FACULTY OF CIVIL ANG ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

GEOMATIC ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT
Subject Code BFC 2103
Code & Experiment Title Practical 2- Horizontal Control
Course Code 2/BFF
Date 23 SEPTEMBER 2010
Group 4
Members of Group LIM JUIN KHYE
LOY HUI TING
NORASHIRA JAMIL
LEE CHIN PHON
LOW TECK LOON
LEE WAN YEE
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor EN. ANUAR MOHD.SALLEH
Received Date 7 OCTOBER 2010

Comment by examiner Received

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Horizontal Control (Traverse)

Introduction
Traversing is the method of using lengths and directions of lines between points to determine
position of points. Traversing is normally associated with the field work of measuring angle and
distances between points on the ground. Closed traverses provide the primary method used in
checking surveying field work. Traverse closure and adjustment procedures are used to distribute
error in measurements. Mathematical traverses performed on a computer are used to check
surveying work such as mapping and legal descriptions.

Aims
To establish a series of stations that is linked together by angles and distances.

Objective
Horizontal control is carried out to locate and establish boundaries in a region through this field
work and produce a plan using surveying software.

Theory
A  system  of  control  stations,  local  or universal , must   be   established   to   locate   the
positions of various points, objects, or details on the surface of the earth.
The relative positions of detail  points  can  be  easily  determined  if  these points are tied in to a
local control station; or, if  the  control  station  is  tied  in  to  a  geodetic control,  the  positions
of  other  detail  points  can also  be  located  relative  to  a  worldwide  control system. The  main
control  system  is  formed  by  a  tri- angulation network supplemented by traverse. A traverse
that has been established and is used to locate  detail  points  and  objects  is  often  spoken of  as
a  control  traverse.  Any  line  from which  points  and  objects  are  located  is  a control line. A
survey is controlled horizon- tally  by  measuring  horizontal  distances  and horizontal  angles.
This  type  of  survey  is  often referred   to   as   horizontal   control. Horizontal control surveys
are also conducted to establish supplementary control stations for use in  construction  surveys.
Supplementary  control stations  usually  consist  of  one  or  more  short traverses run close to or
across a construction area to afford easy tie-ins for various projects. These stations are established
to the degree of accuracy needed  for  the  purpose  of  the  survey.

Equipments
Total Station (1 Set)
Prisms (2 Sets)
Prismatic Compass (1 Set)
Prismatic Compass Stand (1 Set)
Measuring Tape (1 Set)
Tripod (3 Sets)
Pegs (4 Sets)
Nails (4 Sets)

Procedures

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1) 4 Pegs were located as traverse stations in a suitable region which is not disturbance.
Measuring tape is used to determine all the points or traverse stations should be 40m or
greater apart each other. The pegs are labeled with station 1 to 4.
2) The nails had been nailed on each peg as the center point of a station.
3) Prismatic compass was set up and centered on station 2 and pointed to prism which
centered on station 1 to get the value of bearing for datum.
4) Total station was set up and centered on station 2 and 2 prisms were centered on station 1
and 3 each.
5) The instrument on station 2 was pointed to prism on station 1 as foresight station. The
value of datum was entered to Total Station as the bearing for angle for station 1 to station
2. Then total station was pointed to station 3 as back sight station to get the bearing
between station 2 and station3.
6) The instrument was transited to face right to obtain the face right bearing for the foresight
and back sight stations. Then, the horizontal distance were obtained from total station for
foresight and back sight stations.
7) The average of face left and face right bearing for back sight station was calculated.
8) The instrument was moved and centered on station 3 and the prisms were centered on
station 2 and 4 each. Total station was pointed to station 2 as foresight station first then
station 4 as back sight station. The bearing for foresight station was referred to the
calculated average bearing previously which is the average bearing ± 180°.
9) Total station was transited to face right to obtain face right bearing for fore sight and back
sight stations. The average of left and right bearing for back sight station was calculated.
Horizontal distance for foresight and back sight station were obtained from the
instrument.
10) Steps 8 to 9 were repeated for instrument on station 4 and station 1.
11) All the data obtained was recorded in a form, the bearing misclose was calculated and the
correction was done. Precision was determined and the area of the traverse survey was
calculated.

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Analysis Data
Average:
Station 2 to Station 3 (Back sight Station)
[ Face Left Bearing + ( Face Right Bearing ± 180° ) ] ÷ 2
[ 163°52’00’’ + ( 343°52’00’’ - 180° )] ÷ 2 = 163°52’00’’

Bearing Misclose:
Line 2 – 1 reading bearing = 70°49’13’’
Line 2 – 1 true reading = 70°49’55’’
70°49’13’’ - 70°49’55’’ = - 0°0’42’’
Correction = + 0°0’10.5’’ per station

Correction:
Station 2 to Station 3 = 163°52’00’’ + [(0°0’10.5’’) × 1]
= 163°52’11’’

Definite Bearing:
Adjust the second of bearing
(0’’ – 14’’) = 0’’
(15’’ – 44’’) = 30’’
(45’’ – 60’’) = 60’’
Station 2 to Station 3
= 163°52’11’’ (Bearing after correction)
= 164°52’00’’ (Adjusted bearing)

Latitude:
(Distance) cos (Bearing)
Station 1 to Station 2:
(76.392) cos (70°50’00”) = 25.081

Departure:
(Distance) sin (Bearing)
Station 4 to Station 1:
(63.301) sin (341°30’00”) = 60.030

Error in Latitude, EL:

∑Latitudes
25.081 – 63.153 – 21.969 + 60.030 = - 0.011

Error in Departure, ED:

∑Departures
72.157 + 18.268 – 70.356 – 20.086 = - 0.017

∑ Distance:
76.392 + 65.742 + 73.706 + 63.301 = 279.141

Error of closure, Eclosure:

√ [ (EL)2 + (ED)2 ]
√ [ (- 0.011)2 + (- 0.017)2 ] = 0.020

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Linear Misclosure:
E closure
∑ Distance
√ [(−0.011)2+(−0.017)2]
=7.254 ×10 ˉ⁵
279.141

Ratio : 1:13785.791 (acceptable, precise for class 2 survey)

Correction:
E L( Distance)
Latitude Correction =
∑ Distance
Station 1 to Station 2
= (- 0.011)(76.392) / (279.141)
= - 0.003
= + 0.003
So, the value after correction,
= 25.081 + 0.003
= 25.084
E D ( Distance)
Departure Correction =
∑ Distance
Station 4 to 1
= (- 0.017)(63.301) / (279.301)
= - 0.004
= + 0.004
So, the value after correction,
= - 20.086 + 0.004
= - 20.082

Dua Kali Latitude,

Pick the southest latitude to start the calculation.
Choose latitude on station (4 – 1) with opposite sign as 1 st value = 60.032
Sum the ‘dua kali latitude’ and ‘latitude’ values from station (4 – 1) with the ‘latitude’
value for next station (1 – 2) = 60.032 + 60.032 + 25.084 = 145.0148
Continue the calculation for next station until station (4 -1).

Dua Kali Departure,

Pick the westest departure to start the calculation.
Choose departure on station (1 – 2) with opposite sign as 1 st value = 72.162
Sum the ‘dua kali departure’ and ‘departure’ values from station (1 – 2) with the
‘departure’ value for next station (2 – 3) = 72.162 + 72.162 + 18.272 = 162.596
Continue the calculation for next station until station (1 – 2).

Dua Kali Latit × Dipat:

Station (3 – 4) = 21.966 × (- 70.352) = - 1545.352
Dua Kali Dipat × Latit:
Station (4 – 1) = 20.082 × 60.032 = - 1205.563

∑ (Dua Kali Latit × Dipat):

10474.170 + 1956.602 + (- 1545.352) + (- 1205.563) = 9679.857

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∑ (Dua Kali Dipat × Latit):
1810.112 + (- 10267.937) + (- 2427.594) + 1205.563 = - 9679.856
Discussion
1. Before doing the survey, there are a few things that must be considered. There are:
- All screw must be parallel to the centre line.
- Tripod stand must be in a straight line with the picket.
- After setting up, prism and total station must be in a straight line to the picket.
- Value from bearing (prismatic compass) must be entered correctly.
- Distance between one points to the others must clearly seen in 40m.

2. When a survey was taking on, there are several thing that must be clearly taking place
which are:
- The cross hair must be clearly seen by observer.
- The parallax error might be occur during reading was taken. Therefore the observer
must be the same person and very sure that the reading taken was correctly.
- During the changing of left face and right face, be sure that the position of tripod did
not change.
- Distance between one point to another was taken correctly.

3. After field work was complete, proceed with analysing data. When analysing data, a lot of
consideration must be given up to the filling form and calculation. The correction
between latit and dipat also must be placed with correct sign and value.

4. 4 stations have been established due to do this horizontal control fieldwork.

5. Those stations are set on ground where the vision to and from another station is without
any disturbance.
6. Pegs are set before tripod.
7. A closed traverse enables a check by plotting or computation, with any gap called the
linear misclosure.

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Recommendation
1. There are a few suggestions to reduce error during this survey. The suggestion are:
- All reading must be read by one person only for all survey point.
- The person who are in charges with setting up equipment must know how to setting
up very well.
- The picket position must be correctly in same line with total station.
- The survey must be carried out based on procedure given.

2. Other than that, there are a few suggestions to reduce error during calculate the survey
data. There are:
- All data observe must be calculated correctly with correct formula.
- Double check is needed to ensure the data was correct and the traverse was closed.
- All the angle and distance must be correctly calculated.
- The correction of data must be not more than 2’ 30” for second class traverse with
total stations less than 25 stations.

3. The tripod should be set on a firm ground so that the value we get will not be affect by
environmental .
4. We should plan clearly the place where we use as station because it is important to get a
clear vision without disturbance from a station to another station.
5. The total station must be used carefully because its price is expensive.
6. The pegs must be situated at place which can be seen so that when we going to do the
experiment next time, we will not meet situation where we can’t find the place of pegs.
7. The experiment should be done on a sunny day.

Conclusion
Horizontal control (traverse) is a form of control survey that requires the establishment of
a series of stations that is linked together by angles and distances. The used of
horizontal control is very fundamental. Hence, we used this method to measure the
lengths and directions of a series of traverse lines which located in main campus, and
each traverse station was marked with a wooden peg. The plan produced by surveying
software and relative horizontal position can be use for establish boundaries,
topographic mapping surveys, and construction layout surveys.

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Reference
Elementary surveying: an introduction to geomatics
: Charles D. Ghilani, Pual R. Wolf
Kejuruteraan Geomatik 1 : Masiri Kaamin, Abd. Shukor Sarif.

http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=186135&page=2

http://books.google.com.my/books?
id=GSPrDFRyLvIC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=geomatic+traverse&source=bl&ots=mZX2Z
SqTwq&sig=luOmNHUYgVg1WLqHrfnb65rlrIA&hl=en&ei=mJusTKLXHZHmvQPZwPX9Ag
&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/utility/power/utilityp0010.htm

http://www.geomaticsurveys.co.uk/projects.html