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C. LINGKUP BAHASAN :
a.Konsep dasar KGD
b.Sisitem pelayanan KGD pra RS, Uit Gawat Darurat & prw Intensif.
c.Perawatan klien semua tk usia dng kegawatan sist : pernafasan, kardiovaskuler persyarafan,
pencernaan & endokrin, perkemihan, muskuloskeletal, reproduksi, jiwa & psikiatri
E. EMERGENCY CARE
Pengkajian, diagnosis & terapi kep. yg dpt diterima baik aktual, potensial, tjd tiba-tiba atau
urgen, masalah fisik atau psikososial dalam episodik primer atau akut yg mungkin memerlukan
perawatan minimal atau tindakan support hidup, pendidikan u/ pasien atau orang terpenting
lainnya, rujukan yg tepat dan pengetahuan ttg implikasi legal.
G. EMERGENCY PATIENT
a. Pasien dr segala umur dng diagnosa, tidak terdiagnosa atau maldiagnosis problem dng
kompleksitas yg bervariasi.
b. Pasien-pasien yg memerlukan intervensi nyata dimana dpt terjadi perubahan status fisiologis
atau psikologis scr cepat yg mungkin mengancam kehidupannya.
H. DIMENSI
Multidimensi meliputi :RESPONSIBILITIES, FUNCTION, ROLES, SKLILLS ( dng
pengetahuan khusus )
a. KARAKTERISTIK UNIK PRAKTEK KEP. GADAR
• Pengkajian, diagnosa, terai baik yg urgen / non urgen individual dari berbagai umur pasien
walaupun dng data / informasi yg sangat terbatas
• Triage & Prioritas
• Persiapan bencana alam
• Stabilisasi & resusitasi
• Krisis intervensi u/ populasi ps yg UNIk spt korban kekerasan sexual
• Pemberian perawatan pd lingkungan yg tidak terkontrol atau yg tidak dpt diprrediksikan
D. KASUS PERDARAHAN
1. Abortus
2. Kehamilan ektopik terganggu
3. Mola hidratidosa
4. Placenta previa
5. Abruptio placenta
6. Inversi atau Ruptur uteri
7. Atonia uteri
8. Ruptur perineum & robekan dinding vagina
9. AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM
10. Retensio plasenta
11. rolapse of the umbilical cord
12. Shoulder dystocia
E. INFEKSI & SEPSIS
1. Infeksi dlm kehamilan:
a. Virus varicella,
b. influenza,
c. toksoplasmosisherpes genitalia
2. Infeksi dlm persalinan:
a. korioamnionitis
3. Infeksi nifas :
a. metritis,
b. tromboplebitis
F. MANIFESTASI KLINIS
Untuk masing-masing ksus berbeda dng rentang waktu yg luas, perdarahan dpt bermanifestasi
dari perdarahan berwujud bercak merembes profus s/d shockInfeksi & sepsis, bermanifestasi
mulai dr pengeluaran cairan pervaginam yg berbau, air ketuban hijau, demam s.d shock. Pre
eklamsi & eklamsi, mulai dr keluhan sakit kepala / pusing, bengkak, penglihatan kabur, kejang-
kejang, tidak sadar s/d koma
G. Diagnosis
In a hospital or other urgent care facility. patient's medical history and perform a pelvic and
general physical examination.The mother's vital signs, if preeclampsia is suspected, blood
pressure may be monitored over a period of time. The fetal heartbeat is assessed with a doppler
stethoscope, and diagnostic blood and urine tests: protein and/or bacterial infection.
An abdominal ultrasound: malpositioned placenta, such as placenta previa or placenta abruption.
Q. Complications
1. Intermediate syndrome, Intermediate syndrome was first described in 1987 as a sudden
respiratory paresis, with weakness in cranial nerves and proximal-limb and neck flexor muscles.
These clinical features appear 24-96 hours after exposure and are distinct from the previously
described delayed neurotoxicity (see below). Although intermediate syndrome is incompletely
understood, more recent reports suggest this is due to presynaptic and postsynaptic dysfunction
of neuromuscular transmission and that it may result from insufficient oxime treatment.
2. OPC-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPCIDN), OPCIDN is a sensorimotor polyneuropathy
that typically occurs 9-14 days after OP exposure. The patient initially presents with distal motor
weakness and sensory paresthesias in the lower extremities, which may progress proximally and
eventually affect the upper extremities. Most sources suggest the mechanism involves inhibition
of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), an enzyme that metabolizes esters in nerve cells. Some
patients may recover over 12-15 months, but permanent losses with spasticity and persistent
upper motor neuron findings have been reported.
3. Pancreatitis, Pancreatitis has been reported as a rare complication. One case series reported
that 12.76% of OP poisonings were associated with acute pancreatitis, though this has not been
the experience in other series.
R. Prognosis
In severe poisoning, death usually occurs within the first 24 hours if it is untreated. With nerve-
agent poisoning, death may occur within minutes if untreated. Even with adequate respiratory
support, intensive care, and specific treatment with atropine and oximes, the mortality rate is still
high in severe poisonings. A delay in treatment can also lead to late and permanent neurologic
sequelae. Most patients with minimal symptoms fully recover.
S. Special Concerns
Pregnant women should receive the same treatment as that given to other adults. Both atropine
and pralidoxime are class C drugs in pregnancy. In the Tokyo subway attacks, 5 pregnant women
were mildly poisoned, and all had normal babies without complications.
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