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h i g h l i g h t s
Physico-mechanical properties of refractory brick fine aggregate under elevated temperatures were evaluated.
The prepared specimens were containing ordinary Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement.
Aluminate cement and refractory brick aggregate improved the fire behavior of concrete above 800 °C.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The concrete materials in structures are most likely to experience elevated temperatures during their ser-
Received 20 December 2016 vice period due to fire. Therefore, the relative properties of concrete after exposure to fire are of particular
Received in revised form 10 April 2017 interest in the serviceability of buildings and the safety of inhabitants. In this study, a comprehensive
Accepted 15 April 2017
experimental program was performed regarding the use of recycled aggregate produced by crushing
refractory bricks. To do so, ten mix designs were employed to prepare 210 specimens with the replace-
ment ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of refractory brick fine aggregate instead of natural sand. The spec-
Keywords:
imens were prepared in the two classes, namely the specimens containing ordinary Portland cement and
Refractory brick
Resistance to fire
the ones containing calcium aluminate cement. The physico-mechanical properties of the concrete spec-
Elevated temperatures imens including compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and loss of weight of the concrete after
Aluminate cement being exposed to the temperatures of 110, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C, together with the porosity,
Physical and mechanical properties water absorption, and density of the concrete prior to experiencing fire were investigated. The results
Recycled aggregate showed that the refractory brick aggregate and aluminate cement improve the concrete residual strength
to twice as much beyond the temperature of 800 °C. Furthermore, the effect of using refractory brick fine
aggregate together with aluminate cement on the improvement of concrete modulus of elasticity under
fire was not significant.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction time, especially for large cities lacking landfill. Recycling non-
biodegradable wastes is a challenging task, and ceramic wastes
During the last two decades, many of the buildings around the (bricks are a subgroup of ceramics) are classified as this kind of
world have either reached their design lifetime or become defec- waste with a long decomposition period (over 4000 years). The
tive due to the use of inappropriate materials or faulty construc- first documented case of crushed brick usage together with Port-
tion. Moreover, the presence of demolished old buildings because land cement for producing concrete products occurred in Germany
of rehabilitation and/or urban development programs may con- in 1860, but the first notable case of employing crushed brick as
tribute significantly to the waste production [2,4]. Industrial waste aggregate in fresh concrete was recorded for the rehabilitation
management constitutes one of the greatest global problems of our after World War II [1].
The resources for supplying brick are very widespread; for
instance, Xiao et al. [3] reported that during the 2008 Sichuan
⇑ Corresponding author at: University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-13534, earthquake, in which 90% of the houses in the region were ruined,
Iran. a large amount of waste including bricks was resulted, and its
E-mail addresses: ardalanb.nasiri@gmail.com (A. Baradaran-Nasiri), m.nematzadeh@ effects on the environment created a severe challenge. In addition,
umz.ac.ir (M. Nematzadeh).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.138
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
866 A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875
in the brick production procedure, due to some probable defects as underline the special property of ceramic to maintain cohesion at
well as geometrical irregularities caused by non-uniformities exist- high temperatures. Aliabdo et al. [16] explored the use of crushed
ing in the temperature control inside the kiln, a large amount of brick in concrete products. They studied the compressive strength,
waste in the form of returned bricks is produced, which can be a porosity, modulus of elasticity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the
potential source of coarse aggregate. However, it should be concrete specimens containing brick content of 0–100% as the nat-
reminded that the waste of refractory bricks is much more limited ural coarse and fine aggregate replacement as well as the ones con-
due to their specific applications. taining a combination of both the crushed brick and natural
With respect to the studies performed so far, the main benefits aggregates.
of using crushed brick as a replacement aggregate include concrete The concrete with aluminate cement is a type of high-
density reduction, decreased usage of natural aggregates, and performance concrete (HPC) in which the aluminate cement
being an environment-friendly method, among others. Application replaces ordinary Portland cement as the main binder, and is
and performance of crushed brick as aggregate for normal concrete employed in infrastructural works such as sewerage networks
have been completely widespread and satisfying. However, using and even hydraulic dams. Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) is a
crushed brick aggregate in concrete production gives rise to some special multipurpose cement used in works requiring high perfor-
problems that can be summarized as follows: 1) high porosity, high mance, e.g. resistance to chemical attack, high initial strength,
water absorption rate, and quality variations; 2) incomplete in situ refractoriness, resistance to abrasion, and low ambient tempera-
specifications; 3) uncertainty regarding material provision as well ture placement [17–19]. Experimental data obtained by exposing
as the lack of experience regarding using these materials. A series CAC (calcium aluminate cement) paste and various mortars to
of original research was carried out with the aim of investigating chemically aggressive environment and natural corrosion confirm
the effect of mixing crushed clay brick as a replacement for the the efficiency and ability of these materials in creating long-term
coarse aggregate of recycled concrete materials and natural sand serviceability under the mentioned conditions [20]. Furthermore,
on the characteristics of dry-mixed masonry partition wall blocks this type of concrete is characterized by its fast hardening and
[4]. In this work, it was found that the hardened density and strength improvement, and because of this property, calcium alu-
shrinkage due to drying of blocks decrease as the amount of brick minate cement is also preferred as a repair material. In relation
aggregate increases. A large number of studies in the literature to ordinary cement, this type of cement is capable of attaining
focus on the reuse of recycled concrete materials to produce new the equivalent 28-day strength of ordinary Portland cement in just
concrete, and properly investigate the potential benefits as well 5–6 h [17]. Moreover, it is preferred as a refractory material for the
as weaknesses of using recycled concrete [5–9]. Replacing a frac- lining of the kilns in steel industry [21,22]. Khaliq et al. [17] inves-
tion of natural materials by recycled concrete (30% or less) in con- tigated the elevated temperature properties of the concrete con-
crete does not compromise its mechanical properties [7]; however, taining calcium aluminate, and reported that the reduction in the
it is generally believed that concrete compressive strength compressive strength of the concrete containing calcium alumi-
decreases as the amount of recycled concrete replacement nate with increasing temperature was less than that of the normal
increases [8]. Generally, replacing natural aggregates by red cera- concrete. However, both the types of concrete showed similar and
mic waste has a negative effect on the strength parameters of con- significant compressive strength reduction above 600 °C. In addi-
crete, and the higher the amount of the conventional aggregate tion, the visual observation of the former type demonstrated that
replaced by red ceramic waste, the lower the concrete strength the physical and microstructural damage was less than that of nor-
will be. mal concrete under elevated temperatures.
Rashid et al. [10] explored the characteristics of the high- Human safety during a fire is one of the issues that should be
strength concrete containing brick aggregate, and found that the taken into account while designing residential, public, and indus-
compressive strength of the concrete containing brick aggregate trial buildings, and concrete has demonstrated a good performance
decreased as the water-to-cement ratio increased, similar to what and serviceability history in this regard. Mechanical properties
is observed in ordinary concrete. The reduction rate of compressive such as strength, modulus of elasticity, and volume stability of con-
strength is higher for lower water-to-cement ratios. Mansur et al. crete are considerably reduced during its exposure to fire [23–26].
[11] compared the properties of concrete containing natural aggre- Among the materials demonstrating a good resistance to heat are
gates with those of the concrete containing an equivalent amount aluminate brick and cement that were utilized in this study. Khalaf
of brick aggregates, in which the natural aggregate was replaced by and DeVenny [27] investigated the thermal characteristics of the
an equivalent content of crushed brick, under similar conditions. concrete with brick aggregate besides its strength parameters
Cachim [12] studied the mechanical properties of the concrete con- under the ambient temperature, and found that the concrete con-
taining brick aggregate, with partial replacement of natural aggre- taining brick aggregate performed similar to and/or better than the
gate by brick aggregate, and reported that there was no strength concrete containing granite aggregate under elevated tempera-
reduction up to 15% replacement. Debieb and Kenai [13] demon- tures. Husem [28] explored the effect of elevated temperatures
strated that it is possible to produce a concrete containing crushed on the compressive and bending strength of normal and high-
brick (coarse and fine aggregates) with properties similar to those strength concrete, and demonstrated that the both types of con-
of the concrete having natural aggregate provided that the brick crete experienced greater strength reduction when cooled with
aggregate content is limited to 25 and 50% for the coarse and fine cold water in comparison with when cooled in the ambient air.
aggregate, respectively. Kavas el al. [14] investigated the use of Furthermore, his results showed that the compressive strength of
refractory brick waste as a part of fine aggregate in concrete pro- high-strength concrete increased in the temperature range of
duction. They performed a comparison among the mortar made 200–400 °C, while for the normal concrete, a continuous reduction
with refractory brick aggregate, the one made with natural aggre- occurred. The normal and high-strength concrete collapsed at the
gate, and the one containing alumina particles in terms of temper- temperature of 600 and 800 °C, respectively, thus no compressive
ature and permeability of acids. Utilization of ceramic sanitary strength testing was performed on them. The effect of high tem-
ware waste as concrete aggregate was investigated in the work peratures on the concrete properties was studied in the work of
of Halicka et al. [15] where they compared the resistance of the Arioz [29]; the results of which showed significant weight reduction
specimens individually containing natural aggregate, granite of the concrete specimens with increasing temperature, especially
aggregate, and ceramic sanitary ware waste, against abrasion and after 800 °C. Additionally, the results indicate the negligible effect
elevated temperatures to each other. The results of this study of water-to-cement ratio and aggregate type on the loss of weight.
A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875 867
The current work was carried out with the aim of studying the Table 1
properties of the concrete specimens prepared with refractory Cement characteristics.
brick fine aggregate replacing natural fluvial sand by different Chemical properties (%) Portland cement Calcium aluminate cement
weight percentages (25, 50, 75, and 100%) together with aluminate (CEM-I 42.5N) (IRC-40)
cement (0 and 100%) after being exposed to elevated temperatures Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 20.6 4–5
of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C. Here, the loss of weight, com- Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 4.86 37–40
pressive strength, and modulus of elasticity of the concrete speci- Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 3.37 15–18
Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.56 37–39
mens before and after exposed to elevated temperatures together Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.18 less than 1
with the porosity level of the unheated specimens were Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 2.3 –
investigated. Loss on ignition (LOI) 2.2 –
Physical properties Portland cement Calcium aluminate cement
2. Research significance (CEM-I 42.5N) (IRC-40)
Autoclave Expansion% 0.07 –
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the use of refrac- Specific gravity 3.07 3.2
tory brick fine aggregate produced by crushing refractory brick fac- Specific surface (cm2/g) 3120 3000–3300
Initial setting time (min) 140 180–240
tory wastes. The main goal of this study was to investigate the Final setting time (min) 190 –
effectiveness of refractory brick fine aggregate containing a signif- Refractoriness (°C) – 1280
icant level of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in improving concrete prop- Mechanical properties Portland cement Calcium aluminate cement
erties under elevated temperatures relative to ordinary concrete. (CEM-I 42.5N) (IRC-40)
Moreover, aluminate cement was another material used in this
Compressive strength (MPa) 32.26 (3 days) 55–70 (24 h)
study, and regarding the high Al2O3 content of which, a good per- 39.03 (7 days)
formance was expected compared to that of ordinary cements. 44.72 (28 days)
Much research has been devoted to the reuse of masonry brick
so far, but the literature regarding alumina bricks and their appli-
cation in a concrete mix containing aluminate cement is scarce.
Since the workability of the concrete specimens made with refractory brick
Hence, the author believes that the results of the current study aggregate is affected by the amount of water absorbed by the crushed refractory
can provide some insight for future more extensive studies in this brick aggregate grains, the refractory brick aggregate used in this study was wetted
area and be useful for researchers. to reach the water absorption level of its grains, and was subsequently put under
SSD conditions for 24 h prior to preparing concrete mix. Furthermore, due to the
fact that fine aggregate cannot be wetted and then surface-dried similar to coarse
3. Experimental study
aggregate, the refractory brick fine aggregate used here was kept in plastic sheets
for 24 h. This method was previously made prevalent by Khalaf et al. [32,33].
3.1. Materials
Different concrete mix proportions are listed in Table 3, in which the name of
each group of mix designs consists three parts. RB stands for refractory brick, and
The materials used in the mix designs employed in the present study included
the number next to it denotes the replacement percentage of refractory brick fine
type-I Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement (CAC), fine aggregate of refrac-
aggregate; for example, RB25 designates the specimen containing refractory brick
tory brick, and natural coarse and fine aggregates, each of which is described in
replacing natural sand by 25%. In the last part of the names, the symbols OC and
the following.
AC represent ordinary Portland cement, and calcium aluminate cement, respec-
tively. In this regard, RB75AC represents the specimen containing 75% refractory
3.1.1. Cement brick fine aggregate as well as calcium aluminate cement.
Type-I Portland cement (CEM-I 42.5 N) supplied from a local source was used in
half of the mix designs of this research. This type of cement has a setting time sim-
ilar to that of ordinary Portland cement (ASTM Type-I), and the characteristics of 3.3. Specimens preparation
which (provided by the manufacturer) are listed in Table 1. For the other half of
the mix designs, calcium aluminate cement (IRC-40) made in Iran with the charac- For each combination and temperature to be applied to the concrete specimens,
teristics summarized in Table 1 was used. three cylindrical 100 200 mm specimens were made. After 24 h passed from the
casting time, the specimens were removed from the molds, placed in a water tank
3.1.2. Aggregates with the temperature of 23 °C and moisture level of 100%, and kept in there for a
Natural fine aggregate in the saturated surface-dry (SSD) condition was used in 28-day period for curing in accordance with the ASTM C192 [34]. Afterwards, the
this study as the fine aggregate with the fineness modulus, water absorption, speci- specimens were kept in the lab environment for 6 days to become air-dry, and were
fic gravity, and maximum grain size of 2.60, 1.73%, 2.63, and 4.75 mm, respectively. then put in an oven under 110 °C for 24 h to become oven-dry in order to become
Natural coarse aggregate with the maximum grain size of 12.5 mm in the SSD con- ready for being placed in the furnace. Finally, the specimens were exposed to the
dition was also used, with the specific gravity and water absorption of 2.68 and elevated temperatures ranging from 200 to 1000 °C, and then left to become air-
0.47%, respectively. Moreover, crushed brick sand with different grades ranging cooled and to reach the ambient temperature prior to loading tests in order to
from 0.15 to 4.75 mm in accordance with the ASTM C33 [30] was used in the mixes. determine their compressive strength and modulus of elasticity.
With respect to the tests performed on the crushed bricks, the specific gravity and
water absorption were obtained as 2.61 and 2.18%, respectively. Fig. 1 demonstrates
different grades of brick sand, Fig. 2 illustrates the gradation curve of the refractory 3.4. Thermal exposure
brick fine aggregate, natural fine aggregate and natural coarse aggregate along with
the ASTM C33 regulations limit. In addition, Table 2 gives the characteristics Each group of concrete specimens was investigated in seven thermal categories,
(released by the manufacturer) of the refractory brick fine aggregate. i.e. 23, 110, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C. The temperatures of 23 and 110 °C
were considered as the ambient (reference) temperature and oven temperature,
3.2. Mix proportions respectively, and the other temperatures were considered as the elevated (high)
temperatures. The specimens were exposed to the elevated temperatures in a ver-
In total, 210 specimens were prepared with ten different mix designs; five of tical electric furnace with the dimensions of 800 800 800 mm (see Fig. 3), and
which were prepared using different volume contents of refractory brick fine aggre- after reaching the target temperature, all the specimen groups (3 specimens from
gate replacing natural fine aggregate together with type I ordinary Portland cement, each group for averaging) were kept under it for a 1-h period [29,35,36]. The tem-
and the other five were prepared with different volume contents of refractory brick perature inside the furnace was read by internal thermocouples, and the thermal
C
fine aggregate as the natural fine aggregate replacement together with calcium alu- loading rate, being adjustable, was 5 min in this study; the heating regimes are
minate cement. The volume replacement ratios of refractory brick fine aggregate shown in Fig. 4. After the end of thermal loading, the specimens remained in the
were selected as 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The water-to-cement ratio for all the furnace to reach the ambient temperature. As soon as they reached the ambient
designs was considered constant and equal to 0.38. The mix designs were selected temperature, loading procedure was conducted under the ambient temperature.
accordant with the ACI 211 [31]. The specimens prepared in this research can be Note that all the specimens exposed to the elevated temperatures (200–1000 °C)
seen in Fig. 3. had previously experienced the temperatures of 23 and 110 °C.
868 A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875
Gradation curve of natural fine aggregate Gradation curve of natural coarse aggregate
90
80
Percentage passing (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Fig. 2. Gradation curves of refractory brick fine aggregate, natural sand and natural gravel.
Table 3
Concrete mix proportion.
400 This research was performed with the goal of evaluating the
extent to which using refractory brick fine aggregate together with
200 aluminate cement affects the fresh and hardened concrete proper-
ties after exposure to elevated temperatures. To do so, ten previ-
0 ously mentioned mix designs were prepared, and the weight loss,
0 50 100 150 200 250
compressive strength, and secant modulus of elasticity of all the
Time (min)
specimens under the temperatures of 23–1000 °C, together with
Fig. 4. Heating regimes inside the electric furnace for concrete specimens exposed. the water absorption, porosity, and density of the unheated con-
crete were determined; the results of which are investigated
below. In this research, the concrete specimens with the tempera-
compressive load along the longitudinal direction to a concrete specimen and cal-
ture of 23 °C in each of the ten groups were taken as the reference
culating the ratio of stress’s variations to strain’s variations between a point with specimens, and the obtained results of the other specimens were
the strain of 50 le and another point with the stress equivalent with 0.4 of com- compared with those of the reference concrete of the same grade.
pressive strength.
The water absorption, porosity and density of the hardened concrete were
determined based on the method specified by the ASTM C642 [40]. Therefore, 4.1. Compressive strength
28 days after demolding and before thermal exposure, the values of oven-dry mass,
surface-dry mass after immersion, surface-dry mass after immersion and boiling,
As one of the main elements in structural design, concrete com-
and apparent mass after immersion and boiling were measured for all the concrete
specimens, and then the mentioned parameters were calculated according to the pressive strength is undoubtedly considered as one of the most
equations proposed by the standard. To achieve this goal, first, the specimens were important mechanical properties of concrete representing its qual-
dried in an electric oven at the temperature of 110 °C for 24 h, and were then ity. Many of other concrete properties such as modulus of elasticity
weighted. In the next step, the specimens were saturated in the limewater for and strain at peak stress are related to the compressive strength.
48 h followed by gentle surface wiping with a dry towel to remove surface mois-
ture, and they were then weighted again. After that, the specimens were transferred
The average of the three compressive strength values associated
into a plastic tank containing tap water and were boiled for 5 h. After cooling to the with the three specimens in each concrete group, which were pre-
ambient temperature and removing the surface moisture, the mass of the pared with different percentages of refractory brick aggregate and
870 A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875
contained ordinary and aluminate cement, was obtained and pre- RB0AC RB25AC RB50AC RB75AC RB100AC
70
sented in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Furthermore, Tables 4 and 5
present the percentages of the compressive strength variations of
60
all the specimens relative to that of the reference concrete.
Table 4
The change percentages in concrete properties (Groups of ordinary Portland cement).
Properties Specimen ID P23* DP110/P23* (%) DP200/P23* (%) DP400/P23* (%) DP600/P23* (%) DP800/P23* (%) DP1000/P23* (%)
** ** ** ** ** **
Compressive strength (MPa) RB0OC 48.5(0.0) 7.6(0.0) 16.7(0.0) 25.9(0.0) 57.8(0.0) 83.3(0.0) 91.5(0.0)**
RB25OC 43.8( 9.7) 6.8( 8.9) 24.8( 18.5) 35.8( 21.7) 63.1( 21.0) 83.2( 9.5) 89.7(+10.2)
RB50OC 44.3( 8.6) 15.2( 16.1) 20.9( 13.3) 24.9(7.4) 57.4( 7.6) 82.0( 1.9) 88.9(+20.2)
RB75OC 42.5( 12.3) 2.8( 7.7) 13.6( 9.1) 26.0( 12.3) 59.7( 16.1) 78.9(+10.3) 89.5(+8.6)
RB100OC 45.5( 6.1) 6.6( 5.0) 11.0(+0.2) 20.2(+1.2) 63.4( 18.5) 80.1(+11.7) 88.7(+24.8)
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) RB0OC 36.3(0.0) 6.9(0.0) 15.8(0.0) 65.6(0.0) 88.6(0.0) 95.3(0.0) 97.9(0.0)
RB25OC 35.9( 1.1) 8.9( 3.2) 20.1( 6.1) 68.0( 7.9) 88.6( 0.97) 95.5( 4.1) 98.4( 24.7)
RB50OC 37.0(+1.9) 7.2(+1.7) 17.4(+0.1) 66.9( 1.8) 89.4( 4.8) 95.2(+5.3) 98.3( 19.5)
RB75OC 40.6(+11.8) 18.8( 2.5) 25.8( 1.4) 74.6( 17.3) 91.4( 15.0) 97.1( 31.2) 98.6( 27.3)
RB100OC 35.8( 1.4) 0.9(+5.1) 18.7( 4.81) 65.2( 0.1) 91.4( 25.2) 98.0( 58.2) 98.5( 29.9)
P23* P110* P200* P400* P600* P800* P1000*
Loss of weight (%) RB0OC 0.0 4.3 5.0 8.0 9.8 12.2 22.1
RB25OC 0.0 5.8 4.4 8.7 10.2 11.3 20.6
RB50OC 0.0 4.7 4.5 8.1 9.9 10.0 18.0
RB75OC 0.0 5.5 4.5 8.6 9.9 11.8 15.6
RB100OC 0.0 4.7 5.3 8.2 10.1 12.9 17.9
Total specimens of groups 105 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Symbol DP represents the difference between P and the properties of reference concrete (P23). For example, DP600 = P600 P23 and DP200/P23 = (P200 P23)/P23.
*
Symbol P represents concrete properties, i.e. the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and loss of weight, and the number after it represents the applied
temperature.
**
The numbers in parentheses represent the change percentages in concrete properties compared with RB0OC group in the same temperature.
Table 5
The change percentages in concrete properties (Groups of calcium aluminate cement).
Properties Specimen ID P23 DP110/P23 (%) DP200/P23 (%) DP400/P23 (%) DP600/P23 (%) DP800/P23 (%) DP1000/P23 (%)
Compressive strength (MPa) RB0AC 65.8(+35.6) 51.7( 29.0) 56.1( 28.6) 75.5( 55.1) 80.1( 36.1) 86.5(++9.75) 89.3(+71.6)
RB25AC 66.8(+37.8) 60.8( 41.5) 63.8( 40.2) 78.9( 60.7) 79.4( 32.8) 85.9(+16.0) 88.5(+87.6)
RB50AC 65.6(+35.3) 54.4( 33.2) 59.5( 34.1) 76.3( 56.8) 78.0( 29.5) 86.0(+13.5) 87.8(+94.4)
RB75AC 65.2(+34.4) 52.8( 31.3) 54.2( 26.1) 76.6( 57.5) 78.7( 32.2) 85.6(+15.4) 87.4(+100.6)
RB100AC 57.3(+18.2) 51.1( 37.4) 52.3( 32.3) 72.3( 55.7) 75.9( 32.3) 83.3(+18.1) 85.1(+107.6)
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) RB0AC 34.6( 4.7) 13.3( 11.2) 22.0( 11.6) 91.4( 76.1) 95.3( 60.2) 96.4( 26.5) 97.9( 3.9)
RB25AC 38.6(+6.3) 34.7( 25.4) 42.5( 27.3) 93.8( 80.7) 94.5( 51.5) 96.3( 21.8) 98.0(0.0)
RB50AC 43.3(+19.3) 30.5( 11.0) 37.5( 11.4) 91.4( 70.1) 96.0( 57.8) 97.4( 32.9) 97.8(+24.7)
RB75AC 40.1(+10.5) 34.3( 22.1) 41.8( 23.7) 94.1( 80.9) 95.0( 51.7) 97.2( 34.1) 97.8(+15.6)
RB100AC 36.1( 0.5) 23.5( 18.3) 31.8( 19.5) 91.7( 76.1) 95.6( 61.2) 97.1( 38.8) 97.5(+19.5)
P23 P110 P200 P400 P600 P800 P1000
Loss of weight (%) RB0AC 0.0 4.8 4.4 8.9 10.1 13.7 18.0
RB25AC 0.0 4.8 4.5 9.2 10.2 12.8 18.5
RB50AC 0.0 5.1 4.1 8.2 10.0 13.5 20.7
RB75AC 0.0 5.0 4.6 9.0 10.2 13.1 18.6
RB100AC 0.0 5.6 4.5 10.0 10.5 12.8 18.7
Total specimens of groups 105 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
At the temperature of 1000 °C, along with the development of of the ordinary cement-containing specimens. For example, the
ceramic bond formation in the refractory brick and aluminate specimen containing 100% refractory brick together with alumi-
cement, which became stronger at the higher temperatures, it nate cement (RB100AC) demonstrated 34% strength reduction at
was observed that the trend of reduction in the compressive 1000 °C relative to that of the corresponding specimen at 110 °C,
strength became slow (see Tables 4 and 5). In this regard, for the while this value was 82% for the specimen containing 100% refrac-
specimens containing aluminate cement, the compressive strength tory brick with ordinary cement (RB100OC).
loss from the temperature 800 to 1000 °C was less than 3%, and for
the specimens containing ordinary cement, this reduction was 4.2. Modulus of elasticity
greater (less than 11%). Furthermore, as the replacement level of
refractory brick increased, the compressive strength of the speci- One of the most important properties of concrete from the
mens containing aluminate and ordinary cement improved. The standpoint of design and structural behavior is the modulus of
value of compressive strength improvement for the aluminate elasticity, which is utilized with the purpose of evaluating struc-
cement-containing specimens with the refractory brick replace- tural deflection during service period and calculating deformation
ment levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in relation to the compressive as well as drift in the seismic analysis [44,45]. The average modu-
strength of the RB0OC specimen (without refractory brick and alu- lus of elasticity for each of the concrete groups is presented in
minate cement) was 72, 88, 94, 101, and 108%, respectively, which Figs. 7 and 8. The effect of elevated temperatures on the modulus
is very considerable. of elasticity of the concrete specimens containing refractory brick
It can be found from the experimental results that after the fine aggregate with the replacement percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75,
temperature of 400 °C, the strength reduction (relative to 110 °C) and 100% together with ordinary and aluminate cement is demon-
in the aluminate cement-containing specimens is less than that strated in these figures. Moreover, Tables 4 and 5 present the
872 A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875
percentage of variations in the modulus of elasticity of the concrete RB0AC RB25AC RB50AC RB75AC RB100AC
45.00
specimens at different temperatures in relation to the reference
(unheated) specimens. As can be seen in Figs. 7 and 8, the concrete 40.00
modulus of elasticity in different groups decreases with the
35.00
atures, unlike what was resulted for the compressive strength,
30.00 while using aluminate cement leads to a considerable reduction
in the concrete modulus of elasticity, due to porous structure.
25.00
Based on the findings of Liu et al. [47], increasing the replacement
20.00 level of recycled aggregate has a negligible effect on the compres-
sive strength and modulus of elasticity improvement, while its
15.00
greatest effect is on the concrete strain capacity improvement.
10.00
0.00
23 110 200 400 600 800 1000
The weight of specimens was measured before and after being
exposed to the elevated temperatures in order to investigate the
Temperature (˚C)
loss of weight for each group of concrete specimens. The weight
Fig. 7. Modulus of elasticity of specimens containing Portland cement exposed to loss values of the ordinary cement- and aluminate cement-
elevated temperatures. containing specimens in relation to the reference concrete at
A. Baradaran-Nasiri, M. Nematzadeh / Construction and Building Materials 147 (2017) 865–875 873
different temperatures are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respec- RB0AC RB25AC RB50AC RB75AC RB100AC
25
tively, and illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. In all the
groups, the percentage of weight loss increased as the temperature
increased, and the structural integrity of the concrete specimens 20
Fig. 11. Surface texture of concrete (RB0OC group) specimens after the thermal treatment.
Table 6
Density, water absorption and porosity of concrete specimens.
Mix no. Specimen ID Number of specimen Water absorption (%) Porosity (%) Saturated density (kg/m3)
1 RB0OC 18 5.17 (0.0)* 11.93 (0.00)* 2427.8 (0.00)*
2 RB25OC 18 4.73 ( 8.53) 10.92 ( 8.53) 2417.4 ( 0.43)
3 RB50OC 18 4.73 ( 8.59) 10.94 ( 8.30) 2425.2 ( 0.11)
4 RB75OC 18 4.93 ( 4.71) 11.38 ( 4.66) 2426.8 ( 0.04)
5 RB100OC 18 5.07 ( 1.99) 11.76 ( 1.42) 2440.1 (+0.51)
6 RB0AC 18 4.86 ( 6.11) 11.35 ( 4.90) 2449.8 (+0.91)
7 RB25AC 18 5.07 ( 1.95) 11.86 ( 0.64) 2456.4 (+1.18)
8 RB50AC 18 4.80 ( 7.31) 11.21 ( 6.04) 2450.7 (+0.94)
9 RB75AC 18 5.00 ( 3.27) 11.70 ( 1.92) 2456.1 (+1.17)
10 RB100AC 18 5.34 (+3.35) 12.43 (+4.13) 2448.8 (+0.86)
*
The numbers in parentheses represent the change percentages in the relevant parameter compared with RB0OC group.
4.73%, respectively. Furthermore, the RB100AC specimen demon- 1. The compressive strength of all the specimens decreased with
strates the highest value of porosity and water absorption with increasing temperature, with the compressive strength loss in
12.43 and 5.34%, respectively. The density of brick concrete, as the specimens containing ordinary cement after experiencing
one of the main measures for evaluating this concrete type, is given 400 °C being more intense relative to the other temperatures.
in Table 6. It can be found from the results that the quality of this The compressive strength loss for the specimens containing alu-
concrete type is acceptably close to that of the normal concrete. minate cement was high at 110 °C, and its rate decreased above
Regarding Table 6, the highest density value belongs to the RB25AC this temperature. Moreover, at 1000 °C, the aluminate cement-
specimen with 2456 kg/m3, and the lowest density is associated containing specimens demonstrated a slight strength
with the RB25OC specimens with 2417 kg/m3. improvement.
2. At the temperatures above 800 °C, the specimens containing
5. Conclusions refractory brick and aluminate cement showed greater com-
pressive strength compared to that of the normal concrete spec-
An experimental program for the reuse of refractory brick fine imen, which is attributed to the formation of ceramic bonds and
aggregate in the two groups of ordinary Portland cement and cal- the replacement percentage of refractory brick fine aggregate.
cium aluminate cement was presented in this article. In total, ten In this regard, the strength of the specimen containing 100%
concrete mixes were used during this program, and the parameters refractory brick and aluminate cement was obtained about
of weight loss, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity of twice as much as that of the normal concrete specimen.
specimens following exposure to the temperature of 110, 200, 3. The modulus of elasticity of all the specimens decreased with
400, 600, 800, and 1000 °C were investigated. Based on the results increasing temperature. Above the temperature of 200 °C and
of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn. reaching 400 °C, a drastic reduction was observed in the
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