Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(REVISED)
LEMUEL C. MACASA, RN
RESPIRATOR
Organs of the Respiratory system
Upper Resp.Tract
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
Review of fxns:
Major function:
- Gas exchange, which includes the transfer of oxygen and CO2 between the
atmosphere and the blood
Divided into 2 tracts (structurally):
-
- • remove CARBON
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
product of metabo
UPPER RESPIRATORY
• Known as the upper airway
• Warms and filters the inspired air
• Nose, paranasal sinuses, conchae, pharynx, tonsils, larynx, trachea
nose
• Separated into 2 nasal cavities by a vertical divider or nasal septum
• Vestibule – contains coarse hair
• Each cavity is divided into 3 passageways or conchae (shelves)
• Nasal cavity is lined by nasal mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with
many GC)
• Main fxn: serves as a passageway for air to pass to and from the lungs
• Larynx
- Known as “voice box” connects the upper and lower airways
- It contains vocal cords that produce sounds
- It initiates cough reflex
Trachea
- Contains C-shaped cartilagenous rings composed of smooth muscle
- Connects larynx to bronchi
PARTS OF LRT
• BRONCHI
- Divided into two primary bronchus
- They are large air passages that lead to right and left lungs
- R bronchus – more vertical and slightly larger than left
alveoli
• Clustered microscopic sacs enveloped by capillaries
• Gas exchange occurs over millions of alveoli in the lungs
• Contains a coating – SURFACTANT (which reduces surface tension and keeps
them from collapsing)
The A
Inspiration – air flows from the environment into the trachea, bronchioles and
alveoli
Expiration – alveolar gas travels the same route in reverse
AIRWAY RESISTANCE
- Determined by the size of the airway through which air is flowing
Increased resistance = greater-than-normal respiratory effort is required
COMPLIANCE
A measure of the elasticity, expandability, and distensibility of the lungs and thoracic
structures
LUNG PRESSURE
• Tidal volume [TV] – volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
• 500 ml
• Residual volume (RV)– after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the
lungs
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
– Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
– 3000 ml
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
–
– INHALATION =Negative (
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Approximately 1200 ml
Lung expa
EXPIRATION =Positive (+
LUNG CAPACITIES
• Vital capacity
Max. vol. of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration
– Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV (4,600 ml)
• Inspiratory capacity (TV + IRV = 3,500 ml)
Max. vol. of air inhaled after normal expiration
• Functional residual capacity
( ERV + RV)
Vol. of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
• Total Lung capacity ( 5, 800 ml)
Volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration
• B. DIFFUSION
• process by which
and carbon dioxide
exchanged at
the air–blood interfa
• C. PERFUSION
• Amount of blood i
Pulmonary capillarie
NEUROCHEMICAL C
• Respiratory cente
Pneumotaxic center
effort by limiting t
inspired
Apneustic center – p
inflation of the lun
Chemoreceptors re
pH
CONTROL MECHANIS
OF RESPIRATION
• NEURAL
1. Pons :
Pneumotaxic center –
limiting the volume o
CON T R OL M EC H A N IS
Apneustic center – pre
M S
OFRElungs
SPIRATION
• CH
2. EMICAL
Medulla: Controls r
1. Central: brain, CSF (pH
3. Spinal Cord : facilit
Sensitive to
respiratoryH center
+conc
4.
2.P Hering
eripheral:-Breuer Re
carotid &
lung tissue prom
to O oting
2 chan
c
medulla =
= rate of
A. INFECTIO
1. VIRAL INFEC
INFLUENZA
A. INFECTIO
affects the upper and lo
Usually occurs
SEVERE ACUTEin epidem
RES
(SA
Distinguishing feature :
A lower rapid
respiratory illness (1
onset of profost de
MODE of TRANSMISSION: D
MEDICAL MANAGEME
MDT – to prevent bacteria
IRAMPICIN OR
Respir
SONIAZIDat or Pe
that
+ Vit. B6
alters VENTIL
YRAZINAMIDEChrH
BRONCHITIS
Caused by disorders th
•
characterized
THAMBUTOL by progr
An inflammation of the bronchioles that impairs airflow
Acute – occurs when bronchus becomes inflamed
Chronic – occurs when inflammation occurs several times a year
ETIOLOGY
• Exposure to pulmonary irritants:
Cigarette smoke
Air pollutants
• Infections
Respiratory tract infections
Pneumococcal infections
influenza
CHRONIC BRONCHITI
Cigarette smo
HYPERTROPHY and
HYPERSECRETION of Goblet cells
HYPOXEMIA
REFLEX V
EMPHYSEMA Pulmonar
Pulmonar
Loss of elasticity/ elastic r
RIGHT-SIDE
ALVEOLI, with destruct
capillary beds ====== HY
and an increase in the PT
ci gar et t e
smok i ng
DESTRUCTIO
DYSPNEA
BRONCHITIS
Overdist
FEATURES BRON
DestructionAge
of alveolar walls & 40
capillary beds (ACM)
Body Towa
Altered Blood GasExchange
Cough consi