1.

The amount of frequency increase and decrease around the center frequency
in an FM signal is called the
a. Index of modulation
b. Frequency deviation
c. Phase deviation
d. Bandwidth of the FM signal b
2. The amount of an FM carrier frequency deviates for a given modulation input
voltage level is called the
a. Frequency deviation
b. Index of modulation
c. Deviation constant
d. Deviation ratio c
3. Standard FM broadcast stations use a maximum bandwidth of
a. 150 kHz
b. 200 kHz
c. 75 kHz
d. 15 kHz b
4. Carson’s rule is used to approximate the necessary
a. Frequency deviation
b. Bandwidth
c. Capture ratio
d. Modulation index b
5. Another way to describe the modulation index is using the
a. Deviation ratio
b. Deviation constant
c. Capture ratio
d. Maximum deviation a
6. The inherent ability of FM to minimize the effect of undesired signals
operating at the same or nearly the same frequency as the desired station is
known as
a. Capture effect
b. Signal-to-noise ratio
c. Noise figure
d. Bessel function a
7. The purpose of the matrix network in a stereo FM broadcast transmitter is to
a. Mix the 38-kHz pilot carrier with the L-R audio
b. Convert the L and R channels to L+R and L-R channels
c. Separate the left channel from the right channel
d. Modulate the L+R and L-R signals with the carrier signal B
8. An FM signal has an intelligence frequency of 5 kHz and a maximum
deviation of 25 kHz. Its index of modulation is
a. 125
b. 0.2
c. 5
d. 8 C
9. In the spectrum of a frequency-modulated wave
a. The carrier frequency disappears when the modulation index is large
b. The amplitude of any sideband depends on the modulation index
c. The total number of sidebands depends on the modulation index
d. The carrier frequency cannot disappear B
10. The difference between phase and frequency modulation D
 a. Is purely theoretical because they are the same in practice
b. Is too great to make the two system compatible
c. Lies in the poorer audio response of phase modulation
d. Lies in the different definitions of the modulation index
11. Since noise phase-modulates the FM wave, as the noise sideband frequency
approaches the carrier frequency, the noise amplitude
a. Remains constant
b. Is decreased
c. Is increased
d. Is equalized B
12. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is halved,
and the modulating voltage remains constant. The modulation system is
a. Amplitude modulation
b. Phase modulation
c. Frequency modulation
d. Any of the three C
13. Indicate which one of the following is not an advantage of FM over AM
a. Better noise immunity is provided
b. Lower bandwidth is required
c. The transmitted power is more useful
d. Less modulating power is required B
14. In an FM stereo multiplex transmission, the
a. Sum signal modulates 19 kHz subcarrier
b. Difference signal modulates the 19 kHz subcarrier
c. Difference signal modulates the 38 kHz subcarrier
d. Difference signal modulates the 67 kHz subcarrier C
15. The ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency is known as
the
a. Deviation factor
b. Frequency-shift keying
c. Modulation index
d. Ratio of modulation C
16. The equation that expresses the phase angle in terms of the sine wave
modulating signal can be solved by using a complex mathematical process
known as
a. Fourier analysis
b. Bessel functions
c. Superposition analysis
d. Thevenin’s theorem B
17. The higher the modulation index in FM
a. The greater the number of sidebands and the wider the bandwidth
b. The greater the number of sidebands and the narrower the bandwidth
c. The fewer the number of sidebands and the wider the bandwidth
d. The fewer the number of sidebands and the narrower the bandwidth A

18. One of the primary benefits of FM over AM is its

a. Line of sight transmission
b. Superior noise immunity
 c. Lower signal-to-noise ratio B
d. Smaller bandwidth
19. A technique that helps offset high-frequency noise interference by passing a
modulating signal through a simple network that amplifies high-frequency
components more than the low-frequency component is called
a. Preamplification
b. Deemphasis
c. Preemphasis
d. Crossover boost C
20. Which of the following is not an advantage of FM over AM
a. Noise immunity
b. Capture effect
c. Circuit simplicity
d. Transmitter efficiency c
21. Circuits that make use of techniques for varying the frequency of the carrier
oscillator in accordance with the modulating signal are referred to as
a. Direct FM
b. Indirect FM
c. Phase modulation
d. Demodulation A
22. The FM modulation index
a. Increases with both deviation and modulation frequency
b. Increases with deviation and decreases with modulation frequency
c. Decreases with deviation and increases with modulation frequency
d. Is equal to twice the deviation B
23. One way to derive the FM from PM is
a. Integrate the modulation signal before applying to the PM oscillator
b. Integrate the signal out of the PM oscillator
c. Differentiate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator
d. Differentiate the signal out of the PM oscillator A
24. The bandwidth of an FM signal is considered to be limited because
a. There can only be a finite number of sidebands
b. It is equal to the frequency deviation
c. It Is band-limited all the receiver
d. The power in the outer sidebands is negligible D
25. Mathematically, the calculation of FM bandwidth requires the use of
a. Ordinary trigonometry and algebra
b. Bessel functions
c. Taylor series
d. Fractals B
26. FM bandwidth can be approximated by
a. Armstrong’s rule
b. Bessel’s rule
c. Carson’s rule
d. None of the above c
27. When the FM reception deteriorates abruptly due to noise, it is called
a. The capture effect
b. The threshold effect
c. The noise effect
d. The limit effect B
 28. An FM receiver switching suddenly between two stations on nearby
frequencies is called
a. The capture effect
b. The threshold effect
c. The noise effect
d. The limit effect A
29. Pre-emphasis is used to
a. Increase the signal to noise ratio for higher audio frequencies
b. Increase the signal to noise ratio for lower audio frequencies
c. Increase the signal to noise ratio for all audio frequencies
d. Allow stereo audio to be carried by FM stations A
30. An SCA signal
a. Can use amplitude modulation
b. Can use FM modulation
c. Is monaural
d. All of the above D
31. What is the most significant advantage of angle modulation over AM
Noise immunity
32. ___ is a tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose operation is very similar
to that of a balanced slope detector

Foster-Seeley Discriminator
33- 36. What are the advantages of angle modulation over AM
- Noise immunity
- Noise performance and signal-to-noise improvement
- Capture effect
- Power utilization and efficiency
37. What is the break frequency for preemphasis and deemphasis in an FM
broadcast band

2.12kHz
38. What is the subcarrier frequency of the L-R channel in FM stereo broadcast?
38kHz
39. What is the subcarrier frequency for the SCA channel?
67kHz
40. What is the frequency range of the SCA channel?
25kHz-75kHz
41. What is the frequency of the stereo pilot carrier in FM broadcast?
19kHz
42. What is the frequency range of the L+R channel?
50Hz-15kHz
43. The ___ of an FM receiver is the minimum dB difference in signal strength
between two received signals.
Capture ratio
44. A side frequency is not considered significant unless it has an amplitude
equal to or greater than ___ & of the unmodulated carrier amplitude 1%
45. In FM broadcast, the highest side frequencies from one channel are allowed
to spill over into adjacent channels, producing an interference known as ____.

Adjacent channel interference

Define the ff:
1. Direct frequency modulation
2. direct phase modulation
3. Instantaneous phase deviation
4. Instantaneous phase deviation
5. Instantaneous frequency deviation
6. Instantaneous frequency
7. Phase modulator
8. Deviation ratio
9. Pre emphasis network
10. De emphasis network
CHAPTER 4
Frequency Modulation
1. In FM, the information signal varies the frequency of the carrier.
2. The amount of frequency change from the carrier center frequency is called the frequency deviation.
3. In PM, the deviation is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
4. During FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant.
5. Both FM and PM are types of angle modulations.
6. In PM, the phase shift of the carrier is varied by the amplitude of the modulating signal.
7. Phase modulation produces frequency modulation.
8. The FM produced by PM is called indirect FM.
9. Maximum frequency deviation in a PM signal occurs where the rate of change of the modulating signal
amplitude is greatest, which is at its zero-crossing points.
10. Frequency deviation does not occur at the output of a phase modulator unless the modulating signal
amplitude varies.
11. The amount of frequency deviation produced by a phase modulator increases with the modulating
frequency.
12. To produce true FM from a PM signal, the amplitude of the modulating signal must be decreased with
frequency so that frequency deviation does not change with modulating frequency.
13. In PM, a low-pass filter on the modulating signal compensates for increased frequency deviation at
the higher modulating frequencies.
14. Frequency modulation produces pairs of sidebands spaced from the carrier in multiples of the
modulating frequency.
15.The modulation index m of an FM signal is the ratio of the frequency deviation fd to the modulating
frequency fm (m = fd / fm).
16. The deviation ratio is the maximum frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating
frequency.
17. The modulation index determines the number of significant pairs of sidebands in an FM signal.
18. The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands vary with the modulation index and can be calculated
with
a mathematical procedure known as the Bessel functions.
19. The carrier or sideband amplitudes are zero at some modulation indexes.
20. The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportional to the modulation index.
21. There are two ways to calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal.
a. BW = 2Nfm max
b. BW = 2(fd max + fm max)
22. For FM, the percentage of modulation is the ratio of the actual frequency deviation and the maximum
allowed frequency deviation multiplied by 100.
23. The primary advantage of FM over AM is its immunity to noise.
24. Noise is short-duration amplitude variations caused by lightning, motors, auto ignitions, power
transients, and other sources.
25. Limiter circuits in FM receivers clip off noise signals.
26. Another benefit of FM over AM is the capture effect that allows the strongest signal on a frequency to
dominate without interference from the other signal.
27. A third benefit of FM over AM is greater transmitter efficiency since class C amplifiers may be used.
28. A major disadvantage of FM is that its bandwidth is wider than the bandwidth of AM.
29. The spectrum space taken up by an FM signal may be limited by carefully controlling the deviation
ratio.
30. Another disadvantage of FM is that the circuits to produce and demodulate it are usually more
complex and expensive than AM circuits.
31. Noise occurs primarily at high frequencies; therefore, noise interferes more with high modulating
frequencies.
32. Interference from high-frequency noise can be minimized by boosting the amplitude of high-frequency
modulating signals prior to modulation. This is called pre-emphasis.
33.Pre-emphasis is accomplished by passing the modulating signal through an RC network that linearly
boosts the amplitude of frequencies above 2122 Hz in proportion to frequency. This increases the
signal-to-noise ratio at the higher frequencies.
34.The effect of pre-emphasis is corrected for, in an FM receiver by de-emphasizing the higher
frequencies by passing them through an RC low-pass filter.
35.The pre-emphasis and de-emphasis networks have a time constant of 75 s and a cutoff frequency of
2122 Hz.

SELF-TEST
Supply the missing word(s) in each statement.
Choose the letter that best answers each question.
1. The general name given to both PM and PM is _____ modulation.
Angle
2. True or false. In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant with modulation.
True
3. The amount of frequency shift during modulation is called the _____.
Deviation
4. The amount of frequency shift in PM is directly proportional to the _____ of the modulating signal.
amplitude
5. As the modulating signal amplitude goes positive, the carrier frequency _____. As the modulating
signal amplitude goes negative, the carrier frequency ____.
Increases, decreases
6. In PM, the carrier _____ is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Phase shift
7. A varying phase shift produces a(n) _____.
Frequency shift or deviation
8. A phase modulator produces a frequency deviation only when the modulating signal is _____.
Changing or varying
9. In PM, the frequency deviation is proportional to both the modulating signal _____ and _____.
Amplitude, frequency
10. When the modulating signal amplitude crosses zero, the phase shift and frequency deviation in a
phase modulator are
a. At a maximum
b. At a minimum
c. Zero
a
12. A phase modulator may use a low-pass filter to offset the effect of increasing carrier frequency
deviation for increasing modulating
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Phase shift
b
12. The FM produced by a phase modulator is known as _____.
Indirect fm
13. True or false. An FM signal produces more sidebands than an AM signal. True

14. The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportional to the _____.

 modulation index
15. The maximum frequency deviation of an FM signal is 10 kHz. The maximum modulating frequency is
3.33 kHz. The deviation ratio is_____.
3
999. An FM signal has a modulation index of 2.5. How many significant pairs of sidebands are
produced?
(See Fig. 4-6.) (page 75-Frenzel)
5
17. In an FM signal that modulating frequency is a 1.5-kHz sine wave. The carrier frequency is 1000 kHz.
The frequencies of the third significant sidebands are _____ and _____ kHz.
999.5, 1004.5
18. Refer to Fig. 4-6. What is the relative amplitude of the fourth significant pair of sidebands in an FM
signal with a deviation ratio of 4? (page 75-Frenzel)
0.28
19. The amplitudes of the sidebands in an FM signal are dependent upon a mathematical process known
as _____.
Bessel functions
20. A PM signal has a deviation ratio of 3. The maximum modulating signal is 5 kHz. The bandwidth of
the signal is _____kHz.
60
21. If the maximum allowed deviation is 5 kHz but the actual deviation is 3.75 kHz, the percentage of
modulation is _____ percent.
75
22. A negative sign on the carrier and sideband amplitudes in Fig. 4-6 means a(n) _____.
Phase inversion or 180 deg shift
23. True or false. The carrier in an FM signal can never drop to zero amplitude.
false
24. Calculate the bandwidth of an PM signal with a maximum deviation of 10 kHz and a maximum
modulating signal frequency of 4 kHz. Use the two methods given in the text, significant sidebands,
and Carson's role, and compare your answers. Explain the difference.

BW = 40 Khz, BW=28khz using carson’s rule. Carson’s rule gives narrower bandwidths because
sidebands of less than 2% amplitude are not considered.

25. The main advantage of FM over AM is its immunity from _____.

noise
26. Noise is primarily a variation in
a. Amplitude.
b. Frequency.
c. Phase.
A
27. FM receivers reject noise because of built-in circuits.
Limiter (or clipper)
28. The in an FM receiver causes a stronger signal to dominate a weaker signal on the same frequency.
Capture effect
29. Typically FM transmitters are more efficient than AM transmitters because they use class _____
amplifiers.
c
30. The biggest disadvantage of FM is its excessive use of _____.
Spectrum space
31. True or false. An AM circuit is usually more complex and expensive than an FM circuit.
False
33. Noise interferes primarily with _____ modulating frequencies.
High
34. The method used to offset the effect of noise in FM transmissions by boosting high frequencies is
known as _____.
 Pre-emphasis
35. To boost high frequencies a(n) _____ circuit is used.
High pass filter
36. To correct for the high-frequency boost, a(n) _____ circuit is used at the receiver.
De emphasis
36.The time constant of a pre-emphasis circuit is _____ s.
75
37. In an FM receiver, frequencies above _____ Hz are attenuated 6 dB per octave.
2122

ANSWERS
1. angle
2. true
3. deviation
4. amplitude
5. increases, decreases (the reverse could also be true)
6. phase shift
7. frequency shift or deviation
8. changing or varying
9. amplitude, frequency
10. a
11. b
12. indirect FM
13. true
14. modulation index
15.3 (m = 10/33 = 3)
16. 5
17.995.5, 1004.5 [3(1.5) = 4.5 KHz; 1000 4.5 = 995.5 and 1004.5 kHz]
18. 0.28
19. Bessel functions
20. 60 [2(5)(6)= 60 kHz]
21. 75 [(3.75/5)100 = 75%]
22.phase inversion or 180 shift
23. false
24. BW = 40 kHz; BW = 28 kHz using Carson's rule; Carson's rule gives narrower bandwidths because
sidebands of less than 2 percent amplitude are not considered
25. noise
26. a
27. limiter (or clipper)
28. capture effect
29. C
30. spectrum space
31. false
32. high
33. pre-emphasis
34. high-pass filter
35. de-emphasis
36. 75
37. 2122
Frequency Modulation Circuits
1. The component most widely used for FM or PM is the varactor diode or voltage variable capacitor
(VVC).
2. A VVC is a specially designed silicon junction diode optimized for large capacitive variations.
3. A reverse-biased junction diode will act as a small capacitor where the depletion region is the dielectric.
4. The capacitance of a varactor is inversely proportional to the reverse-biased voltage amplitude.
5. The most common frequency modulators use a varactor to vary the frequency of an LC circuit or crystal
in accordance with the modulating signal.
6. A reactance modulator is an amplifier that is made to appear inductive or capacitive by phase shift. It is
used to produce wide deviation direct FM.
7. Crystal oscillators are preferred for their frequency stability over LC oscillators, but only very small
frequency deviation is possible with crystal oscillators.
8. An IC VCO produces excellent deviation FM at frequencies below 1 MHz.
9. In a phase modulator, the carrier is shifted in phase in accordance with the modulating signal. This
produces indirect FM.
10. One of the best phase modulators is a parallel tuned circuit controlled by a varactor.
11. Most phase modulators produce very small amounts of frequency deviation.
12. Frequency deviation and carrier frequency can be increased by passing them through a frequency
multiplier.
13. One of the oldest and best frequency demodulators is the Foster-Seeley discriminator that is a phase
detector whose output voltage increases or decreases with phase changes produced by input
frequency deviation.
14. A Foster-Seeley discriminator is sensitive to input amplitude variations and, therefore, must be
preceded by a limiter.
15. A variation of the Foster-Seeley discriminator is the ratio detector widely used in older TV receiver
designs. A primary advantage of the ratio detector is that no limiter is needed.
16. A pulse-averaging discriminator converts an FM signal into a square wave of identical frequency
variation using a zero crossing detector, comparator, or limiter circuit. This circuit triggers a one shot
that produces pulses that are averaged in a lowpass filter to reproduce the original modulating signal.
17. A quadrature detector uses a unique phase shift circuit to provide quadrature (90°) FM input signals to
a phase detector. The phase detector produces a different pulse width for different phase shifts. These
pulse width variations are averaged in a low-pass filter to recover the modulating signal.
18. Quadrature detectors are available in IC form and are one of the most widely used TV audio
demodulators.
19. A differential peak detector is an IC FM demodulator that uses a differential amplifier and capacitive
storage peak detectors plus tuned circuits to translate frequency variations into voltage variations.
20. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a feedback control circuit made up of a phase detector, voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO), and low-pass filter. The phase detector compares an input signal to the VCO
signal and produces an output that is filtered by a low-pass filter into an error signal that controls the VCO
frequency.
21. The PLL is synchronized or locked when the input and VCO frequencies are equal. Input frequency
changes cause a phase or frequency shift which, in turn, produces an error signal that forces the VCO
to track the input and reduce their difference to zero.
22. The range of frequencies over which a PLL will track an input is called the lock range. If the input
strays outside, the lock range, the PLL will go out of lock and the VCO will operate at its free-running
frequency.
23. The capture range of a PLL is that narrow band of frequencies over which a PLL will recognize and
lock onto an input signal. The capture range is narrower than the lock range and it makes the PLL look
like a bandpass filter.
24. The PLL is the best frequency demodulator because its filtering action removes noise and
interference and its highly linear output faithfully reproduces the original modulating signal.
SELF-TEST
Supply the missing word(s) in each statement.
Choose the letter that best answers each question.
1. Increasing the reverse bias on a voltage variable capacitor causes its capacitance to
a. Increase
b. Decrease
2. Connecting a VVC across a parallel LC circuit causes the resonant frequency to
a. Increase
b. Decrease
3. In the circuit of Fig. 5-3, a negative-going modulating signal causes the carrier frequency to
a. Increase
b. Decrease (page 87-Frenzel)
4. A crystal is operating in its series resonant mode. A VVC is connected in series with it. The crystal
frequency
a. Increases
b. Decreases
5. Which is capable of greater frequency deviation?
a. LC oscillator
b. Crystal oscillator
6. Another name for voltage-variable capacitor is _____.
7. Most VVCs have a nominal capacitance in the _____ to _____ pF range.
8. A crystal oscillator has superior _____ over an LC oscillator.
9. The acronym VCO means _____.
10. A voltage-variable crystal oscillator is referred to as a(n) _____.
11. Carrier frequency and frequency deviation may be increased by using a(n) _____ after the carrier
oscillator.
12. A reactance modulator is set up to act like an inductive reactance. If the modulating signal increases
in
amplitude, the effective inductance decreases. This causes. The oscillator frequency to _____.
13. An IC VCO normally uses a combination of _____ and _____ to set the center operating frequency.
14. True or false. Voltage-variable capacitors should not be forward-biased.
15.True or false. For highly stable carrier generators, LC oscillators are preferred over crystal oscillators.
16. True or false. A reactance modulator is used with crystal oscillators.
17. True or false. IC VCO operates primarily at frequencies below 1 MHz.
18. Phase modulation is called _____ FM.
19. True or false. Phase modulation produces frequency variation as well as amplitude variation of the
carrier.
20.In a simple RC network, the phase shift is between _____ and _____ degrees.
21. In the circuits of Fig. 5-7, phase is varied by changing the _____ or _____. (page 91-Frenzel)
22. Larger linear phase shifts are obtained with a(n) _____ circuit.
23. The control element in a phase modulator is usually a(n) _____.
24. In Fig. 5-10, the component which adjusts the deviation is _____. (page 93-Frenzel)
25.If a parallel LC circuit is at resonance, increasing C will cause the current to _____ (lead, lag) the
applied
voltage.
26.In Fig. 5-7(b), if C is decreased, will the phase shift increase or decrease? (page 91-Frenzel)
27. In the phase modulator of Fig. 5-8, the FET current is the phasor sum of the currents produced by
_____
and _____.
28. The small phase shifts produced by indirect PM are increased by sending the PM signal to a(n) _____
circuit.
29. In the Foster-Seeley discriminator and ratio detector circuits, an input frequency variation produces
a(n) _____ that causes an output voltage variation.
30. In the pulse-averaging discriminator, a low pass filter averages the fixed-width, fixed amplitude pulses
from a(n) _____.
31. Should the input frequency increase or decrease for the average voltage output of the low-pass filter
in
a pulse-averaging discriminator to increase?
32. Quadrature refers to a _____° phase difference.
33. In Fig. 5-13, does input B lag or lead input A? (page 96-Frenzel)
34. The phase detector in a quadrature detector is usually a(n) _____.
35. The quadrature detector input circuit produces a varying _____ as the input frequency changes.
36. The varying-width pulses produced by the quadrature detector are converted into the original
modulating signal by a(n) _____.
37. The circuit in a differential peak detector IC that temporarily stores the peak value of an input sine
wave is called a(n) _____.
38. In the differential peak detector, the components _____ convert frequency variations into the
amplitude
variations that ultimately become the output.
39. The three main elements of a PLL are _____.
40. The _____ circuit In a PLL recognizes _____ or _____ changes between the input and VCO signals.
41. The part _____ of a PLL is a simple frequency modulator.
42. It is the _____ signal in the PLL that varies the VCO frequency.
43. The range of frequencies over whicha PLL will cause the input and VCO signals to remain
synchronized
is known as the _____ range.
44. If the PLL input is zero, the VCO will operate at its _____ frequency.
45. The range of frequencies over which a PLL will latch onto or recognize an input signal is called the
_____
range.
46. Since a PLL will only respond to signals over a narrow frequency range, it acts like a(n) _____.
47. In a PLL frequency demodulator, the error signal is the _____.
48. In a PLL demodulating an FM signal, the VCO output is an exact reproduction of the _____.
49. True or false. The Foster-Seeley discriminator is sensitive to input amplitude as well as frequency
variations.
50. True or false. The ratio detector requires a limiter.
51. True or false. The lock range of a PLL is narrower than the capture range.
ANSWERS
1. b
2. b
3. b
4. a
5. a
6. varactor diode (or varicap)
7. 1,200
8. frequency stability
9. voltage-controlled oscillator
10. VXO
11. frequency multiplier
12. increase
13. resistance, capacitance
14. true
15. false
16. false
17. true
18. indirect
19. true
20. 0, 90
21. resistance, capacitance
22. parallel resonant (or tuned)
23. varactor
24.R04
25. lead
26. decrease
27.C1, C2, Q1 and C1, R1, Q1
28. frequency multiplier
29. phase shift
30. one-shot or monostable multivibrator
31. increase
32. 90
33. lead
34. differential amplifier
35. phase shift
36. low-pass filter
37. peak detector
38.C1, C2, L1
39. phase detector, VCO, low-pass filter
40. phase detector, frequency, phase
41. VCO
42. error
43. lock
44. free-running
45. capture
46. band pass filter
47. modulating signal or information signal
48. FM input
49. true
50. false
51. false
CHAPTER 5: FREQUENCY MODULATION
29. In the stabilized reactance modulator AFC system,
- the discriminator must have a fast time constant to prevent demodulation
- the higher the discriminator frequency, the better the oscillator frequency stability
- the discriminator frequency must not be too low, or the system will fail
- phase modulation is converted into FM by the equalizer circuit

30. In the spectrum of a frequency modulated wave

- the carrier frequency disappears when the modulation index is large
- the amplitude of any sideband depends on the modulation index
- the total number of sidebands depend on the modulation index
- the carrier frequency cannot disappear

31. The difference between the phase and frequency modulation

- is purely theoretical because they are the same in practice
- is too great to make the two system compatible
- lies in the poorer audio response of the phase modulation
- lies in the different definitions of the modulation index

32. Indicate the false statement regarding the Armstrong modulation system,
- the system is basically phase and not frequency, modulation.
- AFC is not needed, as the crystal oscillator is used.
- Frequency multiplications must be used
- Equalization is unnecessary.

33. An FM signal with a modulation index Mf is passed through the frequency

tripler. The wave in the output of the Tripler will have a modulation index of
- mf/3
- mf
- 3mf
- 9mf

34. An FM signal with a deviation (δ) is passed through a mixer, and has its
frequency reduced fivefold. The deviation in the output of the mixer is
-5δ
- Indeterminate
-δ/5
-δ

35. A pre-emphasis circuit provides extra noise immunity by

- boosting the bass frequency
-amplifying the high audio frequencies
-preamplifying the whole audio band
-converting the phase modulation to FM
36. Since noise phase modulates the FM wave, as the noise sideband frequency
approaches the carrier frequency, the noise amplitude
- remains constant
- is decreased
- is increased
- is equalized

37. When the modulating frequency is doubled, the modulation index is halved, and the
modulating voltage remains constant. The modulation system is
- amplitude modulation
- phase modulation
- frequency modulation
- any one of the three

38. Indicate which one of the following is not an advantage of FM over AM:
- better noise immunity is provided
- Lower bandwidth is required
- The transmitted power is more useful
- Less modulating power is required

39. One of the following is an in direct way of generating FM. This is the
- reactance FET modulator
- varactor diode
- Armstrong modulator
- Reactance bipolar transistor modulator

40. In an FM stereo multiplex transmission, the

- sum signal modulates the 19KHz sub carrier
- difference signal modulates the, 19KHz sub carrier
- difference signal modulates the, 38KHz sub carrier
- difference signal modulates the 67KHz sub carrier
PM is another term for FM.

ANS: F

2. In FM, the frequency of the modulated signal varies with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
signal.

ANS: T

3. Unlike AM, the amplitude of an FM signal does not change with modulation.

ANS: T

4. Similar to AM, the power of an FM signal changes with modulation.

ANS: F

5. Class C amplifier stages can be used throughout an FM transmitter.

ANS: T

6. PM is often used to send digital data.

ANS: T

7. A carrier can be frequency modulated with audio at the same time it is phase modulated with data.

ANS: F

8. Mathematically, an FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands.

ANS: T

9. At certain modulation frequencies, the power in the carrier frequency of an FM signal can go to zero.

ANS: T

10. In FM, the modulation index depends on the frequency deviation.

ANS: T

11. In FM, the modulation index depends on the frequency of the modulating signal.

ANS: T

12. In FM, as in AM, the modulation index cannot exceed one.

ANS: F
13. In PM, the phase shift is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

ANS: T

14. A PM signal can be converted into an FM signal.

ANS: T

15. Unlike AM, a single modulating tone can produce many sidebands.

ANS: T

16. In FM, more sidebands means more power.

ANS: F

17. FM is sometimes called a constant-bandwidth communications mode.

ANS: T

18. An FM signal is best looked at with a spectrum analyzer.

ANS: T

19. An oscilloscope display will reveal much detail about an FM signal.

ANS: F

20. There is no such thing as narrowband FM.

ANS: F

21. In FM, the signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver's output can be better than that at the receiver's input.

ANS: T

22. In the presence of noise, an FM system exhibits an abrupt transition called "threshold effect".

ANS: T

23. Stereo FM signals produce a better signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver than mono does.

ANS: F

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The FM modulation index:

a. increases with both deviation and modulation frequency
b. increases with deviation and decreases with modulation frequency
 c. decreases with deviation and increases with modulation frequency
d. is equal to twice the deviation

ANS: B

2. One way to derive FM from PM is:

a. integrate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator
b. integrate the signal out of the PM oscillator
c. differentiate the modulating signal before applying to the PM oscillator
d. differentiate the signal out of the PM oscillator

ANS: A

3. The bandwidth of an FM signal is considered to be limited because:

a. there can only be a finite number of sidebands
b. it is equal to the frequency deviation
c. it is band-limited at the receiver
d. the power in the outer sidebands is negligible

ANS: D

4. Mathematically, the calculation of FM bandwidth requires the use of:

a. ordinary trigonometry and algebra c. Taylor series
b. Bessel functions d. fractals

ANS: B

5. FM bandwidth can be approximated by:

a. Armstrong's Rule c. Carson's Rule
b. Bessel's Rule d. none of the above

ANS: C

6. NBFM stands for:

a. National Broadcast FM c. Near Band FM
b. Non-Broadcast FM d. Narrowband FM

ANS: D

7. When FM reception deteriorates abruptly due to noise, it is called:

a. the capture effect c. the noise effect
b. the threshold effect d. the limit effect
 ANS: B

8. An FM receiver switching suddenly between two stations on nearby frequencies is called:

a. the capture effect c. the "two-station" effect
b. the threshold effect d. none of the above

ANS: A

9. Pre-emphasis is used to:

a. increase the signal to noise ratio for higher audio frequencies
b. increase the signal to noise ratio for lower audio frequencies
c. increase the signal to noise ratio for all audio frequencies
d. allow stereo audio to be carried by FM stations

ANS: A

10. A pre-emphasis of 75 s refers to:

a. the time it takes for the circuit to work
b. the "dead time" before de-emphasis occurs
c. the time delay between the L and R channels
d. the time-constant of the filter circuits used

ANS: D

11. FM stereo:
a. uses DSBSC AM modulation c. has a higher S/N than mono FM
b. is implemented using an SCA signal d. is not compatible with mono FM

ANS: A

12. An SCA signal:

a. can use amplitude modulation c. is monaural
b. can use FM modulation d. all of the above

ANS: D

13. The modulation index of an FM signal can be determined readily:

a. using measurements at points where J0 equals one
b. using measurements at points where J0 equals zero
c. using measurements at points where the deviation equals zero
d. only by using Bessel functions
 ANS: B

COMPLETION

1. FM and PM are two forms of ____________________ modulation.

ANS: angle

2. PM is extensively used in ____________________ communication.

ANS: data

3. Compared to AM, the signal-to-noise ratio of FM is usually ____________________.

ANS: better

4. Compared to AM, the bandwidth of FM is usually ____________________.

ANS:
wider
greater

5. FM transmitters can use Class ____________________ amplifiers since amplitude linearity is not
important.

ANS: C

6. Both the power and amplitude of an FM signal ____________________ as modulation is applied.

ANS: stay constant

7. In FM, the frequency deviation is proportional to the instantaneous ____________________ of the

modulating signal.

ANS: amplitude

8. The frequency deviation of an FM signal occurs at a rate equal to the ____________________ of the
modulating signal.

ANS: frequency

9. Mathematically, the number of sidebands in an FM signal is ____________________.

ANS: infinite

10. As FM sidebands get farther from the center frequency, their power ____________________.

ANS: decreases
11. Mathematically, the value of an FM modulation index can be as high as ____________________.

ANS: any number

12. In FM, as the modulating frequency decreases, the modulation index ____________________.

ANS: increases

13. In FM, as the frequency deviation decreases, the modulation index ____________________.

ANS: decreases

14. As the FM modulation index increases, the number of significant sidebands ____________________.

ANS: increases

15. For certain values of mf, such as 2.4, the amplitude of the carrier frequency ____________________.

ANS:
disappears
goes to zero

16. The bandwidth of an FM signal can be approximated using ____________________ rule.

ANS: Carson's

17. FM bandwidth can be calculated precisely using ____________________ functions.

ANS: Bessel

18. The ____________________ effect is characteristic of FM reception in a noisy environment.

ANS: threshold

19. The ____________________ effect is seen when an FM receiver is exposed to two FM signals that are
close to each other in frequency.

ANS: capture

20. Rest frequency is another name for an FM ____________________ frequency.

ANS: carrier

SHORT ANSWER

1. If a 2-volt instantaneous value of modulating signal amplitude causes a 10-kHz deviation in carrier
frequency, what is the deviation sensitivity of the modulator?

ANS:
 5 kHz / volt

2. If a 2-kHz audio tone causes a frequency deviation of 4 kHz, what is the modulation index?

ANS:
2

3. What will be the deviation caused by a 3-kHz tone if the modulation index is 3?

ANS:
9 kHz

4. If the deviation sensitivity of an FM modulator is 2 kHz /V, what will be the modulation index caused by
a 1-volt, 1-kHz audio signal?

ANS:
2

5. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the carrier of a 1000-watt FM transmitter?

ANS:
48.4 watts

6. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the first pair of sidebands of a 1000-watt FM
transmitter?

ANS:
673 watts

7. At a modulation index of 2, how much power is in the fifth pair of sidebands of a 1000-watt FM
transmitter?

ANS:
200 mW (0.2 watt)

8. Using Carson's rule, what is the approximate bandwidth of an FM signal with a modulation index of 2
being modulated by a 5-kHz signal?

ANS:
30 kHz

9. Using the Bessel chart of Figure 4.1, what is the bandwidth of an FM signal with a modulation index of 2
being modulated by a 5-kHz signal if we ignore sidebands containing less than 1% of the total power?

ANS:
30 kHz

10. How would you use the fact that J0 is zero for certain known values of mf (2.4, 5.5, etc) to measure the
frequency deviation of an FM modulator?
ANS:
Use an audio frequency generator to modulate the FM carrier. Using a spectrum analyzer, adjust the audio
frequency until the carrier amplitude vanishes. Record the audio frequency. Then do the
calculation:  = fm  mf where mf will have one of the known values. For example, if fm is measured to be
2 kHz when mf is 5.5, then  is 11 kHz.