Biogas is a biofuel produced from the anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in plant material or

waste (eg food peelings or manure) by bacteria.

It is mainly composed of methane, with some carbon dioxide and other trace gases. However, the
proportion of methane within the biogas can vary between 50% and 80%, depending on whether some
oxygen is able to enter at the beginning or during the process. If some oxygen is present, the bacteria
will respire aerobically and will produce a gas with a higher proportion of carbon dioxide and a lower
proportion of methane.

Biogas can be produced on a small scale in a biogas generator/digester, which can be made of simple
materials.

The carbohydrate-
containing materials are fed in,
and a range of bacteria
anaerobically ferment the
carbohydrate into biogas.
The remaining solids settle
to the base of the
digester and can be run off to
be used as fertiliser for the
land. These types of biogas
generator are most
commonly used in the
developing world to satisfy
the needs of a small family.

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen

The optimum temperature for biogas production is between 32oC and 35oC. Temperatures above and
below this optimum can result in less biogas being produced, which can be a problem in hotter and
cooler countries (see table below).
Biogas is naturally produced in landfill sites as bacteria anaerobically break down our rubbish, but
normally the methane escapes into the atmosphere where it contributes to global warming. If a pipe
network with holes in it can be built into the landfill site - and the methane is prevented from escaping
into the atmosphere by covering the site - then the methane can be collected via the pipe network.

The methane can then be used as a fuel to generate electricity or heat buildings, eg care homes,
hospitals and schools. This is an example of biogas generation on a commercial scale.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_aqa/humans_and_environment/biofuels/rev
ision/4/

Biogas is produced from organic waste (carbon) which biodegrades by means of bacteria in an anaerobic
environment. This process is expedited at a process temperature of 38°C/100°F (mesophilic) or
52°C/125.6°F (thermophilic) in the plant's digester.

THE PROCESS

The biogas plant receives all kinds of organic waste - typically livestock manure and organic industrial
waste. The dry solid in livestock manure contains carbon, among other things, and in the process this
carbon is transformed into biogas, a compound of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

The manure and waste are mixed

in the plant's receiving tank before
being heated to 38-52°C/100-
125.6°F and pumped into the
digester in which the biogas is
produced. The biomass stays in
the digester for 2-3 weeks and the
fermented slurry can
subsequently be used as crop
fertilizer. This fertilizer has improved
qualities such as less odour inconveniences when spreading the slurry and significant reduction of green
house gasses.
GREEN ENERGY

Typically, the biogas is utilized to produce electricity and district heat in the plant's gas engine (CHP
unit). The electricity is sent into the power grid and the heat is used by local consumers.

Furthermore, biogas can be upgraded to natural gas and injected into the natural gas grid or be used as
fuel for transportation.

Below is a chart illustrating the processes of a Bigadan plant. Not all the parts are compulsory but the
chart shows a complete plant including all the significant components.

https://bigadan.com/p/biogas-technology/how-to-make-biogas

walang process para maging fuel kasi rekta na sya ginagamit ayon sa nabasa ko so ito uses nlng.

The digestion of animal and human waste to biogas has several uses:

the production of biogas or pure methane for use as a cooking fuel.

the waste is reduced to slurry which has a high nutrient content which makes an ideal fertilizer; in some
cases this fertilizer is the main product from the digester and the biogas is merely a by-product. It is
referred to as Biol.

during the digestion process bacteria in the manure are killed, which is a great benefit to environmental
health.

Biogas is a well-established fuel for cooking and lighting in a number of countries, whilst a major
motivating factor in the development of liquid biofuels has been the drive to replace petroleum fuels.

Small-scale biogas digesters usually provide fuel for domestic lighting and cooking. These are small units,
and generate just a few cubic meters of biogas every day, providing enough cooking gas for a whole
family. When biodigesters
are used that generate more
than a few m³ of biogas, it is
economically intresting to buy a genset to generate electricity with it, though is not nearly as an efficient
use as cooking fuel.

It can be used as a fuel for running heat engines as well, however it is a lot less potent than comparable
gases (ie pure methane), it is generally only used with stationary heat engines.[6] Vehicle engines
typically better use (compressed) methane, or yet another type of fuel. Biogas can be used in diesel
engines by introducing it into the air which is injected to the engine for combustion, this allows for less
diesel gas use.

http://www.appropedia.org/Biogas_as_fuel

4 storage and transportation

Storage Systems and Costs

There are two basic reasons for storing biogas or biomethane: storage for later on-site usage and
storage before and/or after transportation to off-site distribution points or systems. The least expensive
and easiest to use storage systems for on-farm applications are low-pressure systems; these systems are
commonly used for on-site, intermediate
storage of biogas. The energy, safety, and scrubbing
requirements of medium- and high-
pressure storage systems make them costly
and high-maintenance options for on-farm use.
Such extra costs can be best justified for
biomethane, which has a higher heat
content and is therefore a more valuable fuel than
biogas.

Biogas Storage

Both biogas and biomethane can be stored for

on-farm uses. In practice, however, most biogas is
used as it is produced. Thus, the need for biogas storage is usually of a temporary nature, at times when
production exceeds consumption or during maintenance of digester equipment. Important
considerations for on-farm storage of biogas include (1) the needed volume (typically, only small
amounts of biogas need to be stored at any one time), (2) possible corrosion from H2S or water vapor
that may be present, even if the gas has been partially cleaned, and (3) cost (since biogas is a relatively
low-value fuel).

Low-Pressure Storage of Biogas

Floating gas holders on the digester form a low-pressure storage option for biogas systems. These
systems typically operate at pressures up to 10-inch water column (less than 2 psi). Floating gas holders
can be made of steel, fiberglass, or a flexible fabric. A separate tank may be used with a floating gas
holder for the storage of the digestate and also storage of the raw biogas. One advantage of a digester
with an integral gas storage component is the reduced capital cost of the system. The least expensive
and most trouble-free gas holder is the flexible inflatable fabric top, as it does not react with the H2S in
the biogas and is integral to the digester. These types of covers are often used with plug-flow and
complete-mix digesters (see Chapter 2). Flexible membrane materials commonly used for these gas
holders include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density
polyethylene (LLDPE), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene covered polyester (such as Hypalon®, a
registered product of DuPont Dow Elastomers L.L.C.). Thicknesses for cover materials typically vary from
18 to 100 mils (0.5 to 2.5 millimeters) (Ross, et al., 1996, p. 5-15). In addition, gas bags of varying sizes
are available and can be added to the system. These bags are manufactured from the same materials
mentioned above and may be protected from puncture damage by installing them as liners for steel or
concrete tanks.

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.suscon.org/pdfs/news/biom
ethane_report/Chapter_4.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiQvIri6cHdAhVIxrwKHfyQCgQQFjABegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVa
w3iC4yMCgw6hX-WeJxmE9yl