Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9.2 H 0
: No change in interest rates is warranted
H 1
: Reduce interest rates to stimulate the economy
9.3 H :p 0
p : There is no difference in the percentage of underfilled cereal
A B
packages
H :p1 A
p : Lower percentage after the change
B
9.4
9.5
H₀: 5 minutes
H₁: > 5 minutes
9.6 H : T T No difference in the total number of votes between Bush and Gore
0 B G
9.7 A random sample is obtained from a population with a variance of 625 and the sample mean is
computed. Test the null hypothesis H 0 : 100 versus the alternative H 1 : 100 . 2
= 625 Compute the critical value xc and state the decision rule
a. n = 25. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(25)/ 25 =
108.225
b. n = 16. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(25)/ 16 =
110.28125
c. n = 44. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(25)/ 44 =
106.1998
d. n = 32 Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(25)/ 32 = 107.26994
9.8 A random sample of n = 25 is obtained from a population with a variance 2 and the
sample mean is computed. Test the null hypothesis H 0 : 100 versus the alternative
H 1
: 100 with alpha = .05. Compute the critical value xc and state the decision rule
a. 2 = 225. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(15)/ 25 = 104.935
b. 2 = 900. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(30)/ 25 = 109.87
c. 2
= 400. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(20)/ 25 = 106.58
d. 2
= 600. Reject H 0
if x xc 0 z n = 100 +1.645(24.4949)/ 25 = 108.0588
9.9 A random sample is obtained from a population with variance = 400 and the sample
mean is computed to be 70. Consider the null hypothesis H 0 : 80 versus the
alternative H :
1
80 . Compute the p-value
x 0 70 80
a. n = 25. z = = -2.50. p value P( z p 2.50) = .0062
n 20 25
x 0 70 80
b. n = 16. z = = -2.00. p value P( z p 2.00) = .0228
n 20 16
x 0 70 80
c. n = 44. z = = -3.32. p value P( z p 3.32) = .0004
n 20 44
x 0 70 80
d. n = 32. z = = -2.83. p value P( z p 2.83) = .0023
n 20 32
9.10 A random sample of n = 25, variance = 2 and the sample mean is = 70. Consider the
null hypothesis H 0 : 80 versus the alternative H 1 : 80 . Compute the p-
value
x 0 70 80
a. 2 = 225. z = = -3.33. p value P ( z p 3.33) = .0004
n 15 25
x 0 70 80
b. 2 = 900. z = = -1.67. p value P( z p 1.67) = .0475
n 30 25
x 0 70 80
c. 2 = 400. z = = -2.50. p value P( z p 2.50) = .0062
n 20 25
x 0 70 80
d. 2 = 600. z = = -2.04. p value P( z p 2.04) = .0207
n 24.4949 25
9.11 H : 0
16 ; H :
1
16 ; reject H 0
if Z.10 < -1.28
15.84 16
Z = -1.6, therefore, Reject H 0
at the 10% level.
.4 16
9.12 H : 0
50 ; H :
1
50 ; reject H 0
if Z.10 < -1.28
48.2 50
Z = -1.8, therefore, Reject H 0
at the 10% level.
3 9
9.13 a. H : 0
3; H :1
3 ; reject H 0
if Z.05 > 1.645
3.07 3
Z = 1.4, therefore, Do Not Reject H 0 at the 5% level.
.4 64
b. p-value = 1 – FZ(1.4) = 1 - .9192 = .0808
c. the p-value would be higher – the graph should show that the p-value now
corresponds to the area in both of the tails of the distribution whereas before it was
the area in one of the tails.
d. A one-sided alternative is more appropriate since we are not interested in detecting
possible low levels of impurity, only high levels of impurity.
9.15 Test H : 0
100 ; H :1
100 , using n = 36 and alpha = .05
x 0 106 100
a. x 106, s 15 . Reject if tn 1, , = 2.40. Since 2.40 is greater
s n 15 36
than -1.690, there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
x 0 104 100
b. x 104, s 10 . Reject if tn 1, , = 2.40. Since 2.40 is greater
s n 10 36
than -1.690, there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
x 0 95 100
c. x 95, s 10 . Reject if tn 1, , = -3.00. Since -3.00 is less than
s n 10 36
the critical value of -1.690, there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
x 0 92 100
d. x 92, s 18 . Reject if tn 1, , = -2.67. Since -2.67 is less than
s n 18 36
the critical value of -1.690, there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
9.16 H : 0
3; H 1 : 3;
2.4 3
t = -3.33, p-value is < .005. Reject H 0
at any common level of alpha
1.8 100
9.17 H : 0
4; H 1 : 4; reject H 0
if 2.576 > t1561,.005 > -2.576
4.27 4
t = 8.08, p-value is < .010. Reject H 0
at any common level of alpha.
1.32 1562
9.18 H : 0
0; H 1 : 0;
.078 0
t = 3.38, p-value is < .010. Reject H 0
at any common level of alpha
.201 76
9.19 H : 0
3; H 1 : 3; reject H 0
if t171,.01 > 2.326
3.31 3
t = 5.81, p-value is < .01. Reject H 0
at any common level of alpha.
.7 172
9.20 H : 0
0; H 1 : 0;
2.91 0
t = -3.35, p-value is < .005. Reject H 0
at any common level of alpha.
11.33 170
9.21 H : 0
125.32; H 1 : 125.32; reject H 0
if |t15, .05/2 | > 2.131
131.78 125.32
t = 1.017, p-value is > .200. Do not reject H 0
at the .05 level.
25.4 16
9.22 a. No, the 95% confidence level provides for 2.5% of the area in either tail. This does not
correspond to a one-tailed hypothesis test with an alpha of 5% which has 5% of the area in
one of the tails.
b. Yes.
9.23 H : 0
10; H 1 : 10;
8.82 10
t = -1.554, p-value is between .100 and .050. Do not reject H 0
at
2.4013 10
common levels of alpha.
9.24 H : 0
20; H 1 : 20; reject H 0
if |t8, .05/2 | > 2.306
20.3556 20
t = 1.741, therefore, do not reject H 0
at the 5% level
.6126 9
9.25 H : 0
78.5; H 1 : 78.5; reject H 0
if |t7, .10/2 | > 1.895
74.5 78.5
t = -1.815, therefore, do not reject H 0
at the 10% level
6.2335 8
9.26
H₀: 75; H₁: < 75; reject H₀ if t₂₄, .₀₅ < - 1.711
9.27 a. H :0
400; H 1 : 400;
381.35 400
t = -1.486, p-value = .0797, therefore, reject H 0 at alpha levels
48.60 15
greater than 7.97%
b. Yes, with a larger sample size, the standard error would be smaller and hence, the
calculated value of t would be larger. This would yield a smaller p-value and hence
the company’s claim could be rejected at a lower significance level than part a.
9.28 A random sample is obtained to test the null hypothesis of the proportion of women who
said yes to a new shoe model. H 0 : p .25; H 1 : p .25; . What value of the sample
proportion is required to reject the null hypothesis with alpha = .03?
a. n = 400. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 +1.88
(.25)(1 .25) / 400 = .2907
b. n = 225. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 +1.88
(.25)(1 .25) / 225 = .30427
c. n = 625. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 +1.88
(.25)(1 .25) / 625 = .28256
d. n = 900. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 +1.88
(.25)(1 .25) / 900 = .2771
9.29 A random sample is obtained to test the null hypothesis of the proportion of women who
would purchase an existing shoe model. H 0 : p .25; H 1 : p .25; . What value of the
sample proportion is required to reject the null hypothesis with alpha = .05?
a. n = 400. Reject H 0 if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 – 1.645
(.25)(1 .25) / 400 = .2144
b. n = 225. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 – 1.645
(.25)(1 .25) / 225 = .2025
c. n = 625. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 – 1.645
(.25)(1 .25) / 625 = .2215
d. n = 900. Reject H 0
if pˆ pˆ c p0 z p0 (1 p0 ) / n = .25 – 1.645
(.25)(1 .25) / 900 = .22626
.2908 .25
z = 1.79, p-value = 1 – FZ(1.79) = 1 - .9633 = .0367
(.25)(.75) / 361
Therefore, reject H 0 at alpha greater than 3.67%
9.31
.45 .5
z = -1.26, p-value = 2[1 – FZ(1.26)] = 2[1 – .8962] = .2076
(.5)(.5) /160
The probability of finding a random sample with a sample proportion this far or further
from .5 if the null hypothesis is really true is .2076
.56 .5
z = .85, p-value = 1 – FZ(.85) = 1 – .8023 = .1977
(.5)(.5) / 50
Therefore, reject H 0 at alpha levels in excess of 19.77%
9.35 H : p .75; H : p .75;
0 1
.686 .75
z = -1.94, p-value = 1 – FZ(1.94) = 1 – .9738 = .0262
(.25)(.75) /172
Therefore, reject H 0 at alpha levels in excess of 2.62%
.6931 .75
z = -1.87, p-value = 1 – FZ(1.87) = 1 – .9693 = .0307
(.75)(.25) / 202
Therefore, reject H 0 at alpha levels in excess of 3.07%
9.37 Compute the probability of Type II error and the power for the following
5.041 5.10
a. 5.10 . P( x xc | * = P ( x 5.041| * 5.10) = P z
.1 16
= P(z ≤ -2.36) = .0091. Power = 1 – .0091 = .9909
5.041 5.03
b. 5.03 . P ( x xc | * = P ( x 5.041| * 5.03) = P z
.1 16
= P(z ≤ .44) = .6700. Power = 1 – .6700 = .3300
5.041 5.15
c. 5.15 . P( x xc | * = P ( x 5.041| * 5.15) = P z
.1 16
= P(z ≤ -4.36) = .0000. Power = 1 – .0000 = 1.0000
5.041 5.07
d. 5.07 . P( x xc | * = P ( x 5.041| * 5.07) = P z
.1 16
= P(z ≤ -1.16) = .1230 . Power = 1 – .1230 = .8770
X 50
9.39 a. H 0
is rejected when < -1.28 or when X < 48.2. Given an X = 48.2 hours,
3 9
the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
48.2 49
b. The power of the test = 1 - = 1 – P(Z > ) = 1 – P(Z > -.80) = .2119
3 9
X 3
9.40 a. H 0
is rejected when > 1.645 or when X > 3.082. Since the sample mean is
.4 64
3.07% which is less than the critical value, the decision is do not reject the null
hypothesis.
3.082 3.1
b. The = P(Z < ) = 1 – FZ(.36) = .3594. Power of the test = 1 - = .6406
.4 64
X 4
9.41 a. H 0
is rejected when –2.5758 < < 2.5758 or when 3.914 < X < 4.086.
1.32 1562
Since the sample mean was 4.27, which is greater than the upper critical value, the
decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
3.914 3.95 4.086 3.95
b. = P( <Z< ) = P(-1.08 > Z > 4.07) = .8599
1.32 1562 1.32 1562
p .5
9.42 H 0
is rejected when < -1.28 or when p < .477
.25 / 802
.477 .45
The power of the test = 1 - = 1 – P(Z > ) = 1-P(Z > 1.54) = .9382
(.45)(.55) / 802
9.43
a. H₀: p 0.25; H₁: p < 0.25 reject H₀ if Z < - 1.645
n = 340
p̂ = 61/340 = 0.179
Reject when:
0.179 – 0.25 = -3.024. (i.e. < -1.645). Therefore reject H₀ at the 5% level.
√0.25(1-0.25)/340
Or when:
p̂ < 0.25 + – 1.645√0.25(1-0.25)/340 = 0.25 – 0.0386 = 0.2114
p .5
9.44 a. H 0
is rejected when –1.645 > > 1.645 or when .442 > p > .558. Since
.25 /199
the sample proportion is .5226 which is within the critical values. The decision is that
there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
.442 .6 .558 .6
b. = P( < Z< ) = 1-P(-4.55 < Z < -1.21) = .1131
(.6)(.4) /199 (.6)(.4) /199
30.8 32
9.45 a. P ( Z ) = P(Z < -2.4) = 0.0082
3 36
30.8 32
b. P( Z ) = P(Z < -1.2) =0.1151.
3 9
The larger probability of a Type I error is due to the smaller sample size which increases
the standard error of the mean.
30.8 31
c. P ( Z ) = P(Z > -.4) =0.6554
3 36
.14 .09
9.46 a. P( Z ) = P(Z > 1.75 ) = 0.0401
(.09)(.91) /100
.14 .09
b. P( Z ) = P(Z > 3.49 ) = 0.0002 . The smaller probability of a
(.09)(.91) / 400
Type I error is due to the larger sample size which lowers the standard error of the mean.
.14 .20
c. P( Z ) = P(Z < -1.5) = .0668
(.2)(.8) /100
d. i) lower, ii) higher
(n 1) s 2 24(165)
9.47 a. H : 100; H 1 : 100;
2 2 2
= 39.6,
0
2
100
2
(24,.025) 39.36, 2
(24,.010) 42.98
Therefore, reject H 0
at the 2.5% level but not at the 1% level of significance.
(n 1) s 2 28(165)
H 0 : 100; H 1 : 100;
2 2 2
b. = 46.2,
2
100
2
(28,.025) 44.46, 2
(28,.010) 48.28
Therefore, reject H 0
at the 2.5% level but not at the 1% level of significance.
(n 1) s 2 24(159)
H 0 : 100; H 1 : 100;
2 2 2
c. = 38.16,
2
100
2
(24,.050) 36.42, 2
(24,.025) 39.36
Therefore, reject H 0
at the 5% level but not at the 2.5% level of significance.
(n 1) s 2 37(67)
H 0 : 100; H 1 : 100;
2 2 2
d. = 24.79,
2
100
2
(37,.100) 48.36, 2
(37,.05) 52.19
Therefore, do not reject H 0
at any common level of significance.
9.48 H 0
: 2 500; H 1 : 2 500; reject H 0
if 2(7,.10) > 12.02
(n 1) s 2 7(933.982)
2 = 13.0757, Therefore, reject H at the 10% level
2
500 0
9.49 a. s2 = 5.1556
b. H 0 : 2 2.25; H 1 : 2 2.25; reject H 0
if 2(9,.05) > 16.92
9(5.1556)
2 = 20.6224. Reject H 0
at the 5% level
2.25
9.50 H 0
: 2 300; H 1 : 2 300;
29(480)
2 = 46.4, p-value = .0214. Reject H 0
at the 5% level
300
9.51 The hypothesis test assumes that the population values are normally distributed
H 0 : 2.0; H 1 : 2.0; reject H 0 if (19,.05) > 30.14
2
19(2.36) 2
2
= 26.4556. Do not reject H at the 5% level
(2) 2 0
9.52 H 0
: 18.2; H 1 : 18.2;
24(15.3) 2
2 = 16.961.
(18.2) 2
Do not reject H 0 at the 10% level since 2 >15.66 = 2 (24,.10)
9.53 a. The null hypothesis is the statement that is assumed to be true unless there is sufficient
evidence to suggest that the null hypothesis can be rejected. The alternative
hypothesis is the statement that will be accepted if there is sufficient evidence to
reject the null hypothesis
b. A simple hypothesis assumes a specific value for the population parameter that is
being tested. A composite hypothesis assumes a range of values for the population
parameter.
c. One sided alternatives can be either a one-tailed upper (> greater than) or a one-tailed
lower (< less than) statement about the population parameter. Two sided alternatives
are made up of both greater than or less than statements and are written as ( not
equal to).
d. A Type I error is falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. To make a Type I error, the
truth must be that the null hypothesis is really true and yet you conclude to reject the
null and accept the alternative. A Type II error is falsely not rejecting the null
hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false. To make a Type II error, the null
hypothesis must be false (the alternative is true) and yet you conclude to not reject the
null hypothesis.
e. Significance level is the chosen level of significance that establishes the probability
of a making a Type I error. This is represented by alpha. The power of the test, 1 –
β, is the ability of the hypothesis test to identify correctly a false null hypothesis and
reject it.
9.54 The p-value indicates the likelihood of getting the sample result at least as far away from
the hypothesized value as the one that was found, assuming that the distribution is really
centered on the null hypothesis. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence against
the null hypothesis.
9.56 a. False. The significance level is the probability of making a Type I error – falsely
rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact the null is true.
b. True
c. True
d. False. The power of the test is the ability of the test to correctly reject a false null
hypothesis.
e. False. The rejection region is farther away from the hypothesized value at the 1%
level than it is at the 5% level. Therefore, it is still possible to reject at the 5% level
but not at the 1% level.
f. True
g. False. The p-value tells the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis.
776 800
9.58 a. P ( Z ) = P(Z < -2) = .0228
120 100)
776 740
b. P( Z ) = P(Z > 3) = .0014
120 100
c. i) smaller ii) smaller
d. i) smaller ii) larger
.4808 .5
z = -.39, p-value = 2[1-FZ(.39)] = 2[1-.6517] = .6966
(.5)(.5) /104
Therefore, reject H 0 at levels in excess of 69.66%
9.61
H₀: p = 0.5; H₁: p > 0.5
n = 95
p̂ = 54/95 = 0.568
.3333 .25
z = 2.356, therefore, reject H 0
at the 5% level
(.25)(.75) /150
.2746 .2
z = 2.22, p-value = 1-FZ(2.22) = 1-.9868 = .0132
(.2)(.8) /142
Therefore, reject H 0 at levels in excess of 1.32%
9.64 Cost Model where W = Total Cost: W = 1,000 + 5X
W 1, 000 5(400) 3, 000
125
2W (5)2 (625) 15, 625, W 125, W 25
25
H 0 : W 3000; H1: W 3000;
Using the test statistic criteria: (3050 – 3000)/25 = 2.00 which yields a p-value of .0228,
therefore, reject H 0 at the .05 level.
Using the sample statistic criteria: X crit 3, 000 (25)(1.645) 3041.1 , X calc 3, 050 ,
since X calc 3, 050 > X crit 3041.1 , therefore, reject H 0
at the .05 level.
9.65 H 0
: 39, H 1 : 39
40 39
t40 1.19 . Probability of X = 40 given that is 39 is .1170. Therefore, the
50
71
Vice President’s claim is not very strong.
114.11 114
= 0.66. Since 0.66 is greater than the critical value of -1.645, there is no
9.541 3108
sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
66.81 65
= 13.487. Since 13.487 is greater than the critical value of -1.645,
7.5 3108
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
70.38 70
= 1.69. Since 1.69 is greater than the critical value of 1.645,
12.694 3108
there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
9.68 H 0
: 40, H 1 : 40; X 49.73 42.86 reject H 0
One-Sample T: Salmon Weight
Test of mu = 40 vs mu > 40
Power curve
For beta = .50 .25 .10 and .05
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Power
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
40 41 42 43 44 45 46
PopMean
9.69 a. H : 0
1.6; H 1 : 1.6; reject H 0
if |z.05|> 1.645
1.615 1.6
z = 1.20, p-value =2[1-FZ(1.2)]= 0.2302.
.05 16
Do not reject H 0 at the 10% level
b. H 0
: .05; H 1 : .05; reject H 0
if 2(15,.10) 22.31
15(.086) 2
2
= 44.376. Reject H at the 10% level
(.05) 2 0
Variable 95.0% CI T P
Grams:11-34 ( 4.9130, 5.0320) -1.02 0.331
11(.0936) 2
2 = 154.19. Therefore, reject H at the 5% level
(.025) 2 0
23.34 28
= -11.00. Since -11.00 is smaller than the critical value of 1.645,
3.224 58
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
29.49 28
= 9.743. Since 9.743 is greater than the critical value of 1.645,
1.397 83
there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
27.24 28
= -7.778. Since -7.778 is smaller than the critical value of 1.645,
0.907 87
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
26.82 28
= -2.39. Since -2.39 is smaller than the critical value of 1.645,
4.054 67
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
There is no difference in the results obtained from the first and second
Interviews for men.
9.78 Mean weights of people who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure in the
first interview
x = 30.15; s = 6.613
x 0
H :0
30; H 1 : 30; . Reject if
s n
tn 1,
30.15 30
= 0.913. Since 0.913 is greater than the critical value of -1.645,
6.613 1522
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
Mean weights of people who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure in
the second interview
x = 30.29; s = 6.651
x
H 0 : 30; H 1 : 30; . Reject if s n0 tn1,
30.29 30
= 1.656. Since 1.656 is greater than the critical value of -1.645,
6.651 1420
there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
There is no difference in the results obtained from the first and second
Interviews for people diagnosed with high blood pressure.