10
σ BC = = 22.63537 ksi ( < 42 ksi )
π ( 0.75 ) 4
2
 8.14873   22.63537 
δ = (10 )  +  (10 ) = 0.0293 in. ................................................... Ans.
 10,500   10,500 
20
(b) σ AB = = 16.29747 ksi ( < 42 ksi )
π (1.25 ) 4
2
20
σ BC = = 45.27074 ksi ( > 42 ksi )
π ( 0.75 ) 4
2
1629747   42 45.27074 − 42 
δ = (10 )  +  +  (10 ) = 0.0789 in. ........................ Ans.
 10,500  10,500 1400 
5-88*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + TA + TB − 160 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 1.5TB + 4TA − 5 (160 ) = 0
1.5TB + 4TA = 800 kN (a)
δ A = ( 4 1.5 ) δ B (b)
Try elastic solution …
TA ( 2000 )  4  TB (1500 ) 
=  
( 500 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )  1.5   ( 750 ×10−6 )( 210 ×109 ) 
TB = 2.15753TA
TA = 110.55372 kN TB = 238.52343 kN
110.55362 (103 )
σA = = 221(106 ) N/m 2 ( < 330 MPa - elastic )
500 (10 −6
)
238.52343 (103 )
σB = = 318 (106 ) N/m 2 ( > 275 MPa - plastic )
750 (10 −6
)
(a) Therefore, σ B = 275 MPa (T) .................................................................................................. Ans.
TB = ( 275 × 106 )( 750 ×10−6 ) = 206, 250 N TA = 122, 656 N
= 245 (106 ) N/m 2 = 245 MPa (T) (still elastic) ........................... Ans.
122, 656
σA =
500 (10−6 )
(b) Cx = 0 kN C y = −168.906 kN C = Cx2 + C y2 = 168,906 kN
= 119.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 119.5 MPa .......................................... Ans.

168,906
τC =
2 π ( 0.030 ) 4 
2
 
(c) τ max A = σ max A 2 = 122.5 MPa ............................................................................................ Ans.
τ max B = σ max B 2 = 137.5 MPa ............................................................................................ Ans.
5δ A 5  (122, 656 )( 2000 ) 

vD = =   = 8.40 mm ↓ ................................................. Ans.
4  ( 500 × 10−6 )( 73 × 109 ) 
(d)
4
 
5-89*
2TS + TA = P 2 (1.6σ S ) + ( 3.2σ A ) = P (a)
δS = δ A
σ S (8) σ A (10 )
= σ S = 3.41981σ A (b)
( 29, 000 ) (10, 600 )
σ S = 100 ksi σ A = 29.2414 ksi
TS = 100 (1.6 ) = 160 kip (T) TA = 29.2414 ( 3.2 ) = 93.572 kip (T)
Pmax = 93.572 + 2 (160 ) = 414 kip ..................................................................................... Ans.
5-90
sin θ = 4 5
TA + 2 ( 4 5 ) TB = 1110 kN (a)
δ B = ( 4 5) δ A (b)
TB (1500 )  4 TA (1200 ) 

=  
(1500 ×10−6 )( 200 ×109 )  5   (1500 ×10−6 )( 72 ×109 ) 
TB = 1.77778TA
TA = 288.7283 kN TB = 513.2948 kN
288.7283 (103 )
σA = = 192.5 (106 ) N/m 2 ( < 380 MPa - elastic )
1500 (10−6 )
513.2948 (103 )
σB = = 342 (106 ) N/m 2 ( > 250 MPa - plastic )
1500 (10 −6
)
(a) Therefore, σ B = 250 MPa (T) .................................................................................................. Ans.
TB = ( 250 ×106 )(1500 ×10−6 ) = 375, 000 N TA = 510, 000 N
= 340 (106 ) N/m 2 = 340 MPa (T) (still elastic) ......................... Ans.
510, 000
σA =
1500 (10 )
−6
vC = δ A =
( 510, 000 )(1200 ) = 5.67 mm ↓ .......................................................... Ans.
(1500 ×10 )( 72 ×10 )
(b) −6 9
5-91*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Cx + ( 3 5 ) TA = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : C y + TB + ( 4 5 ) TA − 50 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 6TB + 15 ( 4 5 ) TA  − 18 ( 50 ) = 0
TB + 2TA = 150 kip (a)
δ A = ( 4 5 ) a = ( 4 5 ) (15 6 ) δ B 
δ A = 2δ B (b)
TA ( 40 )  TB ( 20 ) 
= 2 
(1.5)(10,500 )  (1.5 )( 29, 000 ) 
TB = 2.76190TA
TA = 31.50 kip TB = 87.00 kip
31.5
σA = = 21.0 ksi ( < 55 ksi - elastic )
1.5
87.00
σB = = 58.0 ksi ( > 36 ksi - plastic )
1.5
(a) Therefore, σ B = 36 ksi (T) ........................................................................................................ Ans.
TB = ( 36 )(1.5 ) = 54.00 kip TA = (150 − 54 ) 2 = 48.00 kip

48.00
σA = = 32.0 ksi (T) (still elastic) ........................................................................ Ans.
1.5
(b) Cx = −28.80 kip C y = −42.40 kip C = Cx2 + C y2 = 51.2562 kip
51.2562
τC = = 32.6 ksi ............................................................................................... Ans.
2 π (1) 4 
2
 
5-92
350 (106 ) 1400 (106 )
EA = = 70.0 (109 ) N/m 2 ES = = 200.0 (109 ) N/m 2
0.005 0.007
TA + TS = 530 kN (a)
δ A = δS (b)
TA ( 750 ) TS ( 750 )
= TS = 2.85714TA
( 315 ×10 )( 70 ×10 ) ( 315 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
TA = 137.407 kN TS = 392.593 kN
= 436 (106 ) N/m 2

137, 407
σA = ( > 350 MPa - plastic )
315 (10−6 )
= 1246 (106 ) N/m 2

392,593
σS = ( < 1400 MPa - elastic )
315 (10−6 )
Therefore, σ A = 350 MPa (T) TA = ( 350 ×106 )( 315 × 10−6 ) = 110, 250 N
TS = 530, 000 − 110, 250 = 419, 750 N
= 1333 (106 ) N/m 2 = 1333 MPa (T) (still elastic)

419, 750
σS =
315 (10 )
−6
v = δS =
( 419, 750 )( 750 ) = 5.00 mm ↓ ............................................................ Ans.
( 315 ×10 )( 200 ×10 )
−6 9
5-93
4 ΣM D = 0 : 10 P − 5TA − 2TB = 0
5TA + 2TB = 10 P (a)
δ A = ( 5 2 ) δ B = 2.5δ B (b)
c = (10 5 ) δ A = 2δ A (c)
(a) P = 40 kip
TA (10 )  TB (10 ) 
= 2.5  
( 2 )(10, 000 )  ( 2.5 )( 30, 000 ) 
TB = 1.5TA 5TA + 2TB = 10 ( 40 ) = 400 kip
TA = 50.0 kip TB = 75.0 kip
50.0
σA = = 25.0 ksi ( < 34 ksi - elastic ) ...................................................................... Ans.
2
75.0
σB = = 30.0 ksi ( < 36 ksi - elastic ) ...................................................................... Ans.
2.5
(b) P = 60 kip
TB = 1.5TA 5TA + 2TB = 10 ( 60 ) = 600 kip
TA = 75.0 kip TB = 112.5 kip
75
σA = = 37.5 ksi ( > 34 ksi - yields )
2
112.5
σB = = 45.0 ksi ( > 36 ksi - plastic )
2.5
Therefore, σ B = 36 ksi (T) ........................................................................................................ Ans.
TB = ( 36 )( 2.5 ) = 90.0 kip TA = 84.0 kip

84.00
σA = = 42.0 ksi (T) .................................................................................................. Ans.
2
5-93 (cont.)
(c) P = 65 kip 5TA + 2TB = 10 ( 65 ) = 650 kip
σ B = 36 ksi (T) TB = ( 36 )( 2.5 ) = 90.0 kip
TA = 94.0 kip
94.0
σA = = 47.0 ksi ε A ≅ 0.006 in./in.
2
vC = 2δ A = 2ε A LA = 2 ( 0.006 )(10 ) = 0.1200 in. ↓ ....................................................... Ans.
25
(d) P = 40 kip εA = = 0.00250 in./in. ........................................................ Ans.
10, 000
(e) P = 65 kip ε A ≅ 0.006 in./in. ............................................................................... Ans.
δB δ A 2.5 εA
εB = = = = 0.00240 in./in. .................................. Ans.
LB 10 2.5
5-94
4 ΣM C = 0 : 150TA + 450TB − 450 P = 0
TA + 3TB = 3P
σ A ( 500 × 10−6 ) + 3σ B ( 750 × 10−6 ) = 3P
σ A + 4.5σ B = 6000 P (a)
δ B = 3δ A (b)
If ε B ≤ 0.0013095 m/m , then
σ B ( 500 )  σ ( 250 ) 
= 3  A 
( 210 × 10 9
)  ( 73 ×109 ) 
σ B = 4.3151σ A (b)
From Eqs. (a) and (b):
σ A = 293.9 P N/m 2 (T)
σ B = 1268.0 P N/m 2 (T)
σ A ( 250 )
δA = mm
( 73 ×10 )9
σ B ( 500 )
δB = mm
( 210 ×10 ) 9
If ε B ≥ 0.0013095 m/m , then

σ B = 275 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)
and from Eq. (a):
σ A = 6000 P − 1237.5 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)
σ A ( 250 )
δA = mm
( 73 ×10 )9
δ B = 3δ A
5-95
Ast = π ( 0.75 ) 4 = 0.44179 in 2
2
Fal = Tst
σ al ( 0.40 ) = σ st ( 0.44179 )
σ al = 1.10447σ st (a)
0.125θ
δ st + δ al = ∆ nut = (b)
360
σ st (12 )
δ st = = 0.400 (10−3 ) σ st
( 30, 000 )
If ε al ≤ 0.004 then
σ al (10 )
δ al = = 0.95238 (10−3 ) σ al
(10,500 )
0.125θ
0.400 (10−3 ) σ st + 0.95238 (10−3 ) σ al = (b)
360
From Eqs. (a) and (b)
(a) σ st = 0.23915θ ksi (T)
σ al = 1.10447σ st = 0.26414θ ksi (C)
(b) δ st = 0.400 (10−3 ) σ st = 0.09566 (10−3 ) θ in.
δ al = 0.95238 (10−3 ) σ al = 0.25156 (10−3 ) θ in.
If ε al ≥ 0.004 then
 (σ al − 42 )  10 = 7.14286 10−3 σ − 0.2600

δ al = 0.004 +
(1400 ) 
( ) ( ) al

0.125θ
0.400 (10−3 ) σ st +  7.14286 (10−3 ) σ al − 0.2600  = (b)
360
5-95 (cont.)
Now from Eqs. (a) and (b)
(a) σ st = ( 31.3666 + 0.041889θ ) ksi (T)
σ al = 1.10447σ st = ( 34.6434 + 0.046265θ ) ksi (C)
(b) δ st = 0.400 (10−3 ) σ st = (12.5466 + 0.01676θ ) (10−3 ) in.
δ al = 7.14286 (10−3 ) σ al − 0.2600 = ( −12.5470 + 0.33046θ ) (10−3 ) in.
(c) L = 10 − δ al
5-96*
pr (100 )(148 )
σ= = = 3700 kPa = 3.70 MPa ............................................................ Ans.
2t 2 ( 2)
5-97*
pr ( 800 )( 5 )
σh = = ≤ 10, 000 psi
t t
t ≥ 0.400 in. ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-98
pr p (1625 − 22 )
σa = = ≤ 45.0 MPa p ≤ 1.235 MPa
2t 2 ( 22 )
pr p (1625 − 22 )
σh = = ≤ 100.0 MPa p ≤ 1.372 MPa
t ( 22 )
pmax = 1.235 MPa ................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-99
pr (100 ) (17.5 × 12 ) − 7 8
σ= = = 11,950 psi
2t 2 ( 7 8)
σ = 11.95 ksi ................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-100*
pr ( 950 )( 500 − 50 )
σx = σa = = = 4275 kPa = 4.275 MPa
2t 2 ( 50 )
pr ( 950 )( 500 − 50 )
σ y = σh = = = 8550 kPa = 8.550 MPa
t ( 50 )
τ xy = 0 MPa θ = −30°
= 4.275cos 2 ( −30° ) + 8.55sin 2 ( −30° ) + 0
σ n = 5.34 MPa (T) ............................................................................................................... Ans.

= − ( 4.275 − 8.55 ) sin ( −30° ) cos ( −30° ) + 0
τ nt = −1.851 MPa .................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-101*
pr ( 200 )( 3 × 12 )
(a) σa = = = 7200 psi = 7.20 ksi ............................................................ Ans.
2t 2 ( 0.5 )
pr ( 200 )( 3 × 12 )
σh = = = 14, 400 psi = 14.40 ksi ...................................................... Ans.
t ( 0.5)
29, 000
(b) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G ν= − 1 = 0.31818
2 (11, 000 )
σ a −νσ h 7.2 − 0.31818 (14.4 )
εa = = = 90.3 (10−6 ) = 90.3 µ in./in. ......................... Ans.
E 29, 000
σ h −νσ a 14.4 − 0.31818 ( 7.2 )
εh = = = 418 (10−6 ) = 418 µ in./in. ........................... Ans.
E 29, 000
5-102
p = γ h = ( 850 × 9.81)( 6 ) = 50, 031.00 N/m 2
pr ( 50, 031.00 )(10 )
σh = = ≤ 80 (106 ) N/m 2
t t
t ≥ 0.00625 m = 6.25 mm ............................................................................................ Ans.
5-103
(a) p = γ h = ( 62.4 )( 50 ) = 3120 psf = 21.6667 psi
σ a = 0 ksi (not including the weight of the tank) ..................................................... Ans.
pr ( 21.6667 )( 6 ×12 − 0.5 )

σh = = = 3098 psi ≅ 3.10 ksi ......................................... Ans.
t ( 0.5)
(b) p = γ h = ( 62.4 )( 25 ) = 1560 psf = 10.8333 psi

σ a = 0 ksi (not including the weight of the tank) ..................................................... Ans.
pr (10.8333)( 6 × 12 − 0.5 )
σh = = = 1549 psi = 1.549 ksi ........................................ Ans.
t ( 0.5)
5-104*
pr ( 2800 × 10 ) ( 600 )
3
σx = σh = =
(a) t ( 20 )
= 84.00 (106 ) N/m 2 = 84.00 MPa
pr ( 2800 × 10 ) ( 600 )
3
σ y = σa = =
2t 2 ( 20 )
= 42.00 (106 ) N/m 2 = 42.00 MPa
3
τ xy = 0 MPa φ = tan −1 = 36.870° θ = 90° + φ = 126.870°
4
= 84 cos 2 (126.870° ) + 42sin 2 (126.870° ) + 0
σ n = 57.1 MPa (T) ................................................................................................................ Ans.
= − ( 84 − 42 ) sin (126.870° ) cos (126.870° ) + 0
τ nt = +20.2 MPa .................................................................................................................... Ans.
200
(b) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G ν= − 1 = 0.31579
2 ( 76 )
σ a −νσ h  42 − 0.31579 ( 84 )  (106 )

εa = = = 77.4 (10−6 ) = 77.4 µ m/m ................. Ans.
E 200 (10 )
9
σ h −νσ a 84 − 0.31579 ( 42 )  (106 )

εh = = = 354 (10−6 ) = 354 µ m/m ................... Ans.
E 200 (10 )
9
(c) σ max = σ h = 84.00 MPa σ min = σ z = 0 MPa

σ max − σ min 84.00 − 0
τ max = = = 42.0 MPa ...................................................... Ans.
2 2
(d) σ max = σ h = 84.00 MPa σ min = σ z = −2.800 MPa
σ max − σ min 84.00 − ( −2.800 )
τ max = = = 43.4 MPa ....................................... Ans.
2 2
5-105*
30, 000
E = 2 (1 + ν ) G ν= − 1 = 0.29310
2 (11, 600 )
619 + 0.29310 ( 330 )  (10−6 )

E 30, 000
2 ( 1
(a) σ1 = ε +νε 2 ) = 2 
1 −ν 1 − 0.29310
σ 1 = 23.490 ksi ≅ 23.5 ksi .................................................................................................. Ans.
330 + 0.29310 ( 619 )  (10−6 )

E 30, 000
2 ( 2
σ2 = ε +νε1 ) = 2 
1 −ν 1 − 0.29310
σ 2 = 16.785 ksi ≅ 16.79 ksi ................................................................................................ Ans.
pr p ( 9.875 )
(b) σx = σa = = = 39.5 p ksi τ xy = 0 ksi
2t 2 ( 0.125 )
pr p ( 9.875 )
σ y = σh = = = 79.0 p ksi
t ( 0.125)
σ 2 = ( 39.5 p ) cos 2 ( 30° ) + ( 79.0 p ) sin 2 ( 30° ) + 0 = 16.785 ksi
p = 0.342 ksi = 342 psi ....................................................................................................... Ans.
5-106
At point A:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : pAp − σ h Aσ = 0
p π R 2 − π ( R − r )  − σ h  2π ( R − r ) t  = 0
2
 
pr ( 2 R − r )
σh = ............................................ Ans.
2t ( R − r )
σh σa p
+ = rh = r ra = − ( R − r )
rr ra t
p σ p p ( 2R − r ) pr
σa = ( ra ) − h ( ra ) =  − ( R − r ) −  − ( R − r )  = ...................... Ans.
t rh t 2t ( R − r ) 2t
At point B:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : p π ( R + r ) − π R 2  − σ h  2π ( R + r ) t  = 0
2
 
pr ( 2 R + r )
σh = ................................................................................................................... Ans.
2t ( R + r )
σh σa p
+ = rh = r ra = R + r
rr ra t
p σ p p ( 2R + r ) pr
σa = ( ra ) − h ( ra ) = ( R + r ) − ( R + r ) = ..................................... Ans.
t rh t 2t ( R + r ) 2t
5-107
r 2
p =γ y θ = sin −1 = 30°
r
W = ∫ γ dV = ∫ γπ ( r 2 − y 2 ) dy
r
r 2
r
 y3  5γπ r 3
= γπ  r 2 y −  =
 3 r 2 24
r 3
x = r 2 − y 2 = r 2 − ( r 2) =
2
2
↑ ΣFy = 0 : σ m Am cos 30° − W − pAp = 0
σ m ( 2π xt ) cos 30° − W − p (π x 2 ) = 0
2
r 3  5γπ r 3   γ r  r 3 
σ m ( 2π t )   cos 30° −   − π     =0
 2   24   2   2 
7γ r 2
σm = ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
18t
σm σt p
+ = rm = rt = r
rm rt t
7γ r σ t γ r γ r2
+ = σt = ................................................................................ Ans.
18t r 2t 9t
5-108
pr p ( 600 )
σx = σh = = = 30 p N/m 2
t 20
pr p ( 600 )
σ y = σa = = = 15 p N/m 2
2t 2 ( 20 )
τ xy = 0 N/m 2
σ n = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + 2τ xy sin θ cos θ = 30 p cos 2 ( −53° ) + 15 p sin 2 ( −53° )
τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) = − ( 30 p − 15 p ) sin ( −53° ) cos ( −53° )
5-109
pr ( 200 )( 24 )
σx = σh = = = 6400 psi
t ( 0.75)
pr ( 200 )( 24 )
σ y = σa = = = 3200 psi
2t 2 ( 0.75 )
τ xy = 0 psi
σ n = ( 6400 ) cos 2 (θ − 90° ) + 3200sin 2 (θ − 90° )
τ nt = − ( 6400 − 3200 ) sin (θ − 90° ) cos (θ − 90° )
5-110*
pr P ( 2 × 10 ) ( 500 ) ( 40 ×103 )
6
σx = − = −
2t A 2 ( 20 ) π (1.0402 − 12 ) 4
σ x = 24.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 24.4 MPa ........................................................................... Ans.
pr ( 2 ×10 ) ( 500 )
6
σy = =
t ( 20 )
σ y = 50.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 50.0 MPa ............................................................................ Ans.
τ xy = 0 MPa ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-111
pr P ( 300 )(1.5 × 12 ) ( P)
σx = + = + ≤ 18 (103 ) psi
2t A 2 ( 0.375 ) π (18.75 − 18 ) 4
2 2
P ≤ 234 (103 ) lb = 234 kip .......................................................................................... Ans.
5-112
pr ( 2800 × 10 ) ( 600 )
3
σx = σh = =
t ( 20 )
= 84.00 (106 ) N/m 2 = 84.00 MPa
pr P ( 2800 × 10 ) ( 600 ) 130 (103 )

3
σy = − = −
2t A 2 ( 20 ) π (1.282 − 1.22 ) 4
= 41.1657 (106 ) N/m 2 = 41.1657 MPa
3
τ xy = 0 MPa φ = tan −1 = 36.870° θ = 90° + φ = 126.870°
4
σ n = 84 cos 2 (126.870° ) + 41.1657 sin 2 (126.870° ) = 56.6 MPa (T) ....................... Ans.
(b) τ nt = − (σ x − σ y ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
τ nt = − ( 84 − 41.1657 ) sin (126.870° ) cos (126.870° ) = +20.6 MPa ......................... Ans.
(c) σ max = σ h = 84.00 MPa σ min = σ z = 0 MPa

σ max − σ min 84.00 − 0
τ max = = = 42.0 MPa ...................................................... Ans.
2 2
(d) σ max = σ h = 84.00 MPa σ min = σ z = −2.800 MPa
σ max − σ min 84.00 − ( −2.800 )
τ max = = = 43.4 MPa ....................................... Ans.
2 2
5-113*
pr P p ( 20 ) (10, 000 )
σx = + = −
2t A 2 ( 0.4 ) π ( 20.82 − 202 ) 4
= 25 p + 390.08564 psi
pr p ( 20 )
σy = = = 50 p
t ( 0.4 )
3
τ xy = 0 MPa φ = tan −1 = 36.870° θ = 90° + φ = 126.870°
4
= ( 25 p + 390.08564 ) cos 2 (126.870° ) + ( 50 p ) sin 2 (126.870° ) + 0
= 41 p + 140.43150 ≤ 11, 000
p = 265 psi ............................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-114*
pr P ( 2500 )( 500 ) 50 (103 )
σ axial = + = +
2t A 2 ( 20 ) π (1.042 − 12 ) 4
= 811.421(103 ) N/m 2 = 811.421 kPa
pr ( 2500 )( 500 )
σ hoop = = = 62.500 (103 ) N/m 2 = 62.500 kPa
t ( )
20
200
E = 2 (1 + ν ) G ν= − 1 = 0.31579
2 ( 76 )
σ axial −νσ hoop 811, 421 − 0.31579 ( 62,500 )
ε axial = =
E 200 (109 )
ε axial = 3.96 (10−6 ) = 3.96 µ m/m ........................................................................................ Ans.

σ hoop −νσ axial 62,500 − 0.31579 ( 811, 421)
ε hoop = =
E 200 (109 )
ε hoop = −0.969 (10−6 ) = −0.969 µ m/m .............................................................................. Ans.
5-115
pr P (100 )( 2 × 12 ) ( 5000 )
σx = + = + = 4931.94 psi
2t A 2 ( 0.25 ) π ( 48.52 − 482 ) 4
pr (100 )( 2 × 12 )
σy = = = 9600.00 psi
t ( 0.25)
Outside: σ max = 9600 psi σ min = 0 psi
σ max − σ min 9600 − 0
τ max = = = 4800 psi ................................................................ Ans.
2 2
σ max = 9600 psi σ min = − p = −100 psi
σ max − σ min 9600 − ( −100 )
τ max = = = 4850 psi ..................................................... Ans.
2 2
5-116
pr p ( 600 )
σx = σh = = = 30 p N/m 2
t ( 20 )
pr P p ( 600 ) 130 (103 )
σy = − = −
2t A 2 ( 20 ) π (1.282 − 1.22 ) 4
= 15 p − 834, 280 N/m 2
τ xy = 0 N/m 2
σ n = ( 30 p ) cos 2 ( −53° ) + (15 p − 834, 280 ) sin 2 ( −53° ) N/m 2
τ nt = − ( 30 p ) − (15 p − 834, 280 )  sin ( −53° ) cos ( −53° ) N/m 2
5-117
pr ( 200 )( 24 )
σx = σh = = = 6400 psi
t ( 0.75)
pr P ( 200 )( 24 ) 30, 000
σy = − = − = 2934.74 psi
2t A 2 ( 0.75 ) π ( 4 × 12 )( 0.75 )
τ xy = 0 psi
σ n = ( 6400 ) cos 2 (θ − 90° ) + 2934.74sin 2 (θ − 90° )
τ nt = − ( 6400 − 2934.74 ) sin (θ − 90° ) cos (θ − 90° )
5-118*
a 2 pi  b 2  125 ( 75 )  2002 
2
(a) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 171.2 MPa .................................. Ans.

b 2 − a 2  a 2  2002 − 1252  1252 
a 2 pi  b 2  125 ( 75 )  2002 
2
(b) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 96.2 MPa .................................... Ans.

b 2 − a 2  b 2  2002 − 1252  2002 
σ max − σ min σ t − ( − p ) 171.2 − ( −75 )
(c) τ max = = = = 123.1 MPa ........................... Ans.
2 2 2
5-119
t = b − a = 0.1a b = 1.1a
From thick-walled cylinder equations:
a2 p  b2  a2 p  (1.1a )2 
σ t = 2 2 1 + 2  = 1 +  = 10.524 p
b − a  a  (1.1a )2 − a 2  a 2 
From thin-walled cylinder equations:
pr pa
σh = σt = = = 10 p
2t 0.1a
10.524 p − 10 p
Error = (100 ) = 4.979 ≅ 5% ................................................................. Ans.
10.524 p
5-120
σ max = σ t at ρ =a
a 2 pi  b 2  1002 pi  1502 
σt =  1 +  = 1 +  ≤ 430 MPa
b 2 − a 2  a 2  1502 − 1002  1002 
pi ≤ 165.4 MPa .............................................................................................................. Ans.
5-121*
σ max = σ t at ρ =a
a 2 pi  b 2  22 pi  42 
σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 1.6667 pi
b 2 − a 2  a 2  42 − 22  22 
σ max − σ min σ t − ( − p ) 1.6667 pi − ( − pi )
τ max = = = ≤ 24 ksi
2 2 2
pi ≤ 18.00 ksi .................................................................................................................. Ans.
5-122
a 2 pi  b 2  100 ( 75 )  1502 
2
(a) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 195.0 MPa ................................... Ans.

b 2 − a 2  a 2  1502 − 1002  1002 
(b) At ρ = 125 mm
a 2 pi  b 2  100 ( 75 )  1502 
2
σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 146.4 MPa
b 2 − a 2  ρ 2  1502 − 1002  1252 
a 2 pi  b 2  100 ( 75 )  1502 
2
σr =  1 −  = 1 −  = −26.4 MPa
b 2 − a 2  ρ 2  1502 − 1002  1252 
σ max − σ min σt −σr 146.4 − ( −26.4 )
τ max = = = = 86.4 MPa ..................................... Ans.
2 2 2
5-123*
a 2 pi  b 2  4 ( 25 )  7 2 
2
(a) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 49.242 ksi

b 2 − a 2  a 2  7 2 − 42  42 
σ max − σ min σt − (− p) 49.242 − ( −25 )
τ max = = = = 37.1 ksi ..................................... Ans.
2 2 2
(b) At ρ = 5.5 in.
a 2 pi  b 2  4 ( 25 )  72 
2
σt =  1 +  =  1 +  = 31.8 ksi ................................................. Ans.

b 2 − a 2  ρ 2  7 2 − 42  5.52 
a 2 pi  b 2  4 ( 25 )  72 
2
σr =  1 −  =  1 −  = −7.51 ksi .............................................. Ans.

b 2 − a 2  ρ 2  7 2 − 42  5.52 
5-124*
a 2 pi − b 2 po a b ( pi − po )
2 2
σt = +
b2 − a 2 (b2 − a 2 ) ρ 2
252 ( 85 ) − 1252 ( 30 ) ( 25 ) (125 ) ( 85 − 30 ) 
2 2
35,807 
= + =  −27.708 +
ρ 2 
MPa
125 − 25
2 2
(125 − 25 ) ρ
2 2 2

75
 35,807   35,807 
( −27.708 ) + ρ 2  d ρ = ( −27.708 ) ρ − ρ 
75
F =∫
50
    50
F = −454 (103 ) N/m = −454 kN/m .......................................................................... Ans.
5-125
a 2 pi  b 2  8 ( 20 )  b 2 
2
(a) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  ≤ 36 ksi
b 2 − a 2  a 2  b 2 − 8 2  82 
b ≥ 14.967 in. ≅ 14.97 in. ............................................................................................. Ans.
30, 000
(b) E = 2 (1 + ν ) G ν= − 1 = 0.29310
2 (11, 600 )
a 2 pi
δa = (1 −ν ) a 2 + (1 + ν ) b 2 
( b − a ) Ea
2 2
82 ( 20 )
= (1 − 0.29310 )( 8 )2 + (1 + 0.29310 )(14.967 )2 
(14.967 − 8 ) ( 30, 000 )(8) 
2 2 
δ a = 0.01162 in. ∆Di = 2δ a = 2 ( 0.01162 ) = 0.0223 in. .................... Ans.
5-126*
From Table B-18 σ y = 250 MPa
P 100 (10 ) 250 (10 )

3 6
σ= = ≤
A A 1.6
A ≥ 640 (10−6 ) m 2 = 640 mm 2
From Table B-14 d min = 51 mm ............................................................................................. Ans.
`
5-127*
From Table B-17 σ y = 36 ksi
P 80 36
σ= = ≤
A A 3
A ≥ 6.667 in.2
From Table B2, sections with A ≥ 6.667 in. include W6 × 25, W8 × 24, W10 × 30, W12 × 30
2
The lightest section is W8 × 24 ....................................................................................................... Ans.
5-128
W = 2000 ( 9.81) = 19, 620 N
→ ΣFx = 0 : TB cos 30° − TA cos 50° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TB sin 30° + TA sin 50° − 19, 620 = 0
TA = 17, 253.54 N (T) TB = 12,806.05 N (T)
From Table B-18 σ y = 250 MPa
P 17, 253.54 250 (10 )

6
σA = = ≤ A ≥ 120.771(10−6 ) m 2
A A 1.75
12,806.05 250 (10 )
6
σB = ≤ A ≥ 89.642 (10−6 ) m 2
A 1.75
A = π d 2 4 ≥ 120.771 mm 2 d ≥ 12.40 mm
d min = 13 mm ................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-129*
P 20 50
σ AB = = ≤
A π d AB 4 1.5
2
d AB ≥ 0.874 in. = d min AB Ans.
P 30 50
σ BC = = ≤
A π d BC 4 1.5
2
d BC ≥ 1.070 in. = d min BC Ans.
5-130*
From Table B-18 concrete σ f = 34 MPa E = 31 GPa
steel σ y = 250 MPa E = 200 GPa
AS = bS2 − bC2 AC = bC2 AC = 10 AS
FC + FS = 1000 kN δC = δ S
FC L FS L
=
AC ( 31× 10 ) AS ( 200 ×109 )
9
FS = 392,156.86 N FC = 607,843.14 N
P 607,843.14 34 (10 )
6
Try σC = = ≤ AC ≥ 25.0288 (10−3 ) m 2

A AC 1.4
Then AS = 2.50288 (10−3 ) m 2
= 156.7 (106 ) N/m 2 ≤ 250 MPa (correct guess)

392,156.86
σS =
2.50288 (10 )
−3
bC = 25.0288 (10−3 ) = 0.1582 m = 158.2 mm ..................................................... Ans.
AS = bS2 − bC2 = 2.50288 (10−3 )
bS = 25.0288 (10−3 ) + 2.50288 (10−3 ) = 0.1659 m = 165.9 mm ...................... Ans.
5-131
P 20 53
σ AB = = ≤ w ≥ 0.66038 in.
A 1w 1.75
10 53
σ BC = ≤ w ≥ 0.33019 in.
1w 1.75
50 53
σ CD = ≤ w ≥ 1.65094 in.
1w 1.75
wmin = 1.651 in. Ans.
5-132
→ ΣFx = 0 : N cos 30° + V cos 60° − 85 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : N sin 30° − V sin 60° = 0
N = 73.6122 kN V = 42.500 kN
N 73, 612.2 1035 (10 )
6
σ= = ≤
A 2 (π d 2 4 )
(There are two bolts)
1.5
d ≥ 8.24 (10−3 ) m
620 (10 6
) d ≥ 8.09 (10−3 ) m
V 42,500
τ= = ≤
A 2 (π d 4 )
2
1.5
d min = 8.24 mm ............................................................................................................... Ans.
5-133*
P 20
σ AB = = = 4.07 ksi (C) .......................... Ans.
A π ( 2.50 )2 4
60
σ BC = = 34.0 ksi (T) ................................... Ans.
π (1.50 ) 4
2
10
σ CD = = 12.73 ksi (T) ........................................ Ans.
π (1) 4
2
δ total = ∑
PL
=
( −20 )(15 )
AE π ( 2.50 )2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
+
( 60 )(15) +
(10 )(15 )
π (1.50 ) 4  ( 30, 000 ) π (1)2 4  ( 30, 000 )
2
   
δ = +0.0213 in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-134*
≤ 200 (106 ) P ≤ 392.7 (103 ) N

P P
σB = =
A π ( 0.050 ) 4
2
≤ 500 (106 ) P ≤ 402.1(103 ) N

P P
σS = =
A π ( 0.032 ) 4
2
δ total = δ B + δ S
P (1500 ) P (1000 )
+ ≤ 5.60 mm
π ( 0.050 ) 4  (100 × 109 )
2
π ( 0.032 )2 4  (190 × 109 )
   
P ≤ 394.8 (103 ) N
Pmax = 393 kN .......................................................................................................... Ans.
5-135
→ ΣFx = 0 : FBC cos 30° + TAB cos 60° − 3000 = 0

↑ ΣFy = 0 : FBC sin 30° − TAB sin 60° = 0
TAB = 1500 lb
FBC = 2598.076 lb
→ ΣFx = 0 : FBC cos 30° − TAC = 0
TAC = 2250 lb
N 2.250
σ AC = = = 11.46 ksi .........................................Ans.
A π ( 0.5 )2 4
δ AC =
PL
=
( 2.250 )( 30 ) = +0.01146 in. .................................................... Ans.
AE π ( 0.5 )2 4  ( 30, 000 )
 
5-136*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TBD − FCE − 50 = 0
4 ΣM C = 0 : 900 ( 50 ) − 300TBD = 0
TBD = 150 kN (T)
FCE = 100 kN (C)
150 (103 )
= 120.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 120.0 MPa (T) ................................. Ans.
N
σ BD = =
A 1250 (10 )
−6
100 (103 )
σ CE = = 133.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 133.3 MPa (C) ............................................. Ans.
750 (10
) −6
δ BD =
PL
=
(150 ×10 ) ( 600 ) = 0.98630 mm
3
AE 1250 × 10  ( 73 ×10 )
−6 9
δ CE =
PL
=
(100 ×10 ) ( 400 ) = 0.26667 mm
3
AE 750 ×10  ( 200 ×10 )

−6 9
δ CE + δ BD δ CE + a
=
300 900
v A = a = 3.49 mm ↓ ............................................................................................................. Ans.
5-137
4 ΣM C = 0 : 5P − 10TA − 6 FB = 0
10TA + 6 FB = 5 P (a)
δ A = (10 6 )(δ B + 0.009 ) = (10δ B 6 ) + 0.015 in.

TA ( 50 ) 10  FB (15 ) 
=   + 0.015 (b)
(1.24 )( 30, 000 ) 6  ( 4 )(15, 000 ) 
If σ A = σ max = 30 ksi , then
TA = 30 (1.24 ) = 37.20 kip
FB = 84.00 kip P = 175.2 kip
84.00
σB = = 21 ksi > 20 ksi (wrong guess)
4
If σ B = σ max = 20 ksi , then
FB = 20 ( 4 ) = 80.00 kip
TA = 35.9600 kip P = 167.9 kip
35.9600
σA = = 29.00 ksi < 230ksi (correct guess)
1.24
Pmax = 167.9 kip
5-138
4 ΣM F = 0 : 300 P − 50 FD − 100TC = 0
FD + 2TC = 6 P (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm
TC ( 300 )  FD (150 ) 
= 2  + 0.09 
( 625 ×10−6 )( 73 ×109 )  ( 2500 ×10−6 )(12 ×109 ) 
TC = (1.52083FD + 2737.50 ) N (b)
Guess that
TC = TC max = σ A
= (100 × 106 )( 625 × 10−6 ) = 62,500 N
Then FD = 39, 295.98 N P = 27,383 N
= 15.72 (106 ) N/m 2 = 15.72 MPa

N 39, 295.98
σD = =
A 2500 (10 )
and −6
Since σ D = 15.72 MPa < σ max = 30 MPa , the guess was correct and
Pmax = 27.4 kN ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-139*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : TA + TB − 8 − 16 = 0
4 ΣM B = 0 : 8 ( 8 ) − 4TA − 2 (16 ) = 0
TA = 8.00 kip (T)
TB = 16.00 kip (T)
δ A = δ B + 4 tan θ = δ B + 4 ( 5 10, 000 ) = (δ B + 0.00200 ) in.
σ A (10 ) σ B (16 )
= + 0.00200 σ A = 1.13067σ B + 2.12000
(10, 600 ) (15, 000 )
Guess that
σ B = σ B max = 15 ksi
Then σ A = 19.0802 ksi
Since σ A < 20 ksi = σ A max , the guess was correct and
N 8
(a) σA = = ≤ 19.0802 ksi
A A
AA ≥ 0.419 in.2 = AA min ........................................................................................................ Ans.
N 16
σB = = ≤ 15 ksi AB ≥ 1.067 in.2 = AB min ............................................... Ans.
A A
(b) δA =
σL (19.0802 )(10 ) = 0.01800 in. ........................................................................ Ans.
=
E (10, 600 )
δB =
(15)(16 ) = 0.01600 in. .............................................................................................. Ans.
(15, 000 )
5-140
TB = TS (a)
δB + δS = 0
TB ( 800 )
+ (17.6 × 10−6 ) ( −70 )( 800 )
π ( 0.090 ) 4  (100 × 10
2 9
)
 
TS ( 480 )
+ + (11.9 × 10−6 ) ( −70 )( 480 ) = 0
π ( 0.050 ) 4  ( 200 ×10
2 9
)
 
TB + 0.97200TS = 1.101724 (106 ) N (b)
TB = TS = 558, 683 kN (both T)
= 87.8 (106 ) N/m 2 = 87.8 MPa (T) .................................... Ans.

N 558, 683
σB = =
A π ( 0.090 ) 4
2
= 285 (106 ) N/m 2 = 285 MPa (T) ............................................... Ans.

558, 683
σS =
π ( 0.050 ) 4
2
5-141
sin θCD = 4 5 cos θCD = 3 5
sin θ AD = 12 13 cos θ AD = 5 13
AAD = ABD = ACD = ( 50 × 25 ) = 1250 mm 2
(12 13) TAD + TBD + ( 4 5) TCD = 650 kN
(12 13) σ AD + σ BD + ( 4 5 ) σ CD  (1250 × 10−6 ) = 650 kN
(12 13) σ AD + σ BD + ( 4 5) σ CD = 520 (106 ) N/m 2 = 520 MPa (a)
δ AD = δ BD sin θ AD = (12 13) δ BD (b)
δ CD = δ BD sin θCD = ( 4 5 ) δ BD (c)

Assume all bars elastic:
σ AD L  12   σ L 
=    BD  σ AD = 4.15385σ BD (b)
(180 )  13   ( 40 ) 
σ CD L  4 σ L 
=    BD  σ CD = 4.00000σ BD (c)
A ( 200 )  5   A ( 40 ) 
σ AD = 268.8468 MPa < 400 MPa (elastic)
σ BD = 64.7223 MPa < 100 MPa (elastic)
σ CD = 258.8893 MPa > 240 MPa (plastic)
Therefore
(a) σ CD = σ y = 240 MPa (T) .................................................................................................... Ans.
and from Eqs. (a) and (b)
σ BD = 67.8482 MPa (T) ≅ 67.8 MPa (T) ....................................................................... Ans.
σ AD = 282 MPa (T) .............................................................................................................. Ans.
vD = δ BD =
σL
=
( 67.8482 ×10 ) ( 4000 ) = 6.78 mm ↓ ............................................ Ans.
6
( 40 ×10 )
(b) 9
E
5-142*
4 ΣM F = 0 : 300 (100 ) − 50 FD − 100TC = 0
FD + 2TC = 600 kN
σ D ( 2000 ×10−6 ) + 2σ C ( 600 ×10−6 ) = 600 kN
5σ D + 3σ C = 1500 (106 ) N/m 2 = 1500 MPa (a)
δ C = 2 (δ D + 0.09 ) mm (b)
Assume both bars elastic. Then
σ C ( 300 )  σ (150 ) 
= 2  D
+ 0.09 
( 200 ×109 )  (100 ×109 ) 
σ C = 2σ D + 120 (106 ) N/m 2 = 2σ D + 120 MPa (b)
σ C = 327.273 MPa > 240 MPa (plastic)

σ D = 103.636 MPa < 410 MPa (elastic)
Therefore
(a) σ C = σ y = 240.0 MPa .......................................................................................................... Ans.
and from Eq. (a) σ D = 156.0 MPa .............................................................................................. Ans.
 (156.0 ×106 ) (150 ) 

v A = a = 6 (δ D + 0.09 ) = 6  + 0.09  = 1.944 mm ↑ .................. Ans.
(100 ×109 )
(b)
 
5-143*
4
θ = tan −1 = 26.565°
8
p = γ y = ( 62.4 )( 8 ) = 499.20 psf = 3.46667 psi
( 62.4 ) π ( 4 ) ( 8) = 8364.176 lb
2
γπ r 2 h
W = γV = =
3 3
↑ ΣFy = 0 : pAp − W − σ m Aσ cos 26.565° = 0
( 499.20 ) π ( 4 ) − 8364.176 − σ m 2π ( 48)(1 8 ) cos 26.565° = 0

2
σ m = 496.109 psi ≅ 496 psi (T) .......................................Ans.

σm σt p rm = ∞
+ =
rm rt t rt = r cos θ = 53.6656 in.
prt ( 3.46667 )( 53.6656 )
σt = = = 1488 psi (T) ........................................................... Ans.
t 18
5-144
pr pr
σa = =σx σh = =σy τ xy = 0
2t t
σ a νσ h pr ν pr
εa = − = −
E E 2tE tE
ε a 2tE ( 300 ×10 ) ( 20 ) ( 200 ×10
−6 9
) = 3.030303 10 N/m
(a) p=
r (1 − 2ν )
=
(1000 − 10 )(1 − 0.6 )
( ) 6 2
p = 3.030303 MPa ≅ 3.03 MPa ........................................................................................ Ans.

pr ( 3.030303)(1000 − 10 )
(b) σa = = = 150.0 MPa ......................................................... Ans.
2t 2 (10 )
pr ( 3.030303)(1000 − 10 )
σh = = = 300.0 MPa ......................................................... Ans.
t (10 )
(c) σ z = − p = −3.030303 MPa
τ max =
σ max − σ min
=
( 300 ) − ( −3.030303) = 151.5 MPa ............................................ Ans.
2 2
σ h −νσ a ( 300 ×10 ) − 0.3 (150 ×10 ) = 1275 10
6 6
(d) εh =
E
=
200 (10 ) 9 ( ) −6
ε h = 1275 µ m/m .................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-145
a 2 pi  b 2  1.52 pi  3.52 
σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 50 ksi
b 2 − a 2  a 2  3.52 − 1.52  1.52 
pi = 34.5 ksi .................................................................................................................... Ans.
5-146*
a 2 pi  b 2  100 (125 )  2252 
2
(a) σt =  1 +  = 1 +  = 186.5 MPa .................................. Ans.

b 2 − a 2  a 2  2252 − 1002  1002 
a 2 pi
δa = (1 −ν ) a 2 + (1 + ν ) b 2 
( b − a ) Ea
(b) 2 2
1002 (125 )
δa = (1 − 0.30 )(100 )2 + (1 + 0.30 )( 225 )2 
( 225 − 100 ) ( 210, 000 )(100 ) 
2 2 
= 0.106685 mm
∆Di = 2δ a = 2 ( 0.106685 ) = 0.213 mm ........................................................................... Ans.
6-1*
(a) Free-body diagrams for parts of the shaft to the left of sections
in the intervals AB, BC, CD, and DE of the shaft are shown.
From the free-body diagrams:
4 ΣM = 0 : TAB − 80 = 0
TAB = +80 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TBC − 80 + 100 = 0
TBC = −20 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TCD − 80 + 100 − 40 = 0
TCD = +20 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TDE − 80 + 100 − 40 − 25 = 0
TDE = +45 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
(b) A torque diagram for the shaft is shown below the
free-body diagrams.
6-2*
Free-body diagrams for parts of the shaft to the left of sections
4 ΣM = 0 : TAB − 30 = 0
(b) TAB = +30 kN ⋅ m = Tmax .....................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TBC − 30 + 40 = 0
TBC = −10 kN ⋅ m ................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TCD − 30 + 40 − 15 = 0
TCD = +5 kN ⋅ m ...................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TDE − 30 + 40 − 15 − 5 = 0
TDE = +10 kN ⋅ m ................................................Ans.
(a) A torque diagram for the shaft is shown below the
free-body diagrams.
6-3
4 ΣM = 0 : TAB − 10 = 0
TAB = +10 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TBC − 10 − 15 = 0
TBC = +25 kip ⋅ ft = Tmax .....................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TCD − 10 − 15 + 30 = 0
TCD = −5 kip ⋅ ft ...................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TDE − 10 − 15 + 30 + 15 = 0
TDE = −20 kip ⋅ ft .................................................Ans.
A torque diagram for the shaft is shown below the
free-body diagrams.
(b) Tmax = TBC = +25 kip ⋅ ft ............................................Ans.
6-4*
in the intervals AB, BC, and CD of the shaft are shown.
4 ΣM = 0 : TAB − 500 = 0
TAB = +500 N ⋅ m ................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TBC − 500 + 100 = 0
TBC = +400 N ⋅ m ................................................Ans.
4 ΣM = 0 : TCD − 500 + 100 + 150 = 0
TCD = +250 N ⋅ m ................................................Ans.
(b) A torque diagram for the shaft is shown below the
free-body diagrams.
6-5
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 2 ) 32 = 1.57080 in.4
4
Tc (18 )(1)
(a) τ= = = 11.46 ksi ........................................................................................... Ans.
J (1.5708 )
(b) θ=
TL
=
(18)( 6 ×12 ) = 0.0688 rad ..................................................................... Ans.
JG (1.5708 )(12, 000 )
6-6
J = π d 4 32 = π (1204 − 804 ) 32 = 16.33628 (106 ) mm 4
Tc ( 28, 000 )( 0.060 )

τo = = = 102.8 (106 ) N/m 2 = 102.8 MPa ................................ Ans.
J (16.33628 ×10−6 )
(a)
( 28, 000 )( 0.040 ) = 68.6

τi = (10 ) N/m
6 2
= 68.6 MPa .............................................. Ans.
(16.33628 ×10 )
(b) −6
θ=
TL
=
( 28, 000 )( 2 ) = 0.0429 rad ................................................... Ans.
JG (16.33628 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(c)
(d) A = π (1202 − 802 ) 4 = π r 2 r = 44.72136 mm
J = π r 4 2 = π ( 44.72136 ) 2 = 6.28319 (106 ) mm 4

4
θ=
TL
=
( 28, 000 )( 2 ) = 0.1114 rad ..................................................... Ans.
JG ( 6.28319 ×10−6 )( 80 ×109 )
6-7*
Tc ( 2.2 × 12 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 14.5 ksi d ≥ 2.10 in.
J (π d 4 32 )
TL ( 2.2 × 12 )( 6.5 × 12 ) 5π
θ= = ≤ rad d ≥ 2.78 in.
JG (π d 4 32 ) ( 4000 ) 180
d min = 2.78 in. ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
6-8
J AB = π d 4 32 = π ( 80 ) 32 = 4.02124 (106 ) mm 4
4
J AC = π d 4 32 = π ( 65 ) 32 = 1.75248 (106 ) mm 4
4
Tc ( 6000 )( 0.040 )
τ AB = = = 59.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 59.7 MPa ................................... Ans.
J ( 4.02124 × 10−6 )
(a)
Tc ( 4000 )( 0.0325 )
τ AC = = = 74.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 74.2 MPa ................................... Ans.
J (1.75248 × 10 )
−6
 TL 
θB/ A =   =
( 6000 )( 2.25 )
= 0.04197 rad ≅ 0.0420 rad
 JG  AB ( 4.02124 × 10 )( 80 × 10 )
(b) −6 9
........... Ans.
θC / A = 
 TL 
=
( 4000 )(1.60 ) = 0.04565 rad
 JG  AC (1.75248 × 10 )( 80 × 10 )
(c) −6 9
θC / B = θC / A + θ B / A = 0.04565 − 0.04197 = 0.00368 rad ............................................... Ans.
6-10*
J = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
4
(a) Tmax = 14 kN ⋅ m
Tc (14, 000 )( 0.050 )
τ max = = = 71.3 (106 ) N/m 2
J ( 9.81748 ×10 )
−6
τ max = 71.3 MPa .................................................Ans.
TL ( −7000 )(1.50 ) + ( +8000 )(1.50 )

θD/ B = = = +0.001910 rad ............................. Ans.
( 9.81748 ×10−6 )(80 ×109 )
(b)
JG
θE / A =
(8000 − 7000 + 8000 + 14, 000 )(1.50 ) = +0.0439 rad .................................... Ans.
( 9.81748 ×10 )(80 ×10 )
(c) −6 9
6-11
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 44 − 24 ) 32 = 23.56194 in.4
(a) Tmax = TBC = 11 kip ⋅ ft
Tc (11× 12 )( 2 )
τ max = = = 11.20 ksi ......................... Ans.
J ( 23.56194 )
TL ( −11×12 )( 5 ×12 ) + ( +10 × 12 )( 4 × 12 )
(b) θD/ B = =
JG ( 23.56194 )(12, 000 )
θ D / B = −0.00764 rad ............................................................................................................. Ans.
( +9 ×12 )( 3 ×12 ) + −0.00764 = 0.00611 rad .......................................... Ans.
(c) θD/ A = ( )
( 23.56194 )(12, 000 )
6-12*
(a) Tmax = TAB = 5.5 kN ⋅ m
Tc ( 5500 )( d 2 )
τ max = = ≤ 100 (106 ) N/m 2
J (π d 32 )
4
d ≥ 0.0654 m = 65.4 mm .......................................... Ans.
(b) θD/ A =
( 5500 )( 2 ) + ( 2500 )( 2 ) + (1000 )( 2 )
π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 80 ×109 )
 
θ D / A = 0.0724 rad .................................................................................................................. Ans.
6-13
Tc T ( 0.875 )
τ= = ≤ 8 ksi T ≤ 8.42 kip ⋅ in.
J π (1.75 )4 32 
 
TL T ( 3 × 12 ) T ( 4 × 12 )
θ= = + ≤ 0.04 rad
JG π ( 2.5 )4 32  ( 4000 ) π (1.75 )4 32  ( 4000 )
   
T ≤ 2.60 kip ⋅ in.
Tmax = 2.60 kip ⋅ in. .................................................................................................. Ans.
6-14
J AB = J BC = π (160 ) 32 = 64.33982 (106 ) mm 4
4
J CD = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81749 (106 ) mm 4

4
J DE = π ( 50 ) 32 = 0.61359 (106 ) mm 4
4
Tc ( 25, 000 )( 0.050 )

τ3 = = = 127.3 (106 ) N/m 2
( 9.81749 ×10 )
(a) −6
J
τ 3 = 127.3 MPa ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
TL ( 40, 000 )(1) + ( 75, 000 )(1)

θ2 = = = 0.0223 rad ................................................. Ans.
JG ( 64.33982 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(b)
θE / A =
( 40, 000 )(1) + ( 75, 000 )(1.5) + ( −25, 000 )( 2 )
( 64.33982 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 9.81748 ×10 )(80 ×10 )
(c) −6 9 −6 9
+
( −5000 )( 0.5) = −0.0850 rad
( 0.61359 ×10 )(80 ×10 )−6 9
θ E / A = −0.0850 rad ............................................................................................................... Ans.
6-15*
TAB = T TCD = 2T
Tc T ( 0.75 )
(a) τ= = ≤ 15 ksi T ≤ 9.94020 kip ⋅ in.
J π (1.5 )4 32
τ=
Tc
=
( 2T )(1) ≤ 15 ksi T ≤ 11.78 kip ⋅ in.
J π ( 2 )4 32
Tmax = 9.94 kip ⋅ in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.
TL ( 2 × 9.94020 )( 3 × 12 )
θCD = = = 0.03797 rad
JG π ( 2 )4 32  (12, 000 )
 
θ A = 2 ( 0.03797 ) +
( 9.94020 )( 4 ×12 ) = 0.1559 rad .......................................... Ans.
π (1.5 )4 32  (12, 000 )
 
6-16
(a) τ = Tc J = ( 2000 )( 0.040 ) J ≤ 50 (106 ) N/m 2
J ≥ 1.600 (10−6 ) m 4 = 1.600 (106 ) mm 4
π ( 804 − di4 )
J= ≥ 1.600 (106 ) mm 4 di ≤ 70.5 mm .................................... Ans.
32
θ=
TL
=
( 2000 )( 3.5) +
( 2000 )( 2.5) ≤ 0.25 rad
JG π ( 0.050 ) 32  ( 80 × 109 ) J ( 28 × 109 )
(b) 4
 
J ≥ 1.66272 (10−6 ) m 4 = 1.66272 (106 ) mm 4
π ( 804 − di4 )
J= ≥ 1.66272 (106 ) mm 4 di ≤ 70.0 mm .................................... Ans.
32
6-17*
Tc ( 30 ×12 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 12, 000 psi d AB ≥ 0.535 in. .................................. Ans.
(π d 4 32 )
(a)
J
(b) TCD = ( 2 5 )( 30 ) = 12 lb ⋅ ft
Tc (12 × 12 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 12, 000 psi dCD ≥ 0.394 in. ................................. Ans.
J (π d 4 32 )
(c) θ=
(12 ×12 ) L ≤ 0.5 rad L ≤ 31.2 in. ............................. Ans.
π ( 0.394 )4 32  ( 3.8 × 106 )
 
6-18*
Tc ( 45, 000 )( 0.075 )
(a) τ max = = = 67.9 (106 ) N/m 2 = 67.9 MPa ................................. Ans.
π ( 0.075 ) 2
4
J
(b) TC = (150 450 )( 45 ) = 15 kN ⋅ m TD = 15 − 8 = 7 kN ⋅ m

(8000 )( 0.040 ) = 79.6 106 N/m 2
τ max = τ CE = ( )
π ( 0.040 ) 2
4
τ max = 79.6 MPa .................................................................. Ans.
TL ( 8000 )( 2.5 ) + ( −7000 )(1.5 )

(c) θ= =
JG π ( 0.040 )4 2  ( 80 ×109 )
 
θ = 0.0295 rad ..................................................................... Ans.
6-19
Tc ( 3.6 × 12 )( D1 2 )
(a) τ AB = = = 18 ksi
J π D14 32
D1 = 2.30 in. .................................................................. Ans.
τ BC =
(8.8 ×12 )( D2 2 ) = 18 ksi
π D24 32
D2 = 3.10 in. .................................................................................................................... Ans.

TL ( 3.6 ×12 )( 5 ×12 ) + ( 8.8 × 12 )( 4 × 12 )
θ= = = 0.15 rad
(π D 4 32 ) (11, 600 )
(b)
JG
D = 2.59 in. ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-20*
With the left end of the shaft at x = 0
and the right end of the shaft at x = L
ρ = r + mx
J = πρ 4 2 = π ( r + mx ) 2
4
T dx T dx 2T dx
dθ = = =
JG π ( r + mx ) 2  G π G ( r + mx )4
4
 
L
L 2T dx 2T L dx 2T  −1 
θ = ∫ dθ = ∫
π G ∫0 ( r + mx ) π G  3m ( r + mx ) 
= =  
π G ( r + mx )
0 4 4 3
0
2T  ( r + mL ) − r
3 3 
θ=   ........................................................................................... Ans.
3π Gmr 3  ( r + mL )
3

6-21
T = qx dθ =
T dx
=
( qx ) dx = 2qx dx
JG (π c 4 2 ) G π Gc 4
L 2qx dx 2q L qL2
θ = ∫ dθ = ∫ = ∫ x dx = ................................................................ Ans.
0 π Gc 4
π Gc 4 0 π Gc 4
6-22
With the left end of the shaft at x = L
and the right end of the shaft at x = 2 L
ρ = rx L
π π
J=
2
(ρ 4
− R4 ) =
2 L4
(r 4
x 4 − R 4 L4 )
T dx 2TL4  dx 
dθ = =  4 4 4 4 
JG πG  r x − R L 
2TL4 2L  dx 
θ = ∫ dθ = ∫  4 4 4 4 
πG L
r x −R L 
TL   2r − R  r + R  −1  2r  −1  r  
θ= 3 
ln    − 2 tan   + 2 tan    .......................... Ans.
2π GR r   r − R  2r + R   R  R 
6-23*
With the left end of the shaft at x = L
and the right end of the shaft at x = 2 L
ρ = rx L
2π r 3tx3
3
 rx 
J = ρ A = ρ ( 2πρ t ) = 2πρ t = 2π   t =
2 2 3
L L3
T dx TL3  dx  TL3 2 L dx 3TL
dθ = =   θ = ∫ dθ = ∫ = ....... Ans.
JG 2π r 3tG  x 3  2π r tG
3 L x 16Gtπ r 3
3
6-24
T dx ( qx 2 L ) dx qx 2 dx
2
qx 2
T= dθ = = =
2L JG (π c4 2 ) G π GLc 4
q L qL2
θ = ∫ dθ = ∫ x dx =
2
................................................................................ Ans.
π GLc 4 0 3π Gc 4
6-25
A = π ( ro2 − ri 2 ) = 3 in.2 ri 2 = ro2 − ( 3 π )
J = π ( ro4 − ri 4 ) 2 = π ro4 2 − π  ro2 − ( 3 π )  2 = 3ro2 − ( 4.5 π )

2
θ=
TL
=
( 3 ×12 )( 3 ×12 )  0.246758 
=
(a)  rad
JG 3ro − ( 4.5 π )  (11, 000 )  2π ro2 − 3 
2
τc =
Tc
=
( 3 ×12 )( ro ) =  75.3982ro  ksi
(b)  
J 3ro2 − ( 4.5 π )   2π ro − 3 
6-26
J = π ( ro4 − ri 4 ) 2 = π ro4 1 − ( ri ro )  2
4
 
= π ( 50 ) 1 − ( ri ro )  2 = ( 9.81748 × 106 ) 1 − ( ri ro )  mm 4
4 4 4
   
θ=
TL
=
( 7500 )( 2 ) =
0.0381972
rad
JG ( 9.81748 × 10 ) 1 − ( ri ro )  ( 40 ×10 ) 1 − ( ri ro )4 
−6 4 9
   
τc =
Tc
=
( 7500 )( 0.050 ) =
38.1972 ×106
N/m 2
J ( 9.81748 ×10−6 ) 1 − ( ri ro )4  1 − ( ri ro )4 
   
6-27
ri = ( ro − 0.25 ) in.
J = π ( ro4 − ri 4 ) 2 = π ro4 2 − π ( ro − 0.25 ) 2  in.4

4
 
θ=
TL
=
( 3 ×12 )( 3 ×12 ) =
 0.0750054 
(a)   rad
JG π ro4 2 − π ( ro − 0.25 )4 2  (11, 000 )  ro4 − ( ro − 0.25 )4 
 
τc =
Tc
=
( 3 ×12 )( ro ) =
 22.91831r 
(b)  o
 ksi
J π ro4 2 − π ( ro − 0.25 )4 2   ro4 − ( ro − 0.25 )4 
 
(c) As the outside radius increases, the shear stress decreases. Between ro = 0.5 in. and ro = 1.5 in. the
decrease in shear stress is very dramatic. Between ro = 1.5 in. and ro = 2.0 in. the decrease in shear stress
is much less dramatic. And beyond ro = 2.0 in. the decrease in shear stress is very slight. Therefore, a
reasonable maximum value for the outside radius would be around ro = 1.5 in.
6-28
TLAB T (1.5 − LAB ) T ( 0.75 ) TAB = TBC = TCD = T = 2500 N ⋅ m
θD/ A = + +
J AB G J BC G J CD G GAB = GBC = GCD = G = 28 (109 ) N/m 2
J BC = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4

4
J CD = π ( 75 ) 32 = 3.10631(106 ) mm 4
4
(a) For d = 75 mm
J AB = π (1004 − 754 ) 32
= 6.71117 (106 ) mm 4
θ D / A = ( 4.20948LAB + 28.0135 ) (10−3 ) rad

(b) For d = 90 mm
J AB = π (1004 − 904 ) 32
= 3.37623 (106 ) mm 4
θ D / A = (17.3508LAB + 28.0135 ) (10−3 ) rad
6-29*
Tc (15 )(1.5 )
(a) σ max = τ c = = = 2.83 ksi (T) .................................................................... Ans.
J π (1.5 )4 2
Tc (15 )(1)
(b) σ max = τ c = = = 9.55 ksi (C) ........................................................................ Ans.
J π (1)4 2
(c) θ=
TL
=
( −15)( 3 ×12 ) + ( −15)( 4 ×12 ) = −0.0439 rad ................. Ans.
JG π (1.5 )4 2  (12, 000 ) π (1)4 2  (12, 000 )
   
6-30*
σ max = τ max = Tc J ≤ 75 MPa ≤ 80 MPa
Tmax ( 0.045 )
= 75 (106 ) N/m 2
π ( 0.090 − 0.050
4 4
) 32
Tmax = 9710 N ⋅ m = 9.71 kN ⋅ m ......................................................................................... Ans.
6-31
σ x = σ y = 0 ksi θ = −55°
Tc − (1.00 )( 0.75 )
τ xy = = = −4.38797 ksi
J π (1.54 − 1.354 ) 32

σ n = 0 + 0 + 2 ( −4.38797 ) sin ( −55° ) cos ( −55° ) = 4.12 ksi (T) ................................ Ans.
τ nt = 0 + ( −4.38797 ) cos 2 ( −55° ) − sin 2 ( −55° )  = +1.501 ksi ................................ Ans.
(b) σ max T = τ xy = 4.39 ksi (T) ................................................................................................... Ans.
σ max C = τ xy = 4.39 ksi (C) ................................................................................................... Ans.
6-32
J 60 = π (1204 − 604 ) 32 = 19.08517 (106 ) mm 4
J100 = π (1204 − 1004 ) 32 = 10.54004 (106 ) mm 4
Tc ( 7500 )( 0.060 )
σ max = τ = = = 23.6 (106 ) N/m 2 = 23.6 MPa ........................... Ans.
J 19.08517 (10 )
(a) −6
σ max =
( 7500 )( 0.060 ) = 42.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 42.7 MPa ............................................ Ans.
10.54004 (10 )
(b) −6
θ 60 =
TL
=
( −7500 )( 2 ) = −0.00982 rad ........................................... Ans.
JG (19.08517 ×10−6 )( 80 ×109 )
(c)
θ100 =
TL
=
( −7500 )( 2 ) = −0.01779 rad .......................................... Ans.
JG (10.54004 ×10−6 )( 80 ×109 )
6-33*
(a) TBC = ( 4 12 )(1500 ) = 500 lb ⋅ ft ........................................................................................ Ans.
(b) TCD = 500 − 250 = 250 lb ⋅ ft ............................................................................................... Ans.

Tc (1500 × 12 )(1)
(c) τ max ( motor ) = = = 11, 459 psi ≅ 11.46 ksi
π (1) 2
4
J
σ max ( motor ) = τ max ( motor ) = 11.46 ksi (T&C) ........................................................... Ans.
τ max ( power ) =
( 500 ×12 )( 0.625) = 15, 646 psi ≅ 15.65 ksi
π (1.25 ) 32
4
σ max ( power ) = τ max ( power ) = 15.65 ksi (T&C) ......................................................... Ans.
6-34*
Tc ( 4T )( 0.080 )
τ AB = = ≤ 150 (106 ) N/m 2
J π ( 0.080 ) 2
4
T ≤ 30.2 (103 ) N ⋅ m
σ AB = τ AB = 150 (106 ) N/m 2 ≤ 260 (106 ) N/m 2

T ( 0.050 )
σ BC = τ BC = ≤ 75 (106 ) N/m 2 ≤ 125 (106 ) N/m 2
π ( 0.050 ) 2
4
T ≤ 14.73 (103 ) N ⋅ m
θ=
TL
=
( 4T )( 2 ) +
(T )(1.5 ) ≤
2.5π
rad
JG π ( 0.080 ) 2  ( 45 ×10 ) π ( 0.050 ) 2  ( 76 × 10 ) 180
4 9 4 9
   
T ≤ 9140 N ⋅ m
Tmax = 9.14 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................................................. Ans.
6-35
4 ΣM = 0 : −9 + Q − 21 + 10 = 0
Q = 20 kip ⋅ ft
Tmax = TBC = 11 kip ⋅ ft
Tc (11× 12 )( 2 )
τ BC = = = 11.20 ksi
J π ( 24 − 14 ) 2
(a)
σ max = τ BC = 11.20 ksi (C) ......................................... Ans.

Tc (11×12 )(1)
τ BC = = = 5.60 ksi
J π ( 24 − 14 ) 2
(b)
σ max = τ BC = 5.60 ksi (C) ........................................... Ans.
TL ( 9 × 3 − 11× 5 + 10 × 4 )(12 × 12 )
(c) θ= = = +0.00611 rad ......................................... Ans.
JG π ( 24 − 14 ) 2  (12, 000 )
 
6-36
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 20 ) 2 = 0.251327 (106 ) mm 4
4
( 600 )( 0.020 ) = 47.7 106 N/m 2

(a) τ AB =
Tc
=
J ( 0.251327 × 10−6 )
( )
τ AB = 47.7 MPa ..................................................Ans.
τ BC =
(120 )( 0.020 ) = 9.55 (106 ) N/m 2
( 0.251327 ×10 ) −6
τ BC = 9.55 MPa ................................................... Ans.
τ CD =
( 840 )( 0.020 ) = 66.8 (106 ) N/m 2 = 66.8 MPa ........................................... Ans.
( 0.251327 ×10 ) −6
τ DE =
(120 )( 0.020 ) = 9.55 (106 ) N/m 2 = 9.55 MPa ........................................... Ans.
( 0.251327 ×10 ) −6
(b) σ max T = σ max C = τ max T = 66.8 MPa (T&C) ...................................................................... Ans.

TL ( 600 + 120 + 840 + 120 )(1.5 )
θ= = = 0.1319 rad ................................................. Ans.
JG ( 0.251327 × 10−6 )( 76 ×109 )
(c)
6-37
TL 0.172
(a) θ= = rad
JG 6
(T1 ×12 )( 24 ) + (T1 − 9 ) ×12 ( 48) = 0.172 rad
π (1)4 2  (12, 000 ) π ( 2 )4 2  (12, 000 ) 6
   
T1 = 2.66776 kip ⋅ ft ≅ 32.0 kip ⋅ in. ................................Ans.
Tc ( 2.66776 × 12 )(1)
(b) τ BC = = = 20.4 ksi
π (1) 2
4
J
σ BC = τ BC = 20.4 ksi (T) ..................................................Ans.
( 2.66776 − 9 ) × 12  ( 2 )
(c) σ CD = τ CD =  = 6.05 ksi (C) ................................................... Ans.
π ( 2) 2
4
6-38*
2π NT 2π (180 ) T
Power = T ω = = = 240 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
T = 12.73240 (103 ) N ⋅ m
Tc (12, 732.40 )( d 2 )
τ= = = 80 (106 ) N/m 2
J π d 4 32
d ≥ 0.0932 m = 93.2 mm ............................................................................................. Ans.
6-39
TL T ( 20 × 12 )
θ= = = 0.06 rad
JG π ( 4 )4 32  (12, 000 )
 
T = 75.39822 kip ⋅ in. = 6.28319 kip ⋅ ft
2π NT 2π ( 270 )( 6283.19 )
Power = T ω = = = 323 hp .............................................. Ans.
60 ( 60 )( 550 )
6-40*
T ( 0.050 )
= 80 (106 ) N/m 2
Tc
τ= = T = 13, 672.211 N ⋅ m
J π ( 0.050 − 0.030 ) 2
4 4
2π NT 2π ( 200 )(13, 672.211)

(a) Power = T ω = = = 286 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
Power = 286 kW ........................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) θ=
TL
=
(13, 672.211)( 3) = 0.0600 rad ...................................... Ans.
JG π ( 0.0504 − 0.0304 ) 2  ( 80 ×109 )
 
6-41*
Power = T ω = 2π NT 60 = 2π ( 60 ) T 60 = ( 20, 000 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
T = 1.750704 (106 ) lb ⋅ ft = 21.00845 (106 ) lb ⋅ in.
Tc ( 21.00845 ×10 ) (15 )

3
(a) τ= = = 3.96 ksi ...................................................................... Ans.

π (15 ) 2
4
J
TL ( 21.00845 × 10 ) ( 20 × 12 )
3
(b) θ= = = 0.00528 rad .................................................... Ans.

JG π (15 )4 2  (12, 000 )
 
6-42
Power = T ω = 2π ( 400 ) T 60 = 200 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s T = 4774.648 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 4774.648 )( d 2 )
(a) τ= = = 70 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.0703 m
J π d 32
4
θ=
TL
=
( 4774.648)(1.5) = 0.045 rad d = 0.0671 m
JG π d 4 32  ( 80 × 109 )
d min = 70.3 mm ............................................................................................................... Ans.
T ( 0.075 2 )
(b) τ= = 50 (106 ) N/m 2 T = 4141.748 N ⋅ m
π ( 0.075 ) 32
4
2π N ( 4141.748 )
Power = = 200 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s N = 461 rpm ...................... Ans.
60
6-43
Power = T ω = 2π NT 60 = 2π ( 3800 ) T 60 = (162 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
T = 223.90588 lb ⋅ ft = 2686.8705 lb ⋅ in.
(a) τ=
( 2686.8705 )( d 2 ) = 5000 psi d = 1.39878 in. ≅ 1.399 in. ...................... Ans.
π d 4 32
Tc ( 2686.8705 )(1.5 )
(b) τ= = = 5000 psi J = 0.80606 in.4
J J
π ( 34 − di4 )
J= = 0.80606 in.4 di = 2.92090 in. ≅ 2.92 in. ....................... Ans.
32
Wh − Ws π ( 32 − 2.920902 ) 4  − π (1.39878 )2 4 
(c) (100 ) =     (100) = −76.1
Ws π (1.39878 ) 4  2
 
%reduction = 76.1% .............................................................................................. Ans.
6-44
2π NT 2π (1800 ) T
Power = T ω = = = 1200 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
T = 6366.1977 N ⋅ m
( 6366.1977 )( d 2 ) = 100 106 N/m 2
τ=
Tc
=
J π  d 4 − ( 0.75d )4  32
( ) d = 0.0780 m
 
θ=
TL
=
( 6366.1977 )( 3) = 0.20 rad d = 0.0844 m
JG

4
{
π d − ( 0.75d ) 32 ( 80 × 10 )
 4


9
}
d min = 84.4 mm ............................................................................................................... Ans.
6-45*
2π NT 2π (1800 ) T
Motor shaft: Power = T ω = = = ( 350 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 1021.24422 lb ⋅ ft = 12, 254.93 lb ⋅ in.
Tc (12.25493)( d 2 )
τ= = = 15 ksi d = 1.61 in.
J π d 4 32
TL (12.25493)(10 × 12 )
θ= = = 0.10 rad d = 1.880 in.
JG (π d 4 32 ) (12, 000 )
d min ( motor ) = 1.880 in. ............................................................................................... Ans.

2π NT 2π ( 200 ) T
Power shaft: Power = T ω = = = ( 350 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 9191.19796 lb ⋅ ft = 110, 294.4 lb ⋅ in.
Tc (110.2994 )( d 2 )
τ= = = 15 ksi d = 3.35 in.
J π d 4 32
TL (110.2994 )(10 ×12 )
θ= = = 0.10 rad d = 3.26 in.
JG (π d 4 32 ) (12, 000 )
d min ( power ) = 3.35 in. ................................................................................................. Ans.
6-46*
Power = T ω = 2π NT 60
2π ( 250 ) TAB 60 = 200 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s TAB = 7639.4373 N ⋅ m
2π ( 250 ) TBC 60 = 75 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s TBC = 2864.7890 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 7639.4373)( d 2 )
(a) τ= = = 75 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.0804 m
J π d 32
4
d1 = 80.4 mm ................................................................................................................... Ans.

Tc ( 2864.7890 )( d 2 )
(b) τ= = = 75 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.0579 m
J π d 32
4
d 2 = 57.9 mm .................................................................................................................. Ans.

TL ( 7639.4373)(1) + ( 2864.7890 )( 2 )
(c) θ= = = 0.0538 rad ...................................... Ans.
JG π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 80 ×109 )
 
6-47
2π NT 2π ( 360 ) T1
(a) Motor shaft: Power = T ω = = = (100 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T1 = 1458.92031 lb ⋅ ft = 17,507.0 lb ⋅ in.
Tc (17.5070 )( d1 2 )
τ= = = 12 ksi d1 = 1.951 in. ........................................ Ans.
J π d14 32
(b) Power shaft: N power = ( 96 16 ) N motor = 6 ( 360 ) = 2160 rpm
2π NT 2π ( 2160 ) T
Power = T ω = = = (100 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T2 = 243.15339 lb ⋅ ft = 2917.84 lb ⋅ in. ( = T1 6 )
τ=
( 2.91784 )( d 2 2 ) = 12 ksi d 2 = 1.074 in. ........................................ Ans.
π d 24 32
6-48
(a) Shaft D: N D = ( 48 24 ) N E = 2 ( 400 ) = 800 rpm
2π NT 2π ( 800 ) TD
Power = T ω = = = 40 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s TD = 477.4648 N ⋅ m
60 60
( 477.4648 )( d D 2 ) = 70
τ=
π d 32
4 (10 ) N/m
6 2
d D = 0.0326 m = 32.6 mm ........... Ans.
D
2π NT 2π ( 400 ) TD
(b) Shaft E: Power = T ω = = = 180 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
TE = 4297.1835 N ⋅ m
( 4297.1835 )( d E 2 ) = 70
τ=
π d 32
4 (10 ) N/m
6 2
d E = 0.0679 m = 67.9 mm ............ Ans.
E
(c) Shaft F: N F = ( 48 24 ) N E = 2 ( 400 ) = 800 rpm

2π NT 2π ( 800 ) TE
Power = T ω = = = 80 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s TE = 954.9297 N ⋅ m
60 60
( 954.9297 )( d E 2 ) = 70
τ=
π d E4 32
(10 ) N/m
6 2
d E = 0.0411 m = 41.1 mm ............. Ans.
6-49*
Equilibrium: Torque diagram
Deformations: θ AB + θ BC = 0 θ = TL JG
( −TA )( 2 ) + ( 3.5 ×12 ) − TA  ( 3) = 0
JG JG
TA = 25.200 kip ⋅ in. = −TAB
TBC = ( 3.5 × 12 ) − TA = 16.800 kip ⋅ in.
TAB c ( 25.200 )(1)
(a) τ max = = = 16.04 ksi ................... Ans.
π ( 2 ) 32
4
J
(b) θ = θ AB =
TL
=
( −25.200 )( 2 ×12 ) = −0.0321 rad ................................................. Ans.
JG π ( 2 )4 32  (12, 000 )
 
6-50*
J S = π d 4 32 = π (1254 − 1004 ) 32 = 14.15097 (106 ) mm 4
J M = π (1754 − 1254 ) 32 = 68.10875 (106 ) mm 4

Equilibrium: TS + TM = 10 kN ⋅ m (a)
Deformations: θS = θM θ = TL JG
TS L TM L
=
(14.15097 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 68.10875 ×10−6 )( 65 ×109 )
−6 9
TM = 3.91057TS (b)
TS = 2.03642 kN ⋅ m TM = 7.96358 kN ⋅ m
Tc ( 2036.42 )( 0.0625 )
τS = = = 8.99 (106 ) N/m 2 = 8.99 MPa ................................ Ans.
(14.15097 ×10 )
(a) −6
J
( 7963.58 )( 0.0875) = 10.23 106

τM = ( ) N/m 2
= 10.23 MPa ..................................... Ans.
( 68.10875 ×10 ) −6
θ = θS =
TL
=
( 2036.42 )( 2 ) = 0.00360 rad ........................................ Ans.
JG (14.15097 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(b)
6-51
Tc T (1.5 )
(a) τ= = ≤ 15 ksi T ≤ 79.5 kip ⋅ in. ..................................................... Ans.
J π ( 3)4 32
(b) θS = θ A θ = TL JG
TS L TA L
= TS = 3.40127TA
32  (11, 600 ) π ( 3.5 − 3 ) 32  ( 4000 )
 ( )
π 3 4 4 4

Tc T (1.5 )
Guess that τS = = S 4 = τ max = 15 ksi
J π ( 3) 32
Then TS = 79.52156 kip ⋅ in. TA = 23.37998 kip ⋅ in.
τA =
( 23.37998 )(1.75 ) = 6.03 ksi ≤ 12 ksi = τ (correct guess)
π ( 3.54 − 34 ) 32
and max
Therefore Tmax = TA + TS = 102.9 kip ⋅ in. ...................................................................................... Ans.
6-52*
J B = π d 4 32 = π ( 804 − 604 ) 32 = 2.74889 (106 ) mm 4
J A = π ( 60 ) 32 = 1.272345 (106 ) mm 4
4
TB L TA L
=
( 2.74889 ×10 )( 45 ×10 ) (1.272345 ×10−6 )( 28 ×109 )
−6 9
TB = 3.47222TA
TB ( 0.040 )
= 150 (106 ) N/m 2
Tc
τB = =
J ( 2.74889 ×10 )
(a) −6
TB = 10,308.35 N ⋅ m TA = 2968.807 N ⋅ m
Tmax = TB + TA = 13.28 kN ⋅ m ...................................................................................... Ans.
Tc ( 2968.807 )( 0.030 )
τA = = = 70.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 70.0 MPa ............................... Ans.
(1.272345 ×10 )
(b) −6
J
6-53
( −TA )( 5 ×12 ) + (T − TA )(8 ×12 ) = 0
J (11, 600 ) J ( 6500 )
T = 1.35022TA
Tc (T − TA )(1.5 )
Guess that τB = = = τ max = 6 ksi
π ( 3) 32
4
J
Then T − TA = 31.80863 kip ⋅ in.
TA = 90.82586 kip ⋅ in. = −TS
and τS =
( 90.82586 )(1.5) = 17.13 ksi ≤ 18 ksi = τ (correct guess)
π ( 3) 32
4 max
Therefore Tmax = 1.35022 ( 90.82586 ) = 122.6 kip ⋅ in. .............................................................. Ans.
6-54*
J B = π d 4 32 = π ( 40 ) 32 = 0.251327 (106 ) mm 4
4
J S = π ( 804 − 404 ) 32 = 3.76991(106 ) mm 4
J A = π (1004 − 804 ) 32 = 5.79624 (106 ) mm 4

Equilibrium: T = TA + TS + TB (a)
Deformations: θ A = θS = θB θ = TL JG
TA L TS L TB L
= =
( 5.79624 ×10 )( 28 ×10 ) ( 3.76991×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 0.251327 ×10−6 )( 39 ×109 )
−6 9 −6 9
TA = 16.5577TB (b)
TS = 30.7693TB (c)
(a) 16.5577TB + 30.7693TB + TB = 15 kN ⋅ m

TB = 0.31039 kN ⋅ m TA = 5.13928 kN ⋅ m TS = 9.55034 kN ⋅ m
Tc ( 310.39 )( 0.020 )
τB = = = 24.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 24.7 MPa .................................. Ans.
J ( 0.251327 ×10 )−6
( 5139.28)( 0.050 ) = 44.3 106

τA = ( ) N/m 2
= 44.3 MPa ............................................ Ans.
( 5.79624 ×10 ) −6
( 9550.34 )( 0.040 ) = 101.3 106

τS = ( ) N/m 2
= 101.3 MPa ........................................ Ans.
( 3.76991×10 ) −6
(b) 16.5577TB + 30.7693TB + TB = 10 kN ⋅ m

TB = 0.206924 kN ⋅ m TA = 3.42618 kN ⋅ m TS = 6.36690 kN ⋅ m
θ = θB =
TL
=
( 206.924 )( 3) = 0.0633 rad .......................................... Ans.
JG ( 0.251327 × 10−6 )( 39 × 109 )
6-55*
Equilibrium: TS + TP = T = 1000 lb ⋅ in. (a)
Deformations: θ AB , P = θ AB , S θ = TL JG
TP (12 ) TS (12 )
(a) =
π ( 2 )4 32  (150 ) π ( 2.254 − 24 ) 32  (12, 000 )
   
TS = 48.1445TP (b)
TP = 20.3482 lb ⋅ in. TS = 979.6518 lb ⋅ in.

TL ( 20.3482 )(12 ) + (1000 )( 4 )
θ= = = 0.01801 rad .......................................... Ans.
JG π ( 2 )4 32  (150 × 103 )
 
(b) θ=
(1000 )( 4 ) = 0.01698 rad .................................................................... Ans.
π ( 2 ) 32  (150 ×103 )
4
 
0.01801 − 0.01698
(c) %error = (100 ) = 5.75% ................................................................. Ans.
0.01801
6-56
J S = π (1004 − 504 ) 32 = 9.20388 (106 ) mm 4
J M = π (1254 − 1024 ) 32 = 13.34170 (106 ) mm 4

θS = θM θ = TL JG
TS L TM L
= TS = 0.84906TM
( 9.20388 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) (13.34170 ×10−6 )( 65 ×109 )
−6 9
TS ( 0.05 )
= τ max = 70 (106 ) N/m 2
Tc
τS = =
J ( 9.20388 × 10 )
Guess that −6
Then TS = 12,885.4 N ⋅ m TM = 15,176.2 N ⋅ m

(15,176.2 )( 0.0625 ) = 71.1 106
τM = ( ) N/m 2
and (13.34170 ×10 ) −6
≤ 85 MPa = τ max (correct guess)

(a) Tmax = TS + TM = 12.885 + 15.176 = 28.061 kN ⋅ m ≅ 28.1 kN ⋅ m .............................. Ans.
θ = θS =
TL
=
(12,885.4 )( 2.5) = 0.0437 rad ............................................ Ans.
JG ( 9.20388 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(b)
6-57*
Equilibrium: T = TS + TA = 1.5TA TS = 0.5TA
Deformations: θ A = θS θ = TL JG
TA L
=
( 0.5TA ) L J S = 0.26180 in.4
π ( 2 ) 32  ( 4000 ) J S (12, 000 )
4
 
π ( d 4 − 24 )
JS = = 0.26180 in.4 d = 2.07858 in. = 2 (1 + t )
32
t = 0.0393 in. .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-58
TB = TS
θB = θS θ = TL JG
TB L TS L
= J B = 1.77778 J S
J B ( 45 ×10 ) J S ( 80 ×109 )
9
π (1004 − d 4 ) πd4
JB = = (1.77778 ) = 1.77778 J S
32 32
d = 77.5 mm .......................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-59
( −TA )( 5 ×12 ) + ( 25 ×12 ) − TA  (10 ×12 ) = 0
π ( 4 )4 32  G π ( 44 − 24 ) 32  G
   
TA = 204.255 kip ⋅ in. = −TAB
TBC = ( 25 ×12 ) − TA = 95.7447 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 204.255 )( 2 )
(a) τ AB = = = 16.25 ksi
π ( 4 ) 32
4
J
τ BC =
( 95.7447 )( 2 ) = 8.13 ksi τ max = τ AB = 16.25 ksi
π ( 44 − 24 ) 32
............................ Ans.
(b) θ = θ AB =
TL
=
( −204.255)( 5 ×12 ) = −0.0406 rad ................................................ Ans.
JG π ( 4 )4 32  (12, 000 )
 
6-60*
J B = π d 4 32 = π ( 75 ) 32 = 3.10631(106 ) mm 4
4
J M = π ( 60 ) 32 = 1.272345 (106 ) mm 4
4

( −TA )( 0.300 ) +
(15, 000 − TA ) [ 0.450] =0
( 3.10631×10 )( 39 ×10 ) (1.272345 ×10 )( 65 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
TA = 10,308.49 N ⋅ m = −TAB TBC = 15, 000 − TA = 4691.51 N ⋅ m

Tc (10,308.49 )( 0.0375 )
τ AB = = = 124.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 124.4 MPa ...................... Ans.
( 3.10631×10 )
(a) −6
J
( 4691.51)( 0.030 ) = 110.6

τ BC = (10 ) N/m
6 2
= 110.6 MPa ...................................... Ans.
(1.272345 ×10−6 )
θ = θ AB =
TL
=
( −10,308.49 )( 0.300 ) = −0.0255 rad ........................................ Ans.
JG ( 3.10631×10−6 )( 39 ×109 )
(b)
(c) σ max T = σ max C = τ AB = 124.4 MPa ..................................................................................... Ans.
6-61
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 6 ) 32 = 127.2345 in 4
4
TL T ( 6 × 12 )
(a) θ= = = 0.0018 rad
GJ (127.2345 )(12, 000 )
T = 38.17035 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 3.18 kip ⋅ ft ...............................................Ans.
TL Tb ( 9 ×12 )
(b) θ= = = 0.0018 rad
GJ (127.2345 )(12, 000 )
Tb = 25.44690 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 25.44690 )( 3)
τ= = = 0.600 ksi
J (127.2345)
τ = 600 psi ..................................................................... Ans.
(c) Equilibrium: Torque diagram

Deformations: θ A + θ AB + θ BC = 0 θ = TL JG
−0.0018 +
( −TA )( 3 ×12 ) + (T − TA )( 6 ×12 ) = 0
(127.2345)(12, 000 ) (127.2345)(12, 000 )
Guess that
Tc
τ AB = =
(TA )( 3) = τ = 10 ksi
J (127.2345 )
max
Then TA = 424.1150 kip ⋅ in. = −TAB

T − TA = 250.2279 kip ⋅ in. = TBC
and τ BC =
( 250.2279 )( 3) = 5.90 ksi ≤ 10 ksi = τ (correct guess)
(127.2345) max
Therefore Tmax = 250.2279 + 424.1150 = 674.3429 kip ⋅ in.

Tmax = 56.2 kip ⋅ ft ........................................................................................................... Ans.
6-62*
4 ΣM = 0 : TA − 4 ( 0.075V ) = 0
TA = 0.300V = 0.300 (τ A )
= 0.300 ( 60 ×106 )(150 ×10−6 ) = 2700 N ⋅ m
Deformations: θ AB + θ BC + θCD = 0 θ = TL JG
( −2700 )( 0.3) +
( −2700 )( 0.6 ) +
(T − 2700 )( 0.3) =0
π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 28 ×109 ) π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 80 ×109 ) π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 80 ×109 )
     
(a) T = 15,814.3 N ⋅ m ≅ 15.81 kN ⋅ m .................................. Ans.
(b) TCD = 15,814.3 − 2700 = 13,114.3 N ⋅ m
Tmax ( steel ) = TCD = 13,114.3 N ⋅ m
Tc (13,114.3)( 0.0375 )
τ max = τ CD = =
J π ( 0.075 )4 32 
 
τ max = 158.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 158.3 MPa ........................... Ans.
6-63*
The torque of the shear force VC is TC = VC (1) = VC and the
torque of the shear force VD is TD = VD (1) = VD .
Equilibrium: Torque diagrams
Deformations: θCD ,h = θCD , s θ = TL JG
(1000 − VC ) L =
(VC ) L
π ( 24 − 14 ) 32  (12 ×106 ) π (1)4 32  (12 ×106 )
   
Therefore VC = 62.500 lb
and VD = 1000 − VC = 1000 − 62.5 = 937.500 lb
VC = τ A = ( 25, 000 ) (π dC2 4 ) = 62.500 lb
dC = 0.0564 in. ...................................................... Ans.
VD = τ A = ( 25, 000 ) (π d D2 4 ) = 937.500 lb
d D = 0.219 in. ........................................................ Ans.
6-64
J S = π d 4 32 = π ( 80 ) 32 = 4.02124 (106 ) mm 4
4
J B = π (1204 − 804 ) 32 = 16.33628 (106 ) mm 4

Equilibrium: TS + TB = 27 kN ⋅ m (a)
Deformations: θ AB , S = θ AB , B θ = TL JG
TS (1.5 ) TB (1.5 )
=
( 4.02124 ×10 )(86 ×10 ) (16.33628 ×10 )( 39 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
TB = 1.84230TS (b)
TB = 17.50065 kN ⋅ m TS = 9.49935 kN ⋅ m
Tc ( 9, 499.35 )( 0.040 )
τS = = = 94.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 94.5 MPa ................................ Ans.
( 4.02124 ×10 )
(a) −6
J
(17,500.65)( 0.060 ) = 64.3 106

τB = ( ) N/m 2
= 64.3 MPa ......................................... Ans.
(16.33628 ×10 )
(b) −6
(c) σ max = τ max = 64.3 MPa (C) ................................................................................................ Ans.

TL ( 9, 499.35 )(1.5 ) + ( −9000 )(1)
θ= = = 0.01518 rad ............................................ Ans.
( 4.02124 ×10−6 )(86 ×109 )
(d)
JG
6-65
TA ( 24 ) T ( 24 ) (T − T )( 24 ) = 0
+ A + A
J ( 6000 ) J (12, 000 ) J (12, 000 )
Tc (TA − T )( 2 )
Guess that τ CD = = = τ max = −12 ksi
π ( 4 ) 32
4
J
Then TA − T = −150.79645 kip ⋅ in. = TCD
TA = 50.26548 kip ⋅ in. = TAB = TBC
τ AB =
( 50.26548)( 2 ) = 4.00 ksi ≤ 5 ksi = τ (okay)
π ( 4 ) 32
4 max
and τ BC =
( 50.26548 )( 2 ) = 4.00 ksi ≤ 12 ksi = τ (okay)
π ( 4 ) 32
4 max
Therefore Tmax = 50.26548 + 150.79645 = 201.062 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 201 kip ⋅ in. .......................... Ans.
6-66*
J = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
4

( −TA )( 2 ) +
( 20 − TA )( 2 ) + ( 40 − TA )(1.5) = 0
J ( 80 × 10 9
) J ( 80 × 109 ) J ( 40 ×109 )
TA = 22.85714 kN ⋅ m = −TAB
TBC = 20 − TA = −2.85715 kN ⋅ m
TCD = 40 − TA = 17.14286 kN ⋅ m
Tc (17,142.86 )( 0.050 )
τB = = = 87.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 87.3 MPa ............................... Ans.
( )
(a) −6
J 9.81748 × 10
( 22,857.14 )( 0.050 ) = 116.4

τS = (10 ) N/m
6 2
= 116.4 MPa .................................... Ans.
( 9.81748 ×10 )
(b) −6
θ=
TL
=
( −22,857.14 )( 2 ) = −0.0582 rad ................................................... Ans.
JG ( 9.81748 ×10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(c)
6-67
J AB = π d 4 32 = π ( 64 − 44 ) 32 = 102.1018 in 4
J BC = π ( 4 ) 32 = 25.1327 in 4
4
Initially θi =
TL
=
( 40 ×12 )( 6 ×12 ) = 0.02821 rad
GJ (102.1018 )(12, 000 )
After the torque is removed TAB = TCD , and
Deformations: θ B / A + θC / D + θ slip = θi θ = TL JG
TAB ( 6 × 12 ) TBC ( 4 × 12 )
+ + 0.010 = 0.02821 rad
(102.1018)(12, 000 ) ( 25.1327 )( 4000 )
TAB = TCD = 33.9540 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 33.9540 )( 2 )
(a) τA = = = 2.70 ksi .................................................................................. Ans.
J ( 25.1327 )
(b)
( 33.9540 )( 3) = 0.998 ksi .......................................................................................... Ans.
τS =
(102.1018)
TL ( −33.9540 )( 6 × 12 )
(c) θ= = = −0.001995 rad ......................................................... Ans.
GJ (102.1018 )(12, 000 )
6-68
J S = π d 4 32 = π ( 80 ) 32 = 4.02124 (106 ) mm 4
4
J B = π (1604 − 1404 ) 32 = 26.62500 (106 ) mm 4
θi =
TL
=
(10, 000 )( 0.800 ) = 0.02487 rad
GJ ( 4.02124 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
Initially
After the torque is removed TS = TB , and

Deformations: θ S + θ B = θi θ = TL JG
TS ( 0.800 ) TB ( 0.800 )
+ = 0.02487 rad
( 4.02124 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 26.62500 ×10 )( 40 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
TS = TB = 7680.1087 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 7680.1087 )( 0.080 )
τB = = = 23.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 23.1 MPa ............................. Ans.
( 26.62500 ×10 )
(a) −6
J
( 7680.1087 )( 0.040 ) = 76.4

τS = (10 ) N/m
6 2
= 76.4 MPa ....................................... Ans.
( 4.02124 ×10 )
(b) −6
θ=
TL
=
( −7680.1087 )( 0.800 ) = −0.01910 rad ................................................ Ans.
GJ ( 4.02124 × 10−6 )( 80 × 109 )
(c)
6-69
J = π d 4 32 = π ( ro4 − ri 4 ) 2 = π ro4 1 − ( ri ro )  2 = 8π 1 − ( ri ro )  in.4
4 4
   
Deformations: θ AC + θCB = 0 θ = TL JG
( −TA )( 3 ×12 ) + ( 7.5 − TA )( 2 ×12 ) = 0
J ( 4000 ) J ( 4000 )
TA = 3.000 kip ⋅ ft = TAC
TCB = 7.5 − TA = 4.500 kip ⋅ ft
(a) θ=
TL
=
( −3 ×12 )( 3 ×12 ) rad
JG 8π 1 − ( ri ro )4  ( 4000 )
 
(b) τ=
Tc
=
( 4.5 ×12 )( 2 ) ksi
J 8π 1 − ( ri ro )4 
 
6-70
Deformations: θ AC + θCB = 0 θ = TL JG
( −TA )( 2 ) +
(T − TA )( 2 ) =0
J s ( 80 ×10 9
) J b ( 40 × 109 )
TA 1 + ( J b 2 J s )  = T
J s = π d s4 32 J b = π db4 32
db + d s = 200 mm
In terms of the diameter ratio r = ( db d s )
d s = 200 (1 + r ) db = rd s = 200r (1 + r )
Method of solution:
Ts ( d s 2 )
Guess τs = = τ s ( max )
Js
Compute TA = −Ts , T − TA = Tb , T , τ b , and θ AC
Check τ b ≤ τ b ( max ) and θ AC ≤ θ max
Tb ( db 2 )
Guess τb = = τ b ( max )
Jb
Compute T − TA = Tb , Ts = −TA , T , τ s , and θ AC
Check τ s ≤ τ s ( max ) and θ AC ≤ θ max
Guess θ AC = θ max
Compute TA = −Ts , T − TA = Tb , T , τ b , and τ s
Check τ b ≤ τ b ( max ) and τ s ≤ τ s ( max )
6-71
πd4 π ( 44 − d a4 ) π d a4
JS = = in.4 J Al = in.4
32 32 32
Equilibrium: TSt + TAl = 6.00 kip ⋅ ft = 72.00 kip ⋅ in. (a)
Deformations: θ ST = θ Al θ = TL JG
TSt L TAl L 3 J StTAl
= TSt = (b)
J St (12, 000 ) J Al ( 4000 ) J Al
72 J Al 36d a4
TAl = = kip ⋅ in.
J Al + 3J St 384 − d a4
216 J St 108 ( 256 − d a4 )

TSt = = kip ⋅ in.
J Al + 3 J St 384 − d a4
TAl ( d a 2 ) 183.3465d a
τ Al = = ksi
J Al 384 − d a4
TSt ( d a 2 ) 72 J Al 550.0395d a
τ St = = = ksi
J St J Al + 3 J St 384 − d a4
TAl 36 3.30024
θ= = rad
J Al ( 4000 ) 384 − d a4
6-72
π (120 )
4
πd4
J= = = 20.3575 (106 ) mm 4
32 32
π (18 )
2
πd2
Ab = = = 254.4690 mm 2
4 4
Equilibrium: TA + TC = T (a)
Deformations: θtotal = θ slip + θ AB + θ BC = 0 θ = TL JG
θ AB =
( −TA )( 0.75)
( 20.3575 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) −6 9
= −0.460518 (10 ) T rad −6

A
θ BC =
(T − TA )(1.50 )
( 20.3575 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) −6 9
= 0.921036 (10 ) (T − T ) rad

−6
A
If θ BC ≤ 1° = 0.0174533 rad , then TA = θ AB = 0

TBC = T − TA = T = 1.08573 (106 ) θ BC N
If θ BC = 1° = 0.0174533 rad , then TA = θ AB = 0
TBC = T = 18,949.63 N
If θ BC ≥ 1° = 0.0174533 rad , then
( −0.0174533) +  −0.460518 (10−6 ) TA  + 0.921036 (10−6 ) (T − TA )  = 0
6-72 (cont.)
TA = ( 0.666667T − 12, 633.09 ) N = −TAB
TBC = T − TA = ( 0.333333T + 12, 633.09 ) N
Tc (TA )( 0.060 ) = 2947.32T N/m 2
τ AB = = ( A)
J ( 20.3575 × 10−6 )
(a)
Tc (T − TA )( 0.060 )
τ BC = = = 2947.32 (T − TA ) N/m 2
J ( 20.3575 ×10 )−6
TA = 8 [ 0.150Vb ] = 8 [ 0.150τ b ] ( 254.4690 ×10−6 ) = 305.3628 (10−6 )τ b
τb =
(TA ) =
( 0.666667T − 12, 633.09 )
( 305.3628 ×10 ) ( 305.3628 ×10 )
(b) −6 −6
τb =  2183.197T − 41.37076 (10 )  N/m6 2
(c) θB = θ = 0.921036 (10 ) (T − T ) rad

BC
−6
A
6-73
Assume that the steel shaft extends all the way through the aluminum shell and attaches to the wall at D.
πd4 π ( 34 − 24 ) π ( 24 )
Ja = = = 6.38136 in. 4
Ja = = 1.57080 in.4
32 32 32
Equilibrium: Ts + Ta = T (a)
Deformations: θCD , s = θCD ,a θ = TL JG

Ts (12 ) Ta (12 )
=
(1.57080 )(12, 000 ) ( 6.38136 )( 4000 )
Ta = 1.35416Ts (b)
Ta = 0.575221T Ts ,CD = 0.424779T Ts ,CB = T

Td ( 0.575221T )(1.5 )
(a) τa = = = 0.135211T ksi
J ( 6.38136 )
τs =
(T )(1) = 0.636618T ksi
(1.57080 )
(b) Ta = 2V = 2 (τ b Ab )
V 0.575221T
τb = = = 1.46479T ksi
2 Ap 2 π ( 0.5 )2 4 
 
(c) θ=
( 0.424779T )(12 ) + (T )(18) = 0.00122535T rad
(1.57080 )(12, 000 ) (1.57080 )(12, 000 )
6-74
π (120 )
4
πd4
Js = = = 20.35752 (106 ) mm 4 θ = TL JG
32 32
π (1204 − 604 )
Ja = = 19.08518 (106 ) mm 4
32
π ( 60 )
4
Jb = = 1.272345 (106 ) mm 4
32
Equilibrium: Ts = −TC (a)
TD − TC = Ta + Tb (b)
Deformations: θtotal = θCD + θ slip + θ EF = 0 (c)

θ EF ,a = θ EF ,b (d)
θCD =
( −TC )( 2 )
( 20.35752 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) −6 9
= −1.22805 (10 ) (T ) rad

−6
C
θ EF ,a =
(Ta )(1.40 )
(19.08518 ×10 )( 28 ×10 )−6 9
= 2.61983 (10 ) (T ) rad

−6
a
6-74 (cont.)
θ EF ,b =
(Tb )(1.40 ) = 24.45179 (10−6 ) (Tb ) rad
(1.272345 ×10 )( 45 ×10 )
−6 9
If θCD ≤ 3° = 0.0523599 rad , then TC = TD Ta = Tb = θ EF = 0

If θCD ≥ 3° = 0.0523599 rad , then
2.61983 (10−6 ) (Ta ) = 24.45179 (10−6 ) (Tb ) (d)
Ta = 9.33335Tb
3π
−1.22805 (10−6 ) TC + + 2.61983 (10−6 ) (Ta ) = 0 (c)
180
TC = [ 42, 636.60 + 2.13333Ta ] N = [ 42, 636.60 + 19.91107Tb ] N
TD = ( 42, 636.60 + 19.91107Tb ) + ( 9.33335Tb ) + Tb (b)
Tb = ( 0.0330639TD − 1409.734 ) N Ta = ( 0.308597TD − 13,157.54 ) N

Ts = − ( 0.658338TD + 14,567.29 ) N
τa =
(Ta )( 0.060 ) τb =
(Tb )( 0.030 ) τs =
(Ts )( 0.030 )
(19.08518 ×10 ) −6
(1.272345 ×10 ) −6
( 20.35752 ×10 ) −6
θ D = θCD =
(Ts )( 2 )
( 20.35752 ×10 )(80 ×10 )
−6 9
6-75*
N 50
σx = = = 3.97887 ksi σ y = 0 ksi
A π ( 4 )2 4
τ xy =
Tc
=
( 30 )( 2 ) = 2.38732 ksi
J π ( 4 )4 32
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 2.38732 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 25.10°, − 64.90°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 3.97887 ) − ( 0 )
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy
2
2  2 
2
3.97887  3.97887 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 2.38732 ) = 1.98944 ± 3.10760 ksi
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 1.98944 + 3.10760 = 5.10 ksi (T) 25.10° ...................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 1.98944 − 3.10760 = −1.118 ksi = 1.118 ksi (C) 64.90° ........................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ z = 0 ksi ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p = 3.10760 ksi ≅ 3.11 ksi .................................................................................... Ans.
6-76*
1500 (103 )
= 27.2837 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 27.3 MPa ................... Ans.
N
σx = =
A π ( 0.400 − 0.300 ) 4
2 2
Tc
τ xy = =
( 350 × 103 ) ( 0.200 )
= 40.7437 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 40.7 MPa ............... Ans.
J π ( 0.400 − 0.300 ) 32
4 4
σ y = σ z = τ xz = τ yz = 0 MPa ............................................................................................... Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 40.7437 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 35.74°, − 54.26°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 27.2837 ) − ( 0 )
σx +σ y  σ x −σ y 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
2
27.2837  27.2837 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 40.7437 ) = 13.6419 ± 42.9668 MPa
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 13.6419 + 42.9668 = 56.6 MPa (T) 35.74° ................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 13.6419 − 42.9668 = −29.3 MPa = 29.3 MPa (C) 54.26° ........................ Ans.
σ p 3 = σ z = 0 Mpa ................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = 42.9668 MPa ≅ 43.0 MPa ............................................................................ Ans.
6-77
N 2800
σx = = = 891.268 psi σ y = 0 psi
A π ( 2 )2 4
2π NT 2π (1500 ) T
Power = T ω = = = ( 360 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 1260.50715 lb ⋅ ft = 15,126.09 lb ⋅ in.
Tc (15,126.09 )(1)
τ xy = = = 9629.565 psi
π ( 2 ) 32
4
J
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 9629.565 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 43.68°, − 46.32°
2 σ x −σ y 2 (891.268 ) − ( 0 )
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
2
0.891268  0.891268 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 9.629565 ) = 0.44563 ± 9.63987 ksi
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 0.44563 + 9.63987 = 10.08 ksi (T) 43.68° .................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 0.44563 − 9.63987 = −9.19 ksi = 9.19 ksi (C) 46.32° ............................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ z = 0 ksi ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-78*
125 (10 ) 3
= 44.20971(106 ) N/m 2
N
σx = = σ y = 0 N/m 2
A π ( 0.060 ) 4
2
Tc T ( 0.030 )
τ xy = = = 23,578.51T N/m 2
J π ( 0.060 )4 32
2
σ p1 = +   + τ xy
2
2  2 
2
 44.20971 
 + ( 23.57851T × 10 ) ≤ 100 MPa
44.20971 −3 2
σ p1 = + 
2  2 
T ≤ 3167.83 N ⋅ m Tmax = 3.17 kN ⋅ m ........................................................ Ans.
6-79
Tc (100 )( 2 )
τ xy = = = 7.95775 ksi σ y = 0 ksi
J π ( 4 )4 32
2
σx σ 
2
σ p1 = +   + τ xy = +  x  + ( 7.95775 ) ≤ 18 ksi
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ x ≤ 14.48190 ksi
 π ( 4 )2 
Pmax = σ x A = (14.48190 )   = 182.0 kip ............................................................. Ans.
 4 
6-80*
Tc ( 35 × 10 ) ( 0.075 )
3
τ xy = = = 52.81586 N/m 2 σ y = 0 N/m 2

π ( 0.150 ) 32
4
J
 σ −σ y 
2
σx 
2
τp =  x  + τ xy =   + ( 52.81586 ) ≤ 60 MPa
2 2
 2   2 
σ x ≤ 56.93802 MPa
2
σx σ 
2
σ p2 = −   + τ xy = −  x  + ( 52.81586 ) ≥ −96 MPa

2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ x ≥ −66.94255 MPa
 π ( 0.150 )2 
Pmax = σ x A = ( 56.93802 × 10 )  6
 = 1.006 (106 ) N
 4 
Pmax = 1006 kN (C) ............................................................................................................... Ans.
6-81*
N 175
σx = = = 6.18936 ksi σ y = 0 ksi
A π ( 6 )2 4
Tc (175 )( 3)
τ xy = = = 4.12624 ksi
J π ( 6 )4 32
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 4.12624 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 26.57°, − 63.43°
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 6.18936 ) − ( 0 )
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
2
6.18936  6.18936 
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 4.12624 ) = 3.09468 ± 5.15780 ksi
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 3.09468 + 5.15780 = 8.25 ksi (T) 26.57° ...................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 3.09468 − 5.15780 = −2.06 ksi = 2.06 ksi (C) 63.43° ............................... Ans.
σ p 3 = σ z = 0 ksi ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-82
πd2 π (100 )
2
π (1602 − 1002 )
AAB = = = 7853.98 mm 2 ABC = = 12, 252.21 mm 2
4 4 4
π (100 )
4
π (160 − 1004 )
4
J AB = = 9.81748 (10 6
) mm 4
J BC = = 54.5223 (106 ) mm 4
32 32
P P
σ AB = = = 127.324 P
AAB 7853.98 (10−6 )
P P
σ BC = = = 81.6180 P
ABC 12, 252.21(10−6 )
Tc (10, 000 )( 0.050 )

τ AB = = = 50.9296 (106 ) N/m 2 = 50.9296 MPa
J ( 9.81748 ×10 )
−6
Tc ( 30, 000 )( 0.080 )

τ BC = = = 44.0187 (106 ) N/m 2 = 44.0187 MPa
J ( 54.5223 ×10 )
−6
Since both σ AB and τ AB are larger than σ BC and τ BC , the maximum stresses will occur in section AB,
2
σx σ 
2
σ p1 = +   + τ xy = +  x  + ( 50.9296 ) ≤ 140 MPa

2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ x ≤ 121.473 MPa
 σ −σ y 
2
σx 
2
τp =  x  + τ xy =   + ( 50.9296 ) ≤ 80 MPa
2 2
 2   2 
σ x ≤ 123.389 MPa
Pmax = σ x A = (121.473 ×106 )( 7853.98 × 10−6 ) = 954 (103 ) N
Pmax = 954 kN (C) ................................................................................................................. Ans.
6-83*
π ( 4) π ( 6)
2 2
πd2
A4 = = = 12.5664 in.2 A6 = = 28.2743 in.2
4 4 4
π ( 4) π (6)
4 4
πd4
J4 = = = 25.1327 in. 4
J6 = = 127.2345 in.4
32 32 32
P 125 Tc T ( 2)
σ4 = = = 9.94716 ksi τ4 = = = 0.0795776T
A4 12.5664 J ( 25.1327 )
σ6 =
P
=
125
= 4.42098 ksi τ6 =
Tc
=
( 3T )( 3) = 0.0707355T
A6 28.2743 J (127.2345 )
Since both σ4 and τ 4 are larger than σ6 and τ 6 ,
the maximum stresses will occur in the 4-in. section
2 2
9.94716  9.94716 
σ p1 = +   + τ xy =
2
+   + τ xy ≤ 15 ksi
2
2  2  2  2 
τ xy ≤ 8.70589 ksi
 σ −σ y 
2 2
 9.94716 
τp =  x  + τ xy = 
2
 + τ xy ≤ 10 ksi
2
 2   2 
τ xy ≤ 8.67545 ksi
Tc (T )( 2 )
τ xy = = = 8.67545 ksi
J 25.1327
Tmax = 109.0 kip ⋅ in. ............................................................................................................... Ans.
6-84
N ( −200 ) (10 ) 3
−339,530.545
σx = = = N/m 2 σ y = 0 N/m 2
A π  d − ( 0.5d )  4
2 2
d 2
 
τ xy =
Tc
=
( 7500 )( 0.5d ) = 40, 743.665 N/m 2
J π  d 4 − ( 0.5d )4  32 d3
 
2
σ p2 = −   + τ xy
2
2  2 
−169, 765.273  −169, 765.273   40, 743.665 
2 2
= −   +  ≤ −100 (10 ) N/m

6 2
   
2 2 3
d d d
Simplifying yields
10 (106 ) d 6 − 33.9531(103 ) d 4 − 1.66005 = 0
from which d = 0.0830 m = 83.0 mm ...................................................................................... Ans.
6-85
N 20 25.46479
σx = = = ksi σ y = 0 ksi
A πd 4
2
d2
2π NT 2π (1800 ) T
Power = T ω = = = ( 240 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 700.28175 lb ⋅ ft = 8403.3810 lb ⋅ in.
Tc ( 8.403381)( 0.5d ) 42.79807

τ xy = = = ksi
J π d 4 32 d3
2 2
12.73240  12.73240   42.79807 
σ p1 = +   +  ≤ 15 ksi
   
2
d d2 d3
Simplifying yields
225d 6 − 381.9720d 4 − 1831.6746 = 0
from which
d = 1.662 in. ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-86*
210 (103 )
1084 + ( 0.30 )( −754 )  (10−6 ) = 197.9539 MPa
E
2 [ a b]
σ 45 = ε + νε = 2 
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
210 (103 )
 −754 ) + ( 0.30 )(1084 )  (10−6 ) = −98.9539 MPa
E
2 [ b
σ −45 = ε + νε a ] = 2 (
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ 45 = σ x cos 2 ( 45° ) + σ y sin 2 ( 45° ) + 2τ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° )
σ −45 = σ x cos 2 ( −45° ) + σ y sin 2 ( −45° ) + 2τ xy sin ( −45° ) cos ( −45° )
For a shaft subjected to an axial load P and a torque T : σ y = 0 N/m 2
Therefore 0.50σ x + τ xy = 197.9539 MPa
0.50σ x − τ xy = −98.9539 MPa
Solving yields σ x = 99.0000 MPa τ xy = 148.4539 MPa
π ( 0.025 )
2
P = σ x A = ( 99 × 10 6
) = 48.6 (103 ) N = 48.6 kN ...................................... Ans.
4
T=
τ xy J
=
(148.4539 ×10 ) π ( 0.025)
6 4
= 455 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 455 kN ⋅ m ............... Ans.

c 32 ( 0.0125 )
6-87*
= ( 36 ) cos 2 ( 45° ) + (150 ) sin 2 ( 45° ) + γ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° ) = 310
γ xy = 434.00 µ rad
36 + ( 0.30 )(150 )  (10−6 ) = 2.67033 ksi

E 30, 000
2 [ a
σa = σx = ε +νε b ] = 2 
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
 150 ) + ( 0.30 )( 36 )  (10−6 ) = 5.30110 ksi

E 30, 000
2 [ b
σb = σ y = ε + νε a ] = 2 (
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
2σ a t 2 ( 2.67033)( 0.375 )
p= = = 200 psi .............................................................. Ans.
r 10
Eγ xy ( 30, 000 ) ( 434.00 ×10−6 )
τ xy = = = 5.00769 ksi
2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 20.754 − 204 ) 32 = 2492.075 in 4
T=
τ xy J
=
( 5007.69 )( 2492.075 )
c (10.375 )
T = 1.20285 (106 ) lb ⋅ in. = 100.2 kip ⋅ ft ................................................................... Ans.
6-88
200 (103 )
1414 + ( 0.30 )( −212 )  (10−6 ) = 296.7912 MPa
E
2 [ a b]
σ 45 = ε + νε = 2 
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
200 (103 )
 −212 ) + ( 0.30 )(1414 )  (10−6 ) = 46.6374 MPa
E
2 [ b
σ −45 = ε + νε a ] = 2 (
1 −ν 1 − ( 0.30 )
σ 45 = σ x cos 2 ( 45° ) + σ y sin 2 ( 45° ) + 2τ xy sin ( 45° ) cos ( 45° )
σ −45 = σ x cos 2 ( −45° ) + σ y sin 2 ( −45° ) + 2τ xy sin ( −45° ) cos ( −45° )
For a shaft subjected to an axial load P and a torque T : σ y = 0 N/m 2
Therefore 0.50σ x + τ xy = 296.7912 MPa
0.50σ x − τ xy = 46.6374 MPa
Solving yields σ x = 343.4286 MPa τ xy = 125.0769 MPa
π ( 0.050 )
2
P = σ x A = ( 343.4286 × 10 6
) = 674 (103 ) N = 674 kN ........................... Ans.
4
T=
τ xy J
=
(125.0769 ×10 ) π ( 0.050 )
6 4
= 3.07 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 3.07 kN ⋅ m ............. Ans.

c 32 ( 0.025 )
6-89
pr ( 360 )( 24 )
σx = = = 14, 400 psi = 14.400 ksi
t ( 0.6 )
pr P 14.400 28.000
σy = − = − = 5.97741 ksi
2t A 2 π ( 24.62 − 242 ) 4
−Tc − ( 550 ×12 )( 24.6 )
τ xy = = = −48.01566 ksi
J π ( 24.64 − 244 ) 32
(a) θ = − tan −1 ( 4 3) = −53.130°
= (14.4 ) cos 2 ( −53.130° ) + ( 5.97741) sin 2 ( −53.130° )
+ 2 ( −48.01566 ) sin ( −53.130° ) cos ( −53.130° )
σ n = +55.1 ksi = 55.1 ksi (T) ............................................................................................. Ans.
= − (14.4 ) − ( 5.97741)  sin ( −53.130° ) cos ( −53.130° )
+ ( −48.01566 )  cos 2 ( −53.130° ) − sin 2 ( −53.130° ) 
τ nt = 17.49 ksi ........................................................................................................................ Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −48.01566 )
(b) θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −42.494°, + 47.506°
2 σ x −σ y 2 (14.4 ) − ( 5.97741)
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
(14.4 ) + ( 5.97741) ±  (14.4 ) − ( 5.97741) 

2
=  + ( −48.01566 )
2

2  2 
σ p1 = (10.18871) + ( 48.19999 ) = 58.3887 ksi
σ p1 ≅ 58.4 ksi (T) 42.494° .................................................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = (10.18871) − ( 48.19999 ) = −38.0113 ksi
σ p 2 ≅ 38.0 ksi (C) 47.506° ................................................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = − p = − ( 0.360 ) ksi = 0.360 ksi (C) ............................................................... Ans.
τ max =
σ max − σ min
=
( 58.3887 ) − ( −38.0113) = 48.2 ksi .................................... Ans.
2 2
6-90
π ( 0.120 )
2
π π d s2
A=
4
( do2 − di2 ) = 4
=
4
di = d o2 − ( 0.120 )
2
J = π d 32 = π ( d − d
4 4
o i
4
) 32
250 (103 )
= 22.10485 (106 ) N/m 2
P
σx = =
A π ( 0.120 ) 4
2
−Tc − ( 20, 000 )( d o 2 ) −101.85916 (10 ) d o

3
τ xy = = = N/m 2
J π ( d o − di ) 32
4 4
( d o − di )
4 4
σx σ  σ 
2 2
+  x  + (τ xy ) τ max =  x  + (τ xy )
2 2
σ p1 =
2  2   2 
6-91
2π NT 2π (1500 ) T
Power = T ω = = = ( 360 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 1260.50715 lb ⋅ ft = 15,126.09 lb ⋅ in.
P 2800 3565.071
σx = = = psi
A πd2 4 d2
−Tc − (15,126.09 )( d 2 ) −77, 036.54
τ xy = = = psi
J π d 4 32 d3
σx σ  σ 
2 2
+  x  + (τ xy ) τ max =  x  + (τ xy )
2 2
σ p1 =
2  2   2 
6-92*
r d = 12 100 = 0.12
D d = 135 100 = 1.35
Therefore, from Fig. 6-25b K t ≅ 1.6
J = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 4 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
τ max = K t
Tc
= (1.6 )
(10, 000 )( 0.050 )
J ( 9.81748 ×10−6 )
τ max = 81.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 81.5 MPa .......................................................................... Ans.
6-93*
r d = 0.15 3 = 0.05
D d = 4 3 = 1.3333
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 3) 32 = 7.95216 in.4
4
τ max = K t
Tc
= ( 2)
( 4 ×12 )(1.5) = 18.11 ksi ................................................................... Ans.
J ( 7.95216 )
6-94
( 614 )( 0.025) = 40 106 N/m 2
τ = Kt
Tc
J
= Kt
π ( 0.050 )4 32 
( )
 
K t = 1.60 r d = 4.5 50 = 0.09
Therefore, from Fig. 6-25b D d ≅ 1.2
D = 1.2d = 1.2 ( 50 ) = 60 mm ............................................................................................. Ans.
6-95
r d = 0.125 6 = 0.021 D d = 8 6 = 1.3333
Tc T ( 3)
τ max = Kt = ( 2.6 ) = 12 ksi
π ( 6 ) 32
4
J
T = 195.7 kip ⋅ in. ............................................................................................................ Ans.
6-96*
h r = 5 5 =1 r d = 5 100 = 0.05
Therefore, from Fig. 6-25a K t ≅ 1.85
T ( 0.050 )
= 60 (106 ) N/m 2
Tc
τ max = K t = (1.85 )
π ( 0.100 ) 32
4
J
T = 6.37 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 6.37 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................ Ans.
6-97
K t = τ max τ nom = 12 8 = 1.50 D d = 5 4 = 1.25
Therefore, from Fig. 6-25b r d ≅ 0.125
r = 0.125d = 0.125 ( 4 ) = 0.50 in. ...................................................................................... Ans.
6-98*
( 3270 )( d 2 ) = 60 106 N/m 2
τ max = K t
Tc
J
= Kt
π d 4 32
( )
d 3 = 277.56622 (10−6 ) K t (a)
Guess K t ≅ 2.0 Then Eq. (a) d = 0.08219 m

r d = 5 82.19 = 0.061 D d = 100 82.19 = 1.22
and from Fig. 6-25b K t ≅ 1.8
2nd guess K t ≅ 1.8 Then Eq. (a) d = 0.07935 m
r d = 5 79.35 = 0.063 D d = 100 79.35 = 1.26
and from Fig. 6-25b K t ≅ 1.8
Therefore, the 2nd guess was correct, and d = 79 mm ..................................................................... Ans.
6-99
h r = 0.5 0.25 = 2 r d = 0.25 1 = 0.25
Therefore, from Fig. 6-25a K t ≅ 1.65
τ max = K t
Tc
= (1.65 )
( 500 )( 0.5 ) = 4201.69 psi = σ y
π (1) 32
4
J 3
σ y = 12, 605.1 ksi ≅ 12.61 ksi ..................................................................................... Ans.
6-100*
T ( 0.050 )
= 120 (106 ) N/m 2
Tc
(a) τ= =
J π ( 0.100 ) 32
4
T = 23.5619 (103 ) N ⋅ m ≅ 23.6 kN ⋅ m .................................Ans.

(b) Plastic zone 0≤ρ ≤c τ ρ = τ y = 120 MPa
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ (120 ×106 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.050
 0.0503 
= 240π (106 )   = 31.4159 (10 ) N ⋅ m
3
 3 
= 31.4159 kN ⋅ m
31.4159 − 23.5619
% Inc = (100 ) = 33.3% .................................................................... Ans.
23.5619
6-101*
τ yρ 24 ρ
Elastic zone 0 ≤ ρ ≤ ry τρ = = ksi
ry ry
Plastic zone ry ≤ ρ ≤ c τ ρ = τ y = 24 ksi
(a) ry = 1.5 in.

24 ρ
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ ( 24 )( 2πρ ) d ρ
1.5 2
0 1.5 1.5
48π 1.5 
4
 2 − 1.5 
3 3
=   + ( 48π ) 
1.5  4   3 
T = 360 kip ⋅ in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) ry = 1.0 in.
24 ρ
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ ( 24 )( 2πρ ) d ρ
1 2
0 1 1
48π 14   23 − 13 
=   + ( 48π )  
1 4  3 
T = 390 kip ⋅ in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-102
τ yρ 140 (106 ) ρ
Elastic zone 0 ≤ ρ ≤ ry τρ = = N/m 2
ry ry
Plastic zone ry ≤ ρ ≤ c τ ρ = τ y = 140 (106 ) N/m 2
(a) ry = 40 mm
140 (106 ) ρ
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫0.040 ρ 140 (106 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ
0.040 0.050
ρ
0.025 0.040
280 (10 ) π  0.040 − 0.0254 
6 4
 0.0503 − 0.0403 
=
0.040   + 280 ( ) 
10 6
π 
4   3 
T = 29.8 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 29.8 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................... Ans.
(b) ry = 25 mm
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ 140 (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.050
0.025
 0.0503 − 0.0253 
= 280 (106 ) π  
 3 
T = 32.1(103 ) N ⋅ m = 32.1 kN ⋅ m .................................................................................... Ans.
6-103*
c c  τ y  1.50  24 
γc = γ =  = = 0.004 = 4000 µ rad .......................................... Ans.
r  G  0.75  12, 000 
(a)
r
(b) Elastic zone 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.75 in. τ ρ = τ y ρ ry = 24 ρ 0.75 = 32.00 ρ ksi
Plastic zone 0.75 in. ≤ ρ ≤ 1.5 in. τ ρ = τ y = 24 ksi
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ ( 32 ρ )( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ ( 24 )( 2πρ ) d ρ
0.75 1.50
0 0.75
 0.754  1.503 − 0.753 

= ( 64π )   + ( 48 π )  
 4   3 
T = 164.3 kip ⋅ in. ................................................................................................................... Ans.
6-104
(a) θ = 8° = 0.13963 rad γ = rθ L
cθ 0.050 ( 0.13963)
γ max = = = 0.002327 ≅ 2330 µ rad ....................................... Ans.
L 3
τy 140
(b) γy = = = 0.00175 rad
G 80, 000
γ r L 0.00175 ( 3)
ry = = = 0.03760 m
θ 0.13963
τ yρ 140 ρ
Elastic zone 0.025 m ≤ ρ ≤ 0.03760 m τρ = = = 3723.40 ρ MPa
ry 0.03760
Plastic zone 0.03760 m ≤ ρ ≤ 0.050 m τ ρ = τ y = 140 MPa
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ 3723.40 (106 ) ρ  ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ 140 (106 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.0376 0.050
0.025 0.0376
= 5848.71(106 ) 0.03764 − 0.0254  + 293.215 (106 ) 0.0503 − 0.03763 
T = 30.5 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 30.5 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................... Ans.

(c) Elastic zone since 25 mm < 37.6 mm
ρτ y 25 (140 )
τρ = = = 93.1 MPa ...................................................................................... Ans.
ry 37.6
6-105
(a) θ = 5° = 0.0872665 rad γ = rθ L
cθ 2 ( 0.0872665 )
γ max = = = 0.0029089 ≅ 2910 µ rad ........................................ Ans.
L ( 5 ×12 )
τy 18 γ r L 0.001500 ( 5 × 12 )
(b) γy = = = 0.00150 rad ry = = = 1.03132 in.
G 12, 000 θ 0.0872665
τ yρ 18 ρ
Elastic zone 0 in. ≤ ρ ≤ 1.03132 in. τρ = = = 17.45330 ρ ksi
ry 1.03132
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ (17.45330 ρ )( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ (18 )( 2πρ ) d ρ

1.03132 2.0
0 1.03132
= ( 27.41558 ) 1.031324  + ( 37.69911)  2.03 − 1.031323 

T = 291 kip ⋅ in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) Elastic zone since 0.50 in. < 1.03132 in.
τρ =
ρτ y
=
( 0.50 )(18) = 8.73 ksi .................................................................................... Ans.
ri 1.03132
6-106*
γ y ro 7.5 ( 25 )
(a) ry = = = 15 mm
γo 12.5
ργ o 0.0125ρ
γρ = = = 0.500 ρ rad
ro 0.025
210 (106 )
G1 = = 28.00 (109 ) N/m 2
0.0075
0 ≤ γ ≤ 0.0075 rad
( 230 − 210 ) (106 )
G2 = = 4.00 (109 ) N/m 2 0.0075 rad ≤ γ ≤ 0.0125 rad
0.0125 − 0.0075
τ ρ 1 = G1γ ρ = 28 (109 ) ( 0.5ρ ) = 14.00 (109 ) ρ  N/m 2 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 15 mm
τ ρ 2 = 180 (106 ) + G2γ ρ = 180 (106 ) + 2.00 (109 ) ρ  N/m 2 15 mm ≤ ρ ≤ 25 mm
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ 14 (109 ) ρ  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.015
ρ 180 (106 ) + 2 (109 ) ρ  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.025
+∫
0.015
= 21,991.15 (106 ) 0.0154  + 376.9911(106 )  0.0253 − 0.0153 

+ 3141.5927 (106 )  0.0254 − 0.0154 
T = 6.80 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 6.80 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................... Ans.

γ yL 0.0075 (1)
(b) θ= = = 0.500 rad ≅ 28.6° ...................................................................... Ans.
ry 0.015
6-107*
roγ i ( 2.00 )( 0.0075 )
(a) γo = = = 0.0120 rad < 0.0125 rad
ri (1.25)
ργ 0.0075ρ
γρ = i = = 0.00600 ρ rad
ri 1.25
33 − 30
G2 = = 600 ksi
0.0125 − 0.0075
0.0075 rad ≤ γ ≤ 0.0125 rad
τ ρ = 25.5 + G2γ ρ = [ 25.5 + 3.600 ρ ] ksi 1.25 in. ≤ ρ ≤ 2.0 in.
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = + ∫ ρ [ 25.5 + 3.6 ρ ] ( 2πρ ) d ρ

2.0
1.25
= 53.40708  2.03 − 1.253  + 5.65487  2.04 − 1.254 

T = 400 kip ⋅ in. ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
γ yL 0.0075 ( 3 × 12 )
(b) θ= = = 0.216 rad ≅ 12.4° .............................................................. Ans.
ry 1.25
6-108
θρ 0.300 ρ
γ= = = 0.150 ρ rad
L 2
γ y ρ ( 0.0035 ) ρ
ry = = = 0.023333 m = 23.333 mm
γρ ( 0.150 ρ )
τ = 2910γ 0.74 = 2910 ( 0.150 ρ ) =  714.826 ρ 0.74  MPa 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 23.333 mm
0.74
τ = 533γ 0.44 = 533 ( 0.150 ρ ) =  231.317 ρ 0.44  MPa 23.333 mm ≤ ρ ≤ 40 mm

0.44
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ  714.826 (106 ) ρ 0.74  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.02333
ρ  231.317 ρ 0.44 (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.040
+∫
0.02333
= 1200.905 (106 ) 0.023333.74  + 422.502 (106 )  0.0403.44 − 0.023333.44 
T = 6.48 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 6.48 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................... Ans.
6-109
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ  kγ 1 2  ( 2πρ ) d ρ
R
(a) γ = ρθ L
0
 ρθ  4π k 7 2
12
( 2πρ ) d ρ = 2π k θ L ∫0 ρ 5 2 d ρ =
R R
T =∫ ρk   R θ L
0
 L  7
49 LT 2
Solving for θ yields θ= ............................................................................................ Ans.
16π 2 k 2 R 7
Rθ 49T 2
(b) γ max = =
L 16π 2 k 2 R 6
12
 49T 2  7T
τ max = kγ 12
=k 2 2 6
= ................................................................... Ans.
16π k R  4π R 3
max
6-110*
τ b ( max ) = 60 MPa ≤ 84 MPa (all elastic)
J b = π d 4 32 = π ( 80 ) 32 = 4.02124 (106 ) mm 4
4
τ max J ( 60 ×10 )( 4.02124 ×10 ) = 6.03186 10 N ⋅ m = 6.03186 kN ⋅ m

6 −6
Tb =
c
=
( 0.040 )
( ) 3
θb = θ B / C
τL 
=
( 60 ×106 ) ( 2.5 )
= 0.083333 rad = θ s
 =
 cG b ( 0.040 ) ( 45 × 10 )
9
cθ ( 0.040 )( 0.083333)
γ s ( max ) = = = 0.002222 rad > 0.0015 rad
L 1.5
Therefore, part of the steel shaft will be in plastic deformation,
and the yield surface location is located using
γ y L ( 0.0015 )(1.5 )
ry = = = 0.02700 m = 27.00 mm
θ 0.083333
τ ρ 120 ρ
Elastic zone 0 m ≤ ρ ≤ 0.027 m τρ = y = = 4444.44 ρ MPa
ry 0.0270
Plastic zone 0.027 m ≤ ρ ≤ 0.040 m τ ρ = τ y = 120 MPa
Ts = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ  4444.44 ρ (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ 120 (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.027 0.040
0 0.027
= 6981.32 (106 ) 0.02704  + 251.327 (106 ) 0.0403 − 0.02703 
T = 14.8482 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 14.8482 kN ⋅ m

T = Tb + Ts = 6.03186 + 14.8482 = 20.8801 kN ⋅ m ≅ 20.9 kN ⋅ m ............................ Ans.
6-111*
cθ (1)( 0.30 )
γ b ( max ) = = = 0.00500 rad
L 60
τ b ( max ) = Gγ b ( max ) = 5000 ( 0.005 ) = 25.0 ksi ≤ 30 ksi (all elastic)
J b = π d 4 32 = π ( 2 ) 32 = 1.57080 in 4
4
Tb =
τ max J ( 25.0 )(1.57080 ) = 39.2700 kip ⋅ in.
=
c (1)
rθ ( 2 )( 0.30 )
γ s ( min ) = i = = 0.01000 rad
L 60
Therefore, all of the steel shaft will be in plastic deformation, and
τ s = τ y = 18 ksi
Ts = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ [18] ( 2πρ ) d ρ = 37.69911 33 − 23  = 716.283 kip ⋅ in.

3
T = Tb + Ts = 39.270 + 716.283 = 755.55 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 756 kip ⋅ in. ................................ Ans.
6-112
J AB = π d 4 32 = π (160 ) 32 = 64.3398 (106 ) mm 4
4
(a)
4 ΣM = 0 : 200 − 125 − TAB = 0 TAB = +75 kN ⋅ m

Tc ( 75, 000 )( 0.080 )
τ AB = = = 93.2549 (106 ) N/m 2 < 120 MPa (elastic)
J ( 64.3398 ×10 )
−6
τ AB ≅ 93.3 MPa .............................................................................................................. Ans.
TBC = 125 kN ⋅ m > TAB = 75 kN ⋅ m (assume steel is fully plastic)
Ts = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ 120 (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ = 251.3274 (106 ) 0.0803 − 0.0503 

0.080
0.050
= 97.2637 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 97.2637 kN ⋅ m

Tb = TBC − Ts = 125 − 97.2637 = 27.7363 kN ⋅ m
J b = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
4
Tc ( 27, 736.3)( 0.050 )

τb = = = 141.2598 (106 ) N/m 2 < 240 MPa (elastic)
J ( 9.81748 ×10 )
−6
τ b ≅ 141.3 MPa ............................................................................................................... Ans.

τb 141.2598 (106 )
At r = 50 mm γs = γb = = = 0.0035315 rad
Gb 40 (109 )
τy 120 (106 )
γy = = = 0.001500 rad < 0.0035315 rad
80 (109 )
For the steel:
Gb
Therefore, the steel is fully plastic in AB as assumed and
Ts ≅ 97.3 kN ⋅ m τ s = τ y = 120 MPa ............................................................... Ans.
(b) Since the steel in AB is elastic and the bronze in BC is elastic:
 TAB LAB   Tb LBC 
θ D / A = θ B / A + θC / B + θ D / C =  + +0
 J AB Gs   J b Gb 
=
( 75, 000 )( 2 ) +
( 27, 736.3)(1.5)
( 64.3398 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 9.81748 ×10−6 )( 40 ×109 )
−6 9
θ D / A = −0.0769 rad ............................................................................................................... Ans.
6-113
(a) For section AB (steel)
τy 18
γy = = = 0.001500 rad
Gs 12, 000
rABθ B ( 2 )( 0.072 )
γ AB = =
LAB ( 4 ×12 )
= 0.003 rad > 0.001500 rad (steel yields)
γ y LAB ( 0.0015 )( 4 ×12 )
ry = = = 1.00 in.
θB ( 0.072 )
τ yρ 18 ρ
Elastic zone 0 in. ≤ ρ ≤ 1.00 in. τρ = = = 18 ρ ksi
ry 1.00
TA = −TAB = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ (18 ρ )( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ (18 )( 2πρ ) d ρ

1.0 2.0
0 1.0
= ( 28.2743) 1.0  + ( 37.69911)  2.0 − 1.0  = 292.168 kip ⋅ in.

4 3 3
In section BD assume elastic action since τ yb = 35 ksi ? τ ys = 18 ksi

4 ΣM = 0 : TA + TD − 2T = 0 J = π d 4 32 = π ( 4 ) 32 = 25.1327 in.4
4
TD = 2T − TA = 2T − 292.168 kip ⋅ in.

 ( 2T − TA ) LCD   (T − TA ) LBC 
θ D / A = 0 = θ D / C + θC / B + θ B / A =  +  − 0.072 rad
 JGs   JGs 
( 2T − 292.168 )( 3 ×12 ) + (T − 292.168)( 4 ×12 ) − 0.072 = 0
( 25.1327 )( 6000 ) ( 25.1327 )(12, 000 )
T = 295.702 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 296 kip ⋅ in. ................................................................................... Ans.
(b) TBC = T − TA = 295.702 − 292.168 = 3.534 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 3.534 )( 2 )
τs = = = 0.2812 ksi < τ ys = 18 ksi (elastic)
J ( 25.1327 )
TCD = 2T − TA = 2 ( 295.702 ) − 292.168 = 299.236 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 299.236 )( 2 )
τb = = = 23.812 ksi < τ b = 35 ksi (elastic)
J ( 25.1327 )
Therefore τ max ( steel ) = τ y = 18 ksi (in section AB ) ........................................................ Ans.
τ max ( bronze ) = 23.8 ksi (in section CD) ......................................................... Ans.
6-114
τ AB = τ b = 50 MPa < τ yb = 60 MPa (elastic)
τ BC = τ s = 50 MPa < τ ys = 120 MPa (elastic)
J = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
4
TA = TAB =
τbJ
=
( 50 ×10 )( 9.81748 ×10 )
6 −6
c ( 0.050 )
= 9817.48 N ⋅ m = 9.81748 kN ⋅ m
θ D / A = 0 = θ D / C + θC / B + θ B / A
 (T ) L   (T ) L 
= θ D / C +  A BC  +  A AB 
 JGs   JGb 
θD/C +
( 9,817.48)( 0.600 ) +
( 9,817.48)( 0.600 ) =0
( 9.81748 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 9.81748 ×10 )( 40 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
θ D / C = −0.02250 rad
For segment CD:
τ ys 120 (106 )
γ ys = = = 0.001500 rad
Gs 80 (109 )
rθCD ( 50 )( 0.0225 )
γ CD = = = 0.001875 rad > 0.001500 rad (part plastic)
LCD ( 600 )
γ y LCD ( 0.0015 )( 0.600 )
ry = = = 0.0400 m = 40.0 mm
θC ( 0.0225)
τ yρ 120 ρ
Elastic zone 0 in. ≤ ρ ≤ 40 mm τρ = = = 3000 ρ MPa
ry 0.040
Plastic zone 40 mm ≤ ρ ≤ 50 mm τ ρ = τ y = 120 MPa
TD = −TCD = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ 3000 ρ (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ 120 (106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

0.040 0.050
0 0.040
= 4712.3889 (106 ) 0.0404  + 251.3274 (106 ) 0.0503 − 0.0403 

= 27.3947 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 27.3947 kN ⋅ m
T = TA + TD = 9.81748 + 27.3947 = 37.2 kN ⋅ m ............................................................ Ans.
6-115
J = π d 4 32 = π ( 4 ) 32 = 25.13274 in.4 τ y = Ty c J
4
Ty =
τ max J
=
(18)( 25.13274 ) = 226.1947 kip ⋅ in. = 18.8496 kip ⋅ ft
c ( 2)
For 0 ≤ T ≤ 18.85 kip ⋅ ft
Tc (T × 12 )( 2 )
τ= = = 0.95493T ksi
J ( 25.13274 )
θ=
TL
=
(T ×12 )(10 ×12 )
JG ( 25.13274 )(12, 000 )
= 4.77465 (10−3 ) T rad
For 18.85 kip ⋅ ft ≤ T ≤ 25 kip ⋅ ft
18 ρ 
(T ×12 ) = ∫ ρ (τ dA) = ∫0 ρ   ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫r ρ (18 )( 2πρ ) d ρ
r 2.0
 r 
9π 4
=  r  + 12π  2.03 − r 3  = 96π − 3π r 3
r  
ry = 3 32 − ( 4T π ) τ max = τ y = 18 ksi
θ=
γ yL
=
τ yL
=
(18)(10 ×12 ) = 0.1800
ry Gry (12, 000 ) ry ry
6-116
J = π d 4 32 = π (120 ) 32 = 20.35752 (106 ) mm 4 τ y = Ty c J
4
Ty =
τ max J
=
( 44.3 ×10 )( 20.35752 ×10 ) = 15, 030.636 N ⋅ m
6 −6
c ( 0.060 )
For 0 ≤ T ≤ 15.03 kN ⋅ m
Tc T ( 0.060 )
τ= = = 2947.314T N/m 2
J 20.35752 (10−6 )
TL T ( 3)
θ= =
JG ( 20.35752 × 10−6 )(16.66 × 109 )
= 8.84548 (10−6 ) T rad
When T = 15, 030.636 N ⋅ m θ = 0.13295 rad ≅ 7.618°

For 7.618° ≤ θ
θ=
γ yL
= =
( 44.3 ×10 ) ( 3) = 7.97719 (10 )
τ yL
6 −3
r y Gr (16.66 ×10 ) r
y r 9
y y
7.97719 (10 ) −3
7.97719
r = m= mm
y
θ θ
 ρθ   0.060θ 
0.44 0.44
τ max = 602γ 0.44 = 602   = 602   MPa

 L   3 
 44.3 × 106 ρ   ρθ 
0.44
T = ∫ ρ (τ dA ) = ∫ ρ  ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ ( 602 ×106 )  ( 2πρ ) d ρ

r 0.060
 
0
 r  r
 3 
θ 
0.44
= 22.15 (10 ) π r + 350 (10 ) π  

6 3
y
6
 0.0603.44 − ry3.44  N ⋅ m
3
6-117
J a = π (1) 32 = 0.09817477 in 4 J s = π ( 0.5 ) 32 = 0.00613592 in 4
4 4
Tya =
τ max J a
=
( 30, 000 )( 0.09817477 ) = 5890.49 lb ⋅ in. = 490.874 lb ⋅ ft
ca ( 0.5)
Tys =
τ max J s
=
(18, 000 )( 0.00613592 ) = 441.786 lb ⋅ in. = 36.8155 lb ⋅ ft
cs ( 0.25)
For 0 ≤ T ≤ Ty θ = TL JG
θa =
(Ta ×12 )(10 ) = 0.3055775 (10−3 ) Ta rad (1)
( 0.09817477 )( 30, 000 0.0075)
θs =
(Ts ×12 )( 30 ) = 4.88924 (10−3 ) Ts rad (2)
( 0.00613592 )(18, 000 0.0015 )
θa = θs T = Ta + Ts
Ta = 16.000Ts T = 17.000Ts
If Ta = Tya = 5890.49 lb ⋅ in. , then Ts = 368.1556 lb ⋅ in.
Tmax = Ta + Ts = 6258.6456 lb ⋅ in. = 521.5538 lb ⋅ ft
If Ts ≥ Tys (where r is the yield boundary)

18, 000 ρ 
(Ts ×12 ) = ∫0 ρ   ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫r ρ (18, 000 )( 2πρ ) d ρ
r 0.25
 r  (3)
9000π 4
=  r  + 12, 000π  0.253 − r 3  = 187.50π − 3000π r 3
r
r = 3 62.500 − ( 0.004Ts π ) τ max = τ y = 18 ksi
θs =
τ max L
=
(18 )( 30 ) =
0.04500
rad (4)
Gr (18 0.0015) r r
6-117 (cont.)
If Ta ≥ Tya (where r is the yield boundary)

τ a = 30 ρ r τ ≤ 30 ksi ρ≤r
3 ( γ − 0.0075 ) 4.5ρ
τ a = 30 + = 25.5 +
0.0125 − 0.0075 r
τ ≥ 30 ksi ρ≥r
30, 000 ρ  4500 ρ 
(Ta ×12 ) = ∫0 ρ  
 ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫r ρ  25,500 +  ( 2πρ ) d ρ
r 0.50
 r   r 
15, 000π 4 2250π
=  r  + 17, 000π  0.503 − r 3  +  0.504 − r 4 
r 
(5)
r
140.625π
= 2125.0π + − 4250π r 3
r
τ L
θ a = max =
( 30 )(10 ) = 0.07500 rad (6)
Gr ( 30 0.0075) r r
Computer approach:
1. Increment θ = θa = θs
2. Compute Ts and Ta using Eqs. (1) and (2)
If Ts ≥ 36.82 lb ⋅ ft ,
use Eqs. (3) and (4).
If Ta ≥ 490.9 lb ⋅ ft ,
use Eqs. (5) and (6).
3. Compute T = Ta + Ts
4. Plot θ versus T
5. Repeat until T = 750 lb ⋅ ft
6-118
J a = π ( 20 ) 32 = 15.70796 (103 ) mm 4
4
J s = π ( 25 ) 32 = 38.34952 (103 ) mm 4
4
Tya =
τ max J a
=
( 210 ×10 )(15.70796 ×10 ) = 329.867 N ⋅ m
6 −9
ca ( 0.010 )
Tys =
τ max J s
=
(120 ×10 )( 38.34952 ×10 ) = 368.155 N ⋅ m
6 −9
cs ( 0.0125)
For 0 ≤ T ≤ Ty θ = TL JG
θa =
(T )( 0.250 ) = 568.411(10−6 ) T rad
(15.70796 ×10 )( 210 ×10 −9 6
0.0075 )
θs =
(T )( 0.300 ) = 97.7848 (10−6 ) T rad
( 38.34952 ×10 )(120 ×10 −9 6
0.0015 )
If T ≥ Tys (where r is the yield boundary)
120 (106 ) ρ 
 ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫ ρ (120 ×106 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ
r c
T =∫ ρ
0
 r  r
60 (106 ) π
=  r 4  + 80 (106 ) π  c3 − r 3  = 20 (106 ) π ( 4c3 − r 3 )
r
T
r = 3 4c 3 − c = 0.0125 m
20π (106 )
where (1)
θs =
τ max L
=
(120 ×10 ) ( 0.300 ) = 450 (10 ) rad
6 −6
(120 ×10 0.0015) r 6

(2)
Gr r
224
6-118 (cont.)
If T ≥ Tya (where r is the yield boundary)
τ ≤ 210 MPa (ρ ≤ r) τ a = 210 ρ r
τ ≥ 210 MPa (ρ ≥ r) τ a = 210 + 4000 ( γ − 0.0075 ) = 180 + 4000γ
 0.0075ρ  30 ρ
= 180 + 4000   = 180 +
 r  r
 210 ρ  6  30 ρ  6
 (10 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ + ∫r ρ 180 +  (10 ) ( 2πρ ) d ρ
r c
T = ∫ ρ
0
 r   r 
105 (106 ) π 15 (106 ) π
=  r  + 120 (10 ) π c − r  +
4 6 3 3
 c 4 − r 4 
r r
 7.5c 4 
= 2π (106 ) 60c 3 + − 15r 3  where c = 0.010 m
 r 
For a given torque T , solve for r . For example, using the Newton-Raphson iteration method, let
Tr
f (r ) = + 15r 4 − 7.5c 4 − 60c 3 r = 0
2π (10 )
6
T
f ′(r ) = + 60r 3 − 60c 3
2π (10 )
6
Then r ( n +1) = r ( n ) − ( f f ′ )
( 0)
Guess that r = c and iterate until the value for
r no longer changes.
Using the r from the Newton-Raphson solution, calculate
θa =
τ max L
=
( 210 ×10 ) ( 0.250 ) = 1.875 (10 ) rad
6 −3
( 210 ×10 0.0075) r

6
(3)
Gr r
Use Eqs. (1) and (2) to determine θs and Eq. (3) to determine θa . Then,
θ = θa + θs
225
6-119*
For the square bar: b a =1 1=1
The value of α from Fig. 6-30 is: α ≅ 0.21
Tmax = τ maxα a 2b = (12 )( 0.21)(1) (1) = 2.52 kip ⋅ in. ..................................................... Ans.
2
226
6-120*
(a) For the rectangular bar: b a = 75 40 = 1.875

Tmax = τ maxα a 2b = ( 25 × 106 ) ( 0.245 )( 0.040 ) ( 0.075 ) = 735 N ⋅ m .......................... Ans.
2
For the square bar: b a = a a =1 1=1

and a= ( 40 )( 75) = 54.77 mm
Tmax = τ maxα a 2b = ( 25 × 106 ) ( 0.21)( 0.05477 ) ( 0.05477 ) = 863 N ⋅ m ................... Ans.
2
(b) For the rectangular bar: β ≅ 0.225
θ=
TL
=
( 735)( 0.400 ) = 0.00972 rad ............................ Ans.
β a bG ( 0.225 )( 0.040 )3 ( 0.075 ) ( 28 ×109 )
3
For the square bar: β ≅ 0.15
θ=
TL
=
(863)( 0.400 ) = 0.00913 rad Ans.
β a bG ( 0.15 )( 0.05477 )3 ( 0.05477 ) ( 28 ×109 )
3
224
6-121
(a) For the square bar: b a = 1.5 1.5 = 1
Tmax = τ maxα a 2b = (12 )( 0.21)(1.5 ) (1.5 ) = 8.505 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 8.51 kip ⋅ in. ................ Ans.
2
J = π d 4 32 = π (1.5 ) 32 = 0.4970 in.4

4
For the circular bar:
Tmax =
τ max J
=
(12 )( 0.4970 ) = 7.952 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 7.95 kip ⋅ in. .................................... Ans.
c 0.75
(b) For the square bar: β ≅ 0.15
θ=
TL
=
( 8.505)( 3 ×12 ) = 0.1008 rad ................................................ Ans.
β a bG ( 0.15 )(1.5 )3 (1.5 )( 4000 )
3

TL ( 7.952 )( 3 × 12 )
θ= = = 0.1440 rad ........................................................................ Ans.
JG ( 0.4970 )( 4000 )
229
6-122*
T
τ= A = π r 2 4 = π (100 ) 4 = 7854.0 mm 2
2
2 At
t=
T
=
( 2000 ) = 0.00318 m = 3.18 mm .............................. Ans.
2 Aτ 2 ( 7854.0 × 10−6 )( 40 ×106 )
230
6-123
T
τ= A = ( 6 )( 8 ) + π ( 3) = 76.274 in 2
2
2 At
t=
T
=
(125) = 0.1229 in. ............................................................................. Ans.
2 Aτ 2 ( 76.274 )( 8 )
231
6-124
(a) For the circle: d = 500 π = 159.155 mm
T
τ= A = π r 2 4 = π (159.155 ) 4 = 19,894.38 mm 2
2
2 At
Tmax = 2 Atτ max = 2 (19.89438 ×10−3 ) ( 0.003) ( 75 × 106 )
Tmax = 8.95 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 8.95 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................... Ans.

(b) For the equilateral triangle: a = 500 3 = 166.667 mm
(166.667 ) cos 30°

2
T
τ= A= = 12, 028.13 mm 2
2 At 2
Tmax = 2 Atτ max = 2 (12.02813 ×10 −3
) ( 0.003) ( 75 ×10 ) 6
Tmax = 5.41(103 ) N ⋅ m = 5.41 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................... Ans.

(c) For the square: a = 500 4 = 125 mm
T
τ= A = (125 ) = 15, 625 mm 2
2
2 At
Tmax = 2 Atτ max = 2 (15.625 × 10−3 ) ( 0.003) ( 75 × 106 )
Tmax = 7.03 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 7.03 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................... Ans.

(d) For the rectangle: a = 100 mm b = 150 mm
T
τ= A = (100 )(150 ) = 15, 000 mm 2
2 At
Tmax = 2 Atτ max = 2 (15 × 10−3 ) ( 0.003) ( 75 × 106 )
Tmax = 6.75 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 6.75 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................... Ans.
232
6-125*
For the rectangle: a = 2 in. b = 3 in. b a = 3 2 = 1.5
(a) The value of α from Fig. 6-30 is: α ≅ 0.23
Tmax = TAB = T2 − T1 = 30 − 10 = 20 kip ⋅ in.
Tmax 20
τ max = = = 7.25 ksi ............................................................................ Ans.
α a b 0.23 ( 2 )2 ( 3)
2
(b) The value of β from Fig. 6-30 is: β ≅ 0.20

 TL   TL 
θC / A = θC / B + θ B / A =  3  +  3 
 β a bG C / B  β a bG  B / A
=
( −10 )( 30 ) +
( 20 )( 30 )
( 0.20 )( 2 ) ( 3)( 4000 ) ( 0.20 )( 2 ) ( 3)( 4000 )
3 3
θ = +0.01563 rad .................................................................................................................. Ans.
233
6-126*
T
τ= A = ( 65 )( 95 ) = 6175 mm 2
2 At
TAB = T2 − T1 = 2T − 2T = 0 kN ⋅ m
Tmax = TBC = T1 = 2T = 2 Atminτ max
= 2 ( 6175 ×10−6 ) ( 0.005 ) ( 80 ×106 ) = 4.940 (103 ) N ⋅ m
T = 4.94 2 = 2.47 kN ⋅ m .................................................................................................... Ans.
234
6-127
(a) For the square bar: b a = a a =1
Tmax = τ maxα a 2b = τ max ( 0.21)( a ) ( a ) = 0.21a 3τ max
2
For the circular bar: A = a2 = π d 2 4 d = 1.12838a
τ max π (1.12838a ) 32 
4
τ max J   = 0.28209a 3τ
Tmax = = max
c 1.12838a 2
Tcircle 0.28209a 3τ max

= = 1.34329 ≅ 1.343 ..................................................................... Ans.
Tsquare 0.21a 3τ max
(b) For the square bar: β ≅ 0.15
TL TL 6.667TL
θ= = =
β a bG (.15 ) a aG
3 3
a 4G
TL 1.34329TL 8.44009TL
θ= = =
JG π (1.12838a ) 32  G
4
a 4G
 
θ circle 8.44009TL a 4G
= = 1.266 ...................................................................................... Ans.
θ square 6.667TL a 4G
235
6-128
TAB = T TBC = 2T TCD = −T
For the square bar: b a = 50 50 = 1
From Fig. 6-30: α ≅ 0.21 β ≅ 0.15
For the stress specification: τ max ≤ 80 MPa
Tmax = TBC = 2T ≤ τ maxα a 2b = ( 80 × 106 ) ( 0.21)( 0.050 ) ( 0.050 ) = 2100 N ⋅ m
2
T ≤ 1050 N ⋅ m
For the deformation specification: θ ≤ 0.035 rad
θ D / A = θ B / A + θC / B + θ D / C
θD/ A =
(TAB + TBC + TCD ) L = (T + 2T − T )( 0.400 ) ≤ 0.035 rad
β a bG (.15)( 0.050 ) ( 0.050 ) ( 28 ×109 )
3 3
T ≤ 1148 N ⋅ m
Tmax = 1050 N ⋅ m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
236
6-129*
T
τ= A = (12.5 )( 40 ) = 500 in 2
2 At
T = 2 Atminτ max = 2 ( 500 )( 0.04 )( 8 ) = 320 kip ⋅ in. ......................................................... Ans.
237
6-130
210 2 150  500 + 320 
A = π ( 500 ) + π ( 320 ) + 2  ( 695cos15° )
2
360 360  2
= 1.142671(106 ) mm 2 = 1.142671 m 2
T 200 (103 )
t= = = 0.001750 m = 1.750 mm ................................. Ans.
2 Aτ 2 (1.142671) ( 50 × 106 )
238
6-131
Equilibrium: TA − 8 − 0 + TD = 0 TA + TD = 8 kip ⋅ in.
TAB = −TA TBCD = ( 8 − TA ) kip ⋅ in.
For the square bar: b a = 1.5 1.5 = 1
From Fig. 6-30: α ≅ 0.21 β ≅ 0.15
Deformation: θD / A = θB / A + θD / B = 0
θD/ A =
( −TA )(1.5) + ( 8 − TA )( 3.0 ) = 0 rad
β a 3bG β a 3bG
4.5TA = 24 kip ⋅ in.
TA = 5.3333 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 5.33 kip ⋅ in. .................................................................................... Ans.
TD = 2.6667 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 2.67 kip ⋅ in. .................................................................................. Ans.
239
6-132*
σ max = σ y FS = 250 1.25 = 200 MPa τ max = σ max 2 = 100 MPa
For 60 rpm:
2π NT 2π ( 60 ) T
Power = T ω = = = 150 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
T = 23,873.24 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 23,873.24 )( d 2 )
τ= = = 100 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.1067 m
J π d 4 32
Use shaft with d = 110 mm ..................................................................................... Ans.
For 6000 rpm:
2π NT 2π ( 6000 ) T
Power = T ω = = = 150 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
T = 238.7324 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 238.7324 )( d 2 )
τ= = = 100 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.0230 m
J π d 4 32
Use shaft with d = 25 mm ....................................................................................... Ans.
Use a speed of 6000 rpm if weight is critical. ...................................................................... Ans.
240
6-133*
σ max = σ y FS = 62 1.5 = 41.3333 ksi τ max = σ max 2 = 20.6667 ksi
Tc (1200 × 12 )( c )
τ= = ≤ 20, 666.7 psi
J J
J c ≥ 0.69677 in 3
J I x + I y 2I
= = = 2 S ≥ 0.69677 in 3
c c c
S ≥ 0.34839 in 3
From Table A-13 Use a 2-in. diameter pipe. ............................................................................... Ans.
241
6-134
σ max = σ y FS = 250 1.5 = 166.6667 MPa τ max = σ max 2 = 83.3333 MPa
2π NT 2π ( 60 ) T
Power = T ω = = = 150 (103 ) N ⋅ m/s
60 60
T = 23,873.24 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 23,873.24 ) c
(a) τ= = ≤ 83.3333 (106 ) N/m 2
J J
J c ≥ 286.4789 (10−6 ) m3 = 286.4789 (103 ) mm3
J I x + I y 2I
= = = 2 S ≥ 286.4789 (103 ) mm3 S ≥ 143.239 (103 ) mm3
c c c
Use 203 mm diameter .............................................................................................. Ans.
Tc ( 23,873.24 )( d 2 )
(b) τ= = = 83.3333 (106 ) N/m 2 d = 0.1134 m
J π d 32
4
Use shaft with d = 120 mm ..................................................................................... Ans.

π ( 0.120 )
2
(c) W ( pipe ) = 42.46 kg/m W ( solid ) = ( 7870 ) = 89.01 kg/m

4
W ( solid ) W ( pipe ) = 89.01 42.46 = 2.10 ............................................................. Ans.
242
6-135
σ max = σ y FS = 36 2 = 18 ksi τ max = σ max 2 = 9 ksi
2π NT 2π ( 200 ) T
Power = T ω = = = (100 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 2626.057 lb ⋅ ft = 31,512.38 lb ⋅ in.
Tc ( 31.51238 )( c )
(a) τ= = ≤ 9 ksi J c ≥ 3.50141 in 3
J J
J I x + I y 2I
= = = 2 S ≥ 3.50141 in 3 S ≥ 1.75070 in 3
c c c
Use a 3-in. diameter pipe...................................................................................................... Ans.
Tc ( 31.51238 )( d 2 )
(b) τ= = ≤ 9 ksi d ≥ 2.6126 in.
J π d 4 32
Use shaft with d = 2 5 8 in. ....................................................................................... Ans.
(c) W ( pipe ) = 7.58 lb/ft
π ( 2.625 )
2
W ( solid ) = ( 0.284 ) = 1.54 lb/in. = 18.44 lb/ft

4
Use hollow pipe if weight is critical..................................................................................... Ans.
243
6-136*
σ max = σ y FS = 360 3 = 120 MPa τ max = σ max 2 = 60 MPa
Tmax = TAB = 1000 N ⋅ m
Tc (1000 )( d 2 )
τ= = = 60 (106 ) N/m 2
J π d 32
4
d ≥ 0.04395 m = 43.95 mm
244
6-137
σ max = σ y FS = 36 2.25 = 16 ksi τ max = σ max 2 = 8 ksi
Tmax = TAB = 30 kip ⋅ in.
Tc ( 30 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 8 ksi d ≥ 2.673 in.
J π d 4 32
Use shaft with d = 2 3 4 in. ....................................................................................... Ans.
245
6-138*
σ max = σ y FS = 360 3 = 120 MPa
τ max = σ max 2 = 60 MPa
4 ΣM A = 0 : 50TB − 650 ( 490 ) = 0

TB = 6370 N
If the drum is tending to rotate clockwise, then
0.2( 3π 2 )
6370 = TAe TA = 2482.14 N
and the torque on the axle of the drum is
T = 6370 ( 0.25 ) − 2482.14 ( 0.25 ) = 971.965 N ⋅ m
If the drum is tending to rotate counter-clockwise, then
0.2( 3π 2 )
TA = 6370e TA = 16,347.54 N
and the torque on the axle of the drum is
T = 16,347.54 ( 0.25 ) − 6370 ( 0.25 ) = 2494.38 N ⋅ m
Tc ( 2494.38 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 60 (106 ) N/m 2
J π d 32
4
d ≥ 0.05960 m = 59.60 mm
246
6-139
Tmax = TAB = 380 lb ⋅ ft = 4560 lb ⋅ in.
(a) For the shaft: σ max = σ y FS = 53 2 = 26.5 ksi τ max = σ max 2 = 13.25 ksi
Tc ( 4.560 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 13.25 ksi d ≥ 1.206 in.
J π d 4 32
Use shaft with d = 1 1 4 in. ........................................................................................ Ans.
(b) For the bolts: σ max = σ y FS = 36 1.5 = 24 ksi τ max = σ max 2 = 12 ksi
 d1   d1   π d b2  τπ db2 d1
TAB = 4V   = 4 (τ A )   = 2τ   d1 =
2 2  4  2
4.560 =
(12 ) π db2 ( 3.5) db = 0.2629 in.
2
Use bolts with d = 5 16 in. ......................................................................................... Ans.
247
6-140
For a given value of power, the values of torque are the same in the shaft and in the collar.
Tc T ( d s 2 ) 16Td s Tc T ( dc 2 ) 16Td c
τs = = = τc = = =
J π d s4 32 π d s4 J π ( d c4 − d s4 ) 32 π ( d c4 − d s4 )
For the same shear stress in the shaft and in the collar
16Td s 16Td c d c4 − d s4 d c
= =
π ds
4
π ( d c4 − d s4 ) d s4 ds
4
 dc   dc 
  −   −1 = 0
 ds   ds 
d c d s = 1.221 (independent of the material) ............................................................... Ans.
248
6-141*
Tc ( 48 ×12 )( 3)
(a) τ AB = = = 13.58 ksi
π ( 6 ) 32
4
J
Tc (13 ×12 )( 2 )
τ CD = = = 12.41 ksi
π ( 4 ) 32
4
J
Tc ( 2 × 12 )(1)
τ DE = = = 15.28 ksi
π ( 2 ) 32
4
J
τ max = τ DE = 15.28 ksi .......................................Ans.
(b) θ E / A = θ B / A + θC / B + θ D / C + θ E / D
θE / A =
TL
=
( 48 ×12 )( 3 ×12 ) + ( −37 ×12 )( 4 ×12 )
JG π ( 6 )4 32  (12, 000 ) π ( 6 )4 32  (12, 000 )
   
+
(13 ×12 )( 5 ×12 ) + ( −2 ×12 )( 2 ×12 )
π ( 4 )4 32  (12, 000 ) π ( 2 )4 32  (12, 000 )
   
θ E / A = 0.1002 (10−3 ) rad ..................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) θC / A = θ B / A + θC / B
θC / A =
( 48 ×12 )( 3 ×12 ) + ( −37 ×12 )( 4 ×12 )
π ( 6 )4 32  (12, 000 ) π ( 6 )4 32  (12, 000 )
   
θC / A = −0.377 (10−3 ) rad ..................................................................................................... Ans.
249
6-142*
Tc ( 4000 )( d1 2 )
(a) τ AB = = ≤ 80 (106 ) N/m 2
J π d1 32
4
d1 ≥ 0.0634 m = 63.4 mm .......................................Ans.

Tc ( 8000 )( d 2 2 )
τ BC = = ≤ 80 (106 ) N/m 2
J π d 2 32
4
d 2 ≥ 0.0799 m = 79.9 mm ......................................Ans.

(b) θ = TL JG
θC / A =
( 4000 )(1) + ( −8000 )( 2 ) = −0.0483 rad ................................................. Ans.
π ( 0.075 )4 32  ( 80 ×109 )
 
250
6-143
Tc T ( 0.625 )
τ= = ≤ 8 ksi
J π (1.254 − 1.124 ) 32
(a)
T ≤ 1.091 kip ⋅ in. ............................................................................................................ Ans.
(b) θC / A =
(1)( 3 ×12 ) = 0.1112 rad .................................................... Ans.
π (1.25 − 1.124 ) 32  ( 3800 )
4
 
251
6-144*
(18, 000 )( d 2 ) ≤ 100 106 N/m 2
(a) τ=
Tc
=
J π  d 4 − ( 0.5d )4  32
( )
 
d min = 0.0993 m = 99.3 mm ...................................... Ans.
TL ( 8000 )( 2 ) + ( −18, 000 )( 4 ) + ( 4000 )( 3)
θ= =
{ }
(b)
JG π 0.1204 − 0.0604  32 (80 ×109 )
θ = −0.0288 rad ........................................................... Ans.
252
6-145
TL T ( 3 × 12 ) T ≤ 22.1575 kip ⋅ in.
θ= = ≤ 0.052 rad
JG π ( 2.5 )4 32  ( 4000 ) = 1.84646 kip ⋅ ft
 
Tc T (1.25 ) T ≤ 30.6796 kip ⋅ in.
τ= = ≤ 10 ksi
J π ( 2.5 )4 32 = 2.55663 kip ⋅ ft
2π NT 2π ( 500 )(1846.46 )
Power = T ω = = = ( 96, 680.3) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
Power = 96, 680.3 550 = 175.8 hp ........................................................................... Ans.
253
6-146
Tc ( 55, 000 )( 0.075 )
(a) τ AB = = ≤ 83.0 (106 ) N/m 2
π ( 0.150 ) 32
4
J
σ AB = τ AB = 83.0 MPa (T) ......................................Ans.
(15, 000 )( 0.050 ) ≤ 76.4 106 N/m 2

(b) τ BC = ( )
π ( 0.100 ) 32
4
σ BC = τ BC = 76.4 MPa (C) ......................................Ans.

(c) θ = TL JG
θC =
( −55, 000 )( 0.300 ) + ( −15, 000 )( 0.400 )
π ( 0.150 )4 32  ( 80 × 109 ) π ( 0.100 )4 32  ( 80 × 109 )
   
θC = −0.01179 rad ......................................................................................................... Ans.
254
6-147*
(a) First look at equilibrium of the aluminum shell and the ends of the pins:
 π ( 0.5 )2 
Ta = V ( 2 ) = ( 5 )   ( 2 ) = 1.963495 kip ⋅ in.
 4 
πd4 π ( 34 − 24 ) π ( 24 )
Ja = = = 6.38136 in.4 Js = = 1.57080 in.4
32 32 32
Assume that the steel shaft extends all the way through the aluminum shell and attaches to the wall at D. Then, the
portion of the shafts between the wall and the pin must rotate the same amount
θCD , s = θCD ,a θ = TL JG
Ts (12 ) Ta (12 )
=
(1.57080 )(12, 000 ) ( 6.38136 )( 4000 )
Ts = 0.73846Ta = 0.73846 (1.963495 )
= 1.44997 kip ⋅ in.
T = Ta + Ts = 1.963495 + 0.73846 = 3.41346 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 3.41 kip ⋅ in. ........................ Ans.
Td (1.963495 )(1.5 )
(b) τa = = = 0.462 ksi = 462 psi ....................................................... Ans.
J ( 6.38136 )
(c) θ=
( −1.44997 )(12 ) + ( −3.41346 )(18 ) = −0.00418 rad ................................ Ans.
(1.57080 )(12, 000 ) (1.57080 )(12, 000 )
255
6-148
J AB , s = π d 4 32 = π (160 ) 32 = 64.33982 (106 ) mm 4
4
J BC , s = π (1604 − 1004 ) 32 = 54.52234 (106 ) mm 4
J BC ,b = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4

4
Equilibrium: Ts + Tb = 75 kN ⋅ m (a)
Deformations: θ BC , s = θ BC ,b θ = TL JG
Ts (1.5 ) Tb (1.5 )
=
( 54.52234 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 9.81748 ×10 )( 40 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
Ts = 11.10720Tb (b)
Tb = 6.19466 kN ⋅ m Ts = 68.80534 kN ⋅ m
(85, 000 )( 0.08) = 105.6888 106 N/m 2 = 105.6888 MPa
In AB: τs =
Tc
=
J ( 64.33982 ×10−6 )
( )
( 68,805.34 )( 0.08) = 101.0
τs = (10 ) N/m
6 2
= 101.0 MPa
( 54.52234 ×10 )
In BC: −6
( 6194.66 )( 0.05) = 31.5 106

τb = ( ) N/m 2
= 31.5 MPa
( 9.81748 ×10 ) −6
(a) τ max, s = 105.7 MPa ....................... τ max,b = 31.5 MPa .............................................. Ans.
(b) θ D = θ B / A + θC / B + θ D / C θ D = TL JG
θD =
(85, 000 )( 2 ) +
( −68,805.34 )(1.5) +0
( 64.33982 ×10 )(80 ×10 ) ( 54.52234 ×10 )(80 ×10 )
−6 9 −6 9
θ D = 0.00937 rad ........................................................................................................... Ans.
256
6-149
T
τ= A = ( 6 × 2 ) + π (1) 2 = 13.57080 in 2
2
2 At
t=
T
=
(1850 ×12 ) = 0.1022 in. ................................................................. Ans.
2 Aτ 2 (13.57080 )( 8000 )
257
6-150*
τ=
T
=
(12, 000 )
2 At 2 ( 53, 000 ×10−6 ) ( 0.0013)
τ = 87.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 87.1 MPa ............................................................................... Ans.
258
6-151*
2π NT 2π ( 300 ) T
Power = T ω = = = ( 200 × 550 ) lb ⋅ ft/s
60 60
T = 3501.4087 lb ⋅ ft = 42, 016.9 lb ⋅ in.
Tc ( 42.0169 )( d 2 )
τ= = ≤ 15.9 ksi d ≥ 2.3787 in.
J π d 4 32
TL ( 42.0169 )( 3 ×12 )
θ= = ≤ 1.5° = 0.026180 rad d ≥ 2.6689 in.
JG (π d 4 32 ) (11, 600 )
use d = 2 3 4 in. ............................................................................................................ Ans.
259
6-152
J = π d 4 32 = π (100 ) 32 = 9.81748 (106 ) mm 4
4
θo =
TL
=
(15, 000 )(1.2 ) = 0.04584 rad
JG ( 9.81748 × 10−6 )( 40 ×109 )
After the torque at B is removed θtotal = θ ABC + θ slip + θCD = 0
( −T )( 2.2 ) + 0.04584 +
( −T )(1.6 ) =0
( 9.81748 ×10 )( 40 ×10 )
−6 9
( 9.81748 ×10 )(80 ×10 )
−6 9
T = 2149.808 N ⋅ m ............................................................................................................... Ans.

Tc ( 2149.808 )( 0.030 )
τ= = = 50.7 (106 ) N/m 2 = 50.7 MPa ................................. Ans.
J ( 9.81748 ×10 )
−6
260
7-1*
bh3 ( 4 )( 6 )
3
I= = = 72.00 in.4
12 12
Mr =
σI
=
(1000 )( 72.00 ) = 24, 000 lb ⋅ in. = 24.0 kip ⋅ in. ....................................... Ans.
c 3
7-2*
M x (100 ) ( 200 )( 50 )  + ( 25 ) ( 200 )( 50 )  + (100 ) ( 200 )( 50 ) 
d= = = 75 mm
A 3 ( 200 )( 50 ) 
(100 )(125) ( 300 )( 75) ( 200 )( 25)
3 3 3
I= + −
3 3 3
= 106.25 (10 ) mm
6 4
− M r y − ( −10, 000 )( 0.125 )

σ= =
I (106.25 ×10−6 )
σ = +11.76 (106 ) N/m 2 = 11.76 MPa (T) ...................................................................... Ans.
7-3
M x (1) ( 6 )( 2 )  + ( 5 ) ( 6 )( 2 ) 
d= = = 3 in.
A 2 ( 6 )( 2 ) 
( 2 )( 5) ( 6 )( 3) ( 4 )(1)
3 3 3
I= + − = 136.00 in.4
3 3 3
− M r y − ( 4000 ×12 )( 5 )
σ= = = −667 psi = 667 psi (C) ........................................... Ans.
I (136.00 )
7-4*
( 200 )( 300 ) (150 )( 200 )
3 3
I= − = 350 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
−σ A I − ( −7.5 ×10 )( 350 × 10 )
6 −6
Mr = = = 17,500 N ⋅ m
yA 0.150
− M r y − (17,500 )( −0.100 )
σB = = = 5.00 (106 ) N/m 2 = 5.00 MPa (T) ............... Ans.
( 350 ×10 )
(a) −6
I
− (17,500 )( 0.050 )
σC = = −2.50 (106 ) N/m 2 = 2.50 MPa (C) ................................ Ans.
( 350 ×10 )
(b) −6
− (17,500 )( −0.125 )
σD = = 6.25 (106 ) N/m 2 = 6.25 MPa (T) ................................ Ans.
( 350 ×10 )
(c) −6
7-5
( 6 )(10 ) ( 4 )( 6 )
3 3
I= − = 428 in.4
12 12
Mr =
σI
=
(1200 )( 428) = 102, 700 lb ⋅ in. = 102.7 kip ⋅ in. ....................................... Ans.
c 5
7-6
M x ( 25 ) (100 )( 50 )  + (150 ) ( 200 )( 37.5 ) 
d= = = 100 mm
A (100 )( 50 ) + ( 200 )( 37.5)
(100 )(100 ) ( 62.5)( 50 ) ( 37.5)(150 )
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
= 72.92 (106 ) mm 4
σI ( 200 ×10 )( 72.92 ×10 ) = 97.2 10 N ⋅ m = 97.2 kN ⋅ m ................ Ans.

6 −6
Mr =
c
=
0.150
( ) 3
7-7*
bh3 ( 4 )( 2 )
3
(a) I= = = 2.667 in.4

12 12
Mr =
σI
=
(8)( 2.667 ) = 21.3 kip ⋅ in. ..................................Ans.
c 1
bh3 ( 2 )( 4 )
3
(b) I= = = 10.667 in.4

12 12
Mr =
σI
=
(8)(10.667 ) = 85.3 kip ⋅ in. ..............................................Ans.
c 2
7-8
M x (12.5 ) (100 )( 25 )  + (125 ) ( 200 )( 25 ) 
d= = = 87.5 mm
A (100 )( 25) + ( 200 )( 25)
(100 )(87.5) ( 50 )( 62.5) ( 25)(137.5)
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
= 39.93 (106 ) mm 4
− M r y − ( −10, 000 )( −0.1375 )

σ bot = = = −34.4 (106 ) N/m 2
( 39.93 ×10 )
(a) −6
I
σ bot = 34.4 MPa (C) ............................................................................................................. Ans.
− M r y − ( −10, 000 )( 0.0875 )
σ top = = = +21.9 (106 ) N/m 2
( 39.93 ×10 )
(b) −6
I
σ top = 21.9 MPa (T) ............................................................................................................. Ans.
7-9*
(a) From Table B-3 for an S 24 × 80 section d = 2c = 24.00 in. I = 2100 in.4
Mr =
σI
=
(18 )( 2100 ) = 3150 kip ⋅ in. .......................................................................... Ans.
c 12.00
 ( 8 )( 0.75 )3 
I = 2100 + 2  + ( 8 × 0.75 )(12.375 )  = 3938 in.4
2
(b)
 12 
Mr =
σI
=
(18 )( 3938) = 5560 kip ⋅ in. .......................................................................... Ans.
c 12.75
7-10*
From Table B-8 for an L 102 × 102 × 12.7-mm angle
S = 32.3 (103 ) mm3
M r = σ S = (120 × 106 )( 2 × 32.3 ×10−6 ) = 7752 N ⋅ m ≅ 7.75 kN ⋅ m ........................ Ans.
7-11
(16 )( 28) (15)( 24 )
3 3
I= − = 11,989 in.4
12 12
− M r y − (1000 ×12 )(14 )
σ top = = = −14.01 ksi = 14.01 ksi (C)
I (11,989 )
− M r y − (1000 × 12 )( −14 )
σ bottom = = = +14.01 ksi = 14.01 ksi (T)
I (11,989 )
σ max = 14.01 ksi (T, on bottom; C, on top)) ................................................................... Ans.
7-12*
M x ( 237.5 ) (100 )( 25 )  + (125 ) ( 25 )( 200 )  + (12.5 ) ( 200 )( 25 ) 
d= =
A (100 )( 25) + ( 25)( 200 ) + ( 200 )( 25 )
= 102.5 mm
(100 )(147.5) ( 75)(122.5) ( 200 )(102.5) (175)( 77.5)
3 3 3 3
I= − + −
3 3 3 3
= 105.65 (106 ) mm 4
− M r y − ( −3000 )( 0.1475 )
σ top = = = +4.19 (106 ) N/m 2
I (105.65 ×10 )−6
σ top = 4.19 MPa (T) ............................................................Ans.

− ( −3000 )( −0.1025 )
σ bottom = = −2.91(106 ) N/m 2
(105.65 ×10 ) −6
σ bottom = 2.91 MPa (C) ........................................................Ans.
7-13
4r 4 ( 3 )
d= = = 1.2732 in.
3π 3π
8r 4 π ( 3) 8 ( 3)
4 4
π r4
I= − = − = 8.890 in.4
8 9π 8 9π
− M r y − ( −20 )(1.7268 )
σ top = = = +3.88 ksi = 3.88 ksi (T) ..................................... Ans.
I ( 8.890 )
− ( −20 )( −1.2732 )
σ bottom = = −2.86 ksi = 2.86 ksi (C) .............................................. Ans.
(8.890 )
7-14
( 50 )( 50 ) ( 20 )( 20 )
3 3
I= − = 507.5 (103 ) mm 4
12 12
Mr =
σI
=
(110 ×10 )( 507.5 ×10 ) = 2233 N ⋅ m
6 −9
c 0.025
M r ≅ 2.23 kN ⋅ m .................................................................Ans.
7-15*
M x ( 0.5 ) ( 8 )(1)  + ( 3) ( 4 )(1)  + ( 7 ) π ( 4 − 3 ) 4 

2 2
d= = = 3.113 in.
A (8)(1) + ( 4 )(1) + π ( 42 − 32 ) 4
(8)( 3.113) ( 7 )( 2.113) (1)(1.887 )
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
π (4 − 3
4 4
) + π (4 2
−3 2
)
+ ( 3.887 ) = 152.33 in.4
2
64 4
− M r y − ( 30 × 12 )( 5.887 )
(a) σ top = = = +13.91 ksi
I (152.33)
σ top = 13.91 ksi (T) ...................................................... Ans.
− ( 30 × 12 )( −3.113)
(b) σ bottom = = −7.36 ksi = 7.36 ksi (C) ........................................... Ans.
(152.33)
7-16*
(a) σ = Eε = ( 210 × 109 )(1200 × 10−6 ) = 252.00 (106 ) N/m 2 = 252 MPa .................... Ans.
( 50 )( 50 )
3
(b) I= = 0.5208 (106 ) mm 4

12
−σ I − ( 252.00 × 10 )( 0.5208 ×10 )
6 −6
Mr = = = −5250 N ⋅ m
y 0.025
M r = −5.25 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................................................ Ans.
7-17
ρ = R + ( h 2 ) = 12 + ( h 2 ) in.
c E ( h 2)
σ x = Eε x = E =
ρ 12 + ( h 2 )
24σ x 24 ( 36 )
h= = = 0.0298 in. ........................................................................... Ans.
E − σ x 29, 000 − 36
7-18*
ρ = R + ( h 2 ) = R + ( 25 2 ) = ( R + 12.5 ) mm
c E (12.5 )
σ x = Eε x = E =
ρ R + 12.5
E (12.5 ) ( 73, 000 )(12.5) − 12.5 = 9113 mm ≅ 9.11 m ........................ Ans.
R= − 12.5 =
σx 100
7-19
4 ΣM cut = 0 : −M r − M = 0
M r = − M = −15 kip ⋅ in.
(The internal resisting moment is the same over the entire length of the beam.)
( 2 )( 2 )
3
I= = 1.3333 in.4
12
− M r y − ( −15 )(1)
σ top = = = +11.25 ksi = 11.25 ksi (T) ........................................... Ans.
I (1.3333)
7-20
M x (12.5 ) ( 250 )( 25 )  + (100 ) ( 25 )(150 )  + ( 225 ) π (100 ) 4 

 2

d= = = 124.36 mm
( 250 )( 25 )  + ( 25 )(150 )  + π (100 ) 4 
2
A
 
( 250 )(124.36 ) ( 225)( 99.36 ) ( 25 )( 50.64 )
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
π (100 ) π (100 )
4 2
+ + (100.64 ) = 172.24 (106 ) mm 4

2
64 4
− M r y − (100 ×10 ) ( −0.15064 )
3
σ bottom = = = +87.5 (106 ) N/m 2

I (172.24 ×10 )−6
σ bottom = 87.5 MPa (T) .................................................................................................. Ans.
7-21*
4 ΣM C = 0 : 20 RD − 3 (1000 ) − 18 ( 2000 ) = 0
RD = 1950 lb ↑
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M r + 5 (1950 ) − 3 ( 2000 ) = 0
M r = 3750 lb ⋅ ft = 3.750 kip ⋅ ft
π ( 24 − 1.54 )
I= = 8.590 in.4
4
− M r y − ( 3.750 ×12 )( 2 )
σA = = = −10.48 ksi = 10.48 ksi (C) ................................. Ans.
I ( 8.590 )
− ( 3.750 × 12 )( −1.5 )
σB = = +7.86 ksi = 7.86 ksi (T) ................................................ Ans.
(8.590 )
7-22
M x (140 ) (120 )( 40 )  + ( 60 ) ( 40 )(120 ) 
d= = = 100 mm
A (120 )( 40 )  + ( 40 )(120 ) 
(120 )( 60 ) ( 80 )( 20 ) ( 40 )(100 )
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
= 21.76 (10 ) mm
6 4
4 ΣM cut = 0 : −M r − M = 0
M r = −M
(The internal resisting moment is the same over the entire length of the beam.)
At the top of the beam (σ = 90 MPa T )
M = −M r =
σI
=
( 90 ×10 )( 21.76 ×10 ) = +32.6 kN ⋅ m
6 −6
y ( 0.060 )
At the bottom of the beam (σ = 140 MPa C )
M = −M r =
σI
=
( −140 ×10 )( 21.76 ×10 ) = +30.5 kN ⋅ m
6 −6
y ( −0.100 )
M max = 30.5 kN ⋅ m 3 ................................................................................................... Ans.
7-23
di = d o − 0.5
(a) σ max =
M rc
=
(100 )( do 2 )
π  d o4 − ( d o − 0.5 )  64
4
I
 
32 (100 ) d o
σ max = ksi
π  d o4 − ( d o − 0.5 ) 
4
 
(b) d min ≅ 3.9 in. .............................................Ans.
7-24
bh3 b ( 2b ) 8b 4
3
I= = =
12 12 12
M r c ( 6000 )( h 2 ) 12 ( 6000 )( b )
σ max = = =
(8b4 12 )
(a)
I 8b 4
12 ( 6000 )( b ) ( 9000 )
σ max = = N/m 2
8b 4 b3
(b) hmin ≅ 150 mm .............................................Ans.
7-25
From Table B-3 for an S 4 × 9.5 section d = 2c = 4.00 in. A = 2.79 in.2
I = 6.79 in.4 S = 3.39 in.3
M 1 = σ S = ( 20 )( 3.39 ) = 67.8 kip ⋅ in.
M R = 1.75M = (1.75 )( 67.8 ) = 118.65 kip ⋅ in.
 bt 3 2
I R = 6.79 + 2  + ( bt )( 2 + 0.5t ) 
 12 
M R cR (118.65 )( 2 + t )
σ= = ≤ 20 ksi
IR IR
(118.65 )( 2 + t ) = 5.9325
IR ≥ (2 + t ) in.4
20
 bt 3 2
6.79 + 2  + ( bt )( 2 + 0.5t )  ≥ 5.9325 ( 2 + t )
 12 
30.45 + 35.595t
b≥
t + 12t ( 2 + 0.5t )
3 2
7-26
Aa = ( 200 )( 30 ) = 6000 mm 2 Ab = 2 (150 ) t + ( 200 ) w = 6000 mm 2
w = ( 30 − 1.5t ) mm
( 30 )( 200 )
3
Ia = = 20.00 (106 ) mm 4
12
Ma =
σI
=
(150 ×10 )( 20 ×10 ) = 30, 000 N ⋅ m
6 −6
c 0.100
w ( 200 )  (150 ) t 3 2
3
Ib = + 2 + (150t )(100 + 0.5t ) 

12  12 
= 100t 3 + 30, 000 + 2 (106 ) t + 20 (106 ) mm 4
Mb =
σI
=
(150 ×10 ) I 6
b
N⋅m
c0.100 + t
M − Ma
% Inc = b (100 )
Ma
 Mb 
= − 1 (100 )
 30, 000 
 5000 I b 
% Inc =  − 1 (100 )
 0.100 + t 
7-27*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −1000 − Vr = 0
Vr = −1000 lb ...............................................................................Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r + 1000 x = 0
M r = ( −1000 x ) lb ⋅ ft .................................................................Ans.
7-28*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : − ( 2 x ) − Vr = 0
Vr = ( −2 x ) kN .............................................................................Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r + ( 2 x )( x 2 ) = 0
M r = ( − x 2 ) kN ⋅ m .....................................................................Ans.
7-29
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 200 ×10 )( 5) − ( 500 )( 2 ) − 10 RA = 0 RA = 900 lb
0 ≤ x ≤ 10 ft
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 900 − ( 200 x ) − Vr = 0
Vr = ( 900 − 200 x ) lb .......................................................... Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r + ( 200 x )( x 2 ) − 900 x = 0
M r = ( 900 x − 100 x 2 ) lb ⋅ ft ............................................... Ans.
7-30*
4 ΣM B = 0 : (15 × 4 )( 6 ) − 8RA = 0 RA = 45 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 45 − (15 x ) − Vr = 0
Vr = ( 45 − 15 x ) kN .....................................................................Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r − 45 x + (15 x )( x 2 ) = 0
M r = ( 45 x − 7.5 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m .......................................................Ans.
7-31
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 5000 )( 4 ) + ( 2000 )( 8) − 12 RA = 0 RA = 3000 lb
4 ft ≤ x ≤ 8 ft
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 3000 − 2000 − Vr = 0
Vr = (1000 ) lb ...................................................................... Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r − 3000 x + ( 2000 )( x − 4 ) = 0
M r = (1000 x + 8000 ) lb ⋅ ft .............................................. Ans.
7-32
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA + ( wL ) − ( 2 wL ) = 0 RA = wL ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A + ( wL )( L 2 ) − ( 2 wL )( 3L 2 ) = 0 M A = 5wL2 2 4
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( wL ) + ( wx ) − Vr = 0
Vr = wL + wx = w ( L + x ) ...........................................................Ans.
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M r + ( 5wL2 2 ) − ( wL ) x − ( wx )( x 2 ) = 0
wx 2 5wL2 w 2
Mr = + wLx − = ( x + 2 Lx − 5 L2 ) ...................Ans.
2 2 2
7-33*
4 ΣM A = 0 : 12 RB − ( 2000 )( 4 ) − ( 5000 )( 8 ) = 0 RB = 4000 lb
4 ΣM cut = 0 : ( 4000 )( 2 ) − M r = 0
M r = ( 8000 ) lb ⋅ ft
bh3 ( 3)( 8 )
3
I= = = 128.00 in.4
12 12
On the bottom of the beam ( y = −4 in.)
− M r y − ( 8 × 12 )( −4 )
σ= = = +3.00 ksi = 3.00 ksi (T) ............................................. Ans.
I (128.00 )
7-34
From Table B-4 for an S 254 × 52 section d = 2c = 254.00 mm I = 61.2 (106 ) mm 4
4 ΣM A = 0 : 8 RB − (15 × 4 )( 2 ) = 0 RB = 15 kN
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M r + (15 )( 3) = 0 M r = 45 kN ⋅ m
On the bottom of the beam ( y = −127.0 mm )
− M r y − ( 45, 000 )( −0.127 )

σ= = = 93.4 (106 ) N/m 2
I ( 61.2 ×10 )
−6
σ = 93.4 MPa (T) .......................................................................................................... Ans.

On the top of the beam ( y = +127.0 mm )
− ( 45, 000 )( +0.127 )

σ= = −93.4 (106 ) N/m 2 = 93.4 MPa (C) ............................... Ans.
( 61.2 ×10 ) −6
7-35*
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 2000 )(13) + (1000 × 6 )( 5 ) − 10 RA = 0 RA = 5600 lb
4 ΣM A = 0 : ( 2000 )( 3) − (1000 × 6 )( 5 ) + 10 RB = 0 RB = 2400 lb
(a) Vr = ( −2000 ) lb ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
M r = −2000 ( x + 3) = [ −2000 x − 6000] lb ⋅ ft ................................................................ Ans.
(b) Vr = −2000 + 5600 = ( 3600 ) lb ......................................................................................... Ans.
M r = −2000 ( x + 3) + 5600 x = [3600 x − 6000 ] lb ⋅ ft ................................................... Ans.
(c) Vr = −2000 + 5600 − 1000 ( x − 2 ) = ( −1000 x + 5600 ) lb ............................................ Ans.
M r = −2000 ( x + 3) + 5600 x − 1000 ( x − 2 )( x − 2 ) 2
M r =  −500 x 2 + 5600 x − 8000  lb ⋅ ft ............................................................................. Ans.

(d) Vr = −2000 + 5600 − 1000 ( 6 ) = ( −2400 ) lb ................................................................... Ans.
M r = −2000 ( x + 3) + 5600 x − 1000 ( 6 )( x − 5 )
M r = [ −2400 x + 24, 000] lb ⋅ ft .......................................................................................... Ans.
7-36*
4 ΣM B = 0 : (12 × 6 )( 9 ) + ( 24 )( 4 ) − 10 RA = 0 RA = 74.4 kN
4 ΣM A = 0 : − (12 × 6 )(1) − ( 24 )( 6 ) + 10 RB = 0 RB = 21.6 kN
(a) Vr = −12 ( x + 2 ) = ( −12 x − 24 ) kN ................................................................................... Ans.
M r = − (12 )( x + 2 )  ( x + 2 ) 2 =  −6 x 2 − 24 x − 24  kN ⋅ m .................................... Ans.

(b) Vr = −12 ( x + 2 ) + 74.4 = ( −12 x + 50.4 ) kN ................................................................... Ans.
M r = − (12 )( x + 2 )  ( x + 2 ) 2 + 74.4 x =  −6 x 2 + 50.4 x − 24  kN ⋅ m .................. Ans.

(c) Vr = −12 ( 6 ) + 74.4 = ( 2.4 ) kN .......................................................................................... Ans.
M r = − 12 ( 6 )  ( x − 1) + 74.4 x = [ 2.4 x + 72] kN ⋅ m ................................................... Ans.

(d) Vr = −12 ( 6 ) + 74.4 − 24 = ( −21.6 ) kN ............................................................................ Ans.
M r = − 12 ( 6 )  ( x − 1) + 74.4 x − 24 ( x − 6 ) = [ −21.6 x + 216] kN ⋅ m ...................... Ans.
7-37
4 ΣM B = 0 : (1 2 )(1500 )(12 )  ( 4 ) − 12 RA = 0 RA = 3000 lb
4 ΣM A = 0 : 12 RB − (1 2 )(1500 )(12 )  ( 8 ) = 0 RB = 6000 lb
 1   1500 x 
Vr = 3000 −     ( x ) = ( −62.5 x + 3000 ) lb .................................................. Ans.
2
(a)
 
2 12 
 1   1500 x    x 
M r = 3000 x −     ( x )    =  −20.83 x − 3000 x  lb ⋅ ft ...................... Ans.
3
 2   12    3 
dVr
(b) = −125 x = 0 Solving yields: x=0
dx
Therefore, the maximum shear force occurs either at the beginning or end of the region:
Vx =0 = 3000 lb Vx =12 = −6000 lb
Vmax = Vx =12 = ( −6000 ) lb .................................................................................................... Ans.
dM r
= −62.5 x 2 + 3000 = 0 Solving yields: x = 6.928 ft
dx
M x =0 = 0 lb ⋅ ft M x =6.928 = 13,858 lb ⋅ ft M x =12 = 0 lb ⋅ ft

M max = M x =6.928 = 13,858 lb ⋅ ft ≅ 13.86 kip ⋅ ft ............................................................... Ans.
7-38*
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 9 )( 4 ) + (15 × 2 )(1.5 ) − 3RA = 0 RA = 27.0 kN
4 ΣM A = 0 : 3RB + ( 9 )(1) − (15 × 2 )(1.5 ) = 0 RB = 12.0 kN
(a) Vr = −9 + 27 − 15 ( x − 0.5 ) = ( −15 x + 25.5 ) kN ............................................................. Ans.
M r = −9 ( x + 1) + 27 x − (15 )( x − 0.5 )  ( x − 0.5 ) 2
M r =  −7.5 x 2 + 25.5 x − 10.88 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................ Ans.

(b) From Table B-4 for an S178 × 30 section d = 2c = 177.8 mm
I = 17.6 (106 ) mm 4 S = 198 (103 ) mm3
M 1.5 = −9 ( 2.5 ) + 27 (1.5 ) − (15 )(1)  ( 0.5 ) = +10.5 kN ⋅ m
y = −c + 15 = −88.9 + 15 = −73.9 mm
− M r y − (10,500 )( −0.0739 )
σ= = = +44.1(106 ) N/m 2
I (17.6 ×10 )
−6
σ = 44.1 MPa (T) ................................................................................................................. Ans.
(10,500 ) = 53.0 106 N/m 2

σ=
Mr
= ( )
(198 ×10−6 )
(c)
S
σ max = 53.0 MPa (C, top; T, bottom) .............................................................................. Ans.
7-39
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 500 )( 6 )  ( 7 ) + ( 800 )( 5 )  ( 2.5 ) − 10 RA = 0 RA = 1100 lb
4 ΣM A = 0 : 10 RB − ( 500 )( 6 )  ( 3) − ( 800 )( 5 )  (12.5 ) = 0 RB = 5900 lb

(a) Vr = 1100 − ( 500 )( 6 ) = ( −1900 ) lb .................................................................................. Ans.
M r = 1100 x − ( 500 )( 6 )  ( x − 3) = [ −1900 x + 9000] lb ⋅ ft ....................................... Ans.

(b) From Table B-3 for an S 8 × 23 section d = 2c = 8.00 in.
I = 64.9 in. 4
S = 16.2 (103 ) in.3
M 3 = 1100 ( 3) − ( 500 )( 3)  (1.5 ) = 1050 lb ⋅ ft y = c − 1 = 4 − 1 = +3 in.
− M r y − (1050 × 12 )( 3)
σ= = = −582 psi = 582 psi (C) ........................................... Ans.
I ( 64.9 )
M r (1050 × 12 )
(c) σ max = = = 778 psi (C, top; T bottom) .............................................. Ans.
S (16.2 )
7-40
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 3 × 2 )( 3) − 4 RA = 0 RA = 4.50 kN
4 ΣM A = 0 : 4 RB − ( 3 × 2 )(1) = 0 RB = 1.50 kN
Mx (140 ) (120 )( 40 ) + ( 60 ) ( 40 )(120 )

d= = = 100 mm
A (120 )( 40 )  + ( 40 )(120 ) 
(120 )( 60 ) ( 80 )( 20 ) ( 40 )(100 )
3 3 3
I= − + = 21.76 (106 ) mm 4
3 3 3
M 3 = RB (1) = (1.50 )(1) = 1.500 kN ⋅ m
At the top of the section ( y = +60 mm )
− M r y − (1500 )( 0.060 )
σ= = = −4.14 (106 ) N/m 2
I ( 21.76 ×10 )−6
σ = 4.14 MPa (C) ................................................................................................................. Ans.

At the bottom of the section ( y = −100 mm )
− (1500 )( −0.100 )
σ= = +6.89 (106 ) N/m 2 = 6.89 MPa (T) .................................... Ans.
( 21.76 ×10 ) −6
7-41*
10
1 10 πs   −5000  π s   10, 000 
RA = RB = ∫ 1000sin   ds =  cos    =   lb
2 0  10   π  10   0  π 
x  10, 000  x πs 
(a) Vr = RA − ∫ w ds =   − ∫ 1000sin   ds
0
 π  0  10 
x
 10, 000  10, 000  π s   10, 000  π x 
Vr =  + cos    =  cos    lb ............................... Ans.
 π   π  10   0  π  10  
 10, 000 x  x πs 
M r = RA x − ∫ w ( x − s ) ds =   − ∫0 1000 ( x − s ) sin   ds
x
0
 π   10 
x x x
 10, 000 x  10, 000 x  π s   100, 000  π s   10, 000 s  π s 
= + cos    +  sin    −  cos   
 π   π  10   0  π  10   0  π  10   0
2
100, 000  π x     π x 
Mr =  sin    lb ⋅ ft = 10.13sin    kip ⋅ ft ..................................... Ans.
 π  10    10  
2

10, 000
(b) Vmax = Vx =0 = Vx =10 = = 3183 lb ≅ 3.18 kip ........................................................ Ans.
π
100, 000
M max = M x =5 = = 10,132 lb ⋅ ft ≅ 10.13 kip ⋅ ft ............................................... Ans.
π2
7-42*
∫ w ( 4 − s ) ds − 4R
4
4 ΣM B = 0 : A =0
0
1 4   π s 
RA = ∫ ( 4 − s )  25cos    dx
4 0   8 
4 4 4
 200  π s    400  π s    50 s  π s    400 
= sin    −  2 cos    −  sin    =  2  kN
 π  8 0  π  8  0  π  8  0  π 
x
x  400  x πs   400   200  π s  
(a) Vr = RA − ∫ w ds =  2  − ∫ 25cos   ds =  2  −  sin   
0
π  0
 8  π   π  8 0
 400  200  π x  
Vr =  2  − sin    kN .................................................................................... Ans.
 π  π  8 
 400 x  x   π s 
M r = RA x − ∫ w ( x − s ) ds =  2  − ∫ ( x − s )  25cos    ds
x
0
 π  0
  8 
x x x
 400 x   200  π s   1600  π s    200s  π s 
= 2 − sin    +  2 cos    +  sin   
 π   π  8 0  π  8  0  π  8  0
 400 ( x − 4 ) 1600  π x 
Mr =  + 2 cos    kN ⋅ m ................................................................. Ans.
 π 2
π  8 
400
(b) Vmax = Vx =0 = = 40.5 kN .............................................................................................. Ans.
π2
dM r 400 200  π x 
= 2 − sin  =0 x = 1.7573 m
dx π π  8 
M max = M x =1.7573 = 34.1 kN ⋅ m ........................................................................................... Ans.
7-43
w (10 − s ) ds − 10 RA = 0
10
4 ΣM B = 0 : ∫ 0
10
10 s 3 s 4 
RA = ∫ (10 − s ) (10 s ) ds = 
1 10 2
−  = ( 833.3) lb
10 0  3 4 0
Vr = RA − ∫ w ds = 833.3 − ∫ 10s 2 ds = ( 833 − 3.33 x3 ) lb .......................................... Ans.

x x
(a)
0 0
M r = RA x − ∫ w ( x − s ) ds = 833.3 x − ∫ 10 s 2 ( x − s ) ds
x x
0 0
M r = ( 833 x − 0.8333 x 4
) lb ⋅ ft ........................................................................................... Ans.
Vmax = Vx =10 = 833.3 − 3.333 (10 ) = −2500 lb ................................................................ Ans.
3
(b)
dM r
= 833.3 − 3.333x 3 = 0 x = 6.300 ft
dx
M max = M x =6.300 = 3.94 kip ⋅ ft ............................................................................................ Ans.
7-44
∫ w (8 − s ) ds − 8R
8
4 ΣM B = 0 : A =0
0
RA =
1 8
8 ∫0
( 64 − s 2
) ( 8 − s ) ds =
1 8 3
8 ∫0
( s − 8s 2 − 64s + 512 ) ds = 213.3 kN
x3
Vr = RA − ∫ w ds = 213.3 − ∫ ( 64 − s 2 ) ds = 213.3 − 64 x +
x x
(a)
0 0 3
Vr =  0.333 x 3 − 64.0 x + 213 kN ..................................................................................... Ans.
M r = RA x − ∫ w ( x − s ) ds = 213.3 x − ∫ ( 64 − s 2 ) ( x − s ) ds
x x
0 0
4 4
x x
= 213.3x − + + 32 x 2 − 64 x 2
4 3
M r = 0.0833 x 4 − 32.0 x 2 + 213 x  kN ⋅ m ...................................................................... Ans.
dVr
(b) = x 2 − 64 = 0 x=8 m
dx
Therefore, the maximum shear force occurs
either at the beginning or end of the region:
Vx =0 = +213.3 kN Vx =8 = −128.0 kN
Vmax = Vx =0 = 213 kN ............................................................................................................ Ans.
dM r
= 0.3333 x 3 − 64.0 x + 213.3 = 0 x = 3.570 m
dx
M max = M x =3.570 = 367 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................................. Ans.
7-45
4 ΣM B = 0 : (1000 )(10 )  ( 5 ) + 5 P − 10 RA = 0 RA = RB = ( 5000 + 0.5 P ) lb
M P = ( 5000 + 0.5P )( 5 ) − (1000 )( 5 )  ( 2.5 ) = (12,500 + 2.5P ) lb ⋅ ft

From Table B-5 for a C10 × 15.3 section
S = 13.5 in.3
M P = σ max S = (16 )( 2 ×13.5 ) = 432 kip ⋅ in. = 36 kip ⋅ ft
M P − 12.5 36 − 12.5
P= = = 9.40 kip ............................................................................. Ans.
2.5 2.5
7-46
4 ΣM A = 0 : 5RD − 5b = 0 RD = ( b ) kN
4 ΣM D = 0 : 5 ( 5 − b ) − 5 RA = 0 R A = ( 5 − b ) kN
(a) 0 ≤ x ≤ ( b − 0.25 ) m M r = ( 5 − b ) x  kN ⋅ m
( b − 0.25) m ≤ x ≤ ( b + 0.25) m M r = ( 5 − b ) x − 2.5 ( x − b + 0.25 )  kN ⋅ m
( b + 0.25) m ≤ x ≤ 5 m M r = ( 5 − x ) b  kN ⋅ m
(Note that for any position of the crane,
the maximum bending moment occurs
under the wheel closest to the center of
the beam.)
(b) M B = M x =(b −0.25) = ( 5 − b )( b − 0.25 )
M B =  −b 2 + 5.25b − 1.25 kN ⋅ m
M C = M x =(b + 0.25) = ( 4.75 − b ) b  kN ⋅ m

dM B
(c) = −2b + 5.25 = 0
dx
b = 2.625 m M B max = 5.64 kN ⋅ m
dM C
= 4.75 − 2b = 0 b = 2.375 m M C max = 5.64 kN ⋅ m
dx
7-47
RB = RC = wL 2 = (1200 )(15 ) 2 = 9000 lb
(a) 0 ≤ x ≤ d ft M r = − (1200 )( x )( x 2 ) =  −600 x 2  lb ⋅ ft

d ≤ x ≤ (15 − d ) ft M r = − (1200 )( x )( x 2 ) + 900 ( x − d )
=  −600 x 2 + 9000 x − 9000d  lb ⋅ ft
(15 − d ) ft ≤ x ≤ 15 ft M r = − (1200 )(15 − x )(15 − x ) 2
=  −600 x 2 + 18, 000 x − 135, 000  lb ⋅ ft
(b) AB : M max AB = M x = d =  −600d 2  lb ⋅ ft

dM
BC : = −1200 x + 9000 = 0 x = 7.5 ft
dx
M max BC = M x =7.5 = [33, 750 − 9000d ] lb ⋅ ft
(c) − M max AB = M max BC 600d 2 = 33, 750 − 9000d d = 3.107 ft
7-48
 180 
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 5 − d ) RC − (15 × 6 )( 2 ) = 0 RC =   kN
 5−d 
 90 ( 3 − d ) 
4 ΣM C = 0 : (15 × 6 )( 3 − d ) − ( 5 − d ) RB = 0 RA =   kN
 5−d 
(a) 0 ≤ x ≤1 m M r = − (15 x )( x 2 ) = ( −7.5 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
90 ( 3 − d )
1 m ≤ x ≤ (6 − d ) m M r = − (15 x )( x 2 ) + ( x − 1)
5−d
 90 ( 3 − d ) 
M r =  −7.5 x 2 + ( x − 1)  kN ⋅ m
 5−d 
(6 − d ) m ≤ x ≤ 6 m M r = −15 ( 6 − x )( 6 − x ) 2
M r =  −7.5 x 2 + 90 x − 270  kN ⋅ m
M AB max = −7.5 (1) = −7.5 kN ⋅ m

2
(b)
dM r 90 ( 3 − d ) 6 (3 − d )
1 m ≤ x ≤ (6 − d ) m = −15 x + =0 x= m
dx 5−d 5−d
Note that when d ≥ 2.6 m , this gives a location for the maximum bending moment which is outside the
range for which the bending moment equation is valid ( x ≤ 1.0 m ) . Furthermore, when d = 1.369 m , the
bending moment at the right support is greater than the internal maximum. Therefore, for d ≥ 1.369 m the
maximum bending moment in the region BC is the same as the maximum bending moment in the region CD.
180d 2 − 900d + 1080 
M BC max =   kN ⋅ m d ≤ 1.369 m
(5 − d )
2
 
M BC max = M CD max =  −7.5d 2  kN ⋅ m d ≥ 1.369 m
M CD max =  −7.5d 2  kN ⋅ m
180d 2 − 900d + 1080

(c) M BC max = − M CD max = 7.50d 2 d = 1.369 m
(5 − d )
2
7-49*
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 2000 )(12 ) + ( 6000 )( 4 ) − 16 RA = 0
RA = 3000 lb ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
16 RD − ( 2000 )( 4 ) − ( 6000 )(12 ) = 0
RD = 5000 lb ↑
7-50*
4 ΣM A = 0 :
(15)( 7.5) + ( 20 )( 2 ) − 5RC = 0
RC = 30.5 kN ↑
4 ΣM C = 0 :
5 RA + (15 )( 2.5 ) − ( 20 )( 3) = 0
RA = 4.50 kN ↑
7-51
4 ΣM C = 0 :
( 2000 ×12 )(10 ) − (8000 )(8) − 16 RA = 0
RA = 11, 000 lb ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
16 RC − ( 2000 × 12 )( 6 ) − ( 8000 )( 24 ) = 0
RC = 21, 000 lb ↑
7-52*
4 ΣM D = 0 :
(10 )( 7 ) + ( 20 )( 3) − (15)( 5 ) − 10 RA = 0
RA = 5.50 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
10 RD − (10 )( 3) − ( 20 )( 7 ) − (15 )(15 ) = 0
RD = 39.5 kN ↑
7-53
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 300 × 5 )(13.5) − ( 400 × 5)( 2.5 ) + ( 2000 )( 7 ) − 11RB = 0
RB = 2659 lb ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 :
11RD + ( 300 × 5 )( 2.5 ) − ( 400 × 5 )(13.5 ) − ( 2000 )( 4 ) = 0
RD = 2841 lb ↑
7-54
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 30 × 4 )( 2 ) + ( 20 )( 6 ) − 8RA = 0
RA = 45 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
8 RD − ( 20 )( 2 ) − ( 30 × 4 )( 6 ) = 0
RD = 95 kN ↑
7-55*
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 250 ×10 )( 5) + (1500 )(15 ) + (1000 ) − 20 RA = 0
RA = 1800 lb ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
20 RD + (1000 ) − (1500 )( 5 ) − ( 250 × 10 )(15 ) = 0
RD = 2200 lb ↑
7-56
4 ΣM D = 0 :
(10 )( 9 ) + (10 × 6 )( 3) − ( 20 )( 3) − 6 RB = 0
RB = 35 kN ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 :
6 RD + (10 )( 3) − (10 × 6 )( 3) − ( 20 )( 9 ) = 0
RD = 55 kN ↑
7-57*
4 ΣM C = 0 : ( 400 ×10 )( 5) − (1000 )( 2 ) − 10 RB = 0
RB = 1800 lb ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : 10 RC − ( 400 × 10 )( 5 ) − (1000 )(12 ) = 0
RC = 3200 lb ↑
( 7 ) ( 6 )( 2 )  + ( 3) ( 2 )( 6 ) 
d=
( 6 )( 2 )  + ( 2 )( 6 ) 
= 5.00 in.
( 6 )( 3) ( 4 )(1) ( 2 )( 5)
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
= 136.0 in.4
From the moment diagram: M max = +4050 lb ⋅ ft , − 2000 lb ⋅ ft
At the section where M = +4050 lb ⋅ ft

− M r y − ( 4050 ×12 )( 3)
σ top = = = −1072 psi = 1072 psi (C)
I (136.00 )
− ( 4050 ×12 )( −5 )
σ bottom = = +1787 psi = 1787 psi (T)
(136.00 )
At the section where M = −2000 lb ⋅ ft
− ( −2000 × 12 )( 3)
σ top = = +529 psi = 529 psi (T) = σ max T ....................................... Ans.
(136.00 )
− ( −2000 ×12 )( −5 )
σ bottom = = −882 psi = 882 psi (C) = σ max C ................................ Ans.
(136.00 )
7-58*
4 ΣM E = 0 :
( 3 × 2 )( 7 ) + ( 6 ) + ( 5 × 4 )( 2 ) + ( 3)( 2 ) − 6 RB = 0
RB = 15.667 kN ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 :
6 RE + ( 3 × 2 )(1) + ( 6 ) − ( 5 × 4 )( 4 ) − ( 3)( 4 ) = 0
RE = 13.333 kN ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = +16.357 kN ⋅ m , − 6 kN ⋅ m
From Table B-2 for a W102 × 19 section : S = 89.5 (103 ) mm3
(16.357 ) = +182.8 106 N/m 2
σ=
Mr
= ( )
S (89.5 ×10−6 )
σ = 182.8 MPa (T, bottom; C, top) ................................................................................. Ans.
Both stresses would be less at the section where M = −6 kN ⋅ m .
7-59
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 3)(17.5) + (10 )( 7.5) − ( 5)( 7.5) − 27.5RA = 0
RA = 3.2727 kip ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
27.5 RD − ( 3)(10 ) − (10 )( 20 ) − ( 5 )( 35 ) = 0
RD = 14.7272 kip ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = +35, 460 lb ⋅ ft , − 37,500 lb ⋅ ft

From Table B-3 for an S18 × 70 section :
d = 2c = 18.00 in. I = 926 in.4
 (10 )(1)3 
I = I C + I P = 926 + 2  + (10 × 1)( 9.5 )  = 2733 in.4
2
 12 
At the top of the section y = 9 + 1 = 10 in. :
− M r y − ( −37.5 ×12 )(10 )

σ top = = = +1.647 ksi = 1.647 ksi (T) ............................. Ans.
I ( 2733)
At the bottom of the section y = −10 in. :
− ( −37.5 ×12 )( −10 )

σ bottom = = −1.647 ksi = 1.647 ksi (C) ...................................... Ans.
( 2733)
Both stresses would be less at the section where M = +35, 460 lb ⋅ ft .
7-60
4 ΣM D = 0 : ( 30 × 4 )( 6 ) + ( 40 )( 2 ) − 8RA = 0
RA = 100 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : 8 RD − ( 30 × 4 )( 2 ) − ( 40 )( 6 ) = 0
RD = 60 kN ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = +166.67 kN ⋅ m
From Table B-6 for a C 254 × 45 channel : d = 2c = 254.0 mm
I X − X = 42.9 (106 ) mm 4
I = IC + I P
 ( 250 )( 25 )3 
= 2 ( 42.9 × 10 ) + 2  + ( 250 × 25 )(139.5 ) 
6 2
 12 
= 329.4 (106 ) mm 4
At the top of the section y = c + 25 = 127 + 25 = 152 mm :
− M r y − (166.67 ×10 ) ( 0.152 )

3
σ top = = = −76.9 (106 ) N/m 2

I ( 329.4 ×10 )
−6
σ top = 76.9 MPa (C) ............................................................................................................. Ans.

At the bottom of the section y = −152 mm :
− M r y − (166.67 × 10 ) ( −0.152 )
3
σ top = = = +76.9 (106 ) N/m 2

I ( 329.4 ×10 )−6
σ bottom = 76.9 MPa (T) ......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-61
4 ΣM B = 0 : (1000 ×12 )( 6 ) + ( 6000 )( 6 ) − 12 RA = 0
RA = RB = 9000 lb ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = +36 kip ⋅ ft
From Table B-11 for a WT 8 × 25 section :
d = 2c = 8.130 in. ytop = yC = 1.89 in.
I = 42.3 in.4 ybottom = − ( d − yC ) = −6.24 in.
− M r y − ( 36.0 × 12 )(1.89 )
σ top = = = −19.30 ksi
I ( 42.3)
σ top = 19.30 ksi (C) .............................................. Ans.
− M r y − ( 36.0 ×12 )( −6.24 )

σ bottom = = = +63.7 ksi
I ( 42.3)
σ bottom = 63.7 ksi (T) ............................................ Ans.
7-62*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA − 3 = 0
RA = 3 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A + ( 4 ) − ( 3)( 2 ) = 0
M A = 2 kN ⋅ m 4
From the moment diagram: M max = +1 kN ⋅ m , − 3 kN ⋅ m

From Table B-6 for a C 254 × 30 channel :
w f = 69.6 mm ytop = xC = 15.4 mm
I = 1.17 (106 ) mm 4 ybottom = − ( w f − xC ) = −54.2 mm
At the section where M = −3.00 kN ⋅ m :
− ( −3000 )( 0.0154 )
σ top = = +39.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 39.5 MPa (T)
(1.17 ×10 ) −6
− ( −3000 )( −0.0542 )
σ bottom = = −139.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 139.0 MPa (C)
(1.17 ×10−6 )
At the section where M = +1.00 kN ⋅ m :
− (1000 )( 0.0154 )
σ top = = −13.16 (106 ) N/m 2 = 13.16 MPa (C)
(1.17 ×10 ) −6
− (1000 )( −0.0542 )
σ bottom = = +46.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 46.3 MPa (T)
(1.17 ×10 ) −6
Therefore, σ max T = 46.3 MPa ................................................................................................... Ans.

σ max C = 139.0 MPa ................................................................................................. Ans.
7-63
4 ΣM C = 0 : (1.8)( 20 ) + ( 2.2 )(10 ) − 20 RA = 0
RA = RB = 2.90 kip ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = +11.00 kip ⋅ ft

From Table B-15 for an 8 × 8-in. timber :
S = 70.3 in.3
At the top and bottom of the timber:
M r (11, 000 ×12 )
σ max = = = 1878 psi
S ( 70.3)
σ max = 1878 psi (T, bottom; C, top) ........................ Ans.
7-64*
4 ΣM D = 0 :
( 5)(1) + ( 5) + ( 5)( 3) − ( 5) + (8 ×1.5 )( 3.25) − 4 RA = 0
RA = 14.75 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
4 RD − ( 8 ×1.5 )( 0.75 ) − ( 5 )(1) − ( 5 ) + ( 5 ) − ( 5 )( 3) = 0
RD = 7.25 kN ↑
7-65*
4 ΣM C = 0 : ( w )( 3L ) 2  ( L ) − 2 LRB = 0
RB = ( 3wL 4 ) ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 2 L ) RC − ( w)( 3L ) 2  ( L ) = 0
RC = ( 3wL 4 ) ↑
The maximum moment occurs
where the shear force goes to zero,
3wL ( wx 3L )( x )
Vr = − =0
4 2
x = 3L 2 ≅ 2.121L
( w 3L )( 2.121L )
3
 3wL 
M 2.121L =  (1.121L ) −
 4  6
= 0.3107 wL 2
From the moment diagram: M max = 0.3107 wL2

From Table B-3 for an S15 × 50 section : S = 64.8 in.3
Therefore
M 0.3107 w ( 5 × 12 )
2
σ= = ≤ 15 ksi
S 64.8
w≤
(15)( 64.8 ) = 0.869 kip/in. = 10.43 kip/ft ..................................................... Ans.
0.3107 ( 5 × 12 )
2
7-66
For the complete structure:
4 ΣM D = 0 : 3RC − ( 3)(1.5 ) − (1.5 × 3)(1.5 ) = 0
RC = 3.75 kN = 3.75 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RD − ( 3) − (1.5 × 3) + ( 3.75 ) = 0
RD = 3.75 kN = 3.75 kN ↑
For the member AB:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : − ( 3) − VB = 0
VB = −3 kN = 3 kN ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 : M B + ( 3)(1.5 ) = 0
M B = −4.5 kN ⋅ m = 4.5 kN ⋅ m 3
For the member CD:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 3.75 ) − (1.5 × 3) − VC = 0
VC = −0.75 kN = 0.75 kN ↑
4 ΣM C = 0 : M C + (1.5 × 3)(1.5 ) − ( 3.75 )( 3) = 0
M C = +4.5 kN ⋅ m = 4.5 kN ⋅ m 4
7-67*
(a) For pipe AB:
4 ΣM A = 0 : 64 By − (16 )( 27.5 ) − ( 48 )( 27.5 ) = 0
By = 27.5 lb ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 27.5 − 27.5 + 27.5 = 0
Ay = 27.5 lb ↑
From the moment diagram: M max = 440 lb ⋅ in.
From Table B-13 for a 1
2 -in. diameter pipe: S = 0.041 in.3
Therefore
M 440
σ= = = 10, 732 psi
S 0.041
σ ≅ 10.73 ksi (T, bottom; C top) ...................................................................................... Ans.
(b) By = FBC sin θ θ = tan −1 ( 35 64 ) = 28.673°
FBC = By sin θ = 27.5 sin 28.673° = 57.314 lb
ABC = π ( 3 16 ) 4 = 0.02761 in.2

2
FBC 57.314
σ BC = = = 2076 psi ≅ 2.08 ksi (T) .......................................................... Ans.
ABC 0.02761
(c) → ΣFx = 0 : Ax − 57.314 cos 28.673° = 0
Ax = +50.29 lb = 50.29 lb →
FA = Ax2 + Ay2 = ( 50.29 ) + ( 27.5) = 57.32 lb

2 2
AA = π (1 4 ) 4 = 0.04909 in.2
2
FA 57.32
τA = = = 584 psi ............................................................................................ Ans.
AA 0.04909
7-68
4 ΣM D = 0 : 1.5 RE − ( 40 )(1.5 ) 2  ( 2.5 ) = 0 RE = 50 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RD + 50 − ( 40 )(1.5 ) 2  = 0

RD = −20 kN = 20 kN ↓
4 ΣM C = 0 : 2 RB − ( 80 )(1.5 )  ( 2.75 )
− ( 40 )( 2 )  (1) − ( 20 )(1) = 0

RB = 215 kN ↑
4 ΣM B = 0 : 2 RC + ( 80 )(1.5 )  ( 0.75 )
− ( 40 )( 2 )  (1) + ( 20 )( 3) = 0
RC = −35 kN = 35 kN ↓
(a) Shear force and bending moment graphs are shown
to the right.
(b) From the moment diagram: M max = −90 kN ⋅ m
From Table B-4 for an S 457 × 81 section : S = 1465 (103 ) mm3
( 90, 000 ) = 61.4 106 N/m 2

σ max =
M
=
S (1465 × 10−6 )
( )
σ max = 61.4 MPa (T, top; C, bottom) ....................................................................... Ans.
7-69
4 ΣM B = 0 :
( 4050 )( 40 − x ) + (1010 )( 30.5 − x ) − 40 RA = 0
RA = ( 4820 − 126.5 x ) lb ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 :
40 RB − ( 4050 )( x ) − (1010 )( x + 9.5 ) = 0
RB = ( 239.9 + 126.5 x ) lb ↑
Note that the maximum moment occurs under one of the wheels –
probably under the rear wheels ( C ) but possibly under the front
wheels ( D ) . Finding the position x which gives the maximum

moment under the rear wheels,
M C = RA x = ( −126.5 x 2 + 4820 x ) lb ⋅ ft
dM C
= ( −253x + 4820 ) = 0 x = 19.05 ft
dx
M C max = M C19.05 = −126.5 (19.05 ) + 4820 (19.05 )
2
M C max = 45,914 lb ⋅ ft ≅ 45.9 kip ⋅ ft

Finding the position x which gives the maximum moment under the front wheels,
M D = RB ( 30.5 − x ) = ( 239.9 + 126.5 x )( 30.5 − x ) = ( −126.5 x 2 + 3618 x + 7317 ) lb ⋅ ft
dM D
= ( −253x + 3618 ) = 0 x = 14.30 ft
dx
M D max = M D14.30 = −126.5 (14.30 ) + 3618 (14.30 ) + 7317 = 33,186 lb ⋅ ft
2
M max = 45,914 lb ⋅ ft ≅ 45.9 kip ⋅ ft ............................................................................ Ans.
7-70*
(a) P = mg = 1500 ( 9.81) = 14, 715 N = 14.715 kN
4 ΣM B = 0 : P (10 − x ) − RA (10 ) = 0
RA = ( P − 0.1Px ) kN
4 ΣM A = 0 : RB (10 ) − Px = 0
RB = ( 0.1Px ) kN
(b) M = RA x = ( Px − 0.1Px 2 ) kN ⋅ m
dM
= P − 0.2 Px = 0
dx
x = 5.00 m ............................................................... Ans.
M max = M 5 = (14.715 )( 5 ) − 0.1(14.715 )( 5 ) = 36.8 kN ⋅ m
2
7-71
For the combined system of beams:
4 ΣM H = 0 : 22.5 (10 ) − 37.5 RA = 0
RA = 6.00 kip = 6.00 kip ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : 37.5 RH − 15 (10 ) = 0
RH = 4.00 kip = 4.00 kip ↑
For the beam ABD:
4 ΣM D = 0 : 5TBC − 15 ( 6 ) = 0
TBC = 18.00 kip = 18.00 kip (T)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 6.00 − 18.00 − 10 + RD = 0
RD = 22.00 kip = 22.00 kip ↑
For the beam EGH:
4 ΣM E = 0 : 15 ( 4 ) − 5TFG = 0
TFG = 12.00 kip = 12.00 kip (T)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 4.00 − 12.00 + RE = 0
RE = 8.00 kip = 8.00 kip ↑
7-72*
4 ΣM C = 0 : (10 )( 2 ) − 4 RB = 0 RB = 5 kN = 5 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 5 − VA = 0 VA = 5.00 kN = 5.00 kN ↓
(150 )( 200 )
3
I= = 100.0 (106 ) mm 4
12
Qa = 0 τ a = 0 MPa ........................................ Ans.
Qb = yC A = 75 (150 × 50 ) = 562.5 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 5000 ) ( 562.5 × 10 )
−6
τb = = = 187.5 (103 ) N/m 2

It (100.0 × 10 ) ( 0.150 )
−6
τ b = 187.5 kPa ............................................................... Ans.

Qc = yC A = 50 (150 × 100 ) = 750.0 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 5000 ) ( 750.0 × 10 )
−6
τb = = = 250 (103 ) N/m 2

It (100.0 × 10−6 ) ( 0.150 )
τ b = 250 kPa ................................................................. Ans.
7-73*
( 8)(12 ) ( 4 )(8 )
3 3
I= − = 981.3 in.4
12 12
(a) Q2 = yC A = 5 ( 8 × 2 ) = 80.0 in 3
VQ ( 7000 )( 80.0 )
τ= = = 142.7 psi .............................. Ans.
It ( 981.3)( 4 )
(b) Q3 = yC A = 5 ( 8 × 2 ) + 3.5 ( 4 × 1) = 94.0 in 3
VQ ( 7000 )( 94.0 )
τ= = = 167.6 psi ................................................................................ Ans.
It ( 981.3)( 4 )
(c) QNA = 5 ( 8 × 2 ) + 2 ( 4 × 4 ) = 112.0 in 3
VQ ( 7000 )(112.0 )
τ max = = = 199.7 psi (at neutral axis) .......................................... Ans.
It ( 981.3)( 4 )
7-74
4 ΣM C = 0 : ( 25)( 3) + ( 25 )(1) − 5RB = 0
RB = 20.0 kN = 20.0 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 20 − 25 − VA = 0
VA = −5.00 kN = 5.00 kN ↑
From Table B-2 for a W 254 × 89 section : I = 142 (106 ) mm 4
d = 2c = 260 mm tw = 10.7 mm
w f = 256 mm t f = 17.3 mm
(a) QNA = yC A = 121.35 ( 256 ×17.3) + 56.35 (112.7 × 10.7 ) = 605.4 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 5000 ) ( 605.4 × 10 )
−6
τ max = = = 1.992 (106 ) N/m 2

It (142 ×10 ) ( 0.0107 )
−6
τ max = 1.992 MPa ........................................................................Ans.
(b) Aw =  260 − 2 (17.3)  (10.7 ) = 2412 mm 2
= 2.07 (106 ) N/m 2

V 5000
τ avg = =
Aw 2412 (10 )
−6
τ max = 2.07 MPa ..........................................................................Ans.
7-75*
RB = RC = (1000 × 8 ) 2 = 4000 lb ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 4000 − (1000 × 2 ) − Vr = 0
Vr = 2000 lb
From Table B-11 for a WT 7 × 34 section : d = 7.020 in.
ts = 0.415 in. I = 32.6 in.4 yC = 1.29 in.
Q3 = yC A = 2.865 ( 5.73 × 0.415 ) = 6.813 in 3
VQ ( 2000 )( 6.813)
τ= = = 1007 psi (at neutral axis) ................................................ Ans.
It ( 32.6 )( 0.415)
7-76
(180 )( 200 ) (140 )(120 )
3 3
I= − = 99.84 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
QJ = yC A = 80 ( 40 ×180 ) = 576 (103 ) mm3
QNA = yC A = 80 ( 40 × 180 ) + 30 ( 40 × 60 ) = 648 (103 ) mm3

Vmax = RA = RB = ( 6 )( 3.5 ) 2 = 10.5 kN
VQ (10,500 ) ( 576 × 10 )
−6
τJ = = = 1.514 (106 ) N/m 2

It ( 99.84 ×10 ) ( 0.040 )
(a) −6
τ J = 1.514 MPa ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
(10,500 ) ( 648 ×10−6 )

τ NA = = 1.721(106 ) N/m 2 = 1.721 MPa ................................ Ans.
( 99.84 ×10 ) ( 0.040 )
(b) −6
7-77
4 ΣM C = 0 : −8 RB − 3 ( 4000 ) = 0
RB = −1500 lb = 1500 lb ↓
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −1500 − VA = 0
VA = −1500 lb = 1500 lb ↑
From Table B-1 for a W10 × 30 section : I = 170 in.4
d = 2c = 10.47 in. tw = 0.300 in.
w f = 5.810 in. t f = 0.510 in.
(a) QNA = yC A = 4.980 ( 5.810 × 0.510 ) + 2.3625 ( 4.725 × 0.300 ) = 18.105 in 3

VQ (1500 )(18.105 )
τ max = = = 533 psi (at neutral axis) ............................................ Ans.
It (170 )( 0.300 )
(b) With the weight of the beam included:

w = 30 lb/ft
4 ΣM C = 0 : 2.5 ( 30 × 11) − 8 RB − 3 ( 4000 ) = 0
RB = −1397 lb = 1397 lb ↓
↑ ΣFy = 0 : −1397 − ( 30 × 4 ) − VA = 0
VA = −1517 lb = 1517 lb ↑
VQ (1517 )(18.105 )
τ max = = = 539 psi (at neutral axis) ........................................... Ans.
It (170 )( 0.300 )
7-78*
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A − 2 ( 20 ) = 0
M A = 40.0 kN ⋅ m 4
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA − 20 = 0
RA = 20 kN = 20 kN ↑
From Table B-2 for a W 203 × 60 section :
d = 2c = 210 mm tw = 9.1 mm
w f = 205 mm t f = 14.2 mm
I = 60.8 (106 ) mm 4 S = 582 (103 ) mm3
From the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Vmax = 20 kN (full length of the beam)
M max = 40.0 kN ⋅ m (at the wall)
( 40, 000 ) = 68.7 106 N/m 2
σ max =
Mr
= ( )
S ( 582 ×10−6 )
σ max = 68.7 MPa (T, top; C bottom) .....................................Ans.
QNA = yC A = 97.9 ( 205 × 14.2 ) + 45.4 ( 90.8 × 9.1) = 322.5 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 20, 000 ) ( 322.5 × 10 )

−6
τ max = = = 11.66 (106 ) N/m 2

It ( 60.8 ×10 ) ( 0.0091)
−6
τ max = 11.66 MPa ........................................................................................................... Ans.
7-79*
From the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams:
Vmax = 1160 lb M max = 1346 lb ⋅ ft
bh3 ( 2 )( 6 ) ( 2 )( 3)
3 3
I= = + = 40.5 in.4
12 12 12
(a) At the bottom of the beam 2.32 ft from the left support:
− M r y − (1346 × 12 )( −3)
σ max = = = +1196 psi
I ( 40.5)
σ max = 1196 psi (T) ...................................................... Ans.
(b) At the left support:
VQ (1160 )  0.75 (1.5 × 2 ) + 1.5 ( 3 × 2 ) 

τ NA = = = 80.6 psi
It ( 40.5)( 4 )
VQ (1160 )  2.25 (1.5 × 2 ) 
τ 1.5 = = = 96.7 psi
It ( 40.5)( 4 )
τ max = τ 1.5 = 96.7 psi (1.5 in. above and below NA) .................................................... Ans.
7-80
4 ΣM B = 0 : 9 + 2.5 ( 6 ) + 0.5 ( 6 ) − 3RA = 0
RA = 9.0 kN ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 9 − 6 − 6 + RB = 0
RB = 3.0 kN ↑
Vmax = 9.0 kN M max = 10.5 kN ⋅ m
(100 )( 240 )
3
I= = 115.2 (106 ) mm 4
12
(a) QJ = yC A = 95 (100 × 50 ) = 475 (103 ) mm3
( 9000 ) ( 475 ×10−6 )

= 371(103 ) N/m 2 = 371 kPa ............................... Ans.
VQ
τJ = =
It (115.2 × 10−6 ) ( 0.100 )
(b) QNA = yC A = 60 (100 ×120 ) = 720 (103 ) mm3
( 9000 ) ( 720 ×10−6 )

= 563 (103 ) N/m 2 = 563 kPa ............................. Ans.
VQ
τ NA = =
It (115.2 × 10 ) ( 0.100 )
−6
M max c (10,500 )( 0.120 )

σ max = = = 10.94 (106 ) N/m 2
( )
(c) −6
I 115.2 × 10
σ max = 10.94 MPa (T, bottom; C, top) ............................................................................ Ans.
7-81
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 250 )( 4 ) 2  ( 2 ) − 4 RA = 0
RA = RB = 250 lb ↑
Vmax = 250 lb M max = 333.3 lb ⋅ ft
bh3 ( 8 )( 0.5 )
3
I= = = 0.08333 in.4
12 12
M c ( 333.3 × 12 )( 0.25 )
σ max = r = = 11,999 psi
I ( 0.08333)
σ max ≅ 12.00 ksi (T, bottom; C, top) ........................................................................ Ans.
QNA = yC A = ( 0.125 )( 8 × 0.25 ) = 0.25 in.3

VQ ( 250 )( 0.25 )
τ max = = = 93.8 psi (at neutral axis) ............................................. Ans.
It ( 0.08333)( 8 )
The results for τ max are worthless since w d = 16 and Eq. 7-12 gives useful results only when w d < 1 .
7-82*
RA = RB = ( 4 × 6 ) 2 = 12.0 kN ↑
Vmax = 12.0 kN V0.5 = 12.0 − 4 ( 0.5 ) = 10.0 kN
M max = 18.0 kN ⋅ m V1.0 = 12.0 − 4 (1) = 8.0 kN
( 225 ) ( 250 )( 50 )  + (125) ( 50 )(150 ) + ( 25 ) (150 )( 25)

d=
( 250 )( 50 )  + ( 50 )(150 )  + (150 )( 25 ) 
= 143.18 mm
(150 )(143.18) (100 )( 93.18)
3 3
I NA = −
3 3
( 250 )(106.82 ) ( 200 )( 56.82 )
3 3
+ − = 209.1(106 ) mm 4
3 3
(a) QTJ = yC A = 81.82 ( 250 × 50 ) = 1022.8 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 8000 ) (1022.8 × 10 )
−6
τ TJ = =
It ( 209.1×10−6 ) ( 0.050 )
τ TJ = 783 (103 ) N/m 2 = 783 kPa ......................................Ans.
(b) QBJ = 118.18 (150 × 50 ) = 886.4 (103 ) mm3
(10, 000 ) (886.4 ×10−6 )

τ BJ = = 848 (103 ) N/m 2 = 848 kPa ...................................... Ans.
( 209.1 × 10 −6
)( 0.050 )
(c) QNA = 81.82 ( 250 × 50 ) + 28.41( 56.82 × 50 ) = 1103.5 (103 ) mm3
(12, 000 ) (1103.5 ×10−6 )

τ max = = 1267 (103 ) N/m 2 = 1267 kPa .............................. Ans.
( 209.1×10 ) ( 0.050 )
−6
− M max c − (18, 000 )( −0.14318 )

σ max = = = +12.33 106 N/m 2 ( )
( 209.1×10 )
(d) −6
I
σ max = 12.33 MPa (T) .......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-83
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 200 × 6 )( 6 ) − ( 600 )( 3) − 9 RA = 0
RA = 600 lb = 600 lb ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( 600 ) − ( 200 × 6 ) + RB − 600 = 0
RB = 1200 = 1200 lb ↑
Vmax = ±600 lb M max = ±900 lb ⋅ ft
( 5)( 6 ) ( 3)( 4 )
3 3
I= − = 74.0 in.4
12 12
(a) QJ = yC A = 2.5 ( 5 × 1) = 12.5 in 3
VQ ( 600 )(12.5 )
τJ = = = 50.7 psi ................................. Ans.
It ( 74.0 )( 2 )
(b) QNA = 2.5 ( 5 ×1) + 2 1( 2 × 1)  = 16.5 in 3
τ max =
( 600 )(16.5 ) = 66.9 psi (at NA) .......................... Ans.
( 74.0 )( 2 )
M c ( 900 × 12 )( 3)
(c) σ max = r = = 438 psi
I ( 74.0 )
σ max = 438 psi (T & C) ....................................................................................................... Ans.
7-84
RA = RB = ( 4.5w ) 2 = ( 2.25w ) N ↑
Vmax = ( 2.25w ) N M max = ( 2.53w ) N ⋅ m
(150 )( 300 )
3
I= = 337.5 (106 ) mm 4
12
QNA = yC A = 75 (150 × 150 ) = 1687.5 (103 ) mm3
( 2.25w) (1687.5 ×10−6 )

τ max = = 75.00w
( 337.5 ×10−6 ) ( 0.150 )
(a)
τ max = 75.00w = 825 (103 ) N/m 2

w = 11, 000 N/m = 11.00 kN/m .................................................................................. Ans.
(b) V2 = RA − wx = 2.25 (11, 000 ) − 11, 000 ( 0.6 ) = 18,150 N
Q2 = 125 (150 × 50 ) = 937.5 (103 ) mm3
(18,150 ) ( 937.5 ×10−6 )

τH = = 336 (103 ) N/m 2
( 337.5 ×10 ) ( 0.150 )
−6
τ H = 336 kPa .......................................................................................................................... Ans.

(c) M max = 2.53 (11, 000 ) = 27,830 N ⋅ m
− M r y − ( 27,830 )( −0.150 )
σ max = = = 12.37 (106 ) N/m 2
I ( 337.5 ×10 )
−6
σ max = 12.37 MPa ................................................................................................................. Ans.
7-85*
RA = RB = 1000 2 = 500 lb = 500 lb ↑
V = constant = 500 lb
( 6 )(12 ) ( 4 )(8)
3 3
I= − = 693.3 in.4
12 12
(a) QJ = yC A = 5 ( 6 × 2 ) = 60.0 in 3
VQ ( 500 )( 60.0 )
τJ = = = 21.636 psi
It ( 693.3)( 2 )
FJ = τ J AJ = ( 21.636 )(12 × 2 ) = 519.3 lb
FJ ≅ 519 lb ........................................................................... Ans.
(b) N = FJ FN = 519.3 100 = 5.19 nails s = 12 5.19 = 2.13 in.
Use 6 nails spaced 2 in. apart in a 12-in. length. ......................................................... Ans.
7-86*
From Table B-6 for a C 457 × 86 channel :
I = 7.41(106 ) mm 4 A = 11, 030 mm 2
xC = 21.9 mm tw = 17.8 mm
For the beam:
I = 2  7.41(106 ) + 11, 030 ( 21.9 )  = 25.40 (106 ) mm 4

2
 
QNA = yC A = 21.9 (11, 030 ) = 241.6 (103 ) mm3
V = constant = 20 kN
VQ ( 20, 000 ) ( 241.6 × 10 )
−6
τ NA = =
( 25.40 ×10−6 ) ( 0.4572 )
(a)
It
τ NA = 416 (103 ) N/m 2 = 416 kPa

FB = τ NA AS 2 = ( 416.1× 103 ) ( 0.4572 × 0.300 ) 2 = 28.5 (103 ) N
FB = 28.5 kN ................................................................................................................... Ans.
= 60 (106 ) N/m 2
FB 28,540
(b) τ= =
AB π d 4
2
d = 0.02461 m = 24.61 mm
= 125 (106 ) N/m 2

F 28,540
σb = B =
dtw d ( 0.0178 )
d = 0.01283 m = 12.83 mm
Therefore
d min = 24.6 mm ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-87
From Table B-1 for a W18 × 97 section : I = 1750 in.4
d = 2c = 18.59 in. w f = 11.145 in.
For the beam:

∆M 4600 − 2300
V= = = 115 kip
∆x 20
 (10 )( 0.5 )3 
I = 1750 + 2  + (10 × 0.50 )( 9.545 )  = 2661 in.4
2
 12 
QJ = yC A = 9.545 (10 × 0.50 ) = 47.73 in 3
VQ (115 )( 47.73)
τJ = = = 0.2063 ksi = 206.3 psi
It ( 2661)(10 )
FJ = τ J AJ = ( 206.3)( 20 ×10 ) = 41, 260 lb
FJ 41, 260
N= = = 8.596
FW 2 ( 2400 )
Use 5 welds on each side. .................................................................................................. Ans.
7-88
RA = RB = 125 2 = 62.5 kN ↑ V = constant = 62.5 kN
From Table B-6 for a C 305 × 45 channel : I = 67.4 (106 ) mm 4
d = 2c = 304.8 mm w f = 80.5 mm
For the beam:

 ( 260 )(15 )3 
I = 2 + ( 260 × 15 )(159.9 ) 
2
 12 
+ 2 ( 67.4 × 106 ) = 334.4 (106 ) mm 4
QJ = yC A = 159.9 ( 260 ×15 ) = 623.6 (103 ) mm3
( 62,500 ) ( 623.6 ×10−6 )

τJ = = 723.9 (103 ) N/m 2
( 334.4 ×10 ) ( 2 × 0.0805)
−6
FJ = τ J AJ = ( 723.9 × 103 ) ( 2 × 0.0805s ) = 116.55s (103 ) N
FB = τ B AB = 2 (150 ×106 ) π ( 0.020 ) 4  = 94.248 (103 ) N

2
 
Since FB = FJ
94.248
s= = 0.809 m = 809 mm ...................................................................................... Ans.
116.55
7-89*
RA = RB = 125 2 = 62.5 kip = 62.5 kip ↑ V = constant = 62.5 kip
From Table B-1 for a W 21× 101 section : I = 2420 in.4
d = 2c = 21.36 in. w f = 12.290 in.
For the beam:
 (16 )( 0.75 )3 
I = 2420 + 2  + (16 × 0.75 )(11.055 )  = 5354 in.4
2
 12 
QJ = yC A = 11.055 (16 × 0.75 ) = 132.66 in 3
VQ ( 62,500 )(132.66 )
τJ = = = 126.01 psi
It ( 5354 )(12.290 )
FJ = τ J AJ = (126.01)(12.290 s ) = (1548.6 s ) lb
FB = τ B AB = 2 (17,500 ) π ( 0.75 ) 4  = 15, 463 lb

2
 
15, 463
Since FB = FJ s= = 9.985 in. ≅ 10.00 in. ...................................Ans.
1548.6
7-90
RA = RB = 96 2 = 48 kN ↑ V = constant = 48 kN
From Table B-6 for a C 381× 74 channel : I = 4.58 (106 ) mm 4
A = 9485 mm 2 xC = 20.3 mm tw = 18.2 mm
From Table B-2 for a W 356 × 122 section : I = 367 (106 ) mm 4
A = 15,550 mm 2 d = 2c = 363 mm w f = 257 mm
For the beam:
M x ( 360.9 )( 9485 ) + (181.5 )(15,550 )
d= = = 249.5 mm
A ( 9485) + (15,550 )
I = 367 (106 ) + 15,550 ( 68 )  +  4.58 (106 ) + 9485 (111.4 )  = 561.2 (106 ) mm 4
2 2
   
QJ = 111.4 ( 9485 ) = 1056.6 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 48, 000 ) (1056.6 × 10 )

−6
τJ = = = 351.6 (103 ) N/m 2

( 561.2 ×10 ) ( 0.257 )
(a) −6
It
FB = τ J AS 2 = ( 351.64 × 103 ) ( 0.257 × 0.500 ) 2 = 22,593 N

FB = 22.6 kN ................................................................................................................... Ans.
= 60 (106 ) N/m 2
FB 22,593
(b) τ= = d = 0.02190 m
AB π d 4
2
d min = 21.9 mm ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-91
(8)(12 ) ( 4 )(8)
3 3
I= − = 981.33 in.4
12 12
−4 in. ≤ y ≤ +4 in. : t = 4 in.
(4 + y) 
Q = yC A = 5 ( 8 × 2 ) + 2  ( 2 )( 4 − y )  = (112 − 2 y 2 ) in.3
 2 
VQ ( 7500 ) (116 − 2 y )
2
τ= =
It ( 981.33)( 4 )
= 3.8213 ( 56 − y 2 ) psi
−6 in. ≤ y ≤ −4 in. and 4 in. ≤ y ≤ 6 in. :
t = 8 in.
(6 + y) 
Q = yC A =  ( 8)( 6 − y )
 2 
= (144 − 4 y 2 ) in.3
VQ ( 7500 ) (144 − 4 y ) = 3.8213 36 − y psi

2
τ=
It
=
( 981.33)(8 )
( 2
)
7-92
4 ΣM B = 0 : ( 3 × 2 )( 3) − 4 RA = 0
RA = 4.5 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 4.5 − ( 3 × .5 ) − Vr = 0
Vr = 3.0 kN
M x (100 ) ( 200 )( 25 )  + ( 212.5 ) (100 )( 25 ) 

d= = = 137.5 mm
A ( 200 )( 25) + (100 )( 25)
( 25 )(137.5) (100 )(87.5 ) ( 75)( 62.5)
3 3 3
I= + −
3 3 3
= 37.89 (106 ) mm 4
−137.5 mm ≤ y ≤ +62.5 mm : t = 25 mm
137.5 + y
Q = yC A = ( 25)(137.5 − y ) = 12.5 (137.52 − y 2 ) mm3
2
VQ ( 3000 ) (12.5 ) (137.5 − y )(10 ) 

2 2 −9
τ= =
It ( 37.89 ×10−6 ) ( 0.025)
= 39.59 (137.52 − y 2 ) N/m 2
+62.5 mm ≤ y ≤ +87.5 mm : t = 100 mm

87.5 + y
Q = yC A = (100 )( 87.5 − y )
2
= 50 ( 87.52 − y 2 ) mm3
( 3000 ) ( 50 ) (87.52 − y 2 )(10−9 )

τ=
( 37.89 ×10−6 ) ( 0.100 )
= 39.59 ( 87.52 − y 2 ) N/m 2
7-93
M x (1) ( 6 )( 2 )  + ( 2 ) ( 4 )(1)  + ( 2 ) ( 4 )(1) 
d= = = 1.400 in.
A ( 6 )( 2 ) + ( 4 )(1) + ( 4 )(1)
( 8)(1.4 ) ( 6 )( 0.6 ) (1)( 2.6 ) (1)( 2.6 )
3 3 3 3
I= + + + = 19.467 in.4
3 3 3 3
By symmetry, each support carries half the total load
RA = RB = ( 360 × 18 ) 2 = 3240 lb ↑
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 3240 − ( 360 × 2 ) − Vr = 0
Vr = 2520 lb
−1.4 in. ≤ y ≤ +0.6 in. : t = 8 in.
 (1.4 + y ) 
Q = yC A =  (8)(1.4 − y ) 
 2 
= 4 (1.42 − y 2 ) in.3
VQ ( 2520 ) ( 4 ) (1.4 − y ) 

2 2
τ= =
It (19.467 )(8 )
= 64.725 (1.42 − y 2 ) psi
+0.6 in. ≤ y ≤ +2.6 in. t = 2 in.
 ( 2.6 + y ) 
Q = yC A = 2  (1)( 2.6 − y )
 2 
= ( 2.62 − y 2 ) in.3
VQ ( 2520 ) ( 2.6 − y )
2 2
τ= =
It (19.467 )( 2 )
= 64.725 ( 2.62 − y 2 ) psi
7-94*
4 ΣM B = 0 : 2 RC − ( 20 )(1.4 ) = 0
RC = 14.0 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0 : VA + (14 ) = 0
VA = −14 kN = 14 kN ↓
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M A + (14 )( 0.6 ) = 0
M A = +8.40 kN ⋅ m
( 80 )(120 ) ( 75)(100 )
3 3
I= − = 5.270 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
− M r y − ( 8400 )( −0.050 )
σA = = = +79.70 (106 ) N/m 2 = 79.70 MPa (T)
I ( 5.270 ×10 )
−6
QA = yC A = 55 ( 80 × 10 ) = 44.0 (103 ) mm3
VQ (14, 000 ) ( 44.0 × 10 )

−6
τA = = = 23.38 (106 ) N/m 2 = 23.38 MPa

It ( 5.270 × 10 ) ( 0.005 )
−6
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
79.70 + 0  79.70 − 0 
2
= ±   + ( 23.38 )
2
2  2 
= 39.85 ± 46.20 MPa
σ p1 = 39.85 + 46.20 = 86.05 MPa ≅ 86.1 MPa (T) ....................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 39.85 − 46.20 = −6.350 MPa ≅ 6.35 MPa (C) .................................................. Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.

Since σ p1 and σ p2 have opposite signs:
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 46.2 MPa ............................................................................ Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 ( 23.38 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = +15.20°, − 74.80° ........................ Ans.
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 79.70 ) − ( 0 )
7-95*
↑ ΣFy = 0 : VA − 50 = 0 VA = +50 kip = +50 kip ↑
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M A − ( 50 )( 40 ) = 0 M A = −2000 kip ⋅ in.
(10 )(15) ( 9.5)(13)

3 3
I= −= 1073.2 in.4
12 12
− M r y − ( 2000 )( 6.5 )
σA = = = +12.113 ksi = 12.113 ksi (T)
I (1073.2 )
QA = yC A = 7 (10 ×1) = 70.0 in 3
VQ ( 50.0 )( 70.0 )
τ= = = 6.523 ksi
It (1073.2 )( 0.5 )
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
12.113 + 0  12.113 − 0 
2
= ±   + ( −6.523) = 6.057 ± 8.901 ksi

2
2  2 
σ p1 = 6.057 + 8.901 = 14.958 ksi ≅ 14.96 ksi (T) ......................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 6.057 − 8.901 = −2.844 ksi ≅ 2.84 ksi (C) .......................................................... Ans.

σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 8.90 ksi ................................................................................ Ans.

1 2τ xy 1 2 ( −6.523)
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = −23.56°, + 66.44° ...................... Ans.
2 σ x −σ y 2 (12.113) − ( 0 )
7-96
RB = RC = 0.5 P
On a section through A: VA = ( 0.5 P ) N ↓
M A = ( 0.5 P ) N ⋅ m
( 250 )( 350 ) ( 235)( 300 )

3 3
I= − = 364.5 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
− M r y − ( 0.5P )( −0.150 )
σA = = = ( 205.8 P ) N/m 2
I ( 364.5 ×10 )−6
QA = yC A = 162.5 ( 250 × 25 ) = 1015.6 (103 ) mm3
VQ ( 0.5P ) (1015.6 ×10 )

−6
τA = = = ( 92.88 P ) N/m 2
It ( 364.5 ×10 ) ( 0.015)
−6
205.8 P + 0  205.8 P − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = +   + ( 92.88P )
2
2  2 
= 241.52 P ≤ 120 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 497 (103 ) N
 205.8P − 0 
2
τ max = τ p =   + ( 92.88P ) = 138.62 P ≤ 75 (10 ) N/m

2 6 2
 2 
P ≤ 541(103 ) N
Therefore Pmax = 497 kN .......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-97
4 ΣM C = 0 : 3P − 8 RB = 0 RB = 0.375 P lb
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 0.375P − VA = 0 VA = 0.375 P lb
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M A − ( 0.375P )( 2 ) = 0 M A = 0.75 P lb ⋅ ft
( 6 )( 8) ( 4 )( 6 )
3 3
I= − = 184.0 in.4
12 12
−M r y − ( 0.75P × 12 )( +2 )
σA = = = −0.09783 psi
I (184.0 )
QA = yC A = 3.5 ( 6 × 1) + 2  2.5 (1× 1)  = 26.0 in 3
VQ ( 0.375 P )( 26.0 )
τ= = = 0.02649 P psi
It (184.0 )( 2 )
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
−0.09783 + 0  −0.09783 − 0 
2
= ±   + ( 0.02649 P )
2
2  2 
= −0.04892 P ± 0.05563P psi
σ p1 = −0.04892 P + 0.05563P psi = +0.00671P psi (T)
σ p 2 = −0.04892 P − 0.05563P psi = −0.10455P psi ≤ −400 psi
from which: P ≤ 3826 lb
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = 0.05563P psi ≤ 200 psi

from which: P ≤ 3595 lb
Therefore Pmax = 3595 lb ≅ 3.60 kip ......................................................................................... Ans.
7-98*
I = 1290 (106 ) mm 4 d = 2c = 611 mm tw = 12.7 mm
S = 4230 (103 ) mm3 w f = 324 mm t f = 19.1 mm
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA − (160 × 3) = 0
RA = +480 kN = 480 kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A − (160 × 3)(1.5 ) = 0
M A = +720 kN ⋅ m = 720 kN ⋅ m 4
Vmax = 480 kN M max = 720 kN ⋅ m
At the top of the beam (at the support):
σ max =
M
=
( 720 × 103 )
= 170.21(106 ) N/m 2 = 170.21 MPa (T)
S ( 4230 ×10−6 )
τ max = σ max 2 = 170.21 2 = 85.11 MPa
At the junction of the flange and the web (at the support):
QJ = yC A = 296 ( 324 × 19.1) = 1832 (103 ) mm3
My ( 720 × 10 ) ( 0.2864 )
3
σ= = = 159.85 (106 ) N/m 2 = 159.85 MPa (T)

I (1290 ×10 ) −6
VQ ( 480, 000 ) (1832 ×10 )

−6
τ= = = 53.67 (106 ) N/m 2 = 53.67 MPa

It (1290 ×10 ) ( 0.0127 )
−6
159.85 + 0  159.85 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 53.67 ) = 79.93 + 96.27 = 176.2 MPa (T)

2
2  2 
τ max = τ p = 96.27 MPa
At the neutral axis (at the support):
QNA = 296 ( 324 × 19.1) + 143.2 ( 286.4 × 12.7 ) = 2353 (103 ) mm3
( 480, 000 ) ( 2353 ×10−6 )

σ max = τ max = = 68.94 (106 ) N/m 2 = 68.94 MPa
(1290 ×10 ) ( 0.0127 )
−6
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the junction of the flange and the web (at the support):
σ max = 176.2 MPa (T) .......................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = 96.3 MPa ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-99*
From Table B-1 for a W18 × 60 section :
I = 984 in.4 d = 2c = 18.24 in. tw = 0.415 in.
S = 108 in. 3
w f = 7.555 in. t f = 0.695 in.
From symmetry:
RA = RB = 36 2 = 16 kip = 16 kip ↑
Vmax = 18 kip M max = 180 kip ⋅ ft
At the bottom of the beam (at midspan):
M (180 × 12 )
σ max = = = +20.0 ksi = 20.0 ksi (T)
S (108 )
τ max = σ max 2 = 20.0 2 = 10.00 ksi
At the junction of the flange and the web (at midspan):
QJ = yC A = 8.773 ( 7.555 × 0.695 ) = 46.06 in.3
− My − (180 ×12 )( −8.425 )
σ= = = +18.494 ksi
I ( 984 )
VQ (18 )( 46.06 )
τ= = = 2.030 ksi
It ( 984 )( 0.415 )
18.494 + 0  18.494 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 2.030 )
2
2  2 
= 9.247 + 9.467 = 18.71 ksi
τ max = τ p = 9.467 ksi
At the neutral axis (at midspan):
QNA = 8.773 ( 7.555 × 0.695 ) + 4.213 ( 8.425 × 0.415 ) = 60.79 in.3
σ max = τ max =
(18)( 60.79 ) = 2.680 ksi
( 984 )( 0.415)
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the top and bottom surfaces (at midspan):
σ max = 20.0 ksi (T, bottom; C, top) ................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = 10.00 ksi ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-100
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA − P = 0
RA = + ( P ) N = ( P ) N ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : M A − 3P = 0
M A = + ( 3P ) N ⋅ m = ( 3P ) N ⋅ m 4
Vmax = ( P ) N M max = ( 3P ) N ⋅ m
From Table B-2 for a W 305 × 97 section : d = 2c = 308 mm
I = 222 (106 ) mm 4 tw = 9.9 mm
S = 1440 (103 ) mm3 w f = 305 mm t f = 15.4 mm
At the top of the beam (at the support):
M ( 3P ) = 2083P N/m 2 σ max 2083P
= (1042 P ) N/m 2
σ max = = ( ) τ max = =
S (1440 ×10−6 ) 2 2
At the junction of the flange and the web (at the support):
QJ = yC A = 146.3 ( 305 ×15.4 ) = 687.1(103 ) mm3
My ( 3P )( 0.1386 )
σ= = = (1873P ) N/m 2
I ( 222 × 10 −6
)
VQ ( P ) ( 687.1×10−6 )
τ= = = ( 312.6 P ) N/m 2
It ( 222 × 10−6 ) ( 0.0099 )
1873P + 0  1873P − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 312.6 P ) = (1924 P ) N/m

2 2
2  2 
 1873P − 0 
2
τ max = τ p =   + ( 312.6 P ) = ( 987 P ) N/m

2 2
 2 
At the neutral axis (at the support):
QNA = 146.3 ( 305 ×15.4 ) + 69.3 (138.6 × 9.9 ) = 782.3 (103 ) mm3
( P ) ( 782.3 ×10−6 )
σ max = τ max = = ( 356 P ) N/m 2
( 222 ×10 ) ( 0.0099 )
−6
Therefore, at the top (at the support):

σ max = ( 2083P ) N/m 2 ≤ 125 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 60.0 (103 ) = 60.0 kN
τ max = 1042 P N/m 2 ≤ 75 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 72.0 (103 ) = 72.0 kN

Pmax = 60.0 kN ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-101
From symmetry:
RA = RB = P 2 = ( 0.5 P ) kip ↑
Vmax = ( 0.5 P ) kip
M max = ( 4.5P ) kip ⋅ ft = ( 54 P ) kip ⋅ in.

I = 1550 in.4 S = 131 in.3
d = 2c = 23.74 in. tw = 0.430 in.
w f = 7.040 in. t f = 0.590 in.
M ( 54 P ) σ max 0.4122 P
σ max = = = ( 0.4122 P ) ksi τ max = = = ( 0.2061P ) ksi
S (131) 2 2
At the junction of the bottom flange and the web (at midspan):
QJ = yC A = 11.575 ( 7.040 × 0.590 ) = 48.08 in.3
− My − ( 54 P )( −11.28 )
σ= = = ( 0.3930 P ) ksi
I (1550 )
VQ ( 0.5 P )( 48.08 )
τ= = = ( 0.03607 P ) ksi
It (1550 )( 0.430 )
0.3930 P + 0  0.3930 P − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 0.03607 P ) = ( 0.3963P ) ksi

2
2  2 
 0.3930 P − 0 
2
τ max =τ p =   + ( 0.03607 P ) = ( 0.1998 P ) ksi

2
 2 
QNA = 11.575 ( 7.040 × 0.590 ) + 5.64 (11.28 × 0.430 ) = 75.43 in.3
( 0.5P )( 75.43) = 0.05659 P ksi
σ max = τ max = ( )
(1550 )( 0.430 )
Therefore:
σ max = ( 0.4122 P ) ksi ≤ 18 ksi P ≤ 43.7 kip
τ max = ( 0.2061P ) ksi ≤ 10 ksi P ≤ 48.5 kip
Pmax = 43.7 kip ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-102*
(a) RA = RB = 700 2 = 350 kN ↑
Vmax = 350 kN M max = ( 350 ×1.5 ) = 525 kN ⋅ m
From Table B-2 for a W 356 × 179 section : d = 2c = 368 mm
I = 574 (10 6
) mm 4
S = 3115 (103 ) mm3
tw = 15.0 mm w f = 373 mm t f = 23.9 mm
σ max =
M
=
( 525 ×103 )
= 168.54 (106 ) N/m 2 = 168.54 MPa (T)
S ( 3115 × 10−6 )
τ max = σ max 2 = 168.54 2 = 84.27 MPa
QJ = yC A = 172.05 ( 373 × 23.9 ) = 1533.8 (103 ) mm3
− My − ( 525 ×10 ) ( −0.1601)

3
σ= = = 146.43 (106 ) N/m 2 = 146.43 MPa (T)

I ( 574 ×10 )−6
VQ ( 350, 000 ) (1533.8 ×10 ) = 62.35 10 N/m

−6
τ= = ( ) 6 2
= 62.35 MPa
It ( 574 ×10−6 ) ( 0.0150 )
146.43 + 0  146.43 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 62.34 ) = 169.38 MPa (T)

2
2  2 
 146.43 − 0 
2
τ max =τ p =   + ( 62.34 ) = 96.17 MPa

2
 2 
QNA = 172.05 ( 373 × 23.9 ) + 80.05 (160.1×15 ) = 1726.0 (103 ) mm3
( 350, 000 ) (1726.0 ×10−6 )

σ max = τ max = = 70.16 (106 ) N/m 2 = 70.16 MPa
( 574 ×10 ) ( 0.0150 )
−6
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the junction of the flange and the web (at midspan):
σ max = 169.4 MPa (T & C) ................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = 96.2 MPa .................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-102 (cont.)
(b) RA = RB = 350 2 = 175 kN ↑

Vmax = 175 kN M max = (175 × 3) = 525 kN ⋅ m
( 525 ×103 ) = 168.54 106 N/m 2 = 168.54 MPa (T)

σ max =
M
=
S ( 3115 × 10−6 )
( )
τ max = σ max 2 = 168.54 2 = 84.27 MPa
− ( 525 × 103 ) ( −0.1601)
σ= = 146.43 (106 ) N/m 2 = 146.43 MPa (T)
( 574 ×10 ) −6
(175, 000 ) (1533.8 ×10 ) −6
τ= = 31.17 (10 ) N/m 6 2

= 31.17 MPa
( 574 ×10 ) ( 0.0150 )
−6
146.43 + 0  146.43 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 31.17 ) = 152.8 MPa (T)

2
2  2 
 146.43 − 0 
2
τ max =τ p =   + ( 31.17 ) = 79.57 MPa

2
 2 
(175, 000 ) (1726.0 ×10−6 )

σ max = τ max = = 35.08 (106 ) N/m 2 = 35.08 MPa
( 574 ×10 ) ( 0.0150 )
−6
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the top and bottom surfaces at midspan:
σ max = 168.5 MPa (T, bottom; C, top) ............................................................................ Ans.
τ max = 84.3 MPa ..................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-103
(a) RA = RB = 160 2 = 80 kip ↑
Vmax = 80 kip M max = ( 80 × 4 ) = 320 kip ⋅ ft
From Table B-1 for a W14 × 120 section :
I = 1380 in.4 S = 190 in.3
d = 2c = 14.48 in. t f = 0.940 in.
tw = 0.590 in. w f = 14.67 in.
M ( 320 ×12 ) σ max 20.21
σ max = = = 20.21 ksi (T) τ max = = = 10.11 ksi
S (190 ) 2 2
QJ = yC A = 6.77 (14.67 × 0.940 ) = 93.36 in.3
− My − ( 320 ×112 )( −6.30 )
σ= = = 17.53 ksi (T)
I (1380 )
τ=
VQ
=
( 80 )( 93.36 ) = 9.173 ksi
It (1380 )( 0.590 )
17.530 + 0  17.530 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 9.173) = 21.45 ksi (T)

2
2  2 
 17.530 − 0 
2
τ max = τ p =   + ( 9.173) = 12.687 ksi

2
 2 
QNA = 6.77 (14.67 × 0.940 ) + 3.15 ( 6.30 × 0.590 ) = 105.07 in.3
σ max = τ max =
(80 )(105.07 ) = 10.324 ksi
(1380 )( 0.590 )
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the junction of the flange and the web (at midspan):
σ max = 21.5 ksi (T & C) ...................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = 12.69 ksi ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-103 (cont.)
(b) RA = RA = 80 2 = 40 kip ↑
Vmax = 40 kip
M max = ( 40 × 8 ) = 320 kip ⋅ ft
M ( 320 ×12 ) σ max 20.21
σ max = = = 20.21 ksi (T) τ max = = = 10.11 ksi
S (190 ) 2 2
− ( 320 × 12 )( −6.30 ) ( 40 )( 93.36 ) = 4.587 ksi
σ= = 17.53 ksi (T) τ=
(1380 ) (1380 )( 0.590 )
17.530 + 0  17.530 − 0 
2
σ max = σ p1 = ±   + ( 4.587 ) = 18.66 ksi (T)

2
2  2 
 17.530 − 0 
2
τ max = τ p =   + ( 4.587 ) = 9.893 ksi

2
 2 
σ max = τ max =
( 40 )(105.07 ) = 5.162 ksi
(1380 )( 0.590 )
Therefore, the maximum stresses occur at the top and bottom surfaces at midspan:
σ max = 20.2 ksi (T & C) ...................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = 10.11 ksi ...................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-104*
( 90 )( 90 ) ( 60 )( 30 ) ( 30 )(150 )
3 3 3
IZ = Iz = − + = 55.08 (106 ) mm 4
3 3 3
( 60 )( 90 ) (180 )( 30 )
3 3
IY = I y = + = 4.05 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
M ry = −20sin10° = −3.473 kN ⋅ m
M rz = −20 cos10° = −19.696 kN ⋅ m
M rY I Z ( −3.473)( 55.08 )
(a) tan β = = = +2.398
M rZ IY ( −19.696 )( 4.05 )
β = +67.36° = 67.36° 3 .........................................Ans.
(b) At point A ( y = −150 mm and z = +15 mm ):
− M rZ YA M rY Z A − ( −19, 696 )( −0.150 ) ( −3473)( +0.015 )

σA = + = +
IZ IY ( 55.08 ×10−6 ) ( 4.05 ×10−6 )
σ A = −66.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 66.5 MPa (C) ................................................................. Ans.
At point B ( y = +90 mm and z = −45 mm ):
− M rZ YB M rY Z B − ( −19, 696 )( +0.090 ) ( −3473)( −0.045 )

σB = + = +
IZ IY ( 55.08 ×10−6 ) ( 4.05 ×10−6 )
σ B = +70.8 (106 ) N/m 2 = 70.8 MPa (T) ................................................................. Ans.
7-105*
( 4 )( 6 ) ( 3)( 4 )
3 3
IZ = Iz = − = 56.0 in 4
12 12
( 2 )( 4 ) ( 4 )(1)
3 3
IY = I y = + = 11.0 in.4
12 12
M ry = 10sin 36.87° = 6.00 kip ⋅ in.
M rz = −10 cos 36.87° = −8.00 kip ⋅ in.
(a) tan β =
M rY I Z
=
( 6.00 )( 56.0 ) = −3.818
M rZ IY ( −8.00 )(11.0 )
β = −75.32° = 75.32° 4 .............................................................................................. Ans.
(b) At point A ( y = +3 in. and z = +2 in. ):
− M rZ YA M rY Z A − ( −8.00 )( 3) ( 6.00 )( +2 )
σA = + = +
IZ IY ( 56.0 ) (11.0 )
σ A = +1.519 ksi = 1.519 ksi (T) ................................................................................ Ans.
At point B ( y = −3 in. and z = −2 in. ):
− M rZ YB M rY Z B − ( −8.00 )( −3) ( 6.00 )( −2 )

σB = + = +
IZ IY ( 56.0 ) (11.0 )
σ B = −1.519 ksi = 1.519 ksi (C) ................................................................................ Ans.
7-106
(a) At point A ( y = −90 mm and z = +85 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 4.02 )( −90 ) − ( −6.05 )( 85 )   10−9 

−12  (
σA = − 2 
M = −  2 
−8000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 4.02 )(16.64 ) − ( −6.05 )  10 
rz
σ A = +40.3 (106 ) N/m 2 = 40.3 MPa (T) ...............................Ans.
(b) tan β =
I yz
=
( −6.05) = −1.5050
Iy ( 4.02 )
β = −56.40° = 56.40° 4 ...........................................................Ans.
(c) At point B ( y = −90 mm and z = −5 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 4.02 )( −90 ) − ( −6.05 )( −5 )   10−9 

−12  (
σB = −  M = −  2 
−8000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 4.02 )(16.64 ) − ( −6.05 )  10 
2 rz
σ B = −103.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 103.5 MPa (C) ............................................................. Ans.

At point D ( y = +90 mm and z = +5 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 4.02 )( +90 ) − ( −6.05 )( +5 )   10−9 

−12  (
σD = −  M = −  2 
−8000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 4.02 )(16.64 ) − ( −6.05 )  10 
2 rz
σ D = +103.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 103.5 MPa (T) ............................................................. Ans.
7-107
(a) At point A ( y = + + 5.63 in. and z = +2.37 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z 
σA = − 2 
M rz
 I y I z − I yz 
 ( 89.0 )( +5.63) − ( 52.5 )( +2.37 ) 
= −  ( −7.50 ×12 )
(89.0 )(89.0 ) − ( 52.5)
2
 
σ A = +6.56 ksi = 6.56 ksi (T) ................................... Ans.
(b) tan β =
I yz
=
( 52.5) = +0.5899
Iy (89.0 )
β = +30.54° = 30.54° 3 .............................................................................................. Ans.
(c) At point B ( y = −2.37 in. and z = +2.37 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 89.0 )( −2.37 ) − ( 52.5 )( +2.37 ) 

σB = −  M = −   ( −7.50 × 12 )
 I y I z − I yz  (89.0 )(89.0 ) − ( 52.5)
2 rz 2
 
σ B = −5.84 ksi = 5.84 ksi (C) .................................................................................... Ans.
At point D ( y = +5.63 in. and z = +1.37 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 89.0 )( +5.63) − ( 52.5 )( +1.37 ) 

σD = −  M = −   ( −7.50 × 12 )
 I y I z − I yz  ( 89.0 )(89.0 ) − ( 52.5)
2 rz 2
 
σ D = +7.48 ksi = 7.48 ksi (T) .................................................................................... Ans.
7-108*
(180 )( 90 ) ( 90 )(180 )
3 3
Iy = = 3.645 (106 ) mm 4 Iz = = 14.580 (106 ) mm 4

36 36
− (180 ) ( 90 )
2 2
I yz = = −3.645 (106 ) mm 4
72
(a) At point A ( y = +60 mm and z = −60 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z 
σA = − 2 
M rz
 I y I z − I yz 
 ( 3.645 )( +60 ) − ( −3.645 )( −60 )   10−9 
−12  (
= − 2 
−2000 )
 ( 3.645 )(14.580 ) − ( −3.645 )  10 
σ A = 0 N/m 2 = 0 MPa ........................................................Ans.
(b) tan β =
I yz
=
( −3.645) = −1.000
Iy ( 3.645)
β = −45.00° = 45.00° 4 .............................................................................................. Ans.
(c) At point B ( y = −120 mm and z = +30 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 3.645 )( −120 ) − ( −3.645 )( +30 )   10−9 

σB = − 2 
M rz = −    −12  ( −2000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 3.645 )(14.580 ) − ( −3.645 )  10 
2
σ B = −16.46 (106 ) N/m 2 = 16.46 MPa (C) ............................................................. Ans.

At point D ( y = +60 mm and z = +30 mm ):
 I y y − I yz z   ( 3.645 )( +60 ) − ( −3.645 )( +30 )   10−9 

−12  (
σD = −  M = −  2 
−2000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 3.645 )(14.580 ) − ( −3.645 )  10 
2 rz
σ D = +16.46 (106 ) N/m 2 = 16.46 MPa (T) ............................................................. Ans.
7-109*
( 6 )(1.5) ( 4 )( 0.5) ( 2 )( 2.5 )
3 3 3
Iy = + + = 17.33 in.4
3 3 3
( 2 )( 3.5 ) ( 4 )( 2.5 ) ( 2 )( 0.5 )
3 3 3
Iz = + − = 49.33 in.4
3 3 3
I yz = ( 2 × 4 )(1.5 )( 0.5 ) + ( 2 × 4 )( −1.5 )( −0.5 ) = 12.00 in.4
(a) At point A ( y = +3.50 in. and z = +1.50 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z   (17.33)( +3.50 ) − (12.00 )( +1.50 ) 

σA = − 2 
M = −   ( −50 )
 I y I z − I yz  (17.33)( 49.33) − (12.00 ) 
rz 2

σ A = +3.00 ksi = 3.00 ksi (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
(b) tan β =
I yz
=
(12.00 ) = +0.6924
Iy (17.33)
β = +34.70° = 34.70° 3 ..................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) At point B ( y = +3.50 in. and z = −0.50 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z   (17.33)( +3.50 ) − (12.00 )( −0.50 ) 

σB = −  M = −   ( −50 )
 I y I z − I yz  (17.33)( 49.33) − (12.00 ) 
2 rz 2

σ B = +4.69 ksi = 4.69 ksi (T) .................................................................................... Ans.
At point D ( y = −2.50 in. and z = +1.50 in. ):
 I y y − I yz z   (17.33)( −2.50 ) − (12.00 )( +1.50 ) 

σD = −  M = −   ( −50 )
 I y I z − I yz  (17.33)( 49.33) − (12.00 ) 
2 rz 2

σ D = −4.31 ksi = 4.31 ksi (C) ..................................................................................... Ans.
7-110
( 50 )( 300 ) ( 300 )( 50 )
3 3
IZ = = 112.50 (106 ) mm 4 IY = = 3.125 (106 ) mm 4

12 12
− M r y − M ( −0.150 )
σ= = = (1333.3M ) N/m 2
(112.50 ×10 )
For symmetric bending: −6
I
For non-symmetric bending:
− M rZ Y M rY Z − ( M cos 3° )( −0.150 ) ( M sin 3° )( +0.025 )
σ= + = + = (1750.2 M ) N/m 2
IZ IY (112.50 ×10 )−6
( 3.125 ×10 )−6
1750.2 − 1333.3
∆σ = (100 ) = 31.3% .............................................................................. Ans.
1333.3
7-111
− M rZ Y M rY Z hb3 bh3
σ= + IY = IZ =
IZ IY 12 12
M rY = M sin α M rZ = − M cos α
− ( M cos α )( −h 2 ) ( M sin α )( b 2 ) = 6M
σ max = + ( b cos α + h sin α )
( bh 3
12 ) ( hb 3
12 ) b2 h2
dσ max 6 M
= 2 2 ( −b sin α + h cos α ) = 0
dα bh
b sin α = h cos α
h 12
α = tan −1 = tan −1 = 63.43° .................................................................................. Ans.
b 6
For σ = 2000 psi :
( 6 ) (12 ) ( 2000 )
2 2
b 2 h 2σ
M= =
6 ( b cos α + h sin α ) 6 ( 6 cos 63.43° + 12sin 63.43° )
M = 128.8 (103 ) lb ⋅ in. = 128.8 kip ⋅ in. .................................................................... Ans.
7-112*
A = (140 )( 20 ) + (120 )( 20 ) + ( 80 )( 20 ) = 6800 mm 2
( 20 )(140 ) (120 )( 20 ) ( 20 )( 70 )
3 3 3
Iy = + +
12 12 3
( 20 )(10 )
3
+ − 6800 ( 7.06 ) = 6.61(106 ) mm 4

2
3
(140 )(80 ) (120 )( 60 ) ( 80 )( 80 )
3 3 3
Iz = − +
3 3 3
( 60 )( 60 )
3
− − 6800 (12.36 ) = 23.5 (106 ) mm 4

2
3
I yz = 0 − ( 60 × 20 )( 70 )( 40 ) − ( 6800 )( 7.06 )(12.36 ) = −3.95 (106 ) mm 4
 I y y − I yz z   ( 6.61) y − ( −3.95 ) z   10−9 

−12  (
σ = − 2 
M = −  2
20, 000 )
 I y I z − I yz   ( 6.61)( 23.5 ) − ( −3.95 )  10 
rz
=  −946.1(106 ) y − 565.4 (106 ) z  N/m 2 = [ −946.1y − 565.4 z ] MPa

(a) At point A ( y = +72.36 mm and z = −62.94 mm ):
σ A =  −946.1( 72.36 ) − 565.4 ( −62.94 )  = −32.9 MPa = 32.9 MPa (C) ............... Ans.
(b) tan β =
I yz
=
( −3.95) = −0.5976
Iy ( 6.61)
β = −30.86° = 30.86° 4 ..................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) At point B ( y = −67.64 mm and z = −62.94 mm ):
σ B =  −946.1( −67.64 ) − 565.4 ( −62.94 )  = +99.6 MPa = 99.6 MPa (T) ............. Ans.
At point D ( y = +92.36 mm and z = +17.06 mm ):
σ B =  −946.1( 92.36 ) − 565.4 ( +17.06 )  = −97.0 MPa = 97.0 MPa (C) ............... Ans.
7-113*
( 6 )( 3) ( 3)( 6 )
3 3
Iy = = 4.50 in.4 Iz = = 18.00 in.4

36 36
− ( 6 ) ( 3)
2 2
I yz = = −4.50 in.4
72
M ry = 10sin 26.57° = 4.473 kip ⋅ in.
M rz = 10 cos 26.57° = 8.944 kip ⋅ in.
 M rz I y + M ry I yz   M ry I z + M rz I yz 
σ = −  y+ z
 I y I z − I yz   I y I z − I yz 
2 2
 ( 8.944 )( 4.50 ) + ( 4.473)( −4.50 )   ( 4.473)(18.00 ) + ( 8.944 )( −4.50 ) 

σ = −  y+ z
 ( 4.50 )(18.00 ) − ( −4.50 ) ( 4.50 )(18.00 ) − ( −4.50 )
2 2
  
= ( −0.3312 y + 0.6628 z ) ksi
(a) At point A ( y = −4 in. and z = +1 in. ):
σ A = ( −0.3312 )( −4 ) + ( 0.6628 )( +1) = +1.988 ksi = 1.988 ksi (T) ........................ Ans.
At point B ( y = +2 in. and z = −2 in. ):
σ B = ( −0.3312 )( +2 ) + ( 0.6628 )( −2 ) = −1.988 ksi = 1.988 ksi (C) ........................ Ans.

At point D ( y = +2 in. and z = +1 in. ):
σ D = ( −0.3312 )( +2 ) + ( 0.6628 )( +1) = +0.0004 ksi ≅ 0 ksi ..................................... Ans.
(b) tan β =
M ry I z + M rz I yz
=
( 4.473)(18.00 ) + ( 8.944 )( −4.50 ) = +2.001
M rz I y + M ry I yz ( 8.944 )( 4.50 ) + ( 4.473)( −4.50 )
β = +63.45° = 63.45° 3 ..................................................................................................... Ans.
7-114
− M rZ Y M rY Z hb3 bh3
(a) σ= + IY = IZ =
IZ IY 12 12
M rY = M sin α M rZ = − M cos α
− ( M cos α )( −h 2 ) ( M sin α )( b 2 ) = 6M
σ max = + ( b cos α + h sin α ) ............... Ans.
( bh 3
12 ) ( hb 3
12 ) b2 h2
dσ max 6 M
(b) = 2 2 ( −b sin α + h cos α ) = 0 b sin α = h cos α
dα bh
Therefore α = tan −1 ( h b ) ......................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) When h = 2b : α = tan −1 ( 2 ) = +63.43° = +63.43° 3
hb3 ( 2b ) b bh3 b ( 2b )
3 3
b4 2b 4
IY = = = IZ = = =
12 12 6 12 12 3
IZ 2b 4 3
tan β = tan α = 4 tan 63.43° = 8.00
IY b 6
β = tan −1 8.00 = +82.87° = 82.87° 3 .............................................................................. Ans.
7-115
M ry = 20sin 36.87° = 12.00 kip ⋅ in.
M rz = 20 cos 36.87° = 16.00 kip ⋅ in.
 M rz I y + M ry I yz   M ry I z + M rz I yz 
σ = −  y+ z
 I y I z − I yz   I y I z − I yz 
2 2
 (16.00 )( 8.83) + (12.00 )(11.3) 

σ = − y
(8.83)( 25.4 ) − (11.3)
2
 
 (12.00 )( 25.4 ) + (16.00 )(11.3) 
+ z
( 8.83)( 25.4 ) − (11.3)
2
 
= ( −2.8665 y + 5.0273 z ) ksi
(a) At point A ( y = +3 in. and z = +3.3125 in. ):
σ A = ( −2.8665 )( +3) + ( 5.0273)( +3.3125 ) = +8.05 ksi = 8.05 ksi (T) .................. Ans.
(b) tan β =
M ry I z + M rz I yz
=
(12.00 )( 25.4 ) + (16.00 )(11.3) = +1.7538
M rz I y + M ry I yz (16.00 )(8.83) + (12.00 )(11.3)
β = +60.31° = 60.31° 3 ..................................................................................................... Ans.
(c) At point B ( y = −3 in. and z = +0.1875 in. ):
σ B = ( −2.8665 )( −3) + ( 5.0273)( +0.1875 ) = +9.54 ksi = 9.54 ksi (T) .................. Ans.
At point D ( y = +3 in. and z = −0.1875 in. ):
σ D = ( −2.8665 )( +3) + ( 5.0273)( −0.1875 ) = −9.54 ksi = 9.54 ksi (C) .................. Ans.
7-116*
K t Mc w 75 r 6
σ= = = 1.25 = = 0.10
I h 60 h 60
From Fig. 7-34: K t = 1.70
( 20 )( 60 )
3
I= = 360 (103 ) mm 4
12
M=
σI
=
(80 ×10 )( 360 ×10 ) = 565 N ⋅ m ............................................................. Ans.
6 −9
Kt c (1.70 )( 0.030 )
7-117*
w 38
= = 1.50
h 14
For K t = 1.40 Fig. 7-34 gives r h = 0.25
r = 0.25 (1 4 ) = 0.0625 in. .................................................................................................. Ans.
7-118
Mc M ( D 2 ) 32 M σπ D 3
σ= = = M=
I π D 4 64 π D 3 32
M R ( d 2 ) 32M R K t σπ d 3
σ = Kt = MR =
π d 4 64 πd3 32 K t
D 100 r 8
= = 1.25 = = 0.10
d 80 d 80
From Fig. 7-34: K t = 1.90
M − MR   (σπ D 3 32 ) − (σπ d 3 32 K t ) 
%R =  (100 ) =   (100 )
 M   (σπ D3 32 ) 
 D3 − ( d 3 Kt )   ( d D )3 
=  (100 ) = 1 −  (100 )
 D3   K t 
 (1 1.25 )3 
% R = 1 −  (100 ) = 73.0% ................................................................................ Ans.
 1.90 
7-119
Mc M ( h 2 ) 6M σ Bh 2
σ= = = M=
I Bh3 12 Bh 2 6
M R ( h 2 ) 6M R Kt σ bh 2
σ = Kt = MR =
bh3 12 bh 2 6 Kt
d 1 16 r 1 16
= = 1.00 = = 0.10
r 1 16 b 58
From Fig. 7-34: K t = 2.30
M − MR   (σ Bh 2 6 ) − (σ bh 2 6 K t ) 
%R =  (100 ) =   (100 )
 M   (σ Bh2 6 ) 
 B − ( b Kt )   (b B ) 
=  (100 ) = 1 −  (100 )
 B   K t 
 ( 0.625 0.75 ) 
% R = 1 −  (100 ) = 63.8% ........................................................................ Ans.
 2.30 
7-120*
Mc M ( h 2 ) 6 M σ bh 2
σ= = = 2 M=
I bh3 12 bh 6
M R ( h 2) 6M R Kt σ ( b − d ) h2
σ = Kt = MR =
( b − d ) h 12 ( b − d ) h2
3
6 Kt
h 200 d 25
= = 8.00 = = 0.17
d 25 b 150
From Fig. 7-34: K t = 2.55
M − MR   b − ( b − d ) Kt   b−d
%R =   (100 ) =   (100 ) = 1 −  (100 )
 M   b   bK t 
 150 − 25 
% R = 1 −  (100 ) = 67.3% .............................................................................. Ans.
 150 ( 2.55 ) 
7-121
For 04%C hot-rolled steel: σ y = 53 ksi σ all = σ y FS = 53 3 = 17.667 ksi
π (1.5 )
4
At the wall: I= = 3.976 in.4 M = ( 22 P ) kip ⋅ in.

4
Mc ( 22 P )(1.5 )
σ= = ≤ 17.667 ksi P ≤ 2.13 kip
I 3.976
π (1.365 )
4
At the reduced section: I= = 2.727 in.4 M = (12 P ) kip ⋅ in.

4
w 3 r 0.25
= = 1.10 = = 0.09
h 2.73 h 2.73
From Fig. 7-34: K t = 1.50
σ = Kt
Mc
= (1.50 )
(12 P )(1.365) ≤ 17.667 ksi P ≤ 1.961 kip
I 2.727
Therefore Pmax = 1.961 kip ....................................................................................................... Ans.
7-122*
For 04%C hot-rolled steel: σ y = 360 MPa σ all = σ y FS = 360 4 = 90 MPa
Mc M ( h 2) 6 Kt M
σ = Kt = Kt =
( b − d )( h ) 12 ( b − d ) h 2
3
I
b − d 6M 6 ( 50, 000 )
Rearranging gives = = = 0.08333 m (a)
Kt σ h ( 90 × 106 ) ( 0.200 )2
2
h 200 d 25
= = 8.00 =
d 25 b b
Solve by trial and error.
Guess that K t ≅ 2.50 .
Then Eq. (a) gives b − d = 0.208 m b = 208 + 25 = 233 mm
Then from Fig. 7-34: d b = 0.107 K t = 2.70
Guess that K t ≅ 2.70 .
Then Eq. (a) gives b − d = 0.225 m b = 212 + 25 = 250 mm
Then from Fig. 7-34: d b = 0.100 K t = 2.70
Therefore bmin ≅ 250 mm ......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-123
( 2 − 0.625)( 4 )
3
 P   L   PL 
I= = 7.333 in.4 M =    =   kip ⋅ in.
12  2  3   6 
σ = Kt
Mc
= Kt
( PL 6 ) c gives L=
6σ I
I I K t cP
h 4 d 0.625
= = 6.40 = = 0.3125
d 0.625 b 2
From Fig. 7-34: K t ≅ 2.35
6 ( 20 )( 7.333)
L= = 37.445 in. = 3.12 ft ........................................................................ Ans.
( 2.35)( 2 )( 5)
7-124
Mc M ( h 2) 6Kt M
σ = Kt = Kt = ≤ 200 MPa
I ( b − d ) h 12 ( b − d ) h 2
3
6 K t (10 × 103 ) K t ( 300 ×10−6 )

h ≥
2
= m2
( b − d ) ( 200 ×10 6
) ( b − 0.010 )
d/b b (mm) Kt h (mm)
0.05 200 2.80 66
0.10 100 2.70 95
0.20 50 2.50 137
0.25 40 2.45 157
0.30 33 2.37 176
0.35 29 2.30 191
0.40 25 2.25 212
7-125
M = ( P 2 )( L 3) = ( 2.25 )(14 ) = 31.5 kip ⋅ in.
Mc M ( h 2) 6 Kt M
σ = Kt = Kt = ≤ 15 ksi
I ( b − d ) h 12 ( b − d ) h 2
3
6 K t ( 31.5 ) 12.60 K t
h2 ≥ = in.2
( b − d )(15) ( b − 0.75)
d/b b (in.) Kt h (in.)
0.15 5.00 2.60 2.78
0.20 3.75 2.50 3.24
0.30 2.50 2.35 4.11
0.40 1.88 2.25 5.00
0.50 1.50 2.17 6.04
0.60 1.25 2.10 7.27
0.70 1.07 2.03 8.94
7-126*
For a W 203 × 50 section d = 2c = 210 mm tw = 9.1 mm
w f = 205 mm t f = 14.2 mm S = 582 (103 ) mm3
M e = σ y S = ( 250 ×106 )( 582 × 10−6 )
M e = 145.5 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 145.5 kN ⋅ m ..................................................................... Ans.
M p = 2 ( 250 ×106 ) ( 0.0979 )( 0.205 × 0.0142 ) 

+ 2 ( 250 × 106 ) ( 0.0454 )( 0.0908 × 0.0091) 
M p = 142.49 (103 ) + 18.76 (103 ) = 161.3 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 161.3 kN ⋅ m ....................... Ans.
7-127*
For a W 33 × 201 section d = 2c = 33.68 in. tw = 0.715 in.
w f = 15.745 in. t f = 1.150 in. S = 684 in.3
M e = σ y S = ( 36 )( 684 ) = 24, 624 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 24, 600 kip ⋅ in. ....................................... Ans.
M p = 2 ( 36 ) (16.265 )(15.745 ×1.150 )  + 2 ( 36 ) ( 7.845 )(15.69 × 0.715 ) 

M p = 21, 204 + 6337 = 27,541 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 27,500 kip ⋅ in. .................................... Ans.
7-128
For a W 762 × 196 section d = 2c = 770 mm tw = 15.6 mm
w f = 268 mm t f = 25.4 mm S = 6225 (103 ) mm3
M e = σ y S = ( 250 ×106 )( 6225 × 10−6 )
M e = 1556 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 1556 kN ⋅ m ....................................................................... Ans.
M p = 2 ( 250 ×106 ) ( 0.3723)( 0.268 × 0.0254 ) 

+ 2 ( 250 × 106 ) ( 0.1798 )( 0.3596 × 0.0156 ) 
M p = 1267.2 (103 ) + 504.3 (103 ) = 1772 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 1772 kN ⋅ m ......................... Ans.
7-129*
σ yI σ y ( bh3 12 ) bh 2σ y
Me = = =
c ( h 2) 6
 bh   h  bh σ y
2
M p = 2σ y     =
 2  4  4
Mp 14
= = 1.5 ............................................... Ans.
Me 16
7-130
σ yI σ y (π R 4 4 ) π R 3σ y
Me = = =
c ( R) 4
 π R2   4R  4R σ y
3
M p = 2σ y    =
 2   3π  3
Mp 43
= = 1.698 ................................................................................................................ Ans.
Me π 4
7-131*
M x ( 5 ) ( 2 )(10 )  + (1) ( 8 )( 2 )  + ( 5 ) ( 2 )(10 ) 
yC = = = 3.857 in.
A ( 2 )(10 ) + ( 8)( 2 ) + ( 2 )(10 )
(12 )( 3.857 ) ( 8)(1.857 ) ( 4 )( 6.143)
3 3 3
I= − + = 521.5 in.4
3 3 3
Elastic action:
σ yI σ y ( 521.5 )
Me = = = 84.89σ y
c 6.143
For fully plastic action:
AT = AC = 56 2 = 28 in.2
4 (10 − c p ) = 28 in.2
c p = 3.00 in.
M p = (1.5 )(12 × 3) − ( 0.5 )( 8 × 1) + ( 3.5 )( 4 × 7 )  σ y
= 148.0σ y
Mp 148.0
= = 1.743 ............................................................................................................. Ans.
Me 84.89
7-132*
σ yI σ y ( a 4 12 ) a 3σ y
(a) Me = = =
c ( a 2) 6
 a2   a  a σ y
3
M p = 2σ y     =
 2  4  4
Mp 14
= = 1.500 ........................................................ Ans.
Me 16
σ yI σ y ( a 4 12 )
(b) Me = = = 0.11785a 3σ y
c ( a sin 45° )
 a 2   a sin 45° 
M p = 2σ y     = 0.23570a σ y
3
 2  3 
Mp 0.23570
= = 2.00 ......................................................................................................... Ans.
Me 0.11785
7-133
(a) Assume that the lower flange will be fully plastic.
σ a −1 = 36 ( a − 1) a  ksi
 ( 36 )(10 × a )   ( 36 )( a − 1)   ( 9 )( a − 1) 
FC =  −  
 2   a  2 
( 36 )(1× a ) +
FT = ( 36 )(1)( 9 − 2a ) + ( 36 )(1)( 6 )
2
Equating FC to FT gives: 72a 2 − 216a − 162 = 0
From which a = 3.621 in. ≅ 3.62 in. ............................................................................ Ans.
10 − 2a = 10 − 2 ( 3.621) = 2.758 in. > 1 in.
Therefore, the lower flange will be fully plastic as was assumed.
(b) σ a −1 = 36 ( 3.621 − 1) 3.621 = 26.06 ksi
 ( 36 )(10 × 3.621)   2 ( 3.621)   ( 26.06 )( 9 × 2.621)   2 ( 2.621) 
M =  −  
 2  3   2  3 
 ( 36 )(1× 3.621)   2 ( 3.621) 
+   + ( 36 )(1× 1.758 )( 4.50 ) + ( 36 )(1× 6 )( 5.879 )
 2  3 
M = 2748 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 2750 kip ⋅ in. ..................................................................................... Ans.
M x ( 9.5 )(10 ×1) + ( 5 )( 8 ×1) + ( 0.5 )( 6 ×1)

(c) yC = = = 5.75 in.
A (10 ×1) + (8 ×1) + ( 6 ×1)
(10 )( 4.25) ( 9 )( 3.25) ( 6 )( 5.75) ( 5)( 4.75)
3 3 3 3
I= − + − = 354.5 in.4
3 3 3 3
σ I ( 36 )( 354.5 )
Me = = = 2219 kip ⋅ in.
c ( 5.75)
For fully plastic action: AT = AC = 24 2 = 12 in.2
AT = ( 6 × 1) + (1) ( c p − 1) = 12 in.2 c p = 7.00 in.
M p = ( 36 )( 6 ×1)( 6.5 ) + ( 36 )( 6 × 1)( 3) + ( 36 )( 2 ×1)(1) + ( 36 )(10 × 1)( 2.5 ) = 3024 kip ⋅ in.
Mp 3024
= = 1.363 .............................................................................................................. Ans.
Me 2219
7-134
(a) Assume that the lower flange will be only partially plastic.
σ a − 40 =  240 ( a − 40 ) a  MPa
 ( 240 )(120 × a )   ( 240 )( a − 40 )   ( 80 )( a − 40 ) 
FC =  −  
 2   a  2 
FT =
( 240 )(80 × a ) −  ( 240 )(160 − a )   ( 40 )(160 − a ) 
  
2  a  2 
+ ( 240 )( 80 )( 200 − 2a )
Equating FC to FT gives: a 2 − 120a + 2800 = 0
From which a = 88.28 mm ≅ 88.3 mm ...................................................................... Ans.
200 − 2a = 200 − 2 ( 88.28 ) = 23.44 mm < 40 mm
Therefore, the lower flange will be only partially plastic as was assumed.
(b) σ a − 40 =  240 ( 88.28 − 40 ) 88.28 = 131.26 MPa

σ 160− a =  240 (160 − 88.28 ) 88.28 = 194.98 MPa
 ( 240 )(120 × 88.28 )   2 ( 0.08828 )   (131.26 )( 80 × 48.28 )   2 ( 0.04828 ) 
M =  −  
 2  3   2  3 
 ( 240 )( 80 × 88.28 )   2 ( 0.08828 )   (194.98 )( 40 × 71.72 )   2 ( 0.07172 ) 
+  −  
 2  3   2  3 
+ ( 240 )( 80 × 23.44 )( 0.100 )
M = 148.2 (103 ) N ⋅ m ≅ 148.2 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................. Ans.
M x ( 20 )( 80 × 40 ) + (100 )( 40 × 120 ) + (180 )(120 × 40 )

(c) yC = = = 110 mm
A ( 80 × 40 ) + ( 40 ×120 ) + (120 × 40 )
(120 )( 90 ) (80 )( 50 ) ( 80 )(110 )
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
( 40 )( 70 )
3
− = 56.75 (106 ) mm 4
3
σ I ( 240 )( 56.75 )
Me = = = 123.82 (103 ) N ⋅ m
c ( 0.110 )
= 123.82 kN ⋅ m
For fully plastic action: AT = AC = 12,800 2 = 6400 mm 2
AT = ( 40 × 80 ) + ( 40 ) ( c p − 40 ) = 6400 mm 2
c p = 120 mm
7-134 (cont.)
M p = ( 240 )( 40 × 80 )( 0.100 ) + ( 240 )( 40 × 80 )( 0.040 )
+ ( 240 )( 40 ×120 )( 0.060 ) + ( 240 )( 40 × 40 )( 0.020 )
= 184.32 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 184.32 kN ⋅ m
Mp 184.32
= = 1.489 ........................................................................................................... Ans.
Me 123.82
7-135*
(a) σ a − 2 = 36 ( a − 2 ) a  ksi
 ( 36 )( 4 × a )   ( 36 )( a − 2 )   ( 2.5 )( a − 2 ) 
FC =  −  
 2   a  2 
( 36 )(1.5 × a ) +
FT = ( 36 )(1.5)(10 − 2a ) = 540 − 81a
2
Equating FC to FT gives: 108a 2 − 360a − 180 = 0
From which a = 3.775 in. ≅ 3.78 in. ............................................................................ Ans.
(b) σ a − 2 = 36 ( 3.775 − 2 ) 3.775 = 16.927 ksi

 ( 36 )( 4 × 3.775 )   2 ( 3.775 )   (16.927 )( 2.5 × 1.775 )   2 (1.775 ) 
M =  −  
 2  3   2  3 
 ( 36 )(1.5 × 3.775 )   2 ( 3.775 ) 
+   + ( 36 )(1.5 × 2.45 )( 5 )
 2  3 
M = 1558 kip ⋅ in. .................................................................................................................. Ans.
M x ( 4 )( 8 ×1.5 ) + ( 9 )( 4 × 2 )
(c) yC = = = 6.00 in.
A ( 8 ×1.5) + ( 4 × 2 )
(1.5 )( 6 ) ( 4 )( 4 ) ( 2.5 )( 2 )
3 3 3
I= + −
= 186.67 in.4
3 3 3
σ I ( 36 )(186.67 )
Me = = = 1120.0 kip ⋅ in.
c ( 6)
For fully plastic action: AT = AC = 20 2 = 10 in.2
AT = (1.5 ) ( c p ) = 10 in.2 c p = 6.667 in.
M p = ( 36 )(1.5 × 6.667 )( 3.333) + ( 36 )(1.5 × 1.333)( 0.667 )
+ ( 36 )( 4 × 2 )( 2.333) = 1919.9 kip ⋅ in.
Mp 1919.9
= = 1.714 ........................................................................................................... Ans.
Me 1120.0
7-136
For a WT 305 × 70 section
d = 2c = 308.7 mm tw = 13.1 mm
w f = 230.3 mm t f = 22.2 mm
A = 8905 mm 2 S = 333 (103 ) mm3
(a) σ a − 22.2 =  250 ( a − 22.2 ) a  MPa

 ( 250 )( 230.3 × a )   ( 250 )( a − 22.2 )   ( 217.2 )( a − 22.2 ) 
FC =  −  
 2   a  2 
( 250 )(13.1× a ) +
FT = ( 250 )(13.1)( 308.7 − 2a )
2
Equating FC to FT gives: a 2 + 29.69a − 2043 = 0
From which a = 32.73 mm ≅ 32.7 mm ...................................................................... Ans.
308.7 − 2a = 308.7 − 2 ( 32.73) = 243.24 mm
(b) σ a − 22.2 =  250 ( 32.73 − 22.2 ) 32.73 = 80.44 MPa

 ( 250 )( 230 × 32.73)   2 ( 0.03273)   ( 80.44 )( 217.2 × 10.53)   2 ( 0.01053) 
M =  −  
 2  3   2  3 
 ( 250 )(13.1× 32.73)   2 ( 0.03273) 
+   + ( 250 )(13.1× 243.24 )( 0.15435 )
 2  3 
M = 144.04 (103 ) N ⋅ m ≅ 144.0 kN ⋅ m ........................................................................... Ans.
(c) M e = σ S = ( 250 )( 333) = 83.25 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 83.25 kN ⋅ m

For fully plastic action:
AT = AC = 8905 2 = 4453 mm 2
AC = ( 230.3) ( c p ) = 4453 mm 2
c p = 19.34 mm < 22.2 mm
Therefore, the neutral axis for fully plastic action is in the flange.
M p = ( 250 )( 230.3 ×19.34 )( 0.00967 )
+ ( 250 )( 230.3 × 2.86 )( 0.00143)
+ ( 250 )(13.1× 286.5 )( 0.14611)
= 148.10 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 148.10 kN ⋅ m
Mp 148.10
= = 1.779 ........................................................................................................... Ans.
Me 83.25
7-137*
εc y εc y 2ε c y  2ε c y 
12
ε= = = σ = Kε 1 2 = K  
c ( h 2) h  h 
 2ε   2ε 
12 12
h2 4
M = ∫ yσ dA = 2∫
h2
K c  y bdy = Kb  c   y 5 2 
32
0
 h  5  h  0
 σ 
52
4 h
= b   12 
5 2 y 
12
5 2M  y
Therefore σ=   .................................................................................................. Ans.
bh 2 h
7-138
Since σ max = 99.3 MPa ε max = 3.5 (10−3 )
σ = 2792ε 0.59 MPa
εc y 0.0035 y
(a) ε= =
c (c)
0.59 0.59 0.59
 0.0035 y   y  y
σ = 2792   = 99.29   MPa = 99.29 (106 )   N/m 2
 c  c c
0.59
 y
99.29 (106 )   ( 0.100 ) dy
0.050
FC = ∫
0
c
0.59
 y
FT = ∫ 99.29 (106 )   ( 0.025) dy
c
0
c
0.59 0.59
0.050  y c y 
Since FC = FT : ∫ 0
4 
c
dy = ∫  
 
0 c
dy
c1.59
0.02148 =
1.59
Therefore c = 0.11957 m ≅ 119.6 mm .................................................................................. Ans.
0.59
 y
99.29 (10 )   y ( 0.100 ) dy
0.05
(b) M = ∫ yσ dA = ∫ 6
0
c
0.59
 y
99.29 (10 )   y ( 0.025 ) dy
0.11957
+∫ 6
0
c
= 34.76 (106 ) ∫ y1.59 dy + 8.69 (106 ) ∫
0.05 0.11957
y1.59 dy
0 0
Therefore M = 19.43 (103 ) N ⋅ m = 19.43 kN ⋅ m ............................................................... Ans.
7-139*
( 4 )( 7 ) ( 3.75)( 7 − 2t )  3.75 ( 7 − 2t )  4
3 3 3
I= − = 114.33 −  in.
12 12  12 
For a channel section:
( 3.875) ( 7 − t ) t
2 2
b 2 h 2t
e= = = 1.50 in.
 3.75 ( 7 − 2t ) 
3
4I
4 114.33 − 
 12 
Solving by trial and error yields: t = 0.250 in. .................................................................................. Ans.
7-140*
( 2.5)(100 )
3
I= + 2 ( 2.5 × 50 )( 25 )
2
12
= 364.6 (103 ) mm 4
(a) QA = ( 25 )( 50 × 2.5 ) = 3125 mm3
( 2500 ) ( 3125 ×10−9 )

= 8.571(106 ) N/m 2
VQA
τA = =
It f ( 364.6 ×10 ) ( 0.0025)
−9
F1 = (τ f Af 2 ) = ( 8.571× 106 ) ( 0.0025 × 0.050 ) 2 = 535.7 N

4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − F1d = 0
e=
( 535.7 )( 50 ) = 10.71 mm ............................................................................................. Ans.
2500
(b) QO = ( 25 )( 50 × 2.5 ) + ( 25 )( 50 × 2.5 ) = 6250 mm3
( 2500 ) ( 6250 ×10−9 )

= 17.14 (106 ) N/m 2
VQO
τO = =
Itw ( 364.6 ×10 ) ( 0.0025)
−9
τ O = 17.14 MPa .............................................................................................................. Ans.
7-141
QA1 = ( 6.5 )( 7 ×1) = 45.5 in.3 QA 2 = ( 6.5 )( 3 ×1) = 19.5 in.3
QAw = 45.5 + 19.5 = 65.0 in.3 QB = ( 65.0 ) + ( 3)( 6 × 1) = 83.0 in.3
bh3 (10 )(14 ) ( 9 )(12 )

3 3
I= = − = 990.7 in.4
12 12 12
VQA1 (100 )( 45.5 )
(a) τ A1 = = = 4.593 ksi
It f ( 990.7 )(1)
F1 = (τ A1 A1 2 ) = ( 4.593)( 7 × 1) 2
= 16.076 kip
VQA 2 (100 )(19.5 )

τ A2 = = = 1.968 ksi
It f ( 990.7 )(1)
F2 = (τ A 2 A2 2 ) = (1.968 )( 3 × 1) 2 = 2.952 kip
4 ΣM B = 0 : Pe − ( F1 − F2 ) d = 0
e=
(16.076 − 2.952 )(13) = 1.706 in. ..........................Ans.
100
(b) τ Aw =
VQAw
=
(100 )( 65.0 ) = 6.56 ksi
Itw ( 990.7 )(1)
VQB (100 )( 83.0 )
τB = = = 8.38 ksi
Itw ( 990.7 )(1)
7-142
VQA
F = τ avg A =
2 It
V  ( 253)( 93 ×14 ) 
 ( 93 ×14 ) = (15.317 ×10 )
V
(a) F1 = 
6
2I  14  I
V  ( 222 )( 93 × 16 ) 
 ( 93 ×16 ) = (15.360 ×10 )
V
F2 = 
6
2I  16  I
V  ( 253)( b − 93)(14 ) 
 ( b − 93)(14 ) = ( b − 93) (1.7710 × 10 )
V
F3 =
2 3

2I  14  I
4 ΣM O = 0 : F3 h3 − F1h1 − F2 h2 = 0
V 3  V 6  V 6 
 I ( b − 93) (1.7710 ×10 )  ( 474 ) =  I (15.317 × 10 )  ( 474 ) +  I (15.360 × 10 )  ( 444 )
2
( b − 93) = 16.773 (103 )

2
b 2 − 186b − 8124.0 = 0
b = 222.5 mm ≅ 223 mm .................................................................................................... Ans.
(b) QNA = ( 237 )( 223 × 14 ) + ( 222 )( 93 × 16 ) + (111)( 222 ×14 ) = 1.4152 (106 ) mm3
(16 )( 444 )
3
I = 2 ( 223 × 14 )( 237 ) + 2 ( 93 ×16 )( 222 ) +

2 2
12
= 614.1(10 6
) mm 4
VQNA ( 40, 000 ) (1.4152 ×10 )

−3
τ max = = = 6.58 (106 ) N/m 2

Itw ( 614.1×10 ) ( 0.014 )
−6
τ max = 6.58 MPa ............................................................................................................. Ans.
7-143*
QA = ( 6 )( 4 × 0.25 ) = 6.0 in.3
QB = ( 3)( 4 × 0.25 ) = 3.0 in.3
( 0.25 )(12 )
3
I≅ + 2 ( 4 × 0.25 )( 6 )
2
12
+ 2 ( 4 × 0.25 )( 3) = 126.0 in.4
2
τ A AF  V ( 6)  ( 4 × 0.25 )
(a) F1 = =  = 0.09524V
2  (126.0 )( 0.25 )  2
τ B AF  V ( 3)  ( 4 × 0.25 )
F2 = =  = 0.04762V
2  (126.0 )( 0.25 )  2
4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − F1 (12 ) − F2 ( 6 ) = 0
Since V = P : e = 0.09524 (12 ) + 0.04762 ( 6 ) = 1.429 in. ......................................... Ans.
(b) QNA = ( 6 )( 4 × 0.25 ) + ( 3)( 4 × 0.25 ) + ( 3)( 6 × 0.25 ) = 13.5 in.3
VQNA (1500 )(13.5 )
τO = = = 643 psi ............................................................................. Ans.
Itw (126.0 )( 0.25 )
7-144*
QA = ( 90 )( 90 × 6 ) = 48.6 (103 ) mm3
QB = ( 90 )( 90 × 6 ) + ( 45 )( 90 × 6 ) = 72.9 (103 ) mm3
QC = ( 30 )( 60 × 6 ) = 10.8 (103 ) mm3
( 6 )(180 ) ( 6 )(120 )
3 3
I≅ + + 2 ( 90 × 6 )( 90 ) = 12.528 (106 ) mm 4
2
12 12
( 6000 ) ( 48.6 ×10−6 )

= 3.879 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 3.88 MPa
VQA
τA = =
It (12.528 ×10 ) ( 0.006 )
−6
( 6000 ) ( 72.9 ×10−6 )

= 5.819 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 5.82 MPa
VQB
τB = =
It (12.528 ×10 ) ( 0.006 )
−6
( 6000 ) (10.8 ×10−6 )

= 0.8621(106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 0.862 MPa
VQC
τC = =
It (12.528 ×10 ) ( 0.006 )
−6
Therefore: τ max = τ B = 5.82 MPa ...................................................................................... Ans.
F1 = (τ A A1 2 ) = ( 3.879 ×106 ) ( 0.090 × 0.006 ) 2 = 1047.3 N
F3 = (τ C A3 2 ) = ( 0.8621× 106 ) ( 0.120 × 0.006 ) 2 = 413.8 N

4 ΣM B = 0 : − Pe − F1 (180 ) + F3 (180 ) = 0
Since V = P :
e=
( 413.8)(180 ) − (1047.3)(180 ) = −19.00 mm = 19.00 mm ← ........................... Ans.
6000
7-145
 th3    h   th
2 2
I ≅ 2   + 2 ( bt )    = ( h + 3b )
 12    2   6
V s Vs 2
τ 1 = ∫ yt dy =
It 0 2I
Vs 2 Vh3t
( t ds ) =
h2
F1 = ∫ τ 1 dA = ∫
0 2I 48 I
V s h  Vh 2 Vhs
 ( )
It ∫0  2 
τ 2 = τ 1 s =h 2 + t dx = +
8I 2I
b  Vh Vhs 
2
Vhbt
F2 = ∫ τ 2 dA = ∫  +  ( t ds ) = ( h + 2b )
0
 8I 2I  8I
4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − 2 F1b − F2 h = 0
h 2tb b ( 2h + 3b )
Since V = P : e= ( 2h + 3b ) = ............................................................ Ans.
12 I 2 ( h + 3b )
7-146*
π π R 3t
I = ∫ y 2 dA = ∫ ( R cos θ ) ( tR dθ ) =
2
(a)
0 2
V s V θ VR 2
τ= ∫ yt ds = ∫0 ( R cos θ ) ( R dθ ) = sin θ
2
It 0 I I
π  VR 2 
T = ∫ R dF = ∫ Rτ dA = ∫ R  sin θ  ( tR dθ )
0
 I 
4
VR t π 2VR t 2VR 4t 4VR
4
I ∫0
= sin θ dθ = = =
I π R 3t 2 π
4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − T = 0 Pe − 4VR π = 0
Since V = P : e = 4 R π ..................................................................................................... Ans.
I = π R 3t 2 = π ( 25 ) ( 2.5 ) 2 = 61.359 (103 ) mm 4

3
(b)
( 440 )( 0.025) sin 90° = 4.48 106 N/m 2

2
VR 2
τA = sin θ A = ( )
I ( 61.359 ×10−9 )
τ A = 4.48 MPa ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-147*
2π
I = ∫ y 2 dA = ∫ ( R sin θ ) ( tR dθ ) = π R3t
2
(a)
0
V s V θ VR 2
τ= ∫ yt ds = ∫0 ( R sin θ ) ( R dθ ) = (1 − cos θ )
2
It 0 I I
2π VR 2 
T = ∫ R dF = ∫ Rτ dA = ∫ R  (1 − cos θ )  ( tR dθ )
0
 I 
4
VR t 2π 2π VR t 2π VR 4t
4
(1 − cos θ ) dθ =
I ∫0
= = = 2VR
I π R 3t
4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − T = 0 Pe − 2VR = 0
Since V = P : e = 2 R .......................................................................................................... Ans.
I = π R 3t = π ( 2 ) ( 0.1) = 2.51327 in.4
3
(b)
(110 )( 2 ) 1 − cos180° = 350 psi ........................................ Ans.

2
VR 2
τA = (1 − cos θ A ) = ( )
I ( 2.51327 )
7-148
Let a = 20 mm
QA = (1.5a )( at ) = 1.5a 2t
QB 2 = 1.5a 2t + ( 2a )( 2at ) = 5.5a 2t
QB 3 = ( 2a )( 2at ) = 4a 2t
QBw = 5.5a 2t + 4a 2t = 9.5a 2t
QO = 9.5a 2t + ( a )( 2at ) = 11.5a 2t
( 2t )( 4a ) ( t )( 2a )
3 3
I= − + 2 ( 4a × t )( 2a ) = 42a 3t
2
12 12
V s V s V  s2 
(a) τ1 = ∫ y ( t ds ) = ∫ ( a + s ) t ds =  as + 
It 0 It 0 I  2
V s2  2Va 3t 2Va 3t V
 as +  ( t ds ) =
a
F1 = ∫ τ 1 dA = ∫ = +
0 I 2 3I 3 ( 42a t ) 63
3
VQavg V ( 3.5a 2t ) V
F2 = τ avg A2 = ( 2at ) = ( 2at ) =
It ( 42a t ) ( t )
3
6
VQavg V ( 2a t ) 2
V
F3 = τ avg A3 = ( 2at ) = ( 2at ) =
It ( 42a t ) ( t )
3
10.5
4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − 2 F1 ( 2a ) − ( F2 − F3 )( 4a ) = 0
Pe − 2 (V 63)( 2a ) − (V 6 )( 4a ) + (V 10.5 )( 4a ) = 0
4a 4a 4a 22a 22 ( 20 )
Since V = P : e= + − = = = 6.98 mm .............................. Ans.
63 6 10.5 63 63
7-149
QA = (1)( 2 × 0.125 ) = 0.25 in.3
QB = 0.25 + (1)( 4 × 0.125 ) = 0.75 in.3
( 0.375)( 4 )
3
I= = 2.00 in.4
12
τA =
VQA
=
( 300 )( 0.25) = 300 psi
It ( 2.00 )( 0.125)
τB =
VQB
=
( 300 )( 0.75) = 900 psi
It ( 2.00 )( 0.125)
Therefore:
τ max = τ B == 900 psi ...................................................................................................... Ans.
F1 =
τ A A1
=
( 300 )( 2 × 0.125) = 25.00 lb
3 3
4 ΣM B = 0 : Pe − 2 F1 ( 4 cos 30° ) = 0
Therefore:
2 ( 25.00 )( 4 cos 30° )
e= = 0.577 in. ......................................................................... Ans.
( 300 )
7-150*
Es 200
n= = = 20
Ew 10
(175) (150 )( 350 ) + ( 357.5) ( 3000 )(15)
yC = = 259.2 mm
(150 )( 350 ) + ( 3000 )(15)
−cw  σ s  −259.2  75 
σw =  =   = −9.19 MPa
cs  n  105.8  20 
σ w = 9.19 MPa (C) ........................................................................................................ Ans.
7-151*
Es 30, 000
n= = = 20
Ew 1500
M x ( 6.5 ) ( 6 )(12 )  + ( 0.25 ) (120 )( 0.5 ) 
yC = = = 3.659 in.
A ( 6 )(12 ) + (120 )( 0.5)
− cs −3.659
σs = ( nσ w ) = ( 20 )( −1250 ) = +10,347 psi
cw 8.841
σ s ≅ 10.35 ksi (T) ................................................................................................................. Ans.
7-152
Ea 73
n= = = 9.125
Ew 8
 P   L  PL ( 30 )( 4 )
M =    = = = 30 kN ⋅ m
 2  2  4 4
( 200 + 228.1)( 300 )
3
IT = = 963.2 (106 ) mm 4
12
Mc ( 30, 000 )( 0.150 )
σw = = = 4.672 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 4.67 MPa (T) ....................... Ans.
IT ( 963.2 ×10 )
−6
σ a = nσ w = ( 9.125 )( 4.672 ) = 42.6 MPa (T) ................................................................. Ans.
7-153
Es 29, 000
n= = = 18.125
Ew 1600
( 4 + 18.125)( 6 )
3
IT = = 398.25 in.4
12
Mc (10, 000 × 12 )( 3)
σw = = = 903.95 psi ≅ 904 psi (T) ........................................... Ans.
IT ( 398.25)
σ s = nσ w = (18.125 )( 903.95 ) = 16,384 psi ≅ 16,380 psi (T) ................................... Ans.
7-154*
Ea 70
n= = = 7.00
Ew 10
Myw ( 3000 )( 0.040 )
σw = = ≤ 15 (106 ) N/m 2
IT IT
IT ≥ 8.000 (10−6 ) m 4
nMya 7 ( 3000 )( 0.043)

σa = = ≤ 135 (106 ) N/m 2 IT ≥ 6.689 (10−6 ) m 4
IT IT
( 7 w )( 86 ) ( 7 w − 50 )( 80 )
3 3
IT = − ≥ 8.000 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
72,366w ≥ 5.8667 (10 6
) w ≥ 81.1 mm .................................................................. Ans.
7-155
Es 30, 000
n= = = 18.75
Ew 1600
M = PL = ( 4000 )( 6 ) = 24, 000 lb ⋅ ft
( 75 )(11.5 ) ( 71)(10 )
3 3
IT = − = 3589 in.4
12 12
Myw ( 24, 000 × 12 )( 5 )

σw = = = 401.2 psi ≅ 401 psi (T & C) ................................. Ans.
IT ( 3598)
nMys 18.75 ( 24, 000 ×12 )( 5.75 )
σs = = = 8651 psi ≅ 8650 psi (T & C) ............... Ans.
IT ( 3598)
7-156
Eb 100
n= = = 71.43
E p 1.4
My p M (131 − yC )
σp = =
IT IT
nMyb 71.43MyC
σb = =
IT IT
For σ b = 10σ p : 71.43 yC = 10 (131 − yC )
yC = 16.088 mm
( 3) ( 6 )( 71.43w ) + ( 68.5) ( 50 )(125 )
yC = = 16.088 mm
( 6 )( 71.43w) + ( 50 )(125)
5609w = 327,575 w = 58.4 mm ........................................................................ Ans.
7-157*
Es 30, 000
n= = = 18.75
Ew 1600
wL2 w (16 )
M= = = 32w
8 8
M x ( 8 ) ( 8 )(15 )  + ( 0.25 ) (150 )( 0.5 ) 
yC = = = 5.019 in.
A ( 8)(15) + (150 )( 0.5)
(8)(10.481) (150 )( 5.019 ) (142 )( 4.519 )
3 3 3
IT = + − = 5024 in.4
3 3 3
σw =
Myw
=
( 32w ×12 )(10.481) ≤ 1600 psi w ≤ 1997.3 lb/ft
IT ( 5024 )
nMys 18.75 ( 32w × 12 )( 5.019 )
σs = = ≤ 18, 000 psi w ≤ 2502.5 lb/ft
IT ( 5024 )
Therefore: wmax = 1997 lb/ft ..................................................................................................... Ans.
7-158*
Es 200
n= = = 15.38
Ew 13
wL2 ( 20 )( 5 )
2
M= = = 62.50 kN ⋅ m
8 8
( 2307 )( 330 ) ( 2157 )( 300 )
3 3
IT = − = 2056 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
Myw ( 6250 ×10 ) ( 0.150 )
3
σw = = = 4.560 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 4.56 MPa (T) ............... Ans.

IT ( 2056 ×10 )
−6
ys 165
σa = ( nσ w ) = (15.38 )( 4.560 ) = 77.1 MPa (T) ................................................ Ans.
yw 150
7-159
Es 30, 000
n= = = 20
Ew 1500
M = ( 2.50 )(10 ) = 25.0 kip ⋅ ft
( 6 )(12 ) ( 20w )( t )
3 3
IT = + + ( 20 wt )( 6 + 0.5t )
2
12 12
Myw ( 25.0 × 12 )( 6 )
σw = = ≤ 1 ksi IT ≥ 1800 in.4
IT IT
IT = 864 + 1.66667 wt 3 + 20wt ( 6 + 0.5t ) ≥ 1800 in.4
2
(a)
nMys 20 ( 25.0 × 12 )( 6 + t )
σs = = ≤ 10 ksi IT ≥ 600 ( 6 + t ) in.4
IT IT
IT = 864 + 1.66667 wt 3 + 20wt ( 6 + 0.5t ) ≥ 600 ( 6 + t ) in.4
2
(b)
7-160
Es 200
n= = = 16.667
Ew 12
M = 2 ( P 2) = ( P ) N ⋅ m
M x ( 8 ) ( 3333)(16 )  + (191) ( 200 )( 350 ) 

yC = =
A ( 3333)(16 ) + ( 200 )( 350 )
= 111.87 mm
( 3333)(111.87 ) ( 3133)( 95.87 ) ( 200 )( 254.13)
3 3 3
IT = − + = 1729.4 (106 ) mm 4
3 3 3
Myw ( P )( 0.25413)
σw = = ≤ 10 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 68.05 (103 ) N
IT (1729.4 ×10 )
−6
nMys 16.667 ( P )( 0.11187 )

σs = = ≤ 75 (106 ) N/m 2 P ≤ 69.56 (103 ) N
IT (1729.4 ×10 ) −6
Therefore: Pmax = 68.1 kN ......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-161
bh3 ( 8 )(15 )
3
(a) Iw = = = 2250 in.4

12 12
M=
σ wIw
=
( 2.4 )( 2250 )
cw 7.5
M max = 720 kip ⋅ in. ............................................... Ans.
Es 30, 000
(b) n= = = 18.75
Ew 1600
(8)(15 )  (150 )( t )3 
3
= + 2 + (150t )( 7.5 + 0.5t ) 

2
IT
12  12 
=  2250 + 25t 3 + 300t ( 7.5 + 0.5t )  in.4
2
 
Either: M=
σ w IT
=
( 2.4 )( IT ) or M=
σ s IT
=
(18 )( IT )
cw 7.5 ncs 18.75 ( 7.5 + t )
M − 720
Choose smaller M and compute ∆M = (100 )
720
Mcw M ( 7.5 ) nMcs 18.75M ( 7.5 + t )
σw = = σs = =
IT IT IT IT
7-162
Ea 73
(a) n= = = 5.615
Ew 13
(150 )( 300 )  ( nw )( 50 )3 
3
= +2 + ( 50nw )(150 + 25 ) 

2
IT
12  12 
= 337.5 (106 ) + 3.083 (106 ) nw mm 4
Mcw ( 75 × 10 ) ( 0.150 )
3
σw = =
IT IT
nMca 5.615 ( 75 × 10 ) ( 0.200 )

3
σa = =
IT IT
(b) For σ w = 15 MPa w = 23.8 mm

For σ a = 135 MPa w = 16.54 mm
Therefore wmin = 23.8 mm ................................................................................................ Ans.
7-163*
As = 3 π (1) 4  = 2.356 in.2
2
 
AT = nAs = 12 ( 2.356 ) = 28.27 in.2
10h ( h 2 ) = 28.27 (18 − h )
5h 2 + 28.27 h − 508.86 = 0
From which: h = 7.650 in. 18 − h = 10.350 in.
(10 )( 7.650 )
3
= + ( 28.27 )(10.350 ) = 4521 in.4

2
IT
3
Myc ( M × 12 )( 7.650 )
σc = = ≤ 1000 psi
IT ( 4521)
M ≤ 49, 248 lb ⋅ ft
nMys 12 ( M × 12 )(10.350 )
σs = = ≤ 18, 000 psi
IT ( 4521)
M ≤ 54, 601 lb ⋅ ft
Therefore: M max = 49.2 kip ⋅ ft ................................................................................................. Ans.
7-164*
Es 200
n= = = 13.333
Ec 15
As = 4 π (15 ) 4  = 706.9 mm 2
2
 
AT = nAs = 13.333 ( 706.9 ) = 9425 mm 2
200h ( h 2 ) = 9425 ( 275 − h )
h 2 + 94.25h − 25,919 = 0
From which: h = 120.62 mm 275 − h = 154.38 mm
( 200 )(120.62 )
3
= + ( 9425 )(154.38 ) = 341.6 (106 ) mm 4

2
IT
3
Myc (15, 000 )( 0.12062 )
σc = = = 5.30 (106 ) N/m 2
IT ( 341.6 ×10 )6
σ c = 5.30 MPa (C) ............................................................................................................... Ans.
ys (154.38)(13.333 × 5.297 ) = 90.4 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.

σs = ( nσ c ) =
yc (120.62 )
7-165
Es 30, 000
n= = = 13.636
Ec 2200
wL2 ( 820 )(13)
2
M max = = = 17,322 lb ⋅ ft
8 8
As = 3 π ( 0.75 ) 4  = 1.3254 in.2
2
 
AT = nAs = 13.636 (1.3254 ) = 18.073 in.2
10h ( h 2 ) = 18.073 (15.5 − h )
h 2 + 3.615h − 56.02 = 0
From which: h = 5.892 in. 15.5 − h = 9.608 in.
(10 )( 5.892 )
3
= + (18.073)( 9.608 ) = 2350 in.4

2
IT
3
Myc (17.322 × 12 )( 5.892 )
σc = = = 0.5212 ksi ≅ 0.521 ksi (C) .............................. Ans.
IT ( 2350 )
ys ( 9.608 )(13.636 × 0.5212 ) = 11.59 ksi (T) ....................................... Ans.
σs = ( nσ c ) =
yc ( 5.892 )
7-166*
Es
n= = 12
Ec
3wL2 3w ( 4 )
2
M max = = = (1.5w ) N ⋅ m
32 32
As = 3 π (16 ) 4  = 603.2 mm 2
2
 
AT = nAs = 12 ( 603.2 ) = 7238 mm 2
200h ( h 2 ) = 7238 ( 300 − h )
h 2 + 72.38h − 21, 714 = 0
( 200 )(115.55)
3
= + ( 7238 )(184.45 ) = 349.1(106 ) mm 4

2
IT
3
Myc (1.5w )( 0.11555 )
σc = = ≤ 6.5 (106 ) N/m 2 w ≤ 13.092 (103 ) N/m
IT ( 349.1×10 )
−6
nMys 12 (1.5w )( 0.18445 )

σs = = ≤ 120 (106 ) N/m 2 w ≤ 12.618 (103 ) N/m
IT ( 349.1×10 )
−6
Therefore: wmax = 12.62 kN/m ................................................................................................. Ans.
7-167
wL2 w (12 )
2
Es 30, 000
n= = = 12.5 M max = = = (18w ) lb ⋅ ft
Ec 2400 8 8
As = 3 π ( 0.875 ) 4  = 1.8040 in.2
2
 
AT = nAs = 12.5 (1.8040 ) = 22.55 in.2
8h ( h 2 ) = 22.55 (16 − h )
4h 2 + 22.55h − 360.8 = 0
From which: h = 7.088 in. 16 − h = 8.912 in.
(8 )( 7.088)
3
IT = + ( 22.55 )( 8.912 ) = 2741 in.4

2
3
Myc (18w ×12 )( 7.088 )
σc = = ≤ 1000 psi w ≤ 1790.3 lb/ft
IT ( 2741)
nMys 12.5 (18w ×12 )( 8.912 )
σs = = ≤ 16, 000 psi w ≤ 1822.6 lb/ft
IT ( 2741)
Therefore: wmax = 1790 lb/ft ..................................................................................................... Ans.
7-168*
Es 198
n= = = 12
Ec 16.5
300h ( h 2 ) = 12 As ( 500 − h )
12.5h 2
As =
500 − h
≤ 7 (106 ) N/m 2
Myc Mh
σc = = (a)
IT IT
nMys 12M ( 500 − h )
σs = = ≤ 125 (106 ) N/m 2 (b)
IT IT
From Eqs. (a) and (b): 84 ( 500 − h ) = 125h h = 200.95 mm
12.5h 2 12.5 ( 200.95 )

2
(a) As = = = 1688 mm 2 ................................................................... Ans.

500 − h 500 − 200.95
( 300 )( 200.95)
3
= + 12 (1688 )( 299.05 ) = 2623 (106 ) mm 4

2
(b) IT
3
M max =
σ c IT
=
( 7 ×10 )( 2623 ×10 ) = 91,370 N ⋅ m
6 −6
h ( 0.20095 )
M max = 91.4 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................................................... Ans.
7-169
Es 30, 000
n= = = 12.5
Ec 2400
wL2 (1000 )(16 )
2
M max = = = 32, 000 lb ⋅ ft

8 8
Myc ( 32, 000 × 12 ) h
σc = = ≤ 800 psi (a)
IT IT
nMys 12.5 ( 32, 000 × 12 ) b
σs = = ≤ 16, 000 psi (b)
IT IT
From Eqs. (a) and (b): IT = 480h = 300b h = 0.625b
5 ( 0.625b )
2
5h 2
10h ( h 2 ) = nAs b = 12.5 As b As = = = 0.15625b
12.5b 12.5b
(10 )( h ) (10 )( 0.625b )
3 3
= + nAs ( b ) = + 12.5 ( 0.15625b )( b ) = 2.767b3

2 2
IT
3 3
Therefore IT = 2.767b = 300b 3
b = 10.413 in.
h = 0.625b = 0.625 (10.413) = 6.508 in.
(a) As = 0.15625b = 0.15625 (10.413) = 1.627 in.2 ............................................................. Ans.
(b) d = h + b = 6.508 + 10.413 = 16.92 in. .............................................................................. Ans.
7-170
From the curved beam formula:
ro − ri 11d − 10d
R= = = 10.49206d
ln ( ro ri ) ln (1.1)
yC = R − RC = 10.49206d − 10.5d = −0.00794d
Myi M ( 0.49206d ) −6.197 M
σ max = = =
ri AyC (10d )( td )( −0.00794d ) td 2
− Mc − M ( d 2 ) −6 M
σ max = = =
( td 3 12 ) td 2
From the flexure formula:
I
6.197 − 6
Error = (100 ) = 3.18% ..................................................................................... Ans.
6.197
7-171*
M ( R − ro ) − M ( R − ri )
σ o = −σ i = =
ro AyC ri AyC
ro ( R − ri ) = ri ( ro − R )
14 ( R − 6 ) = 6 (14 − R )
Which gives R = 8.400 in.
dA
A = 2 ( 8 × 1) + ( b × 2 ) = ( 2b + 16 ) in.2 A = R∫
ρ
Using Table B-20
dA  8  14 
∫ = ( b ) ln  + 2 (1) ln  = 0.28768b + 1.69750
ρ  6  6
2b + 16 = ( 8.400 )( 0.28768b + 2.26996 )
b = 4.24 in. .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
7-172
RC = 450 + 100 = 550 mm
A = 2 ( 50 ×150 ) + ( 75 × 100 ) = 22,500 mm 2
dA
A = R∫
ρ
Using Table B-20
dA 500 600 650
∫ = (150 ) ln + ( 75 ) ln + (150 ) ln = 41.484 mm
ρ 450 500 600
22,500 = R ( 41.484 ) R = 542.4 mm
yC = R − RC = 542.4 − 550 = −7.600 mm
M ( R − ri ) ( 20, 000 )( 0.5424 − 0.450 )
σi = =
ri AyC ( 0.450 )( 0.0225)( −0.00760 )
σ i = −24.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 24.0 MPa (C) .................................................................. Ans.
M ( R − ro ) ( 20, 000 )( 0.5424 − 0.650 )
σo = =
ro AyC ( 0.650 )( 0.0225)( −0.00760 )
σ o = +19.36 (106 ) N/m 2 = 19.36 MPa (T) ............................................................. Ans.
7-173*
A = ( 8 × 2 ) + ( 4 × 2 ) + ( 4 × 2 ) = 32 in.2
RC =
(11)(8 × 2 ) + (14 )( 4 × 2 ) + (17 )( 4 × 2 ) = 13.25 in.
32
dA
A = R∫
ρ
Using Table B-20
dA 12 16 18
∫ = ( 8 ) ln + ( 2 ) ln + ( 4 ) ln = 2.5051 in.
ρ 10 12 16
32 = R ( 2.5051) R = 12.774 in.
yC = R − RC = 12.774 − 13.25 = −0.4760 in.
M ( R − ri ) ( −30 ×12 )(12.774 − 10 )
σi = = = +6.56 ksi = 6.56 ksi (T) .................. Ans.
ri AyC (10 )( 32 )( −0.4760 )
M ( R − ro ) ( −30 ×12 )(12.774 − 18 )
σo = = = −6.86 ksi = 6.86 ksi (C) ................. Ans.
ro AyC (18)( 32 )( −0.4760 )
7-174*
RC = 75 + 150 = 225 mm A = ( 250 × 300 ) − (150 × 200 ) = 45, 000 mm 2
Using Table B-20
dA 125 325 375
∫ = ( 250 ) ln + 2 ( 50 ) ln + ( 250 ) ln = 259.0 mm
ρ 75 125 325
dA
A = R∫ 45, 000 = R ( 259.0 ) R = 173.75 mm
ρ
yC = R − RC = 173.75 − 225 = −51.25 mm
M ( R − ri ) M ( 0.17375 − 0.075 )
σi = = ≤ −140 (106 ) N/m 2
ri AyC ( 0.075)( 0.0450 )( −0.05125)
M ≤ 245 (103 ) N ⋅ m
M ( R − ro ) M ( 0.17375 − 0.375 )
σo = = ≤ 35 (106 ) N/m 2
ro AyC ( 0.375)( 0.0450 )( −0.05125)
M ≤ 150.4 (103 ) N ⋅ m
Therefore: M max = 150.4 kN ⋅ m ............................................................................................... Ans.
7-175
A = (1.5 × 0.75 ) + (1.5 × 3) = 5.625 in.2
dA  3  4ρ  d ρ 6 ρ  dρ 
A = R∫ = R  ∫  −2 +  + ∫ 3− 
ρ  2.25
 3  ρ 3
 3  ρ 
  3  4 6 1 
= R  −2 ln   + ( 3 − 2.25 ) + 3ln   − ( 6 − 3) 
  2.25  3 3 3 
= 1.50408R = 5.625 in. 2
5.625
R= = 3.7398 in.
1.50408
yC = R − RC = 3.7398 − 4.00 = −0.2602 in.
M ( R − ri ) ( −70 )( 3.7398 − 2.25 ) = +31.7 ksi = 31.7 ksi (T) ................ Ans.
σi = =
ri AyC ( 2.25)( 5.625)( −0.2602 )
M ( R − ro ) ( −70 )( 3.7398 − 6.00 ) = −18.02 ksi = 18.02 ksi (C) .......... Ans.
σo = =
ro AyC ( 6.00 )( 5.625)( −0.2602 )
7-176*
F = 1500 kN (T) Vz = 500 kN
M y = − ( 500 × 1) = −500 kN ⋅ m
F Mc
σ xA = +
A I
1500 (103 ) ( 500 ×10 ) ( 0.200 ) 3
= +
π ( 0.400 − 0.300 ) 4 π ( 0.200 − 0.150 ) 4
2 2 4 4
= 27.28 (10 ) + 116.41(10 ) N/m = 143.69 MPa (T)

6 6 2
σ yA = τ xyA = 0 MPa
σ p1 = 143.7 MPa (T) .......................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = σ p 3 = 0 MPa ............................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = (143.69 − 0 ) 2 = 71.8 MPa ............................................ Ans.
7-177*
P = 150 kip (C) M = (150 )( 2 ) = 300 kip ⋅ in.
A = 2 ( 2 × 6 ) = 24 in 2
My ( 3) ( 2 )( 6 ) + ( 7 ) ( 6 )( 2 )
xC = = = 5.00 in.
A 2 ( 6 )( 2 ) 
( 2 )( 5) ( 6 )( 3) ( 4 )(1)
3 3 3
Iy = + − = 136.00 in.4
3 3 3
− P Mc −150 ( 300 )( 5 )
σ yC = + = + = 4.78 ksi (T) ..................... Ans.
A I 24 136
− P Mc −150 ( 300 )( 3)
σ yD = − = − = −12.87 ksi = 12.87 ksi (C) .......................... Ans.
A I 24 136
7-178
↑ ΣFy = 0 : P + 4060 − 5210 = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M − ( 4060 )( 0.016 ) − ( 5210 )( 0.037 ) = 0
P = 1150 N (C) M y = 257.73 N ⋅ m
A = π ( 27 ) 4 = 572.6 mm 2
2
(a) Solid:
I = π ( 27 ) 64 = 26.09 (103 ) mm 4
4
σ xA =
− F Mc
± =
−1150
±
( 257.3)( 0.0135)
A I 572.6 (10−6 ) 26.09 (10−9 )
= ( −2.0084 ± 133.36 ) (106 ) N/m 2
σ T max = +131.4 MPa = 131.4 MPa (T) ........................................................................... Ans.
σ C max = −135.4 MPa = 135.4 MPa (C) ........................................................................... Ans.

(b) Hollow: A = π ( 27 2 − 162 ) 4 = 371.5 mm 2
I = π ( 27 4 − 164 ) 64 = 22.87 (103 ) mm 4
−1150 ( 257.3)( 0.0135) = −3.096 ± 152.14 106 N/m 2

σ xA = ± ( )( )
371.5 (10 )
−6
22.87 (10−9 )
σ T max = +149.0 MPa = 149.0 MPa (T) ........................................................................... Ans.
σ C max = −155.2 MPa = 155.2 MPa (C) ........................................................................... Ans.
7-179*
P = 50 kip (T) Vy = 5 kip
M z = ( 5 )( 24 ) = 120 kip ⋅ in.
T = 30 kip ⋅ in.
I z = π ( 4 ) 64 = 12.5664 in.4
4
J = 2 I z = 25.1327 in.4
2 ( 2)
3
 4r   π r  2r
2 3
Q = yC A =    = = = 5.3333 in.3
 3π  2  3 3
σ xA =
P
=
( 50 ) = 3.979 ksi (T) σ yA = 0 ksi
A π ( 4 )2 4
τ xyA =
Tc Vy Q
− =
( 30 )( 2 ) − ( 5)( 5.3333) = 1.8575 ksi
J I z t ( 25.1327 ) (12.5664 )( 4 )
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + τ xy
2
2  2 
3.979 + 0  3.979 − 0 
2
= ±   + (1.8575 )
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 1.9895 + 2.7218 = +4.7113 ksi ≅ 4.71 ksi (T) .................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 1.9895 − 2.7218 = −0.7323 ksi ≅ 0.732 ksi (C) ................................................. Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p = (σ p1 − σ p 2 ) 2 = ( 4.7113 + 0.7323) 2 = 2.72 ksi .................................... Ans.
1 2τ xy 1 2 (1.8575 )
θ p = tan −1 = tan −1 = 21.52° .................................................... Ans.
2 σ x −σ y 2 ( 3.979 ) − 0
7-180
P = 40 kN (T) M = ( 40 )( 0.65919 ) = 26.37 kN ⋅ m
A = (100 × 50 ) + ( 30 × 80 ) + ( 60 × 20 ) = 8600 mm 2
xC =
( 25 )(100 × 50 ) + ( 90 )( 30 × 80 ) + (140 )( 60 × 20 ) = 59.19 mm
8600
100 ( 50 ) 3

Iy =  + (100 × 50 )( 34.19 ) 
2
 12 
 30 ( 80 )3   60 ( 20 )3 
+ + ( 30 × 80 )( 30.81)  +  + ( 60 × 20 )( 80.81) 
2 2
 12   12 
= 18.321(106 ) mm 4
σ CD =
P Mc
+ =
40, 000
+
( 26.37 )( 0.09081)
A I 8600 (10−6 ) 18.321(10−6 )
σ CD = 89.845 (106 ) N/m 2 = 89.8 MPa (T) ..................................................................... Ans.
σ EF =
P Mc
− =
40, 000
−
( 26.37 )( 0.05919 )
A I 8600 (10 )
−6
18.321(10−6 )
σ EF = −126.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 126.1 MPa (C) ................................................................... Ans.
7-181
P = 15 kip (C)
M = (15 )(12 ) = 180 kip ⋅ in.
A = ( 5 ×12 ) = 60 in 2
I = ( 5 )(12 ) 12 = 720 in.4

3
− P Mc −15 (180 )( 6 )
σA = + = + = 1.250 ksi (T)
A I 60 720
σ A = 1.250 ksi (T) ........................................................... Ans.
− P Mc −15 (180 )( 6 )
σB = − = −
A I 60 720
σ B = −1.750 ksi = 1.750 ksi (C) .................................. Ans.
7-182*
→ ΣFx = 0 : − P − 25 = 0 P = −25 kN = 25 kN (C)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : V − 30 = 0 V = 30 kN
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M − ( 25 )( 0.350 ) − ( 30 )(1.25 ) = 0
M = −46.25 kN ⋅ m = 46.25 kN ⋅ m 4
A = (100 × 150 ) = 15, 000 mm 2
I = (100 )(150 ) 12 = 28.13 (106 ) mm 4

3
P Mc ( −25, 000 ) ( 46, 250 )( 0.075 )

σ top = + = + = +121.64 (106 ) N/m 2
A I 15.00 (10 )
−3
28.13 (10 )−6
P Mc ( −25, 000 ) ( 46, 250 )( 0.075 )

σ bottom = − = − = −124.98 (106 ) N/m 2
A I 15.00 (10 )
−3
28.13 (10 )−6
Therefore: σ max = 125.0 MPa (C) ............................................................................................ Ans.
7-183*
P = 450 lb (T) M = ( 450 )( 3) = 1350 lb ⋅ in.
A = ( 0.5 × h ) = ( 0.5h ) in 2
I = ( 0.5 )( h ) 12 = ( h3 24 ) in.4
3
P Mc 450 (1350 )( h 2 )
σ= + = + ≤ 16, 000 psi
A I 0.5h h3 24
16, 000h 2 − 900h − 16, 200 ≥ 0
h ≥ 1.035 in. ....................................................................... Ans.
7-184
→ ΣFx = 0 : P − 30 = 0 P = 30 kN (C)
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 40 − V = 0 V = 40 kN
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + ( 30 )( 0.750 ) − ( 40 )(1.20 ) = 0
M = 25.5 kN ⋅ m 4
A = 2 ( 50 ×150 ) + (100 × 75 ) = 22,500 mm 2
(150 )( 200 ) ( 75 )(100 )

3 3
I= − = 93.75 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
− P Mc − ( 30, 000 ) ( 25,500 )( 0.100 )
σ BB = ± = ±
A I 22.5 (10−3 ) 93.75 (10−6 )
Therefore: σ L = σ max T = +25.9 (106 ) N/m 2 = 25.9 MPa (T) ........................................... Ans.
σ R = σ max C = −28.5 (106 ) N/m 2 = 28.5 MPa (C) ........................................... Ans.
7-185
P = 80 lb (T)
M = ( 80 )( 3) = 240 lb ⋅ in.
A = ( 0.5 × 0.1875 ) = 0.093750 in 2
I = ( 0.1875 )( 0.5 ) 12 = 1.9531(10−3 ) in.4

3
P Mc 80 ( 240 )( 0.25) = 853.33 ± 30, 720 psi

σ= ± = + ( )
A I 0.09375 1.9531(10−3 )
Therefore: σ L = σ max T = +31.6 ksi = 31.6 ksi (T) ............................................................... Ans.
σ R = σ max C = −29.9 ksi = 29.9 ksi (C) .............................................................. Ans.
7-186*
P = 780 kN (T) Vy = 10 kN
M z = (10 × 0.700 ) = 7.00 kN ⋅ m
T = 14.0 + 5.6 = 19.6 kN ⋅ m
A = π (150 ) 4 = 17, 671 mm 2
2
I = π (150 ) 64 = 24.85 (106 ) mm 4

4
J = 2 I = 49.70 (106 ) mm 4
P Mc 780 (103 ) ( 7000 )( 0.075)

σ xA = − = −
A I 17.671(10 ) 24.850 (10−6 )
−3
= 44.14 (106 ) − 21.13 (106 ) N/m 2 = 23.01 MPa (T)

σ yA = 0 MPa
Tc Vy Q (19, 600 )( 0.075 )
τ xyA = + = +0
J I zt 49.70 (10−6 )
= 29.58 (106 ) N/m 2 = 29.58 MPa
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
23.01 + 0  23.01 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( 29.58 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = 11.505 + 31.74 = 43.245 MPa ≅ 43.2 MPa (T) ................................................. Ans.
σ p 2 = 11.505 − 31.74 = −20.235 MPa ≅ 20.2 MPa (C) .............................................. Ans.

σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 43.245) − ( −20.235) = 31.7 MPa ...................................... Ans.
2 2
7-187*
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax − Q + 30 cos 30° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay − 30sin 30° = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : 5.5Q − (11)( 30 cos 30° ) − ( 4 )( 30sin 30° ) = 0
Q = 62.87 lb
Ax = 36.89 lb Ay = 15.00 lb
θ = tan −1 ( 5.5 4 ) = 53.97°
Z ΣFn = 0 : 36.89 cos θ + 15.00sin θ − N = 0
^ ΣFt = 0 : V + 15.00 cos θ − 36.89sin θ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + ( 36.89 )( 2.75 ) − (15.00 )( 2 ) = 0
N = 33.83 lb V = 21.01 lb
M = −71.45 lb ⋅ in. = 71.45 lb ⋅ in. 3
A = ( 0.18750 ×1) = 0.18750 in.2
I = ( 0.18750 )(1) 12 = 0.015625 in.4

3
− N Mc − ( 33.83) ( 71.45 )( 0.500 )

σ top = + = + = +2106 psi
A I 0.18750 0.015625
− N Mc − ( 33.83) ( 71.45 )( 0.500 )
σ bottom = − = − = −2467 psi
A I 0.18750 0.015625
Therefore: σ top = σ max T = +2.11 ksi = 2.11 ksi (T) ............................................................. Ans.
σ bottom = σ max C = −2.47 ksi = 2.47 ksi (C) ........................................................ Ans.
7-188
a = 1430 cos16° = 1374.6 mm W = mg = ( 360 )( 9.807 ) = 3531 N
b = 1430sin16° = 394.2 mm
1374.6 − 890
φ = tan −1 = 20.53°
394.2 + 900
→ ΣFx = 0 : Ax + B sin 20.53° = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Ay + B cos 20.53° − 3531 = 0
4 ΣM A = 0 : ( B cos 20.53° )(1374.6 ) − ( B sin 20.53° )( 394.2 ) − ( 3531)( 2700 cos16° ) = 0
B = 7976 N
Ax = −2797 N Ay = −3938 N
Z ΣFn = 0 : P − 2797 cos16° − 3938sin16° = 0
^ ΣFt = 0 : V + 2797 sin16° − 3938cos16° = 0
P = 3774 N V = 3014 N
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + ( 3938 )( 0.530 cos16° ) − ( 2797 )( 0.530sin16° ) = 0
M = −1597.7 N ⋅ m = 1597.7 N ⋅ m 3
A = (100 × 100 ) − ( 60 × 60 ) = 6400 mm 2
(100 )(100 ) ( 60 )( 60 )
3 3
I= − = 7.253 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
( 3774 ) + (1597.7 )( 0.050 ) = +11.60 106 N/m 2
σ top =
P Mc
+
A I
=
6400 (10−6 ) 7.253 (10−6 )
( )
σ top = σ max T = 11.60 MPa (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
( 3774 ) − (1597.7 )( 0.050 ) = −10.42 106 N/m 2
σ bottom =
P Mc
−
A I
=
6400 (10−6 ) 7.253 (10−6 )
( )
σ bottom = σ max C = 10.42 MPa (C) ................................................................................. Ans.
7-189*
A = ( 6 × 4 ) = 24 in.2
( 6 )( 4 )
3
Ix = = 32 in.4
12
( 4 )( 6 )
3
Iy = = 72 in.4
12
P = 9600 lb (C) Vx = 800 lb

M x = ( 9600 )(1) = 9600 lb ⋅ in.
M y = ( 800 )( 24 ) = 19, 200 lb ⋅ in.
P 9600
σP = = = 400 psi (C)
A 24
M x c ( 9600 )( 2 )
σM = = = 600 psi (T & C)
x
Ix 32
σM =
M yc
=
(19, 200 )( 3) = 800 psi (T & C)
y
Iy 72
σ A = −400 + 600 + 800 = +1000 psi = 1000 psi (T) .............................................. Ans.
σ B = −400 − 600 + 800 = −200 psi = 200 psi (C) .................................................. Ans.
σ C = −400 − 600 − 800 = −1800 psi = 1800 psi (C) ............................................. Ans.
σ D = −400 + 600 − 800 = −600 psi = 600 psi (C) ................................................. Ans.
7-190
By symmetry, each support carries half of the total weight. Then,
V = 10 kN
M = ( 30 )( 2 ) − (10 × 2 )(1) = 40.00 kN ⋅ m
π ( 604 ) π ( 600 )
4 4
I= − = 2741(106 ) mm 4
4 4
2 ( 604 ) 2 ( 600 )
3 3
 4r   π r  2r
2 3
Q = yC A =   = = −
 3π  2  3 3 3
= 2.899 (106 ) mm3
Stresses due to the internal pressure:
pr ( 200 × 10 ) ( 0.600 )
3
σ x = σ axial = = = 15.00 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)

2t 2 ( 0.004 )
σ y = σ hoop = 2σ axial = 30.00 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)
At A:
σ x = 15.00 MPa σ y = 30.00 MPa
−VQ − (10, 000 ) ( 2.899 × 10 )

−3
τ xy = =
It ( 2741×10−6 ) ( 0.008)
= −1.3221(106 ) N/m 2 = −1.3221 MPa
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
15 + 30  15 − 30 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( −1.3221)
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = 22.500 + 7.616 = +30.116 MPa ≅ 30.1 MPa (T) ............................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 22.500 − 7.616 = +14.884 MPa ≅ 14.88 MPa (T) ............................................ Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max =
σ max − σ min
=
( 30.116 ) − 0 = 15.06 MPa ............................................................ Ans.
2 2
At B:
σx =
pr Mc
− = 15 (106 ) −
( 40, 000 )( 0.604 )
2t I ( 2741×10−6 )
= +6.186 (106 ) N/m 2 = 6.186 MPa (T)
σ y = 30.00 MPa τ xy = 0 MPa
7-190 (cont.)
Since τ xy = 0 MPa these are principal stresses and
σ p1 = σ y = +30.0 MPa = 30.0 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.

σ p 2 = σ x = +6.186 MPa ≅ 6.19 MPa (T) ....................................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max =
σ max − σ min
=
( 30.0 ) − 0 = 15.00 MPa ................................................................. Ans.
2 2
7-191
bh3 (1)( t )
3
A = (1)( t ) = ( t ) in 2 I= = = ( 0.08333t 3 ) in.4

12 12
P Mc
σ = Eε = +
A I
(110h )( t 2 )
(10.6 ×10 )(1000 ×10 ) = 110
6
t
+ −6
0.08333t 3
which gives 1767t 2 − 18.33t = 110h
h (in.) t (in.)
0 0.0000
0.25 0.1246
0.50 0.1713
0.75 0.2110
1.00 0.2444
1.25 0.2738
1.50 0.3004
1.75 0.3249
2.00 0.3477
7-192*
( 200 )(150 )
3
Ix = = 56.25 (106 ) mm 4 A = ( 200 ×150 ) = 30, 000 mm 2

12
(150 )( 200 )
3
Iy = = 100.0 (106 ) mm 4
12
P = 75 kN (C)
M x = ( 75 )( 0.075 ) = 5.625 kN ⋅ m
M y = ( 75 )( 0.050 ) = 3.750 kN ⋅ m
= 2.50 (106 ) N/m 2 (C)

P 75, 000
σP = =
A 30 (10 )
−3
M x c ( 5625 )( 0.075 )
σM = = = 7.50 (106 ) N/m 2 (T & C)
x
Ix 56.25 (10 )
−6
( 3750 )( 0.100 ) = 3.75 106

( ) N/m
M yc
σM = = 2
(T & C)
y
Iy 100.0 (10 −6
)
σ A = −2.50 + 7.50 + 3.75 = +8.75 MPa = 8.75 MPa (T) ..................................... Ans.
σ B = −2.50 + 7.50 − 3.75 = +1.25 MPa = 1.25 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.
σ C = −2.50 − 7.50 − 3.75 = −13.75 MPa = 13.75 MPa (C) ................................. Ans.
σ D = −2.50 − 7.50 + 3.75 = −6.25 MPa = 6.25 MPa (C) ..................................... Ans.
7-193
I x = ( 6 )( 4 ) 12 = 32 in.4 A = ( 6 × 4 ) = 24 in.2
3
I y = ( 4 )( 6 ) 12 = 72 in.4
3
P = 4000 lb (C)
M x = ( 400 )( 24 ) + ( 4000 )(1) = 13, 600 lb ⋅ in.
M z = ( 500 )( 24 ) = 12, 000 lb ⋅ in.
Neither Vx nor Vz contributes to the stresses at the corners.
P 4000
σP = = = 166.67 psi (C)
A 24
M x c (13, 600 )( 2 )
σM = = = 850 psi (T & C)
x
Ix 32
M z c (12, 000 )( 3)
σM = = = 500 psi (T & C)
z
Iz 72
σ A = −166.67 + 850 + 500 = +1183 psi = 1183 psi (T) ........................................ Ans.
σ B = −166.67 − 850 + 500 = −517 psi = 517 psi (C) ............................................ Ans.
σ C = −166.67 − 850 − 500 = −1517 psi = 1517 psi (C) ........................................ Ans.
σ D = −166.67 + 850 − 500 = +183.3 psi = 183.3 psi (T) ...................................... Ans.
7-194*
A = ( 200 ×150 ) = 30, 000 mm 2
( 200 )(150 )
3
Ix = = 56.25 (106 ) mm 4
12
(150 )( 200 )
3
Iz = = 100.0 (106 ) mm 4
12
P = 75 kN (C)
M x = ( 75 )( 0.075 ) = 5.625 kN ⋅ m
M z = (15 )( 0.5 ) − ( 75 )( 0.050 ) = 3.750 kN ⋅ m
= 2.50 (106 ) N/m 2 (C)

P 75, 000
σP = =
A 30 (10−3 )
M x c ( 5625 )( 0.075 )
σM = = = 7.50 (106 ) N/m 2 (T & C)
x
Ix 56.25 (10 )
−6
M z c ( 3750 )( 0.100 )
σM = = = 3.75 (106 ) N/m 2 (T & C)
z
Iz 100.0 (10 )
−6
σ A = −2.50 + 7.50 − 3.75 = +1.25 MPa = 1.25 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.
σ B = −2.50 + 7.50 + 3.75 = +8.75 MPa = 8.75 MPa (T) ..................................... Ans.
σ C = −2.50 − 7.50 + 3.75 = −6.25 MPa = 6.25 MPa (C) ..................................... Ans.
σ D = −2.50 − 7.50 − 3.75 = −13.75 MPa = 13.75 MPa (C) ................................ Ans.
1.250 13.25
=
z′ 150 − z ′
z ′ = 12.5 mm
8.75 6.25
=
z ′′ 150 − z ′′
z ′′ = 87.5 mm
7-195
θ = tan1 ( 9 16 ) = 29.357°
4 ΣM A = 0 :
(T sin θ )( 64 ) − ( 27.5)(16 ) − ( 27.5)( 48) = 0
T = 56.10 lb
→ ΣFx = 0 : P − 56.10 cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : V − 27.5 + 56.10sin θ = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : − M − ( 27.5 )(16 ) + ( 56.10sin θ )( 32 ) = 0
P = 48.89 lb V = 0 lb M = 440 lb ⋅ in.
P Mc −48.89 ( 440 )( 0.5 )
(a) σx = − = − = −24.445 − 1320.0
A I (1× 2 ) ( 2 )(1)3 12
σ x = −1344.4 psi ≅ 1344 psi (C) σ y = τ xy = 0 lb
Since τ xy = 0 these are principal stresses and
σ p 2 = 1344 psi (C) ........................... σ p1 = σ p 3 = 0 lb ..................................................... Ans.

σ p1 − σ p 2 0 − ( −1344.4 )
τ max = τ p = = = 672 psi ......................................................... Ans.
2 2
P Mc
(b) σx = + = −24.445 + 1320.0 = +1295.6 psi ≅ 1296 psi (T) σ y = τ xy = 0 lb
A I
Since τ xy = 0 these are principal stresses and
σ p1 = 1296 psi (T) ............................ σ p 2 = σ p 3 = 0 lb .................................................... Ans.
σ p1 − σ p 2 1295.6 − 0
τ max = τ p = = = 648 psi ................................................................ Ans.
2 2
P Mc
(c) σx = + = −24.445 + 0 = −24.445 psi ≅ 24.4 psi (C) σ y = 0 lb
A I
Because V = 0 , τ xy = 0 and these are principal stresses
σ p 2 = 24.4 psi (C) ............................ σ p1 = σ p 3 = 0 lb ..................................................... Ans.

σ p1 − σ p 2 0 − ( 24.445 )
τ max = τ p = = = 12.22 psi ......................................................... Ans.
2 2
7-196*
A = π (100 ) 4 = 7854 mm 2
2
I = π (100 ) 64 = 4.909 (106 ) mm 4

4
σ 1 = Eε1 = ( 210 ×109 )( −200 ×10−6 ) = −42.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 42.0 MPa (C)
σ 2 = Eε 2 = ( 210 × 109 )( 820 ×10−6 ) = 172.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 172.2 MPa (T)
σ 3 = Eε 3 = ( 210 ×109 )( 600 × 10−6 ) = 126.0 (106 ) N/m 2 = 126.0 MPa (T)
σ 4 = Eε 4 = ( 210 × 109 )( −420 × 10−6 ) = −88.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 88.2 MPa (C)
P M zc P M yc
σ1 = − σ2 = +
A I A I
P M zc P M c
σ3 = + σ4 = − y
A I A I
(σ 1 + σ 3 ) A = ( −42.0 + 126.0 ) (106 )( 7854 ×10−6 ) = 329.9
Therefore: P=
2 2
(10 ) N
3
P ≅ 330 kN ............................................................................................................................. Ans.

(σ 2 − σ 4 ) I = (172.2 − 88.2 ) (106 )( 4.909 ×10−6 ) = 12.783 103 N ⋅ m
Similarly: My =
2c 2 ( 0.050 )
( )
M y ≅ 12.78 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................................................ Ans.
( σ 3 − σ 1 ) I (126.0 + 42.0 ) (10 )( 4.909 ×10 )

6 −6
Mz = = = 8.247 (103 ) N ⋅ m
2c 2 ( 0.050 )
M z ≅ 8.25 kN ⋅ m ................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-197*
π (1) π ( 0.75 )
4 4
I= − = 0.03356 in.4 J = 2 I = 0.06711 in.4

64 64
M x = ( 50 )(18 ) = 900 lb ⋅ in.
T = ( 50 )( 7 ) = 350 lb ⋅ in. Vz = 50 lb
Mc ( 900 )( 0.5 )
σ= = = 13, 409 psi (T, top; C, bottom)
I 0.003356
Tc ( 350 )( 0.50 )
τ= = = 2608 psi
J 0.06711
On the top of the pipe:
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
13, 409 + 0  13, 409 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( 2608 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = 6705 + 7194 = +13,899 psi ≅ 13.90 ksi (T) ........................................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = 6705 − 7194 = −489 psi ≅ 0.489 ksi (C) ............................................................. Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
(13,899 ) − ( −489 ) = 7194 psi ≅ 7.19 ksi ........................... Ans.
2 2
On the bottom of the pipe:
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
−13, 409 + 0  −13, 409 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( 2608 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = −6705 + 7194 = +489 psi ≅ 0.489 ksi (T) ........................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = −6705 − 7194 = −13,899 psi ≅ 13.90 ksi (C) ..................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 489 ) − ( −13,899 ) = 7194 psi ≅ 7.19 ksi .......................... Ans.
2 2
7-198
π (120 )
4
I= = 10.179 (106 ) mm 4 J = 2 I = 20.358 (106 ) mm 4

64
(120 )
3
Qb = = 144.0 (103 ) mm3 TA = ( 30 )( 0.250 ) − ( 5 )( 0.250 ) = 6.25 kN ⋅ m

12
For the horizontal plane:
ΣM B = 0 : RC ( 2800 ) − ( 35 )( 800 ) = 0 RC = 10.00 kN Z
ΣM C = 0 : ( 35)( 2000 ) − RB ( 2800 ) = 0 RB = 25.00 kN Z
For the horizontal plane:

ΣM B = 0 : RC ( 2800 ) − ( 35 )( 2000 ) = 0 RC = 25.00 kN ↑
ΣM C = 0 : ( 35)( 2000 ) − RB ( 800 ) = 0 RB = 10.00 kN ↑
From the shear-force and bending-

moment diagrams:
VAx = −10 kN
M Ax = 12 kN ⋅ m
VAz = +10 kN
M Az = 16 kN ⋅ m
(Note that neither VAz nor M Az
affect the stresses at A.)
Therefore:
− Mc − (12, 000 )( 0.060 )
σx = = = −70.73 (106 ) N/m 2 = 70.73 MPa (C)
I 10.179 (10 )−6
Tc VQ ( 6250 )( 0, 060 ) (10, 000 ) (144 ×10 )

−6
τ xy = + = + = 19.60 (106 ) N/m 2 = 19.60 MPa

J It 20.358 (10 ) (10.179 ×10 ) ( 0.120 )
−6 −6
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
−70.73 + 00  −70.73 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + (19.60 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = −35.365 + 40.433 = +5.068 MPa ≅ 5.07 MPa (T) ............................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = −35.365 − 40.433 = −75.798 MPa ≅ 76.0 MPa (C) ......................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 5.068) − ( −75.798) = 40.4 MPa ......................................... Ans.
2 2
7-199*
A = π (1) 4 = 0.7854 in.2
2
I = π (1) 64 = 0.04909 in.4

4
σ A = Eε A = (10 × 106 )( 550 ×10−6 ) = 5500 psi

σ B = Eε B = (10 × 106 )( 400 × 10−6 ) = 4000 psi
σ C = Eε C = (10 × 106 )( −300 ×10−6 ) = −3000 psi
Q  P ( x + 3)  c Q P ( x + 3)( 0.50 )
σ A = Eε A = + = + = 5500 psi (a)
A I 0.7854 0.04909
Q ( Px ) c Q Px ( 0.50 )
σ B = Eε B = + = + = 4000 psi (b)
A I 0.7854 0.04909
Q ( Px ) c Q Px ( 0.50 )
σ C = Eε C = − = − = −3000 psi (c)
A I 0.7854 0.04909
From adding Eqs. (b) and (c): Q = 392.7 lb ≅ 393 lb ................................................. Ans.
Then from Eq. (b): Px = 343.63 lb
and from Eq. (a): Px + 3P = 490.90 lb
Combining these last two equations gives: P = 49.09 lb ≅ 49.1 lb ................................................ Ans.
and x = 7.00 in. .................................................................... Ans.
7-200
P = 125 kN (C) Vx = 50 kN
M z = ( 50 × 0.900 ) = 45.0 kN ⋅ m
π ( 265 ) π ( 250 )
2 2
A= − = 6067.2 mm 2
4 4
π ( 265 ) π ( 250 )
4 4
I= − = 805.27 (106 ) mm 4
4 4
2r 3 2 ( 265 ) 2 ( 250 )
3 3
Q= = − = 1989.75 (103 ) mm3

3 3 3
125 (103 )
= 20.60 (106 ) N/m 2 (C)
P
σP = =
A 6067.2 (10 )
−6
pr ( 2500 × 10 ) ( 0.250 )
3
σ axial = = = 20.833 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)

2t 2 ( 0.015 )
= 41.667 (106 ) N/m 2 (T)

pr
σ hoop =
t
VQ ( 50, 000 ) (1989.75 × 10 )
−6
τV = = = 4.118 (106 ) N/m 2

It (805.27 ×10 ) ( 0.030 )
−6
Note that both A and B are on the neutral axis for bending and
the bending moment does not affect the stress at either A or B.
The affect of the other stresses is the same at both A and B.
σ x = 41.667 MPa (T)
σ y = 20.833 − 20.60 = 0.233 MPa (T)
τ xy = −4.118 MPa
7-200 (cont.)
(a) θ n = −53.13°
σ n = σ x cos 2 θ n + σ y sin 2 θ n + 2τ xy sin θ n cos θ n
= ( 41.667 ) cos 2 ( −53.13° ) + ( 0.233) sin 2 ( −53.13° )
+ 2 ( −4.118 ) sin ( −53.13° ) cos ( −53.13° )
σ n = +19.10 MPa = 19.10 MPa (T) .......................................................................... Ans.
= − ( 41.667 ) − ( 0.233)  sin ( −53.13° ) cos ( −53.13° )
+ ( −4.118 )  cos 2 ( −53.13° ) − sin 2 ( −53.13° ) 
τ nt = +21.0 MPa ............................................................................................................. Ans.
41.667 + 0.233  41.667 − 0.233 

2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( −4.118 )
2
(b)
2  2 
σ p1 = 20.950 + 21.122 = 42.072 MPa ≅ 42.1 MPa (T) ............................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 20.950 − 21.122 = −0.172 MPa ≅ 0.172 MPa (C) ........................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 42.072 ) − ( −0.172 ) = 21.1 MPa ......................................... Ans.
2 2
7-201
A = π ( 4 ) 4 = 12.566 in.2 I z = π ( 4 ) 64 = 12.566 in.4
2 4
Q = 2r 3 3 = 2 ( 2 ) 3 = 5.333 in.3 J = 2 I = 25.133 in.4

3
P = 18 kip (C) Vx = 2.25 kip

M z = ( 2.25 × 36 ) = 81.0 kip ⋅ in.
T = ( 2.25 × 24 ) = 54.0 kip ⋅ in.
P 18
σP = = = 1.4324 ksi (C)
A 12.566
M z c ( 81)( 2 )
σM = = = 12.892 ksi (T, at A)
z
Iz 12.566
Tc ( 54 )( 2 )
τT = = = 4.297 ksi
J 25.133
V Q ( 2.25 )( 5.333)
τV = x = = 0.2387 ksi
I zt (12.566 )( 4 )
7-201 (cont.)
Therefore, at A:
σ x = 12.892 − 1.4324 = 11.459 ksi
σ y = 0 ksi
τ xy = 4.297 ksi
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
11.459 + 0  11.459 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( 4.297 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = 5.730 + 7.162 = +12.892 ksi ≅ 12.89 ksi (T) ...................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 5.730 − 7.162 = −1.432 ksi ≅ 1.432 ksi (C) ....................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
(12.892 ) − ( −1.432 ) = 7.16 ksi ............................................. Ans.
2 2
And at B:
σ x = −1.4324 ksi = 1.4324 ksi (C)
σ y = 0 ksi
τ xy = 4.297 + 0.2387 = 4.536 ksi
−1.4324 + 0  −1.4324 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 4.536 )
2
2  2 
σ p1 = −0.7162 + 4.592 = +3.876 ksi ≅ 3.88 ksi (T) ..................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = −0.7162 − 4.592 = −5.308 ksi ≅ 5.31 ksi (C) ..................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 3.876 ) − ( −5.308) = 4.59 ksi ............................................... Ans.
2 2
7-202*
θ = tan −1 ( 3 5 ) = 30.96°
For the entire chair:
↑ ΣFy = 0 : A + B − 84 − 28sin θ = 0
( 0.2 )(84 ) − ( 0.5 )( 24 ) − ( 0.4 ) A +  0.3 +

0.5 
4 ΣM B = 0 :  ( 28 ) = 0
 cos θ 
A = 73.82 N
B = 24.58 N
For member DF:
→ ΣFx = 0 : Dx − Fx + 24 = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : Fy + Dy − 84 = 0
7-202* (cont.)
4 ΣM D = 0 : ( 0.4 )(84 ) − ( 0.5) Fy = 0 Fy = 67.2 N
and Dx = ( Fx − 24 ) N Dy = 16.80 N
For member BCF:
→ ΣFx = 0 : Fx + Cx − 28cos θ = 0
↑ ΣFy = 0 : 24.58 + C y − 67.2 − 28sin θ = 0
 0.1667 
4 ΣM D = 0 :  0.3 +  ( 28 ) + ( 0.1333)( 24.58 )
 sin θ 
+ ( 0.1667 )( 67.2 ) − ( 0.2777 ) Fx = 0
Fx = 115.1 N Cx = −91.0 N C y = 57.0 N
On a section midway between pins C and F:
400 500
a + b = 500 mm =
a b
Therefore a = 222.2 mm b = 277.8 mm b 2 = 138.9 mm
c = 133.3 mm d = 166.7 mm d 2 = 83.4 mm
^ ΣFn = 0 : 24.6 cos 30.96° + 57.0 cos 30.96° + 91.0sin 30.96° − P = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + ( 91.0 )(138.9 ) − ( 57.0 )( 83.4 ) − ( 24.6 )( 216.7 ) = 0
M = −2555 N ⋅ mm = 2.555 N ⋅ m 4
(10 )( 30 )
3
A = (10 × 30 ) = 300 mm 2
I= = 22.5 (103 ) mm 4
12
− P Mc − (116.79 ) ( 2.555 )( 0.015 )
σ top = + = +
A I ( 300 ×10−6 ) ( 22.5 ×10−9 )
σ top = +1.3140 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 1.314 MPa (T) ......................................................... Ans.
− P Mc − (116.79 ) ( 2.555 )( 0.015 )
σ bottom = − = −
A I ( 300 ×10−6 ) ( 22.5 ×10−9 )
σ top = −2.093 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 2.09 MPa (C) ............................................................. Ans.
7-203*
π ( 4)
2
E 29, 000
A= = 12.566 in.2 G= = = 11,154 ksi
4 2 (1 + ν ) 2 (1 + 0.30 )
π ( 4)
4
I= = 12.566 in.2 J = 2 I = 25.133 in.2

64
2r 3 2 ( 2 )
3
Q= = = 5.333 in.3
3 3
Tc VQ
At gage A: τ xy = − = σ 45° = −σ −45°
J It
σ −νσ −45° 1 +ν  Tc VQ 
ε 45° = 45° = − = εA
E E  J It 
Tc VQ
At gage C: τ xy = + = σ 45° = −σ −45°
J It
σ −νσ −45° 1 +ν  Tc VQ 
ε 45° = 45° = + = εC
E E  J It 
 1 + ν   Tc 
Therefore: ε A + εC = 2   
 E  J 
EJ ( ε A + ε C ) ( 29, 000 )( 25.133)( 450 + 550 ) (10 )
−6
which gives T= =
2 (1 +ν ) c 2 (1 + 0.30 )( 2 )
T = 140.16 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 140.2 kip ⋅ in. .............................................................. Ans.
 1 + ν  VQ 
Also εC − ε A = 2   
 E  It 
EIt ( ε C − ε A ) ( 29, 000 )(12.566 )( 4 )( 550 − 450 ) (10 )
−6
which gives V= =
2 (1 + ν ) Q 2 (1 + 0.30 )( 5.333)
V = 10.513 kip ≅ 10.51 kip ............................................................................ Ans.
Tc (140.16 )( 2 )
At gage B: τ xy = = = 11.153 ksi
J ( 25.133)
− Mc − M ( 2 )
σ= = = ( −0.159160 M ) ksi
I 12.566
ε B = ε x cos 2 45° + ε y sin 2 45° + γ xy sin 45° cos 45°
= (σ x E )( 0.5 ) + ( −vσ x E )( 0.5 ) + (τ xy G ) ( 0.5 )
= σ x (1 −ν ) + τ xy 2 (1 +ν )  2 E
2 ( 29, 000 ) ( 325 × 10−6 ) = ( −0.159160M )(1 − 0.30 ) + 2 (11.154 )(1 + 0.30 )
M = 91.1 kip ⋅ in. .............................................................................................. Ans.
7-204
2 ( 4503 − 4403 )
A = π ( 4502 − 4402 ) = 27,960 mm 2 Q= = 3960.7 (103 ) mm3
3
π ( 450 − 440
4 4
) = 2768.8 10 mm
I=
4
( ) 6 4
J = 2 I = 5537.5 (106 ) mm 4
F = W = mg = ( 250 )( 9.81) = 2453 N (C)
Vx = P = pA = (1500 )( 8 × 3) = 36, 000 N

M x = W ( 3) = ( 2453)( 3) = 7359 N ⋅ m
M z = P ( 9 ) = ( 36, 000 )( 9 ) = 324 (103 ) N ⋅ m

T = P ( 3) = ( 36, 000 )( 3) = 108, 000 N ⋅ m
= 0.08773 (106 ) N/m 2

F 2453
σF = =
A 27,960 (10 )
−6
= 0.08773 MPa (C)

M x c ( 7359 )( 0.450 )
σM = = = 1.1959 (106 ) N/m 2 = 1.1959 MPa
x
I 2768.8 (10 )−6
M z c ( 324 × 10 ) ( 0.450 )
3
σM = = = 52.65 (106 ) N/m 2 = 52.65 MPa

z
I 2768.8 (10 ) −6
Tc (108, 000 )( 0.450 )

τT = = = 8.776 (106 ) N/m 2 = 8.776 MPa
J ( 5537.5 ×10 )
−6
Vx Q ( 36, 000 ) ( 3960.7 × 10 )

−6
τ Vx = = = 2.575 (106 ) N/m 2 = 2.575 MPa

It ( 2768.8 ×10 ) ( 0.020 )
−6
Tc Vx Q
At A: σ x = 0 MPa τ xy = + = 8.776 + 2.575 = 11.351 MPa
J It
F M xc
σy = + = 0.08773 + 1.1959 = 1.2838 MPa (C)
A I
7-204 (cont.)
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
0 − 1.2838  0 + 1.2838 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + (11.351)
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = −0.6418 + 11.369 = +10.7272 MPa ≅ 10.73 MPa (T) ...................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = −0.6418 − 11.369 = −12.0108 MPa ≅ 12.01 MPa (C) ..................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
(10.7272 ) − ( −12.0108) = 11.37 MPa ................................ Ans.
2 2
Tc
At B: σ x = 0 MPa τ xy = = 8.776 MPa
J
F M zc
σy = + = −0.08773 + 52.65 = 52.56 MPa (T)
A I
0 + 52.56  0 − 52.56 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 8.776 )
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 26.28 + 27.71 = +53.99 MPa ≅ 54.0 MPa (T) ................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 26.28 − 27.71 = −1.430 MPa ≅ 1.430 MPa (C) ................................................. Ans.

σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 53.99 ) − ( −1.430 ) = 27.7 MPa ........................................... Ans.
2 2
7-205
4 ΣM C = 0 : (1350 )( 5) + ( 670 )( 5 ) − 10 RA = 0
RA = 1010 lb
θ = tan −1 (13 10 ) = 52.431°
At the section containing G and H:
Z ΣFn = 0 : 1010sin θ − P = 0
^ ΣFt = 0 : 1010 cos θ − V = 0
4 ΣM cut = 0 : M − (1010 cos θ )( 3.5 ) = 0
P = 800.6 lb V = 615.8 lb
M = 2155.3 lb ⋅ ft
A = ( 4 × 4 ) = 16 in.2 QH = yC A = (1.5 )( 4 × 1) = 6.00 in.3
( 4 )( 4 )
3
I= = 21.333 in.4
12
At point G:
P Mc −800.6 ( 2155.3 ×12 )( 2 )
σ= + = − = −2474.8 psi τ =0
A I 16 21.333
σ p1 = σ p 3 = 0 psi ........................ σ p 2 = −2474.8 psi ≅ 2470 psi C ............................ Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 0 ) − ( −2474.8) = 1237 psi .................................................... Ans.
2 2
At point H:
P Mc −800.6 ( 2155.3 ×12 )(1)
σ= + = + = +1162.3 psi
A I 16 21.333
VQ ( 615.8 )( 6.00 )
τ= = = 43.30 psi
It ( 21.333)( 4 )
1162.3 + 0  1162.3 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±   + ( 43.30 )
2
2  2 
σ p1 = 581.15 + 582.76 = +1163.91 psi ≅ 1164 psi (T) ................................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = 581.15 − 582.76 = −1.61 psi ≅ 1.61 psi (C) ........................................................ Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 psi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
(1163.91) − ( −1.61) = 583 psi ............................................... Ans.
2 2
7-206
(a) P = 360 kN V = 270 kN
M = ( 360 )( 0.150 ) + ( 270 )( 0.450 ) = 175.5 kN ⋅ m
A = 2 (120 × 30 ) + ( 30 × 180 ) = 12, 600 mm 2
(120 )( 240 ) ( 90 )(180 )

3 3
I= − = 94.50 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
P My 360 (103 ) (175.5 ×103 ) y
σx = + = +
A I 12, 600 (10−6 ) ( 94.50 × 10−6 )
= ( 28.571 + 1857.14 y ) (106 ) N/m 2
σ C = 28.571 + (1857.14 )( 0.120 ) = 251.43 MPa (T)

σ B = 28.571 − (1857.14 )( 0.120 ) = 194.29 MPa (C)
(120 + y )
Q = yC A = (120 )(120 − y ) = 60 (1202 − y 2 ) mm3 90 ≤ y ≤ 120 mm
2
Q = (105 )(120 × 30 ) +
( 90 + y )
( 30 )( 90 − y )
2 −90 ≤ y ≤ 90 mm
= 378, 000 + 15 ( 90 − y )  mm
2 2 3
VQ ( 270 × 10 ) Q 90 ≤ y ≤ 120 mm
3
t = 120 mm
τ xy = =
It ( 94.50 × 10−6 ) t t = 30 mm −90 ≤ y ≤ 90 mm
7-206 (cont.)
y 240
(b) =
σB σ B +σC
194.29
y = 240 = 104.62 mm
194.29 + 251.43
σx + 0 σ −0
2
(c) σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy2

2  2 
σ p1 − σ p 2
τ max = τ p =
2
7-207
A = (1× 0.25 ) = 0.25 in 2
bh3 ( 0.25 )(1)

3
I= = = 0.02083 in.4
12 12
M = P ( 3) = ( 3P ) lb
P Mc P ( 3P )( 0.5) = 76.01P psi
(a) σB = + = + ( )
A I 0.25 0.02083
P Mc P ( 3P )( 0.5) = −68.01P psi
σC = − = − ( )
A I 0.25 0.02083
s 1− s
(b) =
σB σC
σB 76.01
s= = = 0.5278 in.
σ B + σ C 76.01 + 68.01
The distance s is independent of P .
7-208*
By symmetry each support carries half of the total load:
A = B = 6700 N ↑
Vmax = 6700 N M max = 13, 400 N ⋅ m
≤ 9 (106 ) N/m 2
M max 13, 400
Then σ max = =
S S
= 1488.9 (10−6 ) m3
13, 400
S≥
9 (106 )
= 1488.9 (103 ) mm3
Try a 203 × 254-mm timber with
S = 1850 (103 ) mm3 A = 46, 000 mm 2
I = 223 (106 ) mm 4 m = 29.4 kg/m

When the weight of the beam is included,
the maximum moment is
M = M load + M weight
( 29.4 × 9.81)( 5)
2
= 13, 400 + = 14,301 N ⋅ m

8
= 1589 (10−6 ) m3 = 1589 (103 ) mm3

14,301
S≥
9 (10 )
6
which is still okay. Next, check the shear stress,
Vmax = Vload + Vweght = 6700 +

( 29.4 × 9.81)( 5) = 7421 N
2
Vmax 1.5 ( 7421)
τ max = 1.5 = = 242 (103 ) N/m 2 = 242 kPa
A 46, 000
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 600 kPa . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a 203 × 254-mm timber ............................................................................................... Ans.
7-209*
By symmetry each support carries half of the total load: A = B = 1800 lb ↑
Vmax = 1800 lb M max = 10,800 lb ⋅ ft
M max 10,800 × 12
Then σ max = = ≤ 1900 psi
S S
10,800 ×12
S≥ = 68.21 in.3
1900
Try an 8 × 8-in. timber with
S = 70.3 in.3 A = 56.3 in.2
I = 264 in.4 w = 15.6 lb/ft
When the weight of the beam is included,
the maximum moment is
(15.6 )( 20 )
2
M = M load + M weight = 10,800 + = 11,580 lb ⋅ ft

8
11,580 × 12
S≥ = 73.14 in.3
1900
which is bigger than the section modulus of the chosen timber. Next, try a 4 × 12-in. timber with
S = 79.9 in.3 I = 459 in.4 A = 41.7 in.2 w = 11.6 lb/ft
When the weight of the beam is included, the maximum moment is now
(11.6 )( 20 )
2
11,380 × 12
M = 10,800 + = 11,380 lb ⋅ ft S≥ = 71.87 in.3
8 1900

(11.6 )( 20 ) = 1916 lb
2
Vmax 1.5 (1916 )
τ max = 1.5 = = 68.92 psi
A 41.7
which is less than the allowable shear stress of 90 psi . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a 4 × 12-in. timber ......................................................................................................... Ans.
7-210
4 ΣM B = 0 : 1.5 P − ( 0.25 )( 275 × 9.807 ) = 0 P = 449.5 N
4 ΣM C = 0 : 1.75 ( 449.5 ) − 0.25 B = 0 B = 3147 N
M max = ( 449.5 )(1.5 ) = 674.25 N ⋅ m
≤ 135 (106 ) N/m 2

M max 674.25
σ max = =
S S
= 4.994 (10−6 ) m3 = 4.994 (103 ) mm3

674.25
S≥
135 (10 )
6
Therefore Use a 38-mm diameter standard weight pipe ................................................. Ans.
7-211*
A = B = ( 4 × 16 ) 2 = 32 kip ↑
M max 128 × 12
Then σ max = = ≤ 22 ksi
S S
128 × 12
S≥ = 69.82 in.3
22
Try a W 18 × 60 section with
S = 108 in.3 d = 2c = 18.24 in.
tw = 0.415 in. w = 60 lb/ft
When the weight of the beam is included, the maximum moment is
( 0.060 )(16 )
2
M = M load + M weight = 128 + = 129.92 lb ⋅ ft

8
129.92 × 12
S≥ = 70.87 in.3
22

( 0.060 )(16 ) = 32.48 kip
2
Vmax 32.48
τ max = = = 4.29 ksi
Aweb 0.415 × 18.24
which is less than the allowable shear stress of 14.5 ksi . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a W 18 × 60 section ...................................................................................................... Ans.
7-212*
A = B = 42 kN ↑
Vmax = 42 kN M max = 82.5 kN ⋅ m
≤ 152 (106 ) N/m 2

M max 82,500
Then σ max = =
S S
= 542.8 (10−6 ) m3 = 542.8 (103 ) mm3

82,500
S≥
152 (10 )
6
Try an S 305 × 47 section with

S = 596 (103 ) mm3 d = 2c = 304.8 mm
tw = 8.9 mm m = 47 kg/m
( 47 × 9.81)( 5.5)
2
M = M load + M weight = 82,500 + = 84, 243 N ⋅ m

8
= 554.2 (10−6 ) m3 = 554.2 (103 ) mm3

84, 243
S≥
152 (10 )
6
Vmax = Vload + Vweght = 42, 000 +

( 47 × 9.81)( 5.5) = 43, 268 N
2
= 15.95 (106 ) N/m 2 = 15.95 MPa

Vmax 43, 268
τ max = =
Aweb 0.0089 × 0.3048
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 100 MPa . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use an S 305 × 47 section .................................................................................................. Ans.
7-213
By symmetry each support carries half of the total load: A = B = 3000 lb ↑
M max 24 × 12
Then σ max = = ≤ 22 ksi
S S
24 × 12
S≥ = 13.091 in.3
22
S = 16.7 in.3 d = 2c = 6.38 in.
tw = 0.320 in. w = 25 lb/ft
( 25 )( 24 )
2
M = 24, 000 + = 25,800 lb ⋅ ft

8
25.80 × 12
S≥ = 14.07 in.3
22

( 25)( 24 ) = 3300 lb
2
Vmax 3300
τ max = = = 1616.4 psi
Aweb 0.320 × 6.35
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 14.5 ksi . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a W 6 × 25 section ....................................................................................................... Ans.
7-214*
4 ΣM B = 0 : (15)(8 − x ) − 8 A = 0 A = (15 − 1.875 x ) kN ↑
4 ΣM A = 0 : 8 B − 15 x = 0 B = (1.875 x ) kN ↑
For any location x , the maximum moment in the beam occurs
under the load and is equal to
M C = Ax = (15 x − 1.875 x 2 ) kN ⋅ m
The location x that makes M C a maximum is found from
dM C
= (15 − 3.75 x ) = 0
dx
which gives x = 4.00 m M max = 30 kN ⋅ m
≤ 152 (106 ) N/m 2

M max 30, 000
Then σ max = =
S S
= 197.4 (10−6 ) m3 = 197.4 (103 ) mm3

30, 000
S≥
152 (10 )
6
Try an S 203 × 27 section with

S = 236 (103 ) mm3 d = 2c = 203.2 mm tw = 6.9 mm m = 27 kg/m
M = M load + M weight = 34.386 kN ⋅ m
= 226.2 (10−6 ) m3 = 226.2 (103 ) mm3

34,386
S≥
152 (10 )
6
which is still okay. Next, check the shear stress, The maximum shear stress occurs
when the load is near one of the supports ( x = 0 or x = 8 m ) and is equal to
Vmax = Vload + Vweght = 15, 000 +

( 27 × 9.81)(8 ) = 16, 059 N
2
= 11.45 (106 ) N/m 2 = 11.45 MPa

Vmax 16, 059
τ max = =
Aweb 0.0069 × 0.2032
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 100 MPa . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use an S 203 × 27 section .................................................................................................. Ans.
7-215
Since the joists are spaced 16 in. (1.3333 ft) apart,
the uniformly distributed load is
w = ( 60 )(1.3333) = 80 lb/ft
A = B = (12 × 80 ) 2 = 480 lb ↑
Vmax = 480 lb M max = 1440 lb ⋅ ft
M max 1440 ×12
Then σ max = = ≤ 1200 psi
S S
1440 ×12
S≥ = 14.40 in.3
1200
Try a 2 × 8-in.timber with
S = 15.3 in.3 I = 57.1 in.4 A = 12.2 in.2 w = 3.39 lb/ft
( 3.39 )(12 )
2
1501×12
M = 1440 + = 1501 lb ⋅ ft S≥ = 15.01 in.3
8 1200
( 3.39 )(12 ) = 500.3 lb Vmax 1.5 ( 500.3)
Vmax = 480 + τ max = 1.5 = = 61.51 psi
2 A 12.2
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 120 psi . Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a 2 × 8-in. timber section ............................................................................................ Ans.
7-216
4 ΣM A = 0 : 6 B − 8829b − ( 8829 )( b + 1.5 ) = 0
B = ( 2943b + 2207 ) N
↑ ΣFy = 0 : A + B − 2 ( 8829 ) = 0
A = (15, 451 − 2943b ) N
Then VAC = A = (15, 451 − 2943b ) N
VCD = VAC − 8829 = ( 6622 − 2943b ) N
M C = VAC b = (15, 451b − 2943b 2 ) N ⋅ m

M D = M C + VCD (1.5 )
= ( 9933 + 11, 036b − 2943b 2 ) N ⋅ m
Clearly, the maximum moment occurs under one of the wheels. The
location b which gives the maximum for these moments is found from
dM C
= (15, 451 − 5886b ) = 0
db
b = 2.625 m M C = 20, 280 N ⋅ m M D = 18, 624 N ⋅ m
dM D
= (11, 036 − 5886b ) = 0
db
b = 1.875 m M C = 18, 624 N ⋅ m M D = 20, 280 N ⋅ m
Therefore, the maximum bending moment occurs
under the wheel closest to the center of the beam
M max = 20, 280 N ⋅ m
The minimum section modulus required is:
= 122.9 (10−6 ) m3 = 122.9 (103 ) mm3

M max 20, 280
S min = =
σ all 165 (10 )
6
S = 139 (103 ) mm3 d = 2c = 127 mm

tw = 6.1 mm m = 24 kg/m
Next, check the shear stress, The maximum shear stress occurs
when the load is near one of the supports ( x = 0 or x = 6 m )
= 19.94 (106 ) N/m 2 = 19.94 MPa

Vmax 15, 451
τ max = =
Aweb 0.0061× 0.127
which is much less than the allowable shear stress of 100 MPa .
Therefore, this design is okay.
Use a W 127 × 24 section ................................................................................................... Ans.
7-217*
M x 2 ( 4 )( 2 × 8 )  + (1)( 8 × 2 )
yC = = = 3.00 in.
A 2 ( 2 × 8) + (8 × 2 )
( 2 )( 5) (12 )( 3) (8)(1)
3 3 3
I =2 + − = 272.00 in.4
3 3 3
(a) σ max = ( 5 −1) σ A = ( −5 )( 2000 ) = −10, 000 psi = 10 ksi (C) ..................................... Ans.
−σ A I − ( 2000 )( 272.00 )
(b) Mr = = = +544 (103 ) lb ⋅ in. = 544 kip ⋅ in. ...................... Ans.
yA ( −1)
7-218*
M x (100 )( 37.5 × 200 ) + ( 225 )(100 × 50 )
yC = = = 150.0 mm
A ( 37.5 × 200 ) + (100 × 50 )
( 37.5)(150 ) (100 )(100 ) ( 62.5 )( 50 )
3 3 3
I= + − = 72.92 (106 ) mm 4
3 3 3
− M r y − (100 ×10 ) ( −0.150 )
3
σ bottom = =
I ( 72.92 ×10−6 )
σ bottom = +206 (106 ) N/m 2 = 206 MPa (T) ..................................................................... Ans.
− M r y − (100 ×10 ) ( +0.100 )

3
σ top = =
I ( 72.92 ×10−6 )
σ top = −137.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 137.1 MPa (C) ................................................................... Ans.
7-219
For 0 ft ≤ x ≤ 10 ft
V = ( 200 × 6 ) + 760 − 300 x

V = ( −300 x + 1960 ) lb ............................................ Ans.
M = ( 200 × 6 )( x + 3) + 760 x − ( 300 x )( x 2 )
M = ( −150 x 2 + 1960 x + 3600 ) lb ⋅ ft ................... Ans.
7-220*
4 ΣM E = 0 : (10 )(12 ) + ( 8 × 6 )( 7 ) − 8RB = 0

RB = 57 kN
↑ ΣFy = 0 : RB + RE − 10 − ( 8 × 6 ) − 20 = 0
RE = 21 kN
For 0 m ≤ x ≤ 4 m
V = − (10 ) − ( 8 )( x + 2 ) + ( 57 )
V = ( 31 − 8 x ) kN ...................................................... Ans.
M = − (10 )( x + 4 ) − ( 8 )( x + 2 ) 
( x + 2) +
( 57 x )
2
M = ( −4 x 2 + 31x − 56 ) kN ⋅ m .............................. Ans.
7-221
yC =
( 4 )(1× 8) + (8.5 )( 4 ×1)
(1× 8 ) + ( 4 ×1)
= 5.50 in.
( 4 )( 3.5 ) ( 3)( 2.5) (1)( 5.5)
3 3 3
I= − +
3 3 3
= 97.00 in.4
At M = +14.742 kip ⋅ ft
− M r y − (14.742 ×12 )( +3.5 )

σ top = = = −6.38 ksi
I ( 97.00 )
− M r y − (14.742 × 12 )( −5.5 )
σ bottom = = = +10.03 ksi
I ( 97.00 )
At M = −3.980 kip ⋅ ft
− M r y − ( −3.980 × 12 )( +3.5 )
σ top = = = +1.723 ksi
I ( 97.00 )
− M r y − ( −3.980 × 12 )( −5.5 )
σ bottom = = = −2.71 ksi
I ( 97.00 )
σ T ( max ) = 10.03 ksi (T) ........................................................................................................... Ans.
σ C ( max ) = 6.38 ksi (C) ............................................................................................................. Ans.
7-222
4 ΣM E = 0 : (10 )( 5) − 4 B + (15 × 2 )( 2 ) + (10 )(1) = 0
B = 30.0 kN
4 ΣM B = 0 : 4 E + (10 )(1) − (15 × 2 )( 2 ) − (10 )( 3) = 0
E = 20.0 kN
For a WT 305 × 70 section : d = 2c = 308.7 mm
yC = 75.9 mm tw = 13.1 mm
w f = 230.3 mm t f = 22.2 mm
I = 77.4 (106 ) mm 4
(a) At the bottom of the beam 2.33 m from the left support:
− Mc − ( 23.33 × 10 ) ( −0.2328 )
3
σ bottom = =
I ( 77.4 ×10−6 )
σ max T = +70.2 (106 ) N/m 2 = 70.2 MPa (T) ................................................................... Ans.
(b) At the bottom of the beam at the left support:
− Mc − ( −10.00 × 10 ) ( −0.2328 )
3
σ bottom = =
I ( 77.4 ×10−6 )
σ max C = −30.1(106 ) N/m 2 = 30.1 MPa (C) .................................................................... Ans.
(c) QNA = yC A = 116.4 ( 232.8 ×13.1) = 355.0 (103 ) mm3
( 20 ×10 )( 355 ×10 ) = 7.00 10 N/m = 7.00 MPa .................................. Ans.

3 −6
τ = ( ) 6 2
max
( 77.4 ×10 ) ( 0.0131)
−6
(d) Q = y A = 64.8 ( 230.3 × 22.2 ) = 331.3 (10 ) mm

J C
3 3
( 20 ×10 )( 331.3 ×10 ) = 6.53 10 N/m = 6.53 MPa .................................. Ans.

3 −6
τ = ( ) 6 2
J
( 77.4 ×10 ) ( 0.0131)
−6
7-223*
M ry = −6.00 kip ⋅ ft = −72.00 kip ⋅ in. M rz = 0
M ry I z + M rz I yz I z 89.0
tan β = = = = 1.69524
M rz I y + M ry I yz I yz 52.5
β = +59.46° = 59.46° 3
At point A ( y = −2.37 in. and z = +2.37 in. ):
 M rz I y + M ry I yz   M ry I z + M rz I yz  M ry ( − I yz y + I z z )
σA = −  y +   z =
 I y I z − I yz   I y I z − I yz  I y I z − I yz2
2 2
( −72.00 )  − ( 52.5)( −2.37 ) + (89.0 )( +2.37 )

σA =
(89.0 ) − ( 52.5)
2 2
σ A = −4.68 ksi = 4.68 ksi (C) .................................................................................... Ans.

At point B ( y = −1.37 in. and z = −5.63 in. ):
( −72.00 )  − ( 52.5)( −1.37 ) + (89.0 )( −5.63)

σB =
( 89.0 ) − ( 52.5)
2 2
σ B = +5.98 ksi = 5.98 ksi (T) ..................................................................................... Ans.
7-224
( 30 )( 75)
3
I= = 1.05469 (106 ) mm 4
12
h 75 d 20
= = 3.75 = = 0.4
d 20 b 50
From Fig. 7-34: K t ≅ 2.25
(1400 )( 0.0375) = 112.0 106 N/m2 = 112.0 MPa ............... Ans.
σ = Kt
Mc
I
= ( 2.25 )
1.05469 (10−6 )
( )
7-225*
For a W 14 × 120 section d = 2c = 14.48 in. tw = 0.590 in.
w f = 14.670 in. t f = 0.940 in. S = 190 in.3
M e = σ y S = ( 36 )(190 ) = 6840 kip ⋅ in. ............................................................................ Ans.
M p = 2 ( 36 ) (14.670 × 0.940 )( 6.77 )  + 2 ( 36 ) ( 6.30 × 0.590 )( 3.15 ) 

M p = 7564.7 kip ⋅ in. ≅ 7560 kip ⋅ in. ........................................................................ Ans.
7-226*
QA = ( 25 )( 50 × 3) = 3.75 (103 ) mm3 QB = 0 mm3
QC = ( 50 )(100 × 3) = 15.00 (103 ) mm3
QD = ( 50 )(100 × 3) + ( 25 )( 50 × 3) = 18.75 (103 ) mm3
( 6 )(100 )
3
I≅ + 2 (100 × 3)( 50 ) = 2.00 (106 ) mm 4

2
12
VQA ( 2500 ) ( 3.75 × 10 )

−6
τA = = = 1.5625 (106 ) N/m 2

It ( 2.00 ×10 ) ( 0.003)
−6
VQC ( 2500 ) (15.00 × 10 )

−6
τC = = = 6.25 (106 ) N/m 2

It ( 2.00 ×10 ) ( 0.003)
−6
VQD ( 2500 ) (18.75 × 10 )

−6
τD = = = 7.81(106 ) N/m 2 τB = 0
It ( 2.00 ×10 ) ( 0.003)
−6
Therefore: τ max = τ D = 7.81 MPa ...................................................................................... Ans.
F1 = (τ C A1 2 ) = ( 6.25 × 106 ) ( 0.100 × 0.003) 2 = 937.5 N
F3 = 2 (τ A A3 ) 3 = 2 (1.5625 × 106 ) ( 0.100 × 0.003) 3 = 312.5 N

4 ΣM O = 0 : Pe − F1 (100 ) + F3 (100 ) = 0
e=
( 937.5)(100 ) − ( 312.5)(100 ) = 25.00 mm = 25.00 mm ← ............................... Ans.
2500
7-227
Ea 10, 000
n= = = 33.33
Ep 300
σp =
My p
=
(10 )(1.5) ≤ 1 ksi IT ≥ 15.00 in.4
IT IT
nMya 33.33 (10 )(1.625 )
σa = = ≤ 20 ksi IT ≥ 27.08 in.4
IT IT
( 33.33w )( 3.25 ) ( 33.33w − 2 )( 3)

3 3
IT = − ≥ 27.08 in.4
12 12
20.36 w ≥ 22.58 w ≥ 1.109 in. .................................................................. Ans.
7-228
Es 200
n= = = 11.765
Ec 17
As = 4 π ( 20 ) 4  = 1256.6 mm 2
2
 
AT = nAs = 11.765 (1256.6 ) = 14, 784 mm 2
250h ( h 2 ) = 14, 784 ( 400 − h )
h 2 + 118.27 h − 47,310 = 0
( 250 )(166.27 )
3
IT = + (14, 784 )( 233.7 ) = 386.5 (106 ) mm 4

2
Myc ( 62,500 )( 0.16627 )

σc = = = 26.89 (106 ) N/m 2 ≅ 26.9 MPa (C) ................. Ans.
IT ( 386.5 ×10 )
6
σ s = ( ys yc )( nσ c ) = ( 233.7 166.27 )(11.765 × 26.89 ) = 445 MPa (T) ................. Ans.
7-229*
A = ( 2.25 × 3) + ( 2.5 ×1) = 9.25 in.2
( 3.5)( 2 ×1) + (11 3) (1×1) 2  + ( 5.5 )(1.5 × 3) + ( 5 ) (1.5 × 3) 2 

RC = = 4.8468 in.
9.25
dA  4 dρ dρ 
= R  ∫ ( −1 + ρ ) + ∫ ( 5 − 0.5 ρ )
7
A = R∫
ρ  3 ρ 4 ρ 
= R ( −1) ln ( 4 3) + ( 4 − 3) + ( 5 ) ln ( 7 4 ) 4 − ( 0.5 )( 7 − 4 ) 
= 2.01040 R = 9.25 in.2
9.25
R= = 4.6011 in.
2.01040
yC = R − RC = 4.6011 − 4.8468 = −0.2457 in.
M = RC P = ( −4.8468 P ) kip ⋅ in.
P M ( R − ri ) P ( −4.8468P )( 4.6011 − 3) ≤ 12 ksi

σi = + = +
A ri AyC 9.25 ( 3)( 9.25)( −0.2457 )
P ≤ 9.63 kip
P M ( R − ro ) P ( −4.8468P )( 4.6011 − 7 ) ≤ −16 ksi
σo = + = +
A ro AyC 9.25 ( 7 )( 9.25)( −0.2457 )
P ≤ 25.7 kip
Pmax = 9.63 kip ....................................................................................................................... Ans.
7-230
P = ( 320 )( 3 5 ) = 192 kN
V = ( 320 )( 4 5 ) = 256 kN
M = ( 256 )( 0.250 + 0.320 ) + (192 )( 0.240 )
= 192 kN ⋅ m
A = ( 75 × 200 ) = 15, 000 mm 2
bh3 ( 75 )( 200 )
3
I= = = 50.0 (106 ) mm 4
12 12
Q = yC A = ( 75 )( 50 × 75 ) = 281.3 (103 ) mm3
At point A: σ xA = 0 MPa
P Mc 192 (10 ) (192 ×10 ) ( 0.050 )

3 3
σ yA = + = +
A I 15 (10−3 ) 50.0 ×10−6
= 204.8 (106 ) N/m 2 = 204.8 MPa
VQ ( 256 × 10 )( 281.3 × 10 ) = 19.203 10 N/m

3 −6
τ xyA = = ( ) 6 2
= 19.203 MPa
It ( 50.0 ×10−6 ) ( 0.075)
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
0 + 204.8  0 − 204.8 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + (19.203)
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = 102.4 + 104.19 = 206.6 MPa ≅ 207 MPa (T) ..................................................... Ans.
σ p 2 = 102.4 − 104.19 = −1.790 MPa ≅ 1.790 MPa (C) ............................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 MPa ........................................................................................................................... Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 206.6 ) − ( −1.790 ) = 104.2 MPa ......................................... Ans.
2 2
7-231
From symmetry, each of the supports carries half of the total load
RB = RC = 2900 lb
At point A:
M A = 5800 lb ⋅ ft = 69.6 kip ⋅ in.
T = ( 2500 )(12 ) − ( 400 )(12 )
= 25, 200 lb ⋅ in. = 25.20 kip ⋅ in.
I = π d 4 64 = π ( 4 ) 64 = 12.566 in.4
4
J = 2 I = 25.133 in.4
− Mc − ( 69.6 )( 2 )
σx = = = −11.078 ksi
I 12.566
σ y = 0 ksi
Tc ( 25.2 )( 2 )
τ xy = = = 2.005 ksi
J 25.133
σx +σ y  σ −σ y 
2
−11.078 + 0  −11.078 − 0 
2
σ p1, p 2 = ±  x  + τ xy = ±   + ( 2.005 )
2 2
2  2  2  2 
σ p1 = −5.539 + 5.891 = 0.352 ksi = 0.352 ksi (T) ........................................................ Ans.
σ p 2 = −5.539 − 5.891 = −11.430 ksi = 11.43 ksi (C) ................................................... Ans.
σ p 3 = 0 ksi .............................................................................................................................. Ans.
τ max = τ p =
σ p1 − σ p 2
=
( 0.352 ) − ( −11.430 ) = 5.89 ksi ............................................ Ans.
2 2
7-232*
From the bending-moment diagram:
M max = 7.5 kN ⋅ m
= 125.0 (10−6 ) m3
M 7500
S= =
σ 60 (10 )
6
= 125.0 (103 ) mm3

For each angle:
125 (103 )
S= = 62.5 (103 ) mm3
2
Use two L 178 ×102 × 9.5-mm angles .............. Ans.
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Continued on next slide
Problem 8-109 continued

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INSTRUCTOR

4 ΣM A = 0 : 1.5 ( N B cos 45o ) − 1.5 ( 300 ) = 0

Then a free body diagram of the upper jaw gives

d = 352 + 152 = 38.0789 mm

B sin θ N AB cos 60°

4 ΣM B = 0 : 8 (15, 000 ) − 5 ( P cos 30° ) − 10 ( P sin 30° ) = 0

Finally from a free-body diagram of one leg

The weight of water carried by each roof panel is

Then, equilibrium of Pin B gives

Now the first two equations can be rewritten

(a) N1 = 160 lb ......................................... N 2 = 90 lb ............................................................... Ans.

Next, from a free-body diagram of the platform,

Finally, from a free-body diagram of the arm ABC,

Dividing by A cos θ gives

(a) P < 2W d > 387 mm ............................. Ans.

From a free-body diagram of the stop light,

E = 1500 lb ............................................................................................................................. Ans.

Next, from a free-body diagram of the joint D,

(b) From a free-body diagram of the pulley at B,

4 ΣM A = 0 :  24sin (θ − φ )  T − (12 cos θ )( 600 )

Since the pin at A is frictionless and the weight of the brace AC is

For this arrangement, the force P necessary to start

Note that the force in the brace AD goes to zero at

For this arrangement, the force P necessary to start

From a free-body diagram of the truck box,

−12.5 C sin (φ − θ )  = 0

4 ΣM C = 0 : 3 75 ( 9.81)  + 1.5  40 ( 9.81)  − 3T − 1.5T = 0

Next, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam

4 ΣM a = 0 : − M a + 0.75 ( 621.3) − 1.125 30 ( 9.81)  − 2.25 (114.450 ) = 0

Finally, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam between

4 ΣM b = 0 : − M b − 0.375 10 ( 9.81)  − 0.75 (114.450 ) = 0

Next, draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the bracket between

↑ ΣFy = 0 : PB − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − 3 (1250 cos 40° ) − W = 0

↑ ΣFy = 0 : PC − 2000 − 3 (1500 cos 30° ) − W

( M i + T j + M k ) + ( −0.4 j + 0.25k ) × ( 30i )

+ ( −0.4 j − 0.25k ) × ( 5i ) + ( −1.2 j) × ( −25i + 10k ) = 0

Next, from a free-body diagram of the left handle,

( M i + T j + M k ) + ( −7i + 18j + 10k ) × ( −50k ) = 0

has x-, y-, and z-components

P = ( − Ax cos φ − Ay sin φ ) N ..................... Ans.

V = ( Ay cos φ − Ax sin φ ) N ........................ Ans.

M =  Ax (18 tan φ ) − 18 Ay  N ⋅ mm ......... Ans.

 Ay = 2452.50 − TBC sin ( 60° − θ )  N

Next, draw a free-body diagram of the lower portion of ABC.

4 ΣM cut = 0 : M + Wb ( b 2 ) cos θ 

M =  Ay ( b cos θ ) − Ax ( b sin θ ) − 204.375b 2 cos θ  N ⋅ m .............Ans.

P = ( 408.75b − Ay ) sin θ − Ax cos θ  N .....Ans.

V = ( 408.75b − Ay ) cos θ + Ax sin θ  N .....Ans.

Next, from a free-body diagram of joint C,

Draw a free-body diagram of the shaft.

and the z-component of the force equilibrium equation gives

Next, from a free-body diagram of the bar BC,

Finally, from a free-body diagram of the right end of bar AB,

= 7.68 (106 ) N m 2 = 7.68 MPa (T) ...................... Ans.

≤ 75 (106 ) N m 2 P ≤ 589 (103 ) N

≤ 100 (106 ) N m 2 P ≤ 982 (103 ) N

Pmax = 589 kN .......................................................................................................... Ans.

= 5.62 (106 ) N m 2 = 5.62 MPa (T) .............................. Ans.

= 4.68 (106 ) N m 2 = 4.68 MPa (T) ........................... Ans.

Now, the third equation can be written

d ≥ 0.0300 in. ................................................................................................................. Ans.

(a) θ = 15° FAC = 362.347 N τ = 4.61 MPa ........................................... Ans.

A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 200.2925 lb