3.

COVERING LETTERS

A cover letter is a written document submitted with a job application explaining the applicant's
credentials and interest in the open position. Since a cover letter is often one of only two
documents sent to a potential employer, a well- or poorly-written letter (or email) can impact
whether the applicant will be called for an interview.
A good cover letter goes a long way to ensuring you get to the interview stage. Make sure you
put the same time and effort into a cover letter as you do into creating a CV.

COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

When do I include a cover letter?

In most cases, when submitting a resume, a cover letter is expected. Unless you are attending a
job fair or have been directed not to provide a cover letter, it is appropriate to do so.

What about email and online resume submission? When emailing your resume, your cover letter
becomes the email message. Simply type your letter in the body of the email (do not send as an
attachment). When submitting your resume online, follow the instructions provided. Some
company websites and job banks provide additional space for including a cover letter or
statement of introduction, or, offer an option to submit additional documents.

To whom should my letter be addressed ?

Whenever possible, address your letter to a specific person by name, keeping in mind that it is a
good idea to confirm the spelling and title of those you are writing to. When addressing letters to
women, whose marital status is uncertain, use the title “Ms.” If the recruiter or hiring manager’s
name is not available, your letter may be addressed to “Dear Human Resources Professional” or
“Dear Hiring Manager”.

FORMAT:

Keep it to one page, 3-4 paragraphs tops: The first paragraph should state your purpose for
writing. In the middle paragraph or two, summarize your qualifications and highlight your
strengths in relation to the job. Show your interest in the position and the company. Your closing
paragraph should reiterate your interest and convey your appreciation for the reader’s
consideration.

TIPS for SUCCESS:

 Your cover letter should compliment your resume; duplicate the header that appears on your
resume and use the same font style and paper

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 Customize your cover letter to fit each job; form letters do not create a positive impression 
Before writing, review the job posting; include those qualifications that you possess which show
that you are a match to the stated requirements

 Be factual; do not misrepresent your qualifications

 Use first person narrative, however, avoid beginning each sentence with “I”

 Show confidence and take a proactive vs. passive stance, for example “I look forward to
hearing from you soon” rather than, “I hope to hear from you soon”

 Spell check and review your letter, better yet, have someone else review your letter as they are
more likely to catch mistakes

 Remember to sign your letter before sending.

SAMPLE COVERING LETTER

First Paragraph

State the reason for the letter, the specific position or type of work for which you are applying,
and the source of awareness/ contact with the company (Career Center, new media, friend,
official website, career fair).

Second Paragraph

This paragraph should demonstrate your qualifications. Communicate what you can do for the
organization as an employee/intern and why they should hire you. You may want to highlight
particularly relevant aspects of your resume, experience and/or educational preparation. You can
also include relevant skills or qualifications that you did not include in your resume.

Third Paragraph

This paragraph is designed to show interest. Indicate why you are interested in the position, the
organization, and its products or services; refer to research you have conducted on the position
and employer. Try to stimulate interest in you as a possible employee/ intern.

Fourth Paragraph

In the final paragraph, you ask for action. Indicate your desire for an interview and flexibility as
to the time and place. You may want to indicate that you will follow-up with a phone contact ona
particular day or week to arrange an interview. Be positive in your attitude. Expect an interview.

37
3801 University Place

Pomona,CA 91768

bbronco@cpp.edU

(909) 869-xxxx

June 9, 20XX

Learn by Doing Center

Full Name,Recruitment Manager

3801 W. Temple

City, CA 90049

Dear Mr. Smith:

I read with interest your job announcement for a full time Management Trainee, listed on
Handshake through the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Career Center. I believe
I am a strong candidate for the position as a graduating college student who possesses the skills
you are seeking.

I will receive a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration this June. My job
experiences are robust and include an internship as sales trainee in a retail store. Part of the
training included development of store merchandising, system integration for inventory
monitoring, and customer engagement. My courses supplement my work experience and
provides a foundation of business familiarity, analytical capability and effective communication
skills. Finally, my campus activities included an Executive Board role for my club organization
where I created and directed several projects and events to increase club participation and
membership.

The prospect of joining the Learn by Doing Center is exciting because of my awareness with the
mission of your organization and professional training for your future leaders. The Management
Trainee program will enhance and develop skills which are valuable in the field.

I believe my education and experience is an excellent match to your needs. I appreciate your
consideration and look forward to speaking with you regarding this exciting opportunity. I can be
reached at (123) 456-xxxx at your earliest convenience.

Sincerely

Billie Bronco

38
IMPORTANCE OF COVERING LETTER

Immediate Value

First impressions count. A concise and compelling cover letter is your first chance to stand out
and be considered a strong candidate amongst tough competition. Immediately emphasizing your
key strengths will help ‘sell you,’ grabbing the reader’s attention and increasing the likelihood of
progression through the selection process.

Unique Fit

A cover letter is an important way to showcase how your unique combination of skills and
experience meet the key requirements of the job description. It is your chance to show a clear
link between your knowledge, experience and abilities and the needs of the employer.

Personality

The wording of your cover letter can express your personality in a way that your resume cannot.
The tone of your letter gives the employer an important insight into your personality and the kind
of traits that could add value to their team. It allows you to explain in your own words why you
are the best person for the job.

Enthusiasm

A tailored, compelling cover letter shows you have taken the time to research the company and
understand the employer’s needs and job requirements. It is an opportunity to express that you
are enthusiastic about the role and to demonstrate the value you would add to the employer.

Common Cover Letter Mistakes

A perfect resume is often sabotaged by a poorly thought-out or mistake-heavy cover letter.

Whether you are including the letter as per required submission guidelines, or you simply want
to emphasize your interest in the job, make sure that you avoid making these seven blunders.

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Cover Letter Mistake #1: Lack of research

Thanks to the Internet, there’s little excuse to not personalize your cover letters. Whenever
possible, research the name of the hiring manager or recruiter (if it’s not listed on the actual job post)
and the company who’s filling the position, and use this information to customize your opening
document. If you skip this step, you’re sending the message to the reader that you don’t really care
enough about the position to do your homework. In a world where employers are inundated with
applications, any excuse to eliminate candidates will do.

Cover Letter Mistake #2: Overly formal or casual greetings

Whenever you’re applying for a job or preparing for an interview, take the company’s culture into
account. You can get a better sense of the employer's brand by checking out its Careers section online,
reading reviews on Glassdoor, searching for its profile on The Muse, following the social media
accounts the company set up for recruitment purposes, and talking to your networkingconnections
who’ve worked at the organization. This will help you decide if you’re better off going with a “Hello
Jeff” or a “Dear Mr. Berger” type of greeting.
Play it safe and stick with a gender-neutral opener such as “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear
Recruiter.”

Cover Letter Mistake #3: Talking all about me, me, me

Think of your cover letter as your sales pitch to the hiring manager. Instead of spending the entire time
talking about yourself and your wants and needs, consider the needs of your prospective employer.
Your potential boss is the one who will (hopefully) read your cover letter, after all.
Review the job description again and check out the latest news on the company. Ask yourself why the
organization is hiring for this role. In other words, what pain point will this position solve? When you
can relate to the hiring manager's concerns and position your skills as the solution to his or her needs,
you have a better chance of avoiding cover letter mistakes and capturing the reader’s attention.

Cover Letter Mistake #4: Repeating your entire resume

Remember, the recruiter already has your resume - there’s no need to rehash your entire work history
in your cover letter. In fact, I believe this is why so many employers disregard the cover letter; they’ve
read so many bad cover letters that merely summarize their candidates’ resumes, that they see no need
to read them.

40
One cover letter tip is to surprise the hiring manager by using your opening to demonstrate your
understanding of the company’s position in the marketplace and its needs and then highlight your
experiences and accomplishments that speak to these requirements

Cover Letter Mistake #5: Generic messaging

Even if you’re applying to an anonymous job listing, a common cover letter mistake is using
boilerplate text. While your introduction may not be as specific as it would be for a position where the
employer is known, this doesn’t give you license to use a generic template for the main sections of
your cover letter.
Based upon the job description, make a list of the top 3-5 requirements for the role. This may have to
do with your knowledge of a certain topic or an industry, your experience performing a particular task,
or your education and other credentials. Then, brainstorm how you possess each prerequisite,
referencing a specific contribution, accomplishment, or experience from your work history that
illustrates these qualifications. Summarize this information in a paragraph or a set of bullets. This is a
great way to customize your cover letter and grab the reader’s attention

Cover Letter Mistake #6: Not following instructions

As I previously mentioned, some employers, especially those in the healthcare, education, and legal
sector, still value a cover letter and will request one in their job description. Do yourself a favor and
re-read the job description carefully to provide context to your cover letter dos and don'ts. Often times
the employer will request certain information to be included in the cover letter. The last thing you
want to do is ignore this request, as the reader will assume you are not detail-oriented and unable to
follow the simplest of instructions.

41
4.ENQUIRY LETTER

An enquiry letter is written by a potential customer, on the look out for a product or with a desire
to avail the service offered by a seller or an organization. An enquiry letter is neither a contract
nor does it entail any contractual obligation between the two. It is actually a preliminary exercise
that may lead to a contract.

When a person requires specific information from another party, that person may consider
writing an enquiry letter: Basically, a letter of enquiry poses a question or request to the reader
with the intention of persuading the reader to respond. The ideal inquiry identifies a specific
individual capable of providing an adequate response in a succinct, purposeful manner. For
example, the owner of an accounting company might send a letter of enquiry to an office-
supplies sales manager to request a catalog or a visit from a sales representative, explaining that
he plans to update or relocate his firm.

As Gartside said: “An inquiry letter asks information like catalogue, quotation, sample, cost of a
product from a seller in a concise and clear way.”

J. H Jains quoted: “The business letter which collects valuable information of the business and
therefore provides price reduction and profit earning facilities is defined as inquiry letter”

THINGS INCLUDED IN ENQUIRY LETTER

1. Name along with address in the business:

This enquirer must speak about name along with address in the company regarding
which usually data is actually asked.

2. Cause of inquiry:

In the letter, your article writer must make clear the cause of producing the idea. This
enables your recipient to provide required along with relevant data.

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3. Making specific inquiry:

This letter of business inquiry must contain distinct inquiries in order that the receiver
provides the required information. Questions tend to be asked associated with fiscal
ability, goodwill, character of business deals, along with credibility in the organization.

4. Promising to maintain secrecy of information:

An important area of inquiry letter is to reassure your receiver that will data furnished
by them will be retained magic formula.

5. Assuring further cooperation:

This article writer in the letter should reassure your receivers them to would be offered
identical help in future if they need.

6. Expressing gratefulness:

This sender should convey gratitude or even on account of your receiver for co-
operation. This article writer can certainly convey gratefulness by means of several
warm and friendly reviews similar to “Any co-operation will be remarkably
appreciated”, or even “Thank an individual ahead of time to your reply. ”

7. Enclosure:

This sender should enclose some sort of give back package with the letter. The idea
facilitates speedy reply from the receiver.

8. Signature:

9Towards the end in the letter, sender should place his / her unique along with his full
name along with position.

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IMPORTANCE OF ENQUIRY LETTER

 Probable quantity required and the time-frame for the supply of the product / service.
 Obtaining information about financial capability of prospective customers.
 The seller’s terms on credit, discounts, transit, packaging etc., should be enquired into.
 Determining the risk of credit sales.
 Deciding whether to enter into credit transactions.
 Opening sentences to indicate the reasons for the enquiry.

Format of enquiry letter :

Street address
City, State ZIP code
Phone number

Date

Individual's name
Job title
Name of organization
Street address
City, State ZIP code

Dear Mr./Ms. ________________________________:

I am writing to ask you to consider an addition to your marketing team. Your organization
has been in the news as a leader in the industry. I am an innovator of new ideas, an excellent
communicator with buyers, and have a demonstrated history of marketing success. I believe I
would be a good fit in your organization.

Currently, I market computer products for a major supplier using television, radio and news
advertising. I have a reputation for seeing every project through to success.

Enclosed is my resume for your review and consideration. EFTG Industries has a reputation
for excellence. I would like to use my talents to market your quality line of technical
products. I will call you to further discuss your needs and how I could benefit your company.
If you prefer, you may reach me in the evenings at (555) 555-5555.

Thank you for your time. I look forward to meeting you.

Sincerely,

CHANDRA MOHAN
44
5.REPORT WRITING

DEFINITION OF REPORT

A report is a methodical, well planned document which outlines and evaluates a subject or
problem, and which may include:

• The record of an order of events

• Explanation of the implication of these events or facts
• Evaluation of the facts or results of research presented
• Discussion of the consequences of a conclusion or course of action
• Conclusions
• References

INTRODUCTION FOR REPORT WRITING

In the world of business, what is a report writing and report writing types is considered the most
research-based and qualified form of report writing that simplifies business process and modules
and creates a better understanding of the data and facts included for the target audience.

To write a report in the best form there is indispensable need to gain a proper understanding
about each of its element.

Writing a report though requires a special skill set, but an experienced writer with proper
understanding of how to write a report can equally justify this special area of writing.

Before writing your report, here is a run through of all you need to know about report writing.

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IMPORTANCE OF REPORT WRITING

Decision Making Tool: Today’s complex business organizations require thousands of

information. Reports provide the required information a large number of important decisions
in business or any other area are taken on the basis of information presented in the reports. This
is one of the great importance of report.

Investigation: Whenever there is any problem, a committee or commission or study group

investigates the problem to find out the reason behind the problem and present the findings with
or without the recommendation in the form of a report. It is another importance of report.

Evaluation: Large scale organizations are engaged in multidimensional activities. It is not

possible for a single top executive to keep personal watch on what others are doing. So, the
executive depends on reports to evaluate the performance of various departments or units.

Quick Location:There is no denying the fact that business executives need information for
quick decision-making. As top executives are found to be busy for various purposes), they need
vital sources of information. Such sources can be business reports.

Development of skill: Report writing skill develops the power of designing, organization
coordination, judgment and communication.

Neutral presentation of facts: Facts are required to be presented in a neutral way; such
presentation is ensured through a report as it investigates, explains and evaluates any fact
independently.

Professional Advancement: Report also plays a major role in professional achievement. For
promotion to the rank and file position, satisfactory job performance is enough to help a person.
But for promotion to high level position, intellectual ability is highly required. Such ability can
be expressed through the report submitted to higher authority.

Proper Control: Whether activities are happening according to plan or not is expressed through
a report. So, controlling activities are implemented based on the information of a report.

A managerial Tool: Various reports make activities easy for the managers. For planning,
organizing, coordinating, motivating and controlling, manager needs help from a report which
acts as a source of information.

Encountering Advance and Complex Situation: In a large business organization, there is

always some sort of labor problems which may bring complex situations. To tackle that situation,
managers take the help of a report.

46
TYPES OF REPORT WRITING

Definition of Formal Letters

A formal letter is any letter written in the professional language, with a prescribed format for a
formal purpose, i.e. it can be a recommendation letter, enquiry letter, complaint letter, cover
letter and so on. All business letters are formal, but vice versa is not possible. Such letters are
used for a variety of reasons like a formal invitation, proposal, reference, making a complaint or
inquiry, applying for a job. While writing a formal letter one should keep in mind the following
things:

 It should be in specified format.

 It should avoid the use of unnecessary words.
 It should be straight to the point.
 It should be relevant and objective.
 It should be complex and thorough.
 It should be polite, even if it is a complaint letter.
 It should be free from any mistakes, i.e. grammatical or spelling.

There are three types of formal letters, i.e. business letters, letters for outlining civic problems
and job applications.

47
EXAMPLE FOR FORMAL LETTER

April 20, 2004

Asra tabassum

Associate professor

SIITAM

Dear Madam,

This is a report on Existence of Internal Control Structure in the Cell phone sector for the

fulfillment of course works of BBA Program and it is my pleasure to present such before you.

I have prepared this report based on the data gathered from interviewing various higher officials

of cell phone Company in terms questionnaire. For the preparation of the report, I have focused

on the information that was found to be reliable and valid.

I truly appreciate my topics to be an important and significant one to enhance knowledge without

which I would be surely in vague position. And I deeply regret any inconvenience located in this

report and I shall always be available for any clarification required.

Sincerely Yours

I.V.CHANDRA MOHAN REDDY

48
Definition of Informal Letters

An informal letter is a letter written to someone; we know fairly well. The letter can be used for
some reasons like conveying message, news, giving advice, congratulate recipient, request
information, asking questions, etc. It is a personal letter, written to whom you are familiar with,
like friends, siblings, parents or any other closed one. There is no specific format prescribed for
writing this letter.

While writing an informal letter, one can afford to be friendly, and make use personal or
emotional tone. Slang or colloquial terms, codes, abbreviations, etc. can also be used at the time
of writing it, depending on the familiarity with the recipient.

EXAMPLE OF AN INFORMAL LETTER

Memo

To: John Davis

From: Terri Ames
Date: December 20, 2012
Subject: Preliminary Funding Report

In response to our serious need to raise more money for the organization's programs, I conducted
preliminary research on potential foundation, government, and corporate funders. I wanted to get
an idea of the number and type of funders who might be interested in supporting our organization
and programs.

I identified more than 100 foundations and several corporate giving programs that make grants
for job readiness, financial management, and life skills training programs. I did not, however,
identify any federal governmental agencies that are currently making grants for these kinds of
programs.

I recommend conducting more thorough research to create a list of foundation and corporate
funders whose funding priorities more closely match our mission and programs. I also
recommend conducting research to identify state grants that our organization might be eligible to
receive. Since it can take six months to a year to receive a grant, we should begin developing a
list of prospective funders and submitting grant proposals and applications immediately.

49
Content: Formal Vs Informal Letters

1. Comparison Chart
2. Definition
3. Key Differences
4. Conclusion

BASIS FOR
FORMAL LETTER INFORMAL LETTER
COMPARISON

Meaning A formal letter is a letter, written in A letter written in an friendly

formal language, in the stipulated manner, to someone you are familiar
format, for official purpose. with, is called informal letter.

Objective Professional Communication Personal Communication

Format Written in prescribed format only. No prescribed format.

Written in First person - Business letters, third First, second or third person.
person - others.

Written to Business, college/institute, employer, Friends, family, acquaintances etc.

organizations, etc.

Voice Passive Active

Sentences Long and complex Short and simple

Size Concise Large or concise

Contractions and Avoided Used

Abbreviations

50
6.ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly

sponsored, non-personal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of
advertising are typically businesses wishing to promote their products or services. Advertising is
differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser pays for and has control over the
message. It differs from personal selling in that the message is non-personal, i.e., not directed to
a particular individual.

On the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct-response
advertising. Non-commercial entities that advertise more than consumer products or services
include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies.
Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a public service
announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a
company is viable or successful

IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertising plays a very important role in today’s age of competition. Advertising is one thing
which has become a necessity for everybody in today’s day to day life, be it the producer, the
traders, or the customer. Advertising is an important part

1. Product Launch – The foremost aim of advertising is promotion. Hence, advertising is

essential, especially for a new product that has to be launched in the market. Advertising
helps convey the information regarding launch of the new product.
2. Retain the existing customers – It is essential that customers keep following, buying and
using your brand. And this is where advertising helps companies again! It keeps on
reminding the customers about the brand and so, helps in retaining the customers and
increasing the sales.

3. Brand Promotion – Promotion is quintessential if any brand wants to stay in the market.
This goal is achieved with the help of advertising which promotes a product, company or
service. When a brand gets established with the help of advertising, it becomes a promise of
quality and the customers start expecting from a brand. Thereafter, the stage arises where
advertising starts acting as a reminder. It reminds and convinces customers that their chosen
brand is still there.

4. Educates people – Advertising is not only about promotion! It also educates people and
makes the society aware about various issues. Many social issues like female foeticide, child
labor, child abuse, etc., are also raised thorough sensible advertisements. Thus, advertising
also helps in educating people and spreading awareness.

51
5. Comparison – Advertising also provides the opportunity of comparing various products to
the customers. Based on features, qualities or specifications described through advertising,
customers can take their pick on the available products.

ADVANTAGES OF ADVERTISEMENT

The benefits derived from advertising are manifold. It is one of the most important components

of the marketing process.

This is beneficial to manufacturers, traders, consumers and society as a whole. Advertising

offers the following advantages.

(1) Introduces a New Product in the Market:

Advertising plays significant role in the introduction of a new product in the market. It stimulates

the people to purchase the product.

(2) Expansion of the Market:

It enables the manufacturer to expand his market. It helps in exploring new markets for the

product and retaining the existing markets. It plays a sheet anchor role in widening the marketing

for the manufacturer’s products even by conveying the customers living at the far flung and

remote areas.

(3) Increased Sales:

Advertisement facilitates mass production to goods and increases the volume of sales. In other

words, sales can be increased with additional expenditure on advertising with every increase in

sale, selling expenses will decrease.

52
(4) Fights Competition:

Advertising is greatly helpful in meeting the forces of competition prevalent in the market.

Continuous advertising is very essential in order to save the product from the clutches of the

competitors.

(5) Enhances Good-Will:

Advertising is instrumental in increasing goodwill of the concern. It introduces the manufacturer

and his product to the people. Repeated advertising and better quality of products brings more

reputation for the manufacturer and enhances goodwill for the concern.

(6) Educates The Consumers:

Advertising is educational and dynamic in nature. It familiarises the customers with the new

products and their diverse uses and also educates them about the new uses of existing products.

(7) Elimination of Middlemen:

It aims at establishing a direct link between the manufacturer and the consumer, thereby

eliminating the marketing intermediaries. This increases the profits of the manufacturer and the

consumer gets the products at lower prices.

53
7.Appointment letter :
The letter written by the employer requesting the selected candidates to join in a specific position
is known as appointment letter. Appointment letter is also called ‘job offer letter’ or ‘job letter’.

When people apply for jobs, they will undergo a selection process. At the end of the selection
process, some candidates are finally selected for the job. Once the selection process. At the end
of the selection process, some candidates are finally selected for the job. Once the selection
process is over, the employer sends appointment letter to those candidates who have successfully
completed the selection process. Through this letter, the employer informs the candidate that he
or she has been finally selected and invites him or her to join in the specified post. This letter
also states the conditions of the job, its duties and responsibilities.

CONTENTS OF APPOINTMENT LETTER :

Appointment letter must give a full disclosure of the terms and conditions from the employer’s
side. Because, the candidate will join only when those term and conditions are acceptable to him.
An ideal appointment letter should contain the following contents:

 Name and address of the organization (employer)

 Duties and responsibilities of the job
 Conditions of job: whether permanent or temporary, office time, performing
another job simultaneously.
 Monthly Name and address of the applicant
 Name of the position
 salary
 Time length of the contract
 Date of joining
 Documents to be submitted during joining
 Security requirements
 Commitment or declaration and
 Provision regarding termination

54
Importance of Appointment Letter:-
It is a formal letter provided in writing to a candidate on the day of joining for employment. It is
generally provided after offer letter and it describes the position offered, salary, benefits,
confidentiality policy, work policy, starting date, and important information about the
employment.
Usage of Appointment Letter :
This appointment letter format can be used by a HR Manager of the Company or Manager of a
Company offering a job to a prospective hire.
Execution of Appointment Letter :
Appointment letters are printed on letterhead of the employer and signed by the Management or
HR Manager authorized to hire the candidate. In case the candidate accepts the position, the
candidate must sign a copy of the letter and return it to the employer to indicate acceptance of
employment, after which a contractual obligation to be fulfilled by both parties has come into
existence and become binding.

Things included in appointment letter :

1. Job description and role :

When you do get that offer and appointment letter, do make sure that you have been hired for the
job you interviewed for. For instance, if you have been hired on a supporting role in a theatre
production, make sure that the details of the job description are spelled out.
You might be expecting to get the breakthrough character role while all they have in mind is for
you to hold the ladder while the lighting team fixes up the ceiling lights, you know the ones that
will be shining the limelight on someone else!
You want to take that up with the HR department? Good luck. Technically it is a “supporting”
role.
The letter should be spelled out clearly. Job Description: Will be working in the technical
division in so-n-so with duties ranging from so-n-so.

2. Relocation clause :
Was there any mention of willing to work from anywhere? Most companies require you to
specify if you are okay to be relocated for work. If you are not sure, it is best to find out from
existing employees on the frequency and locations in particular.
If relocation means working from the far office, twenty miles away, for 3 days a week, that’s one
thing. If it is working from China for six months in a year, that’s another.

55
3.Salary, medical and other compensation:
Is your cost to company (CTC) spelled out in detail? Do they mention raise, bonuses and medical
benefits clearly?
Sometimes they may just talk about your base salary and leave the other details
ambiguous. Yearly bonus based on review. Oh goody! But what’s the review based on?

4. Notice period:
Is it too long or too short? ‘Coz it really goes both ways. If it is too long then you will have
trouble moving on to a new company. Would they really wait for six months before you show
up?
If the notice period is too little, it is possible that you are asked to leave with a window of a day
or two. A reasonable notice period, say a month or so, would give both you and your employer
time to recover and find something or someone else.

5. Non-compete clause:
This one is generally for the specialized workers, technical or otherwise. There are certain
companies who make it a part of your appointment clause to forbid you from working for a
competitor, once you leave.
In other words, if this is all you know and if you ever want to switch your workplace, you will
probably have to wait a certain specific period before you can find yourself relevantly employed
again. So you may have to sell pizza for the “noncompete period” while switching between two
digital research jobs!

6. Non-disclosure Agreement:
This one is obvious. Companies generally don’t want you to go blabbing about their intellectual
property or trade secrets to their competitors, or anyone really.
While this is a reasonable expectation from you, nevertheless you should probably read the
details of the non-disclosure agreement carefully. Sometimes they may even prevent you from
talking about salary structures or which brand of coffee is currently being used to keep the
employees awake…at 3am.

7.. Publishing/patenting conflicting research:

And finally there is that iddy-biddy thing about your freedom to your own inventions, patents,
research and contents. Often whatever new funky discovery you make in your back yard, while
employed in a relevant company, may become officially theirs.

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8.JOINING LETTER

Job searching process ends with the joining letter of the selected candidate. After selecting a
candidate, employer sends appointment letter mentioning the terms and conditions of the job.
Receiving the appointment letter from employer, the candidate may accept or reject the job offer.
When a candidate accepts the job offer from the employer and decides to join, he writes a joining
letter. Through this letter, after applicant expresses his acceptance of the terms and conditions of
the job. After writing this letter. The person starts his job as an employee of the organization.

EXAMPLE FOR THE JOINING LETTER

Date: 25-04-2018
Frank Parkes
HR Manager
HERO consultant services
PO Box 4935
Hyderabad
f.parkes@email.com

Sub: Joining Report.

Sir,
With reference to your appointment letter no. HO/HRD/PD/2016, dated APRIL 25, 2016, I am
pleased to inform you that I want to join as a senior software engineer in your esteemed
organization accepting the terms and conditions mentioned in the appointment letter. I give the
commitment that I shall properly discharge my duties and responsibilities. I also assure you that I
shall abide by all the rules and regulations of your organization.I therefore, pray and hope that
you would be kind to grant my joining letter.

Yours Faithfully,
(CHANDRA REDDY)

57
9.LEAVE LETTER

A leave of absence is time spent away from your place of work or your university. Such leave
can be sought for a variety of reasons, such as illness to yourself or a family member or an
extended vacation. In some cases, employees are legally entitled to certain types of absences,
such as time off for the birth or adoption of a child or for providing medical care to an immediate
family member. The definition of a “leave of absence” can vary depending on the length of the
absence. In some cases, short-term absences, such as time away from your university or your
place of work for less than a month, is not considered a leave of absence, while in other cases,
even an absence as long as a week may be considered a leave of absence. It is important to
determine how your employer or school defines a leave of absence before writing a leave of
absence letter, as the length of your proposed absence may not be long enough to require a
formal application.

EXAMPLE OF LEAVE LETTER

ABC Corp.

Hyderabad,

15th april, 2018.

Respected sir,

Subject: Leave letter

This letter is to inform you that I was unable to come to work on 4.14.2018 due to a family
emergency. The situation was unavoidable and hence I had to take an unplanned l eave.

I was informed early morning on 4.14.2018 that my father had been admitted to the hospital
for renal failure. Since he stays in nizamabad, I had to immediately drive down to the
hospital where he was admitted. The treatment took long and once I realized that I would
not be able to come to work, I informed my immediate supervisor about the situation. Please
find attached my supervisor’s statement and the knowledge of my absence.

I request you to consider this leave as a personal leave from my account so that there is no
deduction of salary. Please revert with your reply.

Yours Sincerely,

CHAN DRA MOHAN.

58
10.RESIGNATION LETTER

A resignation letter is an official letter sent by an employee to their employer giving notice they
will no longer be working at the company. In other words, it’s an official form of quitting. The
goal of a letter of resignation is to create an official record of notice, provide details about the
employee’s last day, outline any next steps, and maintain a positive relationship with the
employer. Use CFI’s free resignation letter template to quit as professionally as possible.

Tips for writing a resignation letter

The general consensus on letters of resignation is, the shorter the better. There is no need to
provide a long-winded explanation of why you are quitting. Instead, it’s best to be direct,
professional, and outline any important information about the termination process.

Here are some helpful tips for writing your resignation letter:

 Be direct and to the point – mention that you are quitting in the first paragraph (or even
the first sentence)
 Be professional – do not use it as an opportunity to complain, insult or criticize the
company or other employees
 Give notice of your last day – provide the specific date you are agreeing to work until
 Provide information about the transition – you may offer to help find your
replacement, or agree to finish certain projects and tasks before your last day
 Proofread and spellcheck – be sure to thoroughly proofread the letter before submitting
to make sure all information is accurate and there are no typos
 Seek legal advice – depending on the nature of your position you may wish to seek
professional legal advice about your resignation process

How to use a Resignation Letter Template

You may wish to use this resignation letter template to help you efficiently write your letter.

To use this template effectively, follow these steps:

1. Copy and past the resignation letter template into an MS Word Document, Google Doc,
or email
2. Add all your personal details and information
3. Rewrite the paragraphs with your own information
4. Proofread and spell check
5. Submit the letter via email/mail/in-person

59
Resignation Letter Template

[Your Name]

[Your Street Address]

[Your City, State/Province, Country]

[Your Phone Number]

[Your Email Address]

[Today’s Date]

[Employer Contact Name]

[Employer Title]

[Employer Company Name]

Dear [Employer Contact Name],

[First paragraph: I am writing to provide you with my formal notice of resignation from The
Company. My last day will be January 19, 2018, two weeks from today.]

[Second paragraph: This was not an easy decision to make, and I appreciate your support over
the course of my employment at The Company. I truly value the experience, training, and
knowledge I gained over the past 5 years. It has been a pleasure working with you and the team.

[Third paragraph: Please let me know how I can help during this transition. I wish you all the
best as the company continues to grow.]

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Sincerely,

[Image of Signature]

[Your Name]

IMPORTANCE OF RESIGNATION LETTER

Resignation is the process in which you inform your employer about your job change. It is not
appreciated in the business world if you leave a job without any information to your employer. It
brings a very bad image of you. So it is extremely important that you write a quality resignation
letter before leaving a job. Basically writing a resignation letter has two purposes:

First is that you should inform the employer about your decision. There are some formalities
associated with this process and the employer has to take care of all these matters. If you will
inform your organization about leaving job then they will prepare all the necessary documents
with your service record and experience letter.

Second is that you must give the employer a few days notice period according to your company
policy so that your employer may arrange for your replacement. The notice period could be of
one month, two months or even a few days as per your company regulations.

So now it should be clear that writing a resignation letter is very much important. Now here are
some tips about how to write a good letter for resignation.

 It should be of minimum length, it means you should be very much concise in your
writing.
 You should be straight forward in your writing, it is very formal letter and you should not
go into details.
 Clearly state the reason for your resignation.
 Don't forget to mention the notice period you are providing to the employer.
 Its not essential but highly appreciated if you thank the employer for the good time you
spent on his organization.
 If necessary, tell time and date for your meeting.
 A Letter of resignation should be provided on goody quality paper with your actual
signatures on it

61
FORMAT OF RESIGNATION LETTER

I.V.CHANDRA MOHAN REDDY

H.R group

lahore

India

01-04-2018

S.p singh
CEO
lahore

India.

Dear singh,

Please accept this letter as notice of my resignation from my position as staff accountant. My last
day of employment will be 30-03-2018.

I received an offer to serve as a manager and after careful consideration, I realize that this
opportunity is too exciting for me to decline.

It has been a pleasure working with you and your team over the last three years. One of the
highlights of my career was collaborating with you to automate projects, financial and balance
systems,data analysis and setting up your accounting infrastructure. Your company is poised for
continued growth.

nicee, thank you again for the opportunity to work for Mahindra Company. I wish you and your
staff all the best and I look forward to staying in touch with you. You can email me anytime at
idamaknti264@gmail..com

Sincerely,

Chandra Mohan

62
11.NOTICE AND CRCULAR

Definition of notice

A notice is a written or an oral statement that contains the particulars of holding a meeting. When
a circular is served among the members of the meeting to attend the meeting, it is called a notice.
It is letter of invitation that carries the request to the members to attend a meeting. A notice
includes time, place, date and agenda of a meeting. The notice should be sent by the proper
authority in due time so that the members can attend the meeting in time.

THINGS TO BE INCLUDED IN A NOTICE

1. Signature: The notice must be signed by the proper authority. Only the legal
authority should serve the notice.
2. Proper time: The notice must be served in proper time. It should be circulated
according to the rules and regulations of the company or the organization.
3. Time date and place: The time, date and place of the meeting must be stated in the
notice.
4. Unconditional: There must be no condition or complexity in the notice about
attending meeting. Always a notice is unconditional.
5. Agenda: Agenda means topics to be discussed in a meeting. A valid notice should
contain the agenda of the meeting.
6. Conciseness: The notice must be short in size. It should be clear, simple and easy.

CIRCULAR

Definition of the circular

A circular letter or email is used when a company needs to inform all its customers about a
change or important event happening in the company. This could be a new address, a change in
the management, the opening of a new factory, store or e-commerce website. As they are sent to
all the customers, new and old, on the company’s database, circular letters also offer a marketing
opportunity, a way of reminding clients of the company’s services, products or benefits. Circular

63
letters can also be internal, sent to all staff within a company to inform them, for example, of
changes in the organisational structure or various administrative matters.

Circulars or fliers are a highly effective way to communicate with employees or customers.
Many companies use circulars to enforce dress codes and policies or invite employees to
meetings or luncheons. Circulars can also be used as an advertising tool. There are a number of
benefits to using circulars, but a circular must include certain features to be most effective.
Additionally, distribution is important for circulars in business communication.

THINGS INCLUDED IN A CIRCULAR

The steps practitioners should use in providing circular to clients include:

 Establishing the facts;

 Determining relevancy;
 Evaluating reasonableness of assumptions or representations;
 Relating applicable law to relevant facts; and
 Arriving at a conclusion supported by the law and the facts.

64
13.ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE ON GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse effect:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains
the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be,
allowing life on Earth to exist.

Enhanced greenhouse effect

The problem we now face is that human activities – particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil
and natural gas), agriculture and land clearing – are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse
gases. This is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which is contributing to warming of the Earth.

65
Greenhouse effect Steps
Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back into space
.
Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the Earth.

Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.

Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth
warm enough to sustain life.

Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are increasing
the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.

Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's tem

OVERVIEW OF GREEN HOUSE GASES

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. This section provides
information on emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gases to and from the
atmosphere. For more information on the other climate forcers, such as black carbon, please visit
the Climate Change Indicators: Climate Forcing page.

Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain
chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from the
atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon
cycle.

Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and
oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the
decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.

Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well
as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

66
Fluorinated gases:

Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic,

powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated
gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g.,
chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in
smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to
as High Global Warming Potential gases ("High GWP gases").

Each gas's effect on climate change depends on three main factors:

How much of these gases are in the atmosphere?

Concentration, or abundance, is the amount of a particular gas in the air. Larger emissions of
greenhouse gases lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas

67
concentrations are measured in parts per million, parts per billion, and even parts per trillion.
One part per million is equivalent to one drop of water diluted into about 13 gallons of liquid
(roughly the fuel tank of a compact car). To learn more about the increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, visit the Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric
Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases page.

How long do they stay in the atmosphere?

Each of these gases can remain in the atmosphere for different amounts of time, ranging from a
few years to thousands of years. All of these gases remain in the atmosphere long enough to
become well mixed, meaning that the amount that is measured in the atmosphere is roughly the
same all over the world, regardless of the source of the emissions.

How strongly do they impact the atmosphere?

Some gases are more effective than others at making the planet warmer and "thickening the
Earth's blanket."

For each greenhouse gas, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been calculated to reflect how
long it remains in the atmosphere, on average, and how strongly it absorbs energy. Gases with a
higher GWP absorb more energy, per pound, than gases with a lower GWP, and thus contribute
more to warming Earth.

68
14. Annual REPORT OF SBI :

Previous Years »

Blance Sheet of State Bank of India ------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------

Mar '17 Mar '16 Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Capital and Liabilities:

Total Share Capital 797.35 776.28 746.57 746.57 684.03

Equity Share Capital 797.35 776.28 746.57 746.57 684.03

Reserves 155,903.06 143,498.16 127,691.65 117,535.68 98,199.65

Net Worth 156,700.41 144,274.44 128,438.22 118,282.25 98,883.68

Deposits 2,044,751.39 1,730,722.44 1,576,793.24 1,394,408.51 1,202,739.57

Borrowings 317,693.66 224,190.59 205,150.29 183,130.88 169,182.71

Total Debt 2,362,445.05 1,954,913.03 1,781,943.53 1,577,539.39 1,371,922.28

Other Liabilities &

155,235.19 159,875.57 137,698.05 96,412.96 95,455.07
Provisions

Total Liabilities 2,674,380.65 2,259,063.04 2,048,079.80 1,792,234.60 1,566,261.03

Mar '17 Mar '16 Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13

12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths

Assets

69
Cash & Balances with
127,997.62 129,629.33 115,883.84 84,955.66 65,830.41
RBI

Balance with Banks,

43,974.03 37,838.33 58,977.46 47,593.97 48,989.75
Money at Call

Advances 1,571,078.38 1,463,700.42 1,300,026.39 1,209,828.72 1,045,616.55

Investments 765,989.63 477,097.28 495,027.40 398,308.19 350,927.27

Gross Block 42,344.99 9,819.16 9,329.16 8,002.16 6,595.71

Revaluation Reserves 31,585.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Net Block 10,759.34 9,819.16 9,329.16 8,002.16 6,595.71

Capital Work In
573.93 570.12 0.00 0.00 409.31
Progress

Other Assets 154,007.72 140,408.41 68,835.55 43,545.90 47,892.03

Total Assets 2,674,380.65 2,259,063.05 2,048,079.80 1,792,234.60 1,566,261.03

70
15.PROSPECTUS OF A COMPANY

Prospectus overview
Wipro Limited (NYSE: WIT, BSE: 507685, NSE: WIPRO) is a leading global information
technology, consulting and business process services company. We harness the power of
cognitive computing, hyper-automation, robotics, cloud, analytics and emerging technologies to
help our clients adapt to the digital world and make them successful. A company recognized
globally for its comprehensive portfolio of services, strong commitment to sustainability and
good corporate citizenship, we have over 160,000 dedicated employees serving clients across six
continents. Together, we discover ideas and connect the dots to build a better and a bold new
future.

About Wipro Technologies

Wipro Technologies, the global IT business of Wipro Limited (NYSE:WIT) is a leading
Information Technology, Consulting and Outsourcing company, that delivers solutions to enable
its clients do business better. Wipro Technologies delivers winning business outcomes through
its deep industry experience and a 360 degree view of "Business through Technology" – helping
clients create successful and adaptive businesses. A company recognized globally for its
comprehensive portfolio of services, a practitioner's approach to delivering innovation and an
organization wide commitment to sustainability, Wipro Technologies has 131,000 employees
and clients across 54 countries.

Prospectus summary
We live and work in a new world. One where there are no more singular events or isolated
actions. Where everything and everyone is interconnected. It is a disruptive world, but one of
endless opportunities. And, one where Wipro sees the potential for our clients at every
intersection, every disruption, every touchpoint. We celebrate this world and work to advance it
every day by forging the connections and collaborations that reveal possibilities. Breaking
boundaries. Synthesizing across silos. Deconstructing divisions. We’re building ever-closer
connections to reveal ideas bolder than ever before.
We use the incredible power of our integrated perspective to collaborate not only with each other
but also with our clients and partners. We’re working across technologies, industries and
geographies to make connections others can’t, and to come up with innovative solutions that
truly transform businesses.
We’re relentless but responsive. Smart and sensitive. Unstoppable because united. We practice
what we promise, always. It’s how we’re ensuring a future that’s better and bolder – and even
more beautiful – than what has been imagined before. It’s a world that we invite you to inhabit,
because it’s where we wish to be, ourselves, at Wipro

71
16,APPEALING FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE

Site Features

100% Purchase Protection

We are committed to ensure 100% Purchase Protection for customers by offering genuine
products, secure payments and easy returns for items shopped on Amazon.in

Returns Policy
Seller fulfilled items need to be returned directly to the seller and not to Amazon. The seller will
specify the return address and mailing instructions. For more information about returns and
refunds for seller fulfilled orders

About Wish Lists

To create a Wish List:

72
Click Wish List at the top of any Amazon.in page and select Create a Wish List from the drop-
down. If you are creating multiple wish lists, go to an existing Wish List and click Create another
Wish List under your profile name

Click Create your Wish List

 Select Show list profile below your name in the left side of the page
 Click Update this list's profile
 Update your default delivery address, birthday, personal description and preferences and
click Save
 You can set a preferred address to which purchases from your Wish List should be
delivered.

Recommended For You

The Recommended for you section lets you find new products that may interest you. Based on
the history of your orders and your evaluations, we know your tastes and will recommend new
products that may interest you. We also compare your tastes with those of other clients in order
to suggest certain product

Tell us about a lower price

 Tell Us About a Lower Price is a feature that lets you to notify us of a lower price you
found elsewhere, for items sold on our website. We convey the feedback received
through this feature to sellers.
 You can tell us about a lower price in a few simple steps.

 Click tell us about a lower price? In the resulting pop-up, select Website or Store and
click Submit Feedback.

Search Inside

With Search Inside, Amazon search results include matches based on every word inside a book,
not just results that match the title or author of the book. It's like browsing a gigantic bookstore
with millions of searchable pages at your fingertips. We help our customers discover and sample
books to ensure that they'll be satisfied with their purchases. Our agreements with publishers and
copyright holders currently limit how much of the book is available for preview. We continue to
work with publishers to expand these limits.

If you are a publisher or author and wish to include your titles in our Search Inside the Book!
program, please visit our Publishers' Resource Guide for details.

73
Sponsored Products from Amazon Sellers

Sponsored Products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on Amazon.in. When you
click on a Sponsored Product ad, you will be taken to an Amazon detail page where you can
learn more about the product and purchase it.

To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here.

Revise Payment

Revise payment is an Amazon feature which allows you to retry your payment method or use
another one if your transaction failed in the previous attempt.

To revise payment on your order, follow the steps given below:

Go to Your Orders

Go to the order for which you wish to revise payment and click Revise Payment Method

Select the payment method of your choice and click Retry Payment.

The Revise Payment option could appear due to the following reasons:

 Your payment failed and the transaction wasn't completed.

 The bank declined your payment.
 We did not receive payment confirmation from your bank even though the payment may
have been successful.
 You accidentally closed or refreshed the page or pressed the backspace button while the
transaction was being processed by your bank.
 The connection between Amazon and your bank failed due to technical reasons and the
transaction couldn't be completed.
 Note: You can revise your payment with your last payment method or choose a different
payment method available for that particular order.

74
SMS Alerts

Amazon sends out SMS alerts for order, payment, delivery and return status of orders.

You will be automatically signed up to receive SMS alerts for all orders once you place an order
on Amazon.in. The alerts will be sent to the mobile number registered on Your Account. If you
do not have a mobile number registered on Your Account, SMS alerts will be sent to the mobile
number associated with the delivery address selected during checkout. This number will also be
updated on Your Account and used for all future order-related SMS.

About Amazon Verified Purchase Reviews

An "Amazon Verified Purchase" review means we've verified that the person writing the review
purchased the product at Amazon and didn't receive the product at a deep discount.

Reviews that are not marked "Amazon Verified Purchase" are valuable as well, but we either
can't confirm that the product was purchased at Amazon or the customer did not pay a price
available to most Amazon shoppers

About Promotional Content

Our goal is to capture all the energy, enthusiasm, and feedback (both favorable and critical) that
customers have about a product while avoiding use of reviews to advertise, promote, or mislead.

To help illustrate, here are a few examples of reviews that we don't allow:

 A product brand posts a review of their own product

 A customer posts a review in exchange for cash, a free or discounted product, a gift
certificate, or a discount off a future purchase provided by a third party
 A customer posts a review in exchange for entry into a contest or offer or membership in
a program
 A customer posts a review of a game in exchange for bonus in-game content or credits
 A relative, close friend, business associate, or employee of the product creator posts a
review to help boost sales
 A customer posts a review of the product after being promised a refund in exchange for
the review
 A seller posts negative reviews about a competitor's product

75
EBAY

76
 EBay, together with its sub-visions, bring online marketplaces for the sale of goods and
services, online payment services, and online communication offerings to a diverse community
of individual and business in the USA and Internationally.

MISSION STATEMENT& OBJECTIVE

eBay pioneers communities built on commerce, sustained by trust, and inspired by opportunity.
eBay brings together millions of people every day on a local, national and international basis
through variety of websites that focus on commerce, payments and communication. This has also
help the company in various ways between their numerous customers worldwide. They have
engaged in the method stated below.

A Place to Buy. You can get almost anything item you need or want at very low deal better than
you can find at any traditional brick and mortar, even online stores. But caution should be taken
because of rotten or fake items deals on eBay.

because of rotten or fake items deals on eBay.

A Place to Sell. No matter the size of our product or services, eBay has various categories
channels to sell items. eBay's global reach can even move unusual items that are not in demand
in our own neighborhood in to cash.

A Place to Shop. Large variety of items can be found for sale on eBay, many members have
discovered that eBay is one of the best place in the world to window or comparison shop. These
items include photos, detailed descriptions, and owner experiences. Because you see lots of the
same items side by side in various conditions and know what each one sold or selling for, eBay
gives you insight into the real market value of most types of goods around the globe.

A Website:With no physical building eBay store, Founded in San Jose but now carry out daily
activities from various cities, eBay's service exist basically online apart from the delivery of
bought and sold items every other network of the business are handled through eBay website.

POSITIVE ASPECTS OF EBAY.COM

eBay is a cutting edge in commence by selling almost everything be it of what nature with it's
presence in every corners of the globe with no physical store

Social Media Marketing: Recent addition to organizations plans. Integrated marketing

communications is a practice organization follow to connect with their target markets.

77
Integrated marketing communications coordinates promotional elements, advertising, personnel
selling, public relations, publicity, direct marketing and sale promotion. Increasingly viral
marketing campaigns are also grouped into integrated marketing communications for eBay.

Cell Phones: Usage has also become a benefit for eBay media marketing. Today many cell
phones have social networking capabilities, individuals are notified of any happenings on social
networkingsites through their cell phones in real-time. T

Computers: The use of computer has come to stay in our daily life be it at home, offices, school,
this is one of the basic tools used by eMarketers worldwide, eBay uses the help of computer
since they don't physical store to carry out their daily business and this is done by logging into
their website by typing in the URL address with an access from ISP provider.

Internet Marketing: eBay use the internet known as digital marketing, web marketing, and
online marketing is the marketing product and services over the internet. Internet marketing is
considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also
includes marketing done via e-mail and wirelessmedia.

NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF EBAY.COM

EBay offers a platform for selling, but the website comes with risks for both buyers and sellers.
Understanding these drawbacks allows both parties to protect themselves to create a positive
buying or selling experience.

Cos ts an d Fe es

The eBay fee scale varies depending on the type of item you list, selling price and whether or not
you have an eBay store. Sellers pay both an insertion fee and a final value fee. EBay also offers
upgrades to listings, such as a bold listing, a larger gallery for photos, subtitles and a themed
layout for the listing, which cost extra.

Fr au d an d S ca ms

EBay has policies in place to control how the website is used, but both buyers and sellers do face
the risk of scams and fraud. Sellers might intentionally misrepresent items for sale. Bidders
might skip out on paying or try to return an item after receiving it. Both buyers and sellers are
encouraged to resolve problems directly with one another. If the other party doesn't respond, the
eBay Resolution Center is an option. The user chooses the specifics of the issue and provides
information to get help with a resolution.

Poo r Cu st o me r S e r vi c e

78
Anyone can sell on eBay, which means buyers can't be sure what type of customer service they'll
receive. The seller might be slow to respond to questions. Shipment of the item may not be
prompt, or the seller may fail to properly package the item for shipping. Reading a seller's
reviews before bidding on an auction item.

17.PRINTED ADVRTISEMENTS

ADVERTISEMENT 1

Thums Up is a brand of cola in India.[2] The logo is a red thumbs up. It was introduced in 1977
to offset the withdrawal of The Coca-Cola Company from India. The brand was later bought by
Coca-Cola who re-launched it in order to compete against Pepsi.

As of February 2012, Thums Up is the leader in the cola segment in India, commanding
approximately 42% market share and an overall 15% market share in the Indian aerated waters
market.[3]

Thums Up enjoyed a near monopoly, overshadowing domestic rivals such as Campa Cola,
Double Seven, Dukes and United Breweries Group's McDowell's Crush, although many small
players sold well in their own markets.[citation needed]

It was one of the major advertisers throughout the 1980s. In the mid 1980s it faced short-lived
competition from Double Cola.[citation needed]

In 1991, when the Indian government opened the market to multinationals, Pepsi was the first to
enter. Thums Up and Pepsi subsequently engaged in heavy competition for endorsements. Pepsi
spokespersons included major Indian film stars such as Juhi Chawla, while Thums Up increased
its spending on cricket sponsorship. Thums Up also introduced a larger 300 ml bottle, branded
"MahaCola" (meaning "great [in size] cola"; the original size was 250 ml. This nickname gained
popularity in smaller towns where people would ask for "Maha Cola" instead of Thums Up. In
1993 Coca-Cola re-entered India after a prolonged absence, spurring a three-way Cola War with
79
Thums Up and Pepsi. The same year, Parle sold out to Coke for US$60,000,000. Thums Up had
an 85% market share when sold.

Ingredients

According to Coca-Cola's Indian website, Thums Up contains: carbonated water, sugar, acidity
regulator (E338), caffeine, natural colour (150d) and added flavours ("natural, nature identical
and artificial flavouring substances").

A can and glass of Thums Up

The Thums Up logo was a red "Thumbs Up" hand gesture with a slanted white sans-serif
typeface. This would later be modified by Coca-Cola with blue strokes and a more modern-
looking typeface.The famous slogan until the early 1980s was "Happy days are here again",
coined by copywriter, Vasant Kumar. The slogan later became "I want My Thunder", and
subsequently "Taste the thunder!"

Product placement in films was used in the 1980s with Thums Up appearing in the background
of many Hindi films.

Advertisement 2

Amul Advertisement

It is an established fact that the Amul advertisements are consistent. They do a great job in
selecting a trending topic and make an ad about it. Amul has a history of being brave. Through
advertisement they have often raised voice against issues, which are otherwise not considered
relevant in FMCG product advertising. Most companies avoid getting into dirt by commenting
on political issues, unlike Amul. There were even controversies when AMUL commented on
national political events such as ‘Emergency in India’ in 1976.

Although the content for the advertisement may be grave, yet Amul with its humour punch
establish their view and brand in a subtle way.

Even the media strategy of AMUL advertisement was clear, crisp and consistent. Almost all of
their print advertisements come in the top corner of the third page in the main newspaper. Earlier
it was Times Of India where this media innovation was to be seen, now we can even see it in
other newspapers as well.

80
In communications terminology, we call it a strategy to create expectations of readers to find a
particular kind of content in a particular place. Like we always open the supplement of
Hindustan Times, Brunch from the last page expecting the fixed format short & interesting
interview of a celebrity.

If you refer to image below, this is exactly the spot in the 3rd page of Hindustan Times where
you can expect an Amul advertise

81
Brand Strategy leading to Brand Identity
AMUL has just been ranked as the No. 1 Indian brand by Campaign magazine in its list of Top
1000 Brands of Asia for three consecutive year. AMUL is one brand which is sticking on to the
old school way of brand strategy. They develop simplistic content and campaign; which would
lead mass appeal. The product connect achieved through a planned brand strategy eventually
establishes a product with a brand identity. In the long run for businesses to prosper in the cutting
edge marketing and competitive era; Brand Identity is mandatory. People of all ages or rather

82
generation can relate to brand Amul or their mascot. Although advertising plays a critical role in
getting this coveted rank yet, the product management also has to be hailed and saluted. Amul
has not only flagged itself via nurturing a consistent brand identity, it has also penetrated
households with dynamic products today.

There is so much to learn for upcoming products and brands from AMUL started 65 years back
in a small town in the state of Gujarat called Anand.

Although the content for the advertisement may be grave, yet Amul with its humour punch
establish their view and brand in a subtle way.

Even the media strategy of AMUL advertisement was clear, crisp and consistent. Almost all of
their print advertisements come in the top corner of the third page in the main newspaper. Earlier
it was Times Of India where this media innovation was to be seen, now we can even see it in
other newspapers as well.

In communications terminology, we call it a strategy to create expectations of readers to find a

particular kind of content in a particular place. Like we always open the supplement of
Hindustan Times, Brunch from the last page expecting the fixed format short & interesting
interview of a celebrity.

83
 Advertisement 3

Navaratna Hair oli

The new variant, Navratna Lite, is being test marketed in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
before it goes national later this year

Navratna

Oil entered the Indian market in 1991. Now, the brand is launching a variant, Navratna Oil Lite.

Navratna Oil Lite is currently being tested in two markets, Andhra Pradesh, where the oil was
introduced in mid-March, and West Bengal, where it was introduced in mid-April. A TV
commercial and two radio spots (titled Kabaddi and Race) aimed at these two markets have been
put in place for the oil variant. Both the brand and the communication will be available across
the country soon.

84
The film shows a family of puppets. In the morning, the children and the husband have their own
sets of demands. One can see the housewife's stress escalating with all the work that she has to
handle alone, everybody tugging at her strings, to pull a piece of her towards them. When she
can take no more, she collapses on the floor. The woman is shown applying Navratna Lite, elated
to have found a solution to her stress.

A shot from the TVC

Akashneel Dasgupta, group head, copy, Mudra, the agency for the brand, says, "The brief was to
make the brand more relevant to women, particularly housewives. The entire challenge was to
choreograph human beings as puppets. We did not use actual puppets because we needed
expressions, which could only be brought alive through human beings." An interesting fact about
the film, Dasgupta points out, is that no special effects of any kind have been used in spite of the
speedy movements that were required to be depicted.

The film was shot by Mumbai based Ramesh Deo Productions and directed by Andy Iyer. Other
people who have worked on the film are Subhashish Dutta, creative director, and Gautam Ved,
copywriter, Mudra. Ullas Chopra, ex-executive creative director, Mudra, was closely involved
with the film. Chopra is now executive creative director at Capital Advertising.

Marico and Shalimar are some of the other players in the Indian hair oil market. All three are
active in releasing communications from time to time for their brands. Though communication
for hair oil usually involves women and is targeted at them, the product itself is used by the
entire family.

Navratna is the only brand which has personality traits, DNA and communication that speak to
men. It has established its male led communication further with endorsers such as Amitabh
Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Govinda, Chiranjeevi and Sourav Ganguly

85
For hair loss, head ache, Relieves headache, headache relief hair oil. Himani Navratan Oil is
natural oil which is not specified for any problem regarding body or hair but it provides beauty
nourishments. This is the result of rare 9 Ayurvedic herbs and these herbs has cooling effect and
it gives you mental and physical relief from stress, tension, insomnia, headache, fatigue, body
aches etc. after using this you will get rejuvenation in your mind as well as body. Along with that
it stops hair loss. Himani Navratna Oil is a must have headache relief hair oil treating the
problem of hair loss and head ache. Anyone can use it to encounter the tingling sensation
relieves headache.

In the current stressful life, headache is a common problem suffered by many people. With the
arrival of summer, the problem intensifies due to the constant rising heat and temperature with
each passing day. In the summers the need of product that cools our mind and body to get relief
from the soaring climate. Just by putting ice on the head does not solve, as we need something
effective.

For helping in the moment, there is Himani Navratna Oil made up of herbal ingredients and is
multifunctional hair oil. The product is one of most famous herbal product coming from Himani.
Made up of almost nine rare Ayurvedic herbs, it is great oil for rejuvenating the body as well as
the mind. The oil is proven in making the head cool and sound sleep at night.

86
18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF ORGANISATION

INCOME STATEMENT OF 2014 WOLKS

€ million Note 2014 2013*

* Earnings per share adjusted to reflect application of IAS 33.26.

Sales revenue 1 202,458 197,007

Cost of sales 2 −165,934 −161,407

Gross profit 36,524 35,600

Distribution expenses 3 −20,292 −19,655

Administrative expenses 4 −6,841 −6,888

Other operating income 5 10,298 9,956

Other operating expenses 6 −6,992 −7,343

Operating profit 12,697 11,671

Share of profits and losses of equity-accounted
investments 7 3,988 3,588

Finance costs 8 −2,658 −2,366

Other financial result 9 767 −465

Financial result 2,097 757

Profit before tax 14,794 12,428

Income tax income/expense 10 −3,726 −3,283

Current −3,632 −3,733

Deferred −94 449

Profit after tax 11,068 9,145

of which attributable to

Noncontrolling interests 84 52

Volkswagen AG hybrid capital investors 138 27

87
€ million Note 2014 2013*

Volkswagen AG shareholders 10,847 9,066

Basic earnings per ordinary share in € 11 21.84 18.61

Diluted earnings per ordinary share in € 11 21.84 18.61

Basic earnings per preferred share in € 11 21.90 18.67

Diluted earnings per preferred share in € 11 21.90 18.67

CHANGES IN COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2013
Equity
Equity attributable to Equity
attributable to Volkswagen attributable
Volkswagen AG hybrid to non-
AG capital controlling
€ million Total shareholders investors interests

Profit after tax 9,145 9,066 27 52

Pension plan remeasurements
recognized in other
comprehensive income
Pension plan remeasurements
recognized in other
comprehensive income, before
tax 2,367 2,303 – 64
Deferred taxes relating to
pension plan remeasurements
recognized in other
comprehensive income −664 −651 – −14
Pension plan remeasurements
recognized in other 1,703 1,653 – 50

88
CHANGES IN COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2013
Equity
Equity attributable to Equity
attributable to Volkswagen attributable
Volkswagen AG hybrid to non-
AG capital controlling
€ million Total shareholders investors interests

comprehensive income, net of

tax
Share of other comprehensive
income of equity-accounted
investments that will not be
reclassified to profit or loss,
net of tax −6 −6 – –
Items that will not be
reclassified to profit or loss 1,697 1,647 – 50
Exchange differences on
translating foreign operations
Unrealized currency
translation gains/losses −2,387 −2,240 – −147

Transferred to profit or loss – – – –

Exchange differences on
translating foreign operations,
before tax −2,387 −2,240 – −147
Deferred taxes relating to
exchange differences on
translating foreign operations 1 1 – –
Exchange differences on
translating foreign operations,
net of tax −2,387 −2,239 – −147

Cash flow hedges

Fair value changes recognized
in other
comprehensive income 2,268 2,270 – −1

Transferred to profit or loss −118 −118 – 0

Cash flow hedges, before tax 2,150 2,152 – −1

Deferred taxes relating to cash
flow hedges −650 −651 – 1

89
CHANGES IN COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2013
Equity
Equity attributable to Equity
attributable to Volkswagen attributable
Volkswagen AG hybrid to non-
AG capital controlling
€ million Total shareholders investors interests

Cash flow hedges, net of tax 1,500 1,501 – −1

Available-for-sale financial
assets
Fair value changes recognized
in other
comprehensive income 141 141 – –

Transferred to profit or loss −34 −34 – –

Available-for-sale financial
assets, before tax 107 107 – –
Deferred taxes relating to
available-for-sale financial
assets −7 −7 – –
Available-for-sale financial
assets, net of tax 100 100 – –
Share of other comprehensive
income of equity-accounted
investments that may be
reclassified subsequently to
profit or loss, net of tax −164 −164 – −1
Items that may be
reclassified subsequently to
profit or loss −951 −802 – −149
Other comprehensive income,
before tax 2,067 2,152 – −86
Deferred taxes relating to
other comprehensive income −1,321 −1,308 – −13
Other comprehensive
income, net of tax 746 844 – −99

Total comprehensive income 9,891 9,910 27 −47

(XLS:) DOWNLOAD

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BALANC E SHEET OF YEAR 2014 VOLKSWAGON

Dec. 31, Dec. 31,

€ million Note 2014 2013

Assets

Noncurrent assets
Intangible assets 12 59,935 59,243

Property, plant and equipment 13 46,169 42,389

Lease assets 14 27,585 22,259

Investment property 14 485 427

Equity-accounted investments 15 9,874 7,934

Other equity investments 15 3,683 3,941

Financial services receivables 16 57,877 51,198

Other financial assets 17 6,498 7,040

Other receivables 18 1,654 1,456

Tax receivables 19 468 633

Deferred tax assets 19 5,878 5,622

220,106 202,141

Current assets
Inventories 20 31,466 28,653

Trade receivables 21 11,472 11,133

Financial services receivables 16 44,398 38,386

Other financial assets 17 7,693 6,591

Other receivables 18 5,080 5,030

Tax receivables 19 1,010 729

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 Dec. 31, Dec. 31,
€ million Note 2014 2013

Marketable securities 22 10,861 8,492

Cash, cash equivalents and time deposits 23 19,123 23,178

131,102 122,192

Total assets 351,209 324,333

Equity and Liabilities

Equity 24
Subscribed capital 1,218 1,191

Capital reserves 14,616 12,658

Retained earnings 71,197 72,341

Other reserves −2,081 −459

Equity attributable to Volkswagen AG
hybrid capital investors 5,041 2,004
Equity attributable to Volkswagen AG shareholders
and hybrid capital investors 89,991 87,733

Noncontrolling interests 198 2,304

90,189 90,037

Noncurrent liabilities
Financial liabilities 25 68,416 61,517

Other financial liabilities 26 3,954 2,305

Other liabilities 27 4,238 4,527

Deferred tax liabilities 28 4,774 7,894

Provisions for pensions 29 29,806 21,774

Provisions for taxes 28 3,215 3,674

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 Dec. 31, Dec. 31,
€ million Note 2014 2013

Other provisions 30 15,910 13,981

130,314 115,672

Current liabilities
Put options and compensation rights granted to
noncontrolling interest shareholders 31 3,703 3,638
Financial liabilities 25 65,564 59,987

Trade payables 32 19,530 18,024

Tax payables 28 256 218

Other financial liabilities 26 7,643 4,526

Other liabilities 27 14,143 11,004

Provisions for taxes 28 2,791 2,869

93
19.MNCS AND FMCS COMPANIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS OFFERED

1.MNC COMPANIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS

Titan Company Limited (earlier known as Titan Industries Limited) is an Indian luxury goods
company. It is a joint venture between the Tata Group and the Tamil Nadu Industrial
Development fragrances segment with the brand Skinn[4] and, later that year, it ventured into the
helmets category under its brand Fastrack.[5] Also, Titan announced recently (during the last
quarter of 2016) about launching a series of affordable Smartwatches under its brands like
Sonata and Fastrack soon.[6]Corporation (TIDCO).

It commenced operations in 1984 under the name Titan Watches Limited. In 1994, Titan
diversified into jewellery with Tanishq and subsequently into eyewear with Titan Eyeplus. In
2013, Titan entered the

Today, Titan Company is Tata Group’s largest consumer company

he Titan Watch Project began with the signing of a joint venture of Tata Industries with the
Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) in June 1984. Titan Watches Ltd.
commenced production in the year 1986 and hit the market in March 1987 with its brand ‘Titan’.
In 1993, the name of the company was changed with effect from 21 September from Titan
Watches, Ltd. to Titan Industries Ltd., in view of the fact that the company's products consisted
of not only watches but also jewellery.[8] In 1994, Titan Industries Ltd. entered the jewellery
segment with a brand launch ‘Tanishq'. A brief joint venture with the American brand, Timex,
between 1992 and 1998, focusing on market mass. Fastrack[9] – the youth watch and accessories
brand was launched in 2005. In the year 2011, Titan announced the acquisition of Swiss watch
maker Favre-Leuba [10] to enter into the European market.

PRODUCTS OFFERERED BY TITAN COMPANY

 Watches
 Jewelllery precision engineering
 Bags
 Perfumes
 Belts
 wallets

94
2) Vodafone

Every person who uses a mobile phone in India has heard of Vodafone. It ranks among the top
three mobile service providers in India. It is Indian subsidiary of UK-based Vodafone plc, the
world’s second-largest mobile networkVodafone Group plc /ˈvoʊdəfoʊn/ is a British
multinational telecommunications company, with headquarters in London.[2] It predominantly
operates services in the regions of Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania. Among mobile operator
groups globally, Vodafone ranked fifth by revenue and second (behind China Mobile) in the
number of connections (469.7 million) as of 2016.

Vodafone owns and operates networks in 26 countries and has partner networks in over 50
additional countries.Its Vodafone Global Enterprise division provides telecommunications and
IT services to corporate clients in 150 countries.

Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE
100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £52.5 billion as of 10 February 2016,
the eighth-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange.It has a secondary
listing on NASDAQ.

The evolution of Vodafone started in 1982 with the establishment of the Racal Strategic Radio
Ltd subsidiary of Racal Electronics, the UK's largest maker of military radio technology, which
formed a joint venture with Millicom called 'Racal', which evolved into the present day
Vodafone.

Products offered by Vodafone:

 Fixed line telephone

 Mobile phone
 Broadband
 Digital television
 Internet television
 IPTV,

95
3) Samsung

South Korean MNC Samsung is best known in India for its smartphones and high-quality
electronics and home appliances. Samsung sells online and through brick-and-mortar stores in
India. Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next
three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance,
securities and retail.

Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding
industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's
death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae
Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group.

Since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics; in particular, its
mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. As of
2017, Samsung has the 6th highest global brand value.

Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics (the world's 2nd largest
information technology company measured by 2015 revenues, and 5th in market value) Samsung
Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues),and Samsung
Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th largest construction
companies).

Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life
insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in
South Korea)and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency measured by
2012 revenues).

 Apparel,
 automotive, chemicals,
 consumer electronics,
 electronic components,
 medical equipment,
 semiconductors,
 solid state drives,
 DRAM, ships,
 telecommunications equipment,
 home appliances

96
3 FMCG’S Companies:
1.Parle Agro

Parle Agro is an Indian company. Basically, the company operates in the food and beverages
industry. the company has several popular brands in the beverages and confectionery segment.
Some of the most popular products are Frooti, Appy Fizz, Hippo, Parle G, Bailley etc.The
company has made the position in the consumer interest through the biscuit and canned fruit
juice items majorly.

Products offering in India:

 Food Products
 Bevarges

2. Godrej Group

The Godrej Group is an Indian conglomerate. Broadly, the company operates in the chemicals,
consumer goods, agro-based and service based sectors. Also, the company has reputed footprint
in the construction and real estate industry.

Companys’ some of the most successful consumer brands are Good Night, Ezee, Godrej Nupur,
Cinthol, Hit, Godrej Expert, Godrej Aer etc. Apart from India, the company is the second largest
player in Indonesia and now expanding the footprint in Africa.

Products of Godrej in India :

 1.Hair Care
 2.Home Care
 3.Personal Care

3.AMUL

Amul is one of the most reputed and prestigious Indian brands in the food and beverages
consumer goods sector. Additionally, the company has been a pioneer in the fields of the
departments of milk and milk products. Almost every Indian knows the company as The Taste of
India – the most popular tagline of Amul.

Under the brand name Amul, the company has a wide range of consumer food items. This list
includes packaged milk, butter, cheese, ice cream, dahi, ghee, milk powder, chocolates etc.

Products of Amul in India:

1.Food Products

97
20.PARTNERSHIP DEED,MOA& AOA
Partnership deed is an agreement between the partners of a firm that outlines the terms and
conditions of partnership among the partners. A partnership firm is one of the popular types of
organizations for starting a new business. The smooth and successful running of a partnership
firm requires clear understanding among its partners regarding the various policies governing
their partnership. The partnership deed serves this purpose. It specifies the various terms such as
profit/loss sharing, salary, interest on capital, drawings, admission of a new partner, etc. in order
to bring clarity to he partner

Wipro partnership Deed

At Wipro, strategic partnerships are one of the core pillars of our business strategy. We have a
360 degree relationship with our partners and the Wipro Winning Together approach is aimed at
delivering unparalleled value to our clients. Both Wipro and the partners share common set of
cultural values and drive common business objectives. The Wipro Partner Ecosystem helps
create unique winning partnerships that offer mutual business growth opportunities, joint value
driven by collaboration, executive commitment and thought leadership around future
technologies.

Wipro alliance with Microsoft

Wipro’s partnership with Microsoft since 2001 spans four strategic directions – Wipro as a
customer for Microsoft, Microsoft as a customer for Wipro, Wipro as a product partner in India
and as a strategic go-to-market partner globally. Wipro’s partnership is aligned with the
cornerstone philosophy of the 'new Microsoft' on digital transformation for the Mobile-first
Cloud-first world. The key themes include engaging the customers to transform business
processes and deliver digital customer experience through Dynamics365 and Azure, empowering
employees and enhancing productivity through O365, Windows 10, Azure security services and
Enterprise Mobility Suite, optimizing operations to deliver efficiency and agility with Azure
Hybrid Cloud for the Data centers and Azure IOT for the devices in the field and offering
transformational products with Cortana Analytics to drive actionable insights for delivering
better business value. Wipro has also adopted Microsoft Cloud for Wipro’s own digital
transformation

Wipro alliance with adobe

Wipro is a Premier Partner with Adobe. Our products provide a solid base for our clients’
customer-centric digital marketing platforms integrated with e-commerce, CRM, PIM and legacy
systems. Adobe's best-in-class digital marketing solutions, combined with Wipro's extensive IT
consulting, implementation and integration expertise, produce the best ROI for today's digital
enterprises. As a Premier partner with Adobe for the last 2 years, Wipro has leveraged Adobe’s
advisory, consulting and delivery capabilities for over 35 client engagements. We provide digital

98
consulting, platform implementation, managed hosting, marketing operations, and DevOps to
support Adobe solutions.

Wipro alliance with amazon web services

After an evaluation of multiple cloud providers, Wipro chose Amazon Web Services (AWS)
because of the maturity and robustness of the AWS platform. The advantages of the AWS
platform included its mature hybrid integration capabilities, advanced network, and security
features. In addition, AWS offered a strong track record in operational excellence and service
innovation

A key part of the migration plan involved ensuring that the 12 integrations between the Helpline
application on AWS and other on-premise systems in the Wipro datacenter were documented
and thoroughly tested. These included a cloud-operations-center solution, an IT asset
management system, an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, an authentication system,
and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system. Wipro also chose to introduce machine
learning capabilities to resolve tickets faster by integrating Helpline with the Wipro HOLMES
Artificial Intelligence Platform

Wipro alliance with stream technologies

Stream Technologies provides IoT cellular connectivity on a global basis; including eSIM
capability. It is also the company behind IoT-X, an API based Connectivity Management, Billing
and Data Routing Platform. Agnostic in terms of connectivity type, IoT-X is relevant to any
device connected via Cellular, Satellite & Low Power Wide Area networks. IoT-X is offered as a
Platform as a Service (PaaS) and is fast being adopted by global enterprise clients and network
operators. IoT-X offers low cost, low risk, high functionality management of iot connectivity
(including LoRa WAN network & subscription management), whilst minimising time to market
& commercialisation of iot devices and solutions.

Wipro alliance with data stax

DataStax, the leading provider of database software for cloud applications, accelerates the ability
of enterprises, government agencies, and systems integrators to power the exploding number of
cloud applications that require data distribution across datacenters and clouds, by using our
secure, operationally simple platform built on Apache Cassandra™.

With more than 500 customers in over 50 countries, DataStax is the database technology of
choice for the world’s most innovative companies, such as Netflix, Safeway, ING, Adobe, Intuit,
Target and eBay. Based in Santa Clara, Calif., DataStax is backed by industry-leading investors
including Comcast Ventures, Crosslink Capital, Lightspeed Venture Partners, Kleiner Perkins
Caufield & Byers, Meritech Capital, Premji Invest and Scale Venture Partners.

99
Memorandum of Association:

A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document prepared in the formation and

registration process of a limited liability company to define its relationship with shareholders.
The MOA is accessible to the public and describes the company’s name, physical address of
registered office, names of shareholders and the distribution of shares. The MOA and the
Articles of Association serve as the constitution of the company. The MOA is not applied in the
U.S. but is a legal requirement for limited liability companies in European countries including
the United Kingdom, France and Netherlands, as well as some Commonwealth nations

Name Clause

The name clause requires you to state the legal and recognized name of the company. You are
allowed to register a company name only if it does not bear any similarities with the name of an
existing company. Your company name must end with the word “limited” because the
preparation of an MOA is a legal requirement for limited liability companies only.

Registered Office Clause

The registered office clause requires you to show the physical location of the registered office of
the company. You are required to keep all the company registers in this office in addition to
using the office in handling all the outgoing and incoming communication correspondence. You
must establish a registered office prior to commencing business activities.

100
Objective Clause

The objective clause requires you to summarize the main objectives for establishing the company
with reference to the requirements for shareholding and use of financial resources. You also need
to state ancillary objectives; that is, those objectives that are required to facilitate the
achievement of the main objectives. The objectives should be free of any provisions or
declarations that contravene laws or public good.

Liability Clause

The liability clause requires you to state the extent to which shareholders of the company are
liable to the debt obligations of the company in the event of the company dissolving. You should
show that shareholders are liable only their shareholding and/or to their commitment to
contribute to the dissolution costs upon liquidation of a company limited by guarantee.

Capital Clause

The capital clause requires you to state the company’s authorized share capital, the different
categories of shares and the nominal value (the minimum value per share) of the shares. You are
also required to list the company’s assets under this clause.

Association Clause

101
The association clause confirms that shareholders bound by the MOA are willingly associating
and forming a company. You require seven members to sign an MOA for a public company and
not less than two people for a MOA of a private company. You must conduct the signing in the
presence of witness who must also append his signature

Forms of Memorandum:

The Memorandum of Association of a company should be divided into paragraphs, numbered

consecutively and printed.The memorandum shall be such in one of the forms in Table B, C, D,
and E in Schedule I of the Act.

Importance of Memorandum:

1. An unalterable charter of the company:

Until the year 1890, it was regarded as an unalterable charter of the company. That, however, led
to a number of difficulties in the working of the companies. Consequently, a provision had to be
made in the Act itself for altering it in certain cases. Except for this provision the Memorandum
of Association is still regarded as an unalterable charter. Section 16 of the Companies Act
recognises this unalterable character of this document.

2. Base of incorporation:

In order to get the company incorporated, Memorandum of Association is to be filed with the
Registrar of Companies. It is signed by at least seven persons in case of public company and
signed by two person in case of a private company.

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3. It determines the area of operation of the company:

It lays down the activities to be undertaken by the company. Any action outside the scope of
Memorandum of Association will be void.

4. It defines the relationship of company with the outsiders:

It defines the relationship of company with the outsiders. Its purpose is to enable the
shareholders and creditors and those who deal with the company to know what is its permitted
range of enterprise and powers.

Alteration of Memorandum:

Section 16 of the Act provides that a company shall not alter the conditions contained in its
memorandum except in the case, in the manner and to the extent provided in the Act. The
intention of the Legislature is to prevent too easy an alteration of the conditions contained in the
Memorandum of Association.

Alteration of matters other than conditions in the memorandum may be effected in the same
manner as the alternation of articles, or in any other manner provided by the Act.

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MOA OF WIPRO

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