SEMINAR REPORT

On
BASICS OF RADAR SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
Mr. LALIT JAIN RAVINDRA MATHANKER [0130ec071046]
Dept. of Electronics AKIB KHAN [0130ec071004]
GEC, BHOPAL E.C. 4
th

sem. GEC, BHOPAL

GLOBUS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOPAL
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We extend our heartiest thanks to Mr. Arvind Kaurav, HOD,
Electronics Dept. for his support in accomplishment of this project
successfully. Furthermore it was his valuable guidance which
helped us immensely in various areas of troubleshooting.
We would also like to thank Mr. Anil Sharma, Principal, Globus
Engg. College. He provides us an opportunity to present this
paper.
We also thank to our faculties of Electronics Dept. who supported
us by their valuable knowledge.
Last but not the least we would like to extend thank to my seniors
who helped me to reveal various aspect of this project.
We also thank to Microsoft Corp. for production support.
GLOBUS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOPAL
H
GLOBUS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOPAL

RADAR ( Basics of the Radar System)

TABLE OF CONTENT
➢ INTRODUCTION __________________1
➢ HISTORY __________________2
➢ PRINCIPLE OF RADAR __________________3
➢ RADAR EQUATION __________________4
➢ PERIPHERALS OF RADAR
__________________5
➢ CLASSIFICATION __________________6
➢ RELATION TO DOPPLER
EFFECT_________________7
➢ PULSED RADAR SYSTEM
__________________8
➢ RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
__________________9
➢ DISPLAY BY RADAR _________________10
➢ TACTICAL USE STAGES
_________________11
➢ RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS
_________________12
➢ APPLICATION _________________13
➢ BIBILIOGRAPHY _________________14
GLOBUS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOPAL
BASICS OF RADAR SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the
range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed
objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as
an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging.
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A radar system has a transmitter that emits either microwaves or

radio waves that are reflected by the target and detected by a
receiver, typically in the same location as the transmitter.
Although the signal returned is usually very weak, the signal can
be amplified.
Radar can detect static or mobile objects or targets and is the
most effective method for guiding a pilot with regard to his
location in space and also for warning the approach of an enemy
plane for similar purposes.
HISTORY
• 1904 - Christian Hulsmeyer demonstrated detection of a ship in
dense fog.
• 1917 - Nikola Tesla first established principle for the first
primitive radar units.
• He stated, " by their [standing electromagnetic waves] use
we may produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical
effect in any particular region of the globe; [with which] we
may determine the relative position or course of a moving
object, such as a vessel at sea, the distance traversed by the
same, or its speed."
• 1934 - American Dr. Robert M. Page tested the first monopulse
radar.
• 1934 - Soviet military engineer P.K.Oschepkov produced an
experimental apparatus RAPID.
•
1935 - British Robert Watson-Watt demonstrated to his superiors
the capabilities of a working prototype
.
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PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
The basis of the radar principle is that if an electromagnetic wave
encounters sudden changes in conductivity σ, permittivity ε or
permeability μ in the medium, a part of the electromagnetic
energy gets absorbed by the second medium and is re-radiated.
The significant change in atomic density between the object and
what's surrounding it will usually scatter radar (radio) waves. This
is particularly true for electrically conductive materials, such as
metal and carbon fiber, making radar particularly well suited to the
detection of aircraft and ships.
Electromagnetic radiation travels in empty space at a speed of
2.998 x 10
8

metres per second, and in air only slightly less rapidly. This
speed is denoted by the letter c.
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Radar equation
The amount of power P
r

returning to the receiving antenna is given

by the radar equation:
Where
= distance from the target to the receiver.
In the common case where the transmitter and the receiver are at
the same location, R is the range. This R
t

= yields:
R
r

and the term R

t

2R
r

2 can be replaced by R
4

, where
) Maximum Radar Range (R
max

Maximum radar range is the distance beyond which the target

cannot be detected. It occurs when the received the minimum
detectable signal(S
min
)
echo signal power P
r

just equals
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P
t

G
t

Aσr
= radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target
F = pattern propagation factor
RR
t
r

= transmitter power
= distance from the transmitter to the target
= effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna
= gain of the transmitting antenna
PERIPHERALS OF RADAR
1. ANTENNAS 2. DUPLEXER 3. RADIO FREQUENCY SUBSYSTEM
4. DIGITAL WAVEFORM GENERATOR 5. FREQUENCY
SYNTHESIZERS AND OSCILLATORS 6. MIXER 7. POWER
AMPLIFIER 8. TRANSMITTER SUBSYSTEM 9. LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER 10. RECEIVER SUBSYSTEM 11. SIGNAL
PROCESSING/DATA PROCESSING/CONTROL SUBSYSTEMS 12.
ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM 13. POWER SYSTEM
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CLA SSIFICATION
Radar system can be broadly classified into two basic categories-
1. Continuous wave (CW) / Doppler Radars
2. Pulsed Radar
Continuous –Wave Radar
A continuous –Wave Radar transmits a continuous wave signal
and is generally useful in Doppler radars which utilizes the
Doppler Effect. If there is any relative motion between the radar
and the target, the shift in carrier frequency (Doppler Shift) of the
reflected wave becomes a measure of the target’s relative velocity
and may be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary
targets. The Doppler Effect can be experienced while standing
near a train track. A change in frequency (pitch) of the train
whistle occurs as the train approaches and then moves away.
There are also radars that combine both of these effects.
Radar using the Doppler Effect principle is known as a
Doppler radar which is useful for navigation over Land Sea
through aircraft or ship.
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Relation to Doppler-Effect
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PULSED RADAR SYSTEM
A radar system is composed of many different subsystems.
The main subsystems were discussed in previous sections. In a
pulsed radar system, there is a portion of time devoted to
transmission, and another portion of time devoted to reception.
The transmission time is called the pulse width. A pulse is
transmitted at regular intervals. The repetition interval is called the
pulse repetition interval (PRI). During transmission, the transmitter
produces a waveform. This is passed to the RF system, through
which the waveform is transmitted into the medium of
propagation. When the waveform reaches a target, it is reflected
back towards the radar. By then, the radar system should be in
reception mode. At this time, the reflected echo is intercepted by
the RF system. The echo is then passed to the receiver, which
passes it on to the signal processor. After signal processing, the
data processor displays data for the operator, through the HMI.
Power and Control are provided to each of the subsystems as
necessary. The antenna is generally repositioned after a certain
number of pulse transmissions. A schematic of the radar system
is shown in Figure.
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Radar signal processing
Distance measurement
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One way to measure the distance to an object is to transmit a

short pulse of radio signal, and measure the time it takes for the
reflection to return. Since radio waves travel at the speed of light
(300,000,000 meters per second), accurate distance
measurement requires high-performance electronics.
In most cases, the receiver does not detect the return while the
signal is being transmitted. Through the use of a device called a
duplexer, the radar switches between transmitting and receiving
at a predetermined rate. The minimum range is calculated by
measuring the length of the pulse multiplied by the speed of light,
divided by two. In order to detect closer targets one must use a
shorter pulse length.
Display by Radar
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Tactical Use Stages
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Radar frequency bands
The traditional band names originated as code-names during
World War II and are still in military and aviation use throughout
the world in the 21st century. They have been adopted in the
United States by the IEEE, and internationally by the ITU. Most
countries have additional regulations to control which parts of
each band are available for civilian or military use.
Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and
electronic countermeasures (ECM) industries, have replaced the
traditional military designations with their own systems
Radar frequency bands
Band Name
Frequency Range
Wavelength Range
Notes
HF 3–30 MHz 10–100 m coastal radar systems, over-the-horizon radar (OTH)
radars; 'high frequency'
P < 300 MHz 1 m+ 'P' for 'previous', applied retrospectively to early
radar systems
VHF 50–330 MHz 0.9–6 m very long range, ground penetrating; 'very high
frequency'
UHF 300–
1000 MHz
0.3–1 m very long range (e.g. ballistic missile early warning), ground penetrating, foliage
penetrating; 'ultra high frequency'
L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cm long range air traffic control and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cm terminal air traffic control, long-range weather,
marine radar; 'S' for 'short'
C 4–8 GHz 3.75–7.5 cm Satellite transponders; a compromise (hence 'C')
between X and S bands; weather
GLOBUS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHOPAL Page 12
APPLICATIONS
Civilian Application
1. Radar altimeters for determining the height of plane above
ground.
2. Radar blind lander for aiding aircraft to land under poor
visibility, at
night, under adverse weather condition etc.
3. Airborne radar for satellite surveillance.
4. Police radar for directing and detecting speeding vehicles.
5. Radars for determining the speed of moving target, (e.g the
speed of a cricket ball being bowled) automobiles, shells, guided
missiles etc.
Military Application
1. Detection ad ranging of enemy target even at night.
2. Aiming guns at aircraft and ships.
3. Bombing ships, aircraft or cities even during overcast or at
night.
4. Early warning regarding approaching aircraft or ships.
5. Directing guided missiles.
6. Searching for submarines, land masses and buoys.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ Microwave & Radar Engineering, by M. Kulkarni. ➢
Available:http://www.icsl.ucla.edu/aagroup/PDF_files/shcourse.P
DF ➢ Dao, A., Integrated LNA and Mixer Basics, National
Semiconductor,
1993. http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/wirlna.pdf. ➢ DC-DC
Converter Tutorial, Sunnyvale, CA: Maxim Integrated
Products,2000.
http://www.maximic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/710. ➢
McPherson, Donald, Receivers/Transmitters. Radar 101 Lecture
Series. Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse. 14 Nov. 2001.
➢ Radar Principles, United States Navy Electrical Engineering
Training
Series. http://www.tpub.com/neets/book18/index.htm. ➢ Reintjes,
J. Francis and Godfrey T. Coate, Principles of Radar. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1952. ➢ Schuman, Harvey, Antennas.
Radar 101 Lecture Series. Syracuse
Research Corporation, Syracuse. 24 Oct. 2001. ➢ Skolnik,
Merrill I., Introduction to Radar Systems. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1980.
➢ Thomas, Daniel, Signal/Data Processing. Radar 101 Lecture
Series.
Syracuse Research h Corporation, Syracuse. 6 Nov. 2001.
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