EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS USING FIRE

SENSORS, WIRELESS, AND SMS TECHNOLOGY

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 Ari Sandhyavitri Rahyul Amri Muhamad Yusa
Engineering Faculty, Engineering Faculty, Engineering Faculty,
University of Riau University of Riau University of Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia
ari.sandhyavitri@eng.unri.ac.id rahyul.amri@unri.ac.id m.yusa@eng.unri.ac.id

Dedi Fermana Nurhalim

Engineering Faculty, Engineering Faculty,
University of Riau University of Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia
dedy.fermana@gmail.com nurhalimunri@gmail.com
 Abstract— The objective of
this paper is to explore the
state of art in developing a
package of early warning
system in mitigating peat fire
disasters. The system was
developed based on the
combination utilization of the
fire sensors, wireless
technology, and SMS
gateways. The early warning
system was conducted by
installing a number of LM35
temperature sensors in the
field in Riau, Indonesia, as
well as Atmega8
microcontrollers as
transmitters and receivers of
the fire data. Then these data
will be transmitted wirelessly to
the microcontroller. This early
warning software application
package has been developed
using various applications
such as GSM Gateway
Application, MySQL database,
Apache web server with PHP
engine. This system will
display the exact locations of
the burning field as real-time
information to the designated
numbers of mobile phones (in
the form of SMS texts) or a
dedicated PC computer (in the
form of GIS maps).
Keywords— early warning,
peatfires, sensors, wireless,
SMS, technology
I. INTRODUCTION
The peatland fire
disasters have occurred
regularly in Indonesia,
especially in Riau Province
since 20 years ago. It was
recorded that there was
proximately 8,452 hotspots
had been identified in 2015
(which was considered as a
long period of the dry
season) [1].
This research developed
peat soil layers). This study
also developed a peatland
fire software application
program. This study then
finally assessed the durability
and effectiveness of the
system in the field test.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The peatland at the
tropical zones covered an
area of 23 million ha out of a
total of 200 million ha
worldwide [2].
The distribution of the
peatland in Indonesia was
mainly located in Riau
Province, Jambi, South
Sumatera, Kalimantan, and
Southeast Sulawesi. These
peat lands in Indonesia
covered 16,973,000 ha,
which was encompassing
4.613.000 ha of Sumatra,
3.531.000 ha of Kalimantan,
34,000 ha of Sulawesi,
42,000 ha of Maluku, and
Irian Jaya 8,753,000 ha [3, 4,
5].
The peatland was
typically formed of swamp
forest with specific and
fragile ecosystems. The peat
soils contain a relatively
large amount of carbon, and
if dry, the irreversible drying
properties cause the peat soil
to become dry and become
fine fuel materials [7, 8].
Thus, there is a need for
some efforts in mitigating
the peat fire by developing
an early peat fire detection
system.
III. METHODOLOGY
The fire sensors may
Fig. 1. Block diagram peatland fire
prevention system
The fire detector used
temperature sensors module.
The LM35 temperature
sensor was applied in this
study. This sensor will detect
the presence or absence of
the fires beneath the peat
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
soil. Once the system
detected the presence of fire,
the Atmega8 microcontroller
will activate the transmitter
to transmit the data of
existing fires including its
location. This data will be
received by receiver
wirelessly [10, 11, 12]. The
data will be processed by the
microcontroller receiver via
SMS.
In order to display the
exact location of the land
Sensor LM35
burning areas, then the data
obtained from the
microcontroller is also
processed by a personal
computer (PC) monitoring
software package in the form
of a dedicated peat land map.
The early warning
software application package
has several supporting
components such as GSM
modem, SMS Gateway
Application, database server,
Apache web server with
PHP engine.
The application will
check data input
continuously on a GSM
then processed in the PHP
language to be transmitted to
the PC.
A GSM modem was
used to construct SMS
Gateway which will receive
data from the field. The
GSM modem has an
interface connection via
USB which is connected to
the PC USB port. A short
application was developed to
send SMS via Wavecom
modem.
A. Fire Sensor System
The measurement of the
Lm35 sensor outputs, fire
sensors, and soil moisture
sensors was activated by a
power supply under the
condition of no fire
occurrences (Scenario 1) is
presented in table 1.
TABLE I. OUTPUT RESULTS
SENSORS WHEN NO FIRE IS
DETECTED
Sensor Flame Sensor Soil M
(Volt) (Data)
0 0
B. Power Supply System
The system power supply
used by the system is a
portable power supply using
a battery. It was highlighted
that the current energy used
to supply the transmitter
system, sensors, and
microcontroller ATMega8
will be activated once the
fires is on (Scenario 2). This
is presented in Table 2 [12].
TABLE II. THE
MEASUREMENTS OF POWER

a package of peat fire early
warning system with utilized
a combination of fire sensors,
wireless technology, and
SMS gateway systems.
This early warning
system (for peat fires) had
been tested in the field areas
in Riau, Indonesia
successfully.
The purpose of this
study is to develop a peat fire
detection system (for
identification of peat land
fires occurred beneath the
detect the presence of fire.
The fire (heat) sensors may
work in various approaches
by detecting (1) temperature
change, (2) the presence of
UV rays, (3) the presence of
IR rays, (4) the presence of
virtual wavelengths such as
blue to red fire colors [9].
A. Block Diagram
The design of block
diagram for this early peat
fire detection system is as
follows (Figure 1):
Modem whether there is an REQUIREMENT FOR SUPPLYING
TRANSMITTER, SENSORS, AND
SMS received from the fire MICROCONTROLLERS
sensor installed on the field.
Once there is a new SMS (mA)
Transmitter Sensor (mA) Microcontroller (
received by the GSM 20 25
modem coming from the fire
sensors, the SMS Gateway
C. A System Power
application will store data in
Reduction Program
the MySQL database [11].
The data contained in the The system power
MySQL database can be reduction program was
viewed by the user using the conducted to reduce the
browser. The browser existing system power
obtains data from the Apache consumption under normal
that has retrieved data on the operation on the field. The
MySQL. The database was power was tested by a
 Bascom program. The power confirmed Atmel, 2015 study receiving antenna, the signal
consumptions were results [15], when it is in an energy is very weak [15, 16].
conducted by testing various idle mode under 3-volt The wave (em) in its
sleep modes for measuring voltage, the microcontroller 80 m propagation
80 mto the receiving
the required voltage and might use a current of 1 mA. 80 m antenna can be transmitted
current during standby Under power down mode through various paths. The
mode, ADC noise reduction, with 3-volt voltage current, type of path will be applied
idle, power down, and power it could be minimized the depends on the frequency of
save modes. Test results can current consumption up to the signal, the atmospheric
be seen in Table 3. 0.5 μA [14]. conditions, and the
TABLE III. THE REDUCTION OF Thus the required current transmission duration.
THE POWER SYSTEM TEST BY SLEEP
for this microcontroller can The propagation of the
METHOD IS ACTIVATED
be set for less than 1 mA to earth eaves near the surface
Voltage improving its power of the ground was applied in
leep Mode
Volt efficiency. The source of this study. This earth wave
power supply for the fire propagation follows the
dby 3.35 sensor modules was obtained
Fig. 3. Transmission and wireless curvature of the earth,
Cnoise reduction 3.37 from Li-Ion battery with communication scheme allowing it to travel beyond
3.35 power backup using solar the horizon. The propagation
cells. The block diagram of
erdown 3.35 through this path is very
the transmitter module
ersave 3.35 D. Transmission System strong at the 30 kHz - 3
testing can be seen in Figure
1) Transmitter Module MHz frequency range.
4 below.
Above these frequencies, the
Table 3 shows the The transmitter module
surface of the earth will
measurements of voltage and testing required an
dampen the radio signals
current of the installation of RS 232 in the
because the objects on earth
microcontroller when PC (on the receiving module
become one size with the
activating some sleep mode port). This receiver module is
wavelength of the signal.
on ATmega8. The Voltage on connected to a monitoring
The signal from the AM
the microcontroller when the program indicating whether
transmitter primarily
sleep mode is activated or not the transmitter module
propagates through this path.
shows the amount of value is active. The existing LM35
such us under standby mode temperature sensor was
the required voltage was installed on PORT-C (ADC) 3) ISM Frequency
3.34 Volt and current 0.289 microcontroller. It is Fig. 4. Block diagram of the Industrial, Scientific,
mA. The required voltage of acknowledged that the transmitter module testing and Medical (ISM) Bands
the ATmega8 temperature sensor produces are defined by the ITU
microcontroller corresponds and transmits analog data Telecommunication
2) Radio system
to the working range of while in microcontroller Standardization Sector (ITU-
Figure 2 [12, 13, 14]. needed digital data, thus in Radio systems involved
T) in S5.138 and S5.150 on
the transmitter module will in the transmission system
radio regulation in the
be mounted on PORT-D7 may include two ways: radio
United States. The Federal
foot microcontroller output wave propagation and ISM
Communications
to compromise the data frequency
Commission (FCC) is a US
conversion. government agency that is
In the field testing in directly responsible for the
Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia a. Radio wave Congress (in Indonesia is
2017, it was used a voltage propagation named as Dewan Perwakilan
of 5 volts for operating the Radio wave propagation Rakyat, DPR).
Fig. 2. Graph of the
microcontroller’s current (mA) transmitter module. The can be interpreted as a In the Industrial
under the condition of sleep mode results showed that these process of propagating radio Scientific Medical (ISM)
Figure 2 shows a graph wireless transmitters were waves from the transmitter Bands, it is acknowledged
of the ATmega8 able to be operated for to the receiver. The signal that there were 3 license-free
microcontroller’s current transmitting the data up to 80 transmission utilizes non- ISM bands such as; for
(mA) results under sleep meters long (on a flat land wire media. The system Industrial band 900 MHz, in
mode. The highest power surface in the oil palm field) requires an antenna to the range 902 - 928 MHz (26
consumption was identified (3). transmit the radio signals via MHz bandwidth) Scientific
as 0.36 mA (under idle free air in the form of band 2.4 GHz, in the range
mode). While sleep mode is electromagnetic (em) waves. of 2.4000 - 2.4835 GHz
tested with the lowest power This wave propagates (83.5 MHz bandwidth) [16].
consumption with a current through the free air to the Medical band 5.8 GHz in the
value of 0.287 mA was receiving antenna by range 5,725 - 5,875 GHz
identified under power down attenuation along its path, so (bandwidth of 150 MHz).
mode. These results that when it reaches the This research used 2.4 GHz
band for transmitting filed
data (Figure 3 and 4).
4) Transceiver
Receiver's Transmitter
System was drawn as follow.
Fig. 5. Transmitter Recipient
Diagram
As shown in Figure 5
above, two HC-12 modules
can be used in place of
physical cables to replace
serial cable communication
links half-duplex. The left
device sends the serial port
data to the module, and after
the RXD port (at the left
module) receives the serial
port data, it will
automatically send the data
over the air via radio waves
(2.4 GHz band). The right
module automatically
receives the data, and returns
the serial data port originally
sent by the left device and
sends it out TxD. The
process is similar to the right
part to the left one. Half-
duplex links are available
between modules, as they
cannot receive and send data
over the air at the same time
[17].
5) Antenna System
The antenna function is
to convert the electrical
signal into an
electromagnetic signal, then
radiate it (releasing the
electromagnetic energy into
the air). On the contrary, the
antenna can also be
functioned to receive
electromagnetic signals
(electromagnetic energy
from the free space) and
convert it into electrical
signals [16].
This study utilized a
large gain antenna, which
has a narrow transmit
pattern. The large gain
antenna is very useful in
communication systems,
especially to obtain the form of applications
maximum efficiency on made useful for sending data 9) HC 12 Module
signal transmission and is from computer to modem. Test Results HC-12
able to focus energy so that The SMS gateway system
Module
it can reach further places, has a large data storage
especially in the flat peatland capacity for the database The testing was
areas. management. The data flow conducted to analyze the
of the system using the SMS distance and power
6) GSM mobile network
gateway is as follows [8]: consumption used by the
GSM mobile network HC-12 module when tested
is divided into three major with different distance.
systems namely switching According to Rozee R, 2016
system, base station system [20], the HC-12 module with
and operation and support 9600 bps baud rate
system. The three major arrangement is capable of
Fig. 7. Block application SMS
parts of the system can be gateway diagram delivering 80 meters in open
presented in Figure 6:
spaces and when
transmitting current data can
Figure 7 the block
reach a maximum of 100
diagram of the SMS gateway
mA. The test is carried out
application above the
by triggering a fire to the
application acts as the sender
LM35 sensor at the sending
or recipient of the SMS,
node in order for the HC-12
which then results from
module enable to send the
sending or receiving SMS in
signal to the receiving node
the save into the database.
(Figures 3 and 4).
In order to send or
The data retrieval is
receive SMS, the application
maintained by measuring the
Fig. 6. GSM network elements on the computer system must
voltage and current
be able to communicate
transmitting to the HC-12
using AT Command. The AT
7) SMS Gateway modules. The test was
Command has standardized
The SMS Gateway is a conducted in a backyard area
in the process of
device or device that of Riau University,
communication between the
transmit (send) or receive Indonesia by measuring 5
mobile phone and the
(receive) messages from the samples with various
modem to the application.
media or device to the distances for example; 20
The communication meters, 40 meters, 60
cellular network, sending
using AT Command instructs meters, 80 meters, and 100
and receiving messages can
serial port as its meters. Test results can be
use a mobile phone or other
communication channel. The seen in Table 4.
media such as a modem.
use of AT Command is able
This study utilized the SMS
to connect a dedicated
gateway to display the
application to the modem.
information of the fire
occurrences (coordinate
location and the time of 8) Serial Communications
occurrences)/ TABLE IV. RESULTS OF HC-12
The serial
MODULE TESTING
As mentioned above, communication is one
Transmitter R
the SMS gateways can be method of the data Distance
connected to other media communication where only (Meter) Volt mA Volt
such as SMSC (Short one bit of data is sent over a
20 5.33 5.66 5.33
Message Service Center) wire mesh at a given time. A
devices as well as servers parallel communication can 40 5.30 5.89 5.33
owned by a Provider through transmit the n-bits of data 60 5.33 5.00 5.33
links from IPs used to together, with a common
80 5.35 5.36 5.35
process SMS services. value of 8 ≤ n ≤ 128. For
100 5.35 6.41 5.35
The SMS Gateway synchronous serial
system generally consists of communication, bandwidth
hardware devices and is equivalent to path
Table 4 shows the
software tools. The hardware frequency. This study
results of voltage and current
devices such as computers utilizes the Universal Serial
measurements in the HC-12
may be operated as a server Bus (USB) for connecting
module during data
which is connected to the heat sensors to the wireless
transmission when the LM35
network and mobile devices. transmission module [10, 17,
sensor detects hot
While the software itself in 18, 19, 20].
temperatures. The readable
voltage at which the sending
and receiving nodes operate
shows the stable and
corresponding numbers
required during planning due
to the working range of the
HC-12 module between 3.2
volts to 5.5 volts. The
maximum transmitting
distance at the field was 80
m.
Based on the tests, it
was identified that the
battery lifetime ratio on the
prototype using sleep/wake-
up modem can last longer.
According to Amri R, 2017
[21], the type of power
supply that will be used in
this study will affect the
lifetime of the battery, the
greater the capacity of the
power supply the better its
performance. The
application of sleep/wake-up
scheduling modes may also
optimize the battery lifetime
[22, 23].
10) Telemetry System
The telemetry is a
technology that allows
remote measurement and
reporting of information to
this early warning. The
systems require fire data at
the field to be sent to the PC
via wireless communication.
Then the computer will
display the location of fires
in real time.
11) WSN (Wireless Sensor
Network)
Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) is a
technology applied in this
study for environmental
monitoring (fire monitoring
systems). This WSN will
connect various sensors. In
this study, each single fire
sensor is called a node
sensor has one sensor, inside
the processor's embedded
node sensor, limited
memory, low-power radio
and usually operated using
the battery. Each sensor node
of the network is responsible
for sensing heat and report
that to the other node sensors
[23].
Some node sensors not
only carry limited energy but [2] www.fires.globalforestw
atch.org
usually carry irreplaceable
[3] Osaki, Mitsuru, Tsuji,
resources and thus the main Nobuyuki (Eds.), Tropical
Fig. 9. Mobile Menu
focus of sensor network Peatland Ecosystems,
protocols in this study is Springer, Japan, DOI.
primarily on power This menu may edit the 10.1007/078.4-431-55681-
7_1, 2016. 3-12.
conservation as these fire dedicated hand phone
[4] Wahyunto, Heryanto B,
sensors will be placed and number data to be sent an Bekti H, Widiastuti F. Maps of
operated at the remote area SMS text in the case of fire peatland distribution, area and
of peatland, thus should be occurrences on the field. carbon content in Papua,
2000–2001. Wetlands
able to become self- International-Indonesia
sufficient energy V. CONCLUSION Programme & Wildlife Habitat
conservation in a certain Canada (WHC), Bogor.2006.
period (minimum 3 months). The LM35 heat sensors [5] Wahyunto, Ritung S,
effectively detect the Subagjo H. Maps of area of
peatland distribution and
presence of peat fires on the
carbon content in Sumatra,
field study in Riau 1990–2002. Wetlands
University and Bengkalis International-Indonesia
areas. The source of the Programme & Wildlife Habitat
12) Checking the Canada (WHC), Bogor. 2003.
power supply for LM35
Connections and [6] Wahyunto, Ritung S,
sensor module and HC 12
Automatic Receivers Suparto, Subagjo H. Maps of
module were obtained from area of peatland distribution
Once the peat land fire the Li-Ion battery with and carbon content in
detection applications are Kalimantan, 2000–2002.
power backup using the solar
established, the connections Wetlands International-
cells. HC 12 module can be Indonesia Programme &
between receivers and early used as a receiver as well as Wildlife Habitat Canada
warning applications is a transmitter. The use of a (WHC), Bogor. 2004
operated automatically large gain antenna, which [7] Kurnain, A.,
(Figure 8). has a narrow transmit pattern Notohadikusomo, T.,
Radgjagukguk, B. & Hastuti,
is able to focus energy in S., 2001, Peat soil properties
order to reach further places. related to degree of
This has been tested in the decomposition under different
land use systems. International
study. This early warning Peat Journal, 11, 67–78.
system is able to display the [8] Kool, D.M., Buurman, P.
exact location of the peat & Hoekman, D.H. (2006)
fires occurrences on the Oxidation and compaction of a
computer screen as a real collapsed peat dome in Central
Kalimantan. Geoderma, 137,
time. This system may also 217–225.
display peat fire information [9] Mark Cochrane, 2017,
via SMS to the dedicated Above- and Belowground
phone numbers. This study Tropical Rainforest Fire
Dynamics, Geographic
is considered satisfying the Information Science Center of
study objectives. Excellence (GIScCE), South
Dakota State University, USA.
Fig. 8. Connection to device modem
and receiver automatically [10] Anggraini, R. 2012.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Modul Perkuliahan Fisika
Perpindahan Kalor.
The author would like kk.mercubuana.ac.id/elearning
13) Managing hand phone
to thank Research /files.../13001-11-
message 969667061652.doc (11
Development Board
The SMS gateway (Balitbang), Riau Province, November 2015).
device was installed in the the Directorate General [11] Sohraby, K., Minoli, D.,
& Znati, T. F. (2007).Wireless
systems for managing Higher Education (DGHE), sensor networks: technology,
messages (Figure 9). The Indonesia, and the Civil protocols, and applications.
menu was presented in the Engineering Department Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-
following figure. Interscience. DOI
University of Riau for 10.1002/0470/1276X.
facilitating financial [12] Hariyawan, M.Y.
resources, coordination, and Gunawan, A.&Putra, E. 2014.
assistance for developing Implementasi
WirelessSensorNetwork untuk
this research study and Pendeteksi DiniKebakaran
supporting this research Hutan. Jurnal Teknik
publication. Informasi dan Telematik. Vol.
5, No. -, hh 09-10.
[13] http://ww1.microchip.co
REFERENCES m/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/A
tmel-2486-8-bit-AVR-
 microcontroller-
ATmega8_L_datasheet.pdf
[14] http://www.ubaya.ac.id/2
014/content/articles_detail/33/
SMS-Gateway-menggunakan-
Gammu-dan-MySQL.html.
[15] Winoto, A. 2008.
Mikrokontroler AVR
ATmega8/32/16/8535 dan
Pemrogramannya dengan
Bahasa C pada WinAVR.
Bandung: Informatika.
[16] Atmel. 2015. 8-bit Atmel
With 8Kbytes In-System
Programmable Flash. USA,
Atmel Corporation.
[17] J. Clerk Maxwell, A
Treatise on Electricity and
Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1892,
pp.68–73.
[18] https://quadmeup.com/hc
-12-433mhz-wireless-serial-
communication-module-
configuration.
[19] Hariyawan, M.Y.
Gunawan, A.&Putra, E. 2014.
Implementasi
WirelessSensorNetwork untuk
Pendeteksi DiniKebakaran
Hutan. Jurnal Teknik
Informasi dan Telematik. Vol.
5, No. -, hh 09-10
[20] Amri, R. 2014. Detektor
Panas Nirkabel Untuk
Monitoring Kebakaran Hutan
Berbasis Mikrokontroler.
Jurnal Sainstek. Vol. 2, No. 2,
hh 40.
[21] Rozee, R. 2016. HC-12
Wireless Serial Port
Communication Module. E-
Book User Manual Version
2.3B (Update From v1.1
English and v2.3 Chinese)
[22] R Amri, NL Marpaung,
E Ervianto 2017. Design of
firing detector system by peat
land with woody peat types
using its heat characteristics.
Instrumentation, Control, and
Automation (ICA), 2017 5th
International Conference
[23] T Muammar, R Amri, Y
Rahayu 2018. Power Supply
Management System Design
On Node Early Warning
System For Peatlands Fire
Mitigation, Sinergi: Jurnal
Teknik Mercu Buana 22 (1),
29-36
[24] Cedric Sean O, Innocent
N, Zhang C, Shen M.
Intelligent Energy Saving
System. International Journal
of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering.
Volume 5, Issue 12, December
2015.
.