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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued)
a
2a
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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued)
HARDENABILITY ♦
Hardenability is the "ease" with which hardness may be
attained. Hardness is a measure of resistance to plastic
deformation.
♦
N actual N
=
(
Actual Area 0.0645 mm 2
, where
)
SV = grain-boundary surface per unit volume,
PL = number of points of intersection per unit length
between the line and the boundaries,
N = number of grains observed in a area of 0.0645 mm2,
and
n = grain size (nearest integer > 1).
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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued)
STRENGTH, PSI
NO ADDED AIR
4,000
the strains of the two components are equal.
(∆L/L)1 = (∆L/L)2 RECOMMENDED
2,000
∆L = change in length of the composite, PERCENT
L = original length of the composite. ENTRAINED AIR
HALF-LIFE 1,000
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
N = Noe –0.693t/τ, where W/C BY WEIGHT
No = original number of atoms,
N = final number of atoms, Concrete strength decreases with increase in water-
cement ratio for concrete with and without entrained air.
t = time, and
τ = half-life. (From Concrete Manual, 8th ed., U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1975.)
♦ Merritt, Frederick S., Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 1983.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE/STRUCTURE OF MATTER (continued)
POLYMERS
Classification of Polymers Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Polymers are materials consisting of high molecular weight The curve for the elastic modulus, E, or strength of
carbon-based chains, often thousands of atoms long. Two polymers, σ, behaves according to the following pattern:
broad classifications of polymers are thermoplastics or
thermosets. Thermoplastic materials can be heated to high
temperature and then reformed. Thermosets, such as
vulcanized rubber or epoxy resins, are cured by chemical or
Log E or log σ
thermal processes which cross link the polymer chains,
preventing any further re-formation.
Amorphous Materials and Glasses
Silica and some carbon-based polymers can form either
crystalline or amorphous solids, depending on their Tg Tm
Temperature
composition, structure, and processing conditions. These
two forms exhibit different physical properties. Volume Polymer Additives
expansion with increasing temperature is shown
Chemicals and compounds are added to polymers to
schematically in the following graph, in which Tm is the
improve properties for commercial use. These substances,
melting temperature, and Tg is the glass transition
such as plasticizers, improve formability during processing,
temperature. Below the glass transition temperature,
while others increase strength or durability.
amorphous materials behave like brittle solids. For most
common polymers, the glass transition occurs between Examples of common additives are:
–40°C and 250°C. Plasticizers: vegetable oils, low molecular weight
polymers or monomers
Fillers: talc, chopped glass fibers
Flame retardants: halogenated paraffins, zinc
borate, chlorinated phosphates
Glasses or Amorphous
Materials Ultraviolet or visible light resistance: carbon black
Volume
Crystalline
Materials
Temperature Tg Tm
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