Anthropological

Linguistics

VOLUME 33, NUMBER 4 WINTER 1991

SPECIAL ISSUE

John P. Harrington and His Legacy

John P. Harrington and His Legacy VICTOR GOLLA

Encounter with John P. Harrington CATHERINE A. CALLAGHAN

The Sound Recordings of John P. Harrington JAMES R. GLENN

The Papers of John P. Harrington

at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
JOHN R. JOHNSON, AMY MILLER, AND LINDA AGREN

"Precious Beyond the Power of Money to Buy" KATHRYN A. KLAR

John P. Harrington and Salish M. DALE KINKADE AND WILLIAM R. SEABURG

Some Observations on John P. Harrington's

Peoria Vocabulary ANTHONY P. GRANT AND DAVID J. COSTA

Kitanemuk: Reconstruction of a Dead Phonology ALICE J. ANDERTON

The Spanish of John P. Harrington's Kitanemuk Notes ALICE J. ANDERTON

Book Reviews

Department of Anthropology * American Indian Studies Research Institute

Indiana University * Bloomington, Indiana

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 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

Editor
Douglas R. Parks

Assistant Editor
David W. Dinwoodie

Associate Editors
Raymond J. DeMallie (Indiana University); Victor Golla (Humboldt State U

Book Review Editor

Mauricio J. Mixco (University of Utah)

Managing Editor
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Editorial Board
Salman Al-Ani (Indiana University); William Bright (University of Color
Campbell (Louisiana State University); Regna Darnell (Western Ontario Uni
M. W. Dixon (Australian National University); Ives Goddard (Smithsonian I
Eric Hamp (University of Chicago); Carleton Hodge (Indiana University); D
(University of Virginia); M. Dale Kinkade (University of British Colum
McLendon (Hunter College); Paul Newman (Indiana University); David S. R
versity of Colorado).

Anthropological Linguistics provides a forum for the full range of scholarly

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 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

VOLUME 33, NUMBER 4 WINTER 1991

[Published March 1994]

CONTENTS

John P. Harrington and His Legacy VICTOR GOLLA 337

Encounter with John P. Harrington CATHERINE A. CALLAGHAN 350

The Sound Recordings of John P. Harrington:

A Report on Their Disposition and
State of Preservation JAMES R. GLENN 357

The Papers of John P. Harrington

at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
JOHN R. JOHNSON, AMY MILLER, AND LINDA

"Precious Beyond the Power of Money to Buy":

John P. Harrington's Fieldwork with Rosario Cooper
KATHRYN A. KLAR 379

John P. Harrington and Salish

M. DALE KINKADE AND WILLIAM R. SEABURG 392

Some Observations on John P. Harrington's

Peoria Vocabulary ANTHONY P. GRANT AND DAVID J. COSTA 406

Kitanemuk: Reconstruction of a Dead Phonology Using

John P. Harrington's Transcriptions ALICE J. ANDERTON 437

The Spanish of John P. Harrington's Kitanemuk Notes

ALICE J. ANDERTON 448

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 Book Reviews

Semantic Universals and Universal Semantics

(Dietmar Zaefferer, ed.) EMMON BACH 458

Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis

(Malcolm Coulthard, ed.) CARL MILLS 460

A Macro-Sociolinguistic Analysis of Language Vitality:

Geolinguistic Profiles and Scenarios of
Language Contact in India (Grant D. McConnell) RAKESH M. BHATT 461

Power in Family Discourse

(Richard J. Watts) KATHLEEN WARDEN FERRARA 463

Birth of a National Language: The History of Setswana

(Tore Janson and Joseph Tsonope) BEN G. BLOUNT 465

Language Reportoires and State Construction

in Africa (David D. Laitin) FIONA MCLAUGHLIN 466

The Study of Names. A Guide to the

Principles and Topics (Frank Nuessel) JOHN L. IDOL, JR. 468

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Bilingual

Education (Christina Bratt Paulston, ed.) SIJEFREDO LOA 469

History and Mythology of the Aztecs-The Codex

Chimalpopoca and Codex Chimalpopoca. The Text in
Nahuatl with a Glossary and Grammatical Notes
(John Bierhorst) FRANCES KARTTUNEN 470

Australian Aboriginal Words in English:

their Origin and Meaning (R. M. W. Dixon,
W. S. Ramson, and Mandy Thomas) ARAM A. YENGOYAN 473

Publications Received 475

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 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

SPECIAL ISSUE

John P. Harrington and His Legacy

A collection of essays from the

First Conference on the Papers of John Peabody Harrington
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
24-26 June 1992

Victor Golla, editor

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 Kitanemuk:

Reconstruction of a Dead Phonology

Using John P. Harrington's Transcriptions

ALICE J. ANDERTON

University of Oklahoma

Abstract. The sound system of Kitanemuk has been largely reconstructed,

even though the language is extinct. The primary source is the field notes of
John P. Harrington, whose transcription system is idiosyncratic and incom-
pletely understood. Transcriptional uncertainties were resolved using various
kinds of evidence. This paper illustrates some of my strategies and findings in
the hope that these will aid other researchers trying to decipher Harrington's
notes for other languages.

1. Introduction. Kitanemuk, now extinct, was a Uto-Aztecan language of

the Takic branch (formerly called Southern California Shoshonean), spoken in
southern California, in the vicinity of the Tejon Pass, Tehachapi Mountains,
and surrounding areas. The last few fluent speakers apparently died in the
1940s. My dissertation (Anderton 1988) is a reconstruction of Kitanemuk
grammar and includes a dictionary. It is based primarily on the 1916-17 field
notes of John P. Harrington.' Assigning values to the various transcription
symbols used by Harrington was difficult: he used a precise but idiosyncratic
and inconsistent transcription system; there was no chart detailing Harring-
ton's usages; and it was impossible to verify pronunciations with speakers. I
resolved most questions regarding Harrington's representation of sounds by
using various kinds of evidence: comparison of Kitanemuk to closely related
languages; comparison to Harrington's transcription of other languages whose
pronunciation is known; and comparison to transcriptions of Kitanemuk by
other researchers. I also considered evidence from Spanish borrowings,
revisions between Harrington's two periods of fieldwork on Kitanemuk, com-
ments by Harrington's former wife on his phonetic practice, and a few explicit
comments by Harrington himself.

2. Source materials. Harrington's notes, archived at Berkeley at the time

of my research, were my primary source of data on Kitanemuk, but not the
only one. Maurice Zigmond had also worked on the language in the 1930s, and
he loaned me his ethnobotanical notebook and slips (Zigmond 1937). C. H.
Merriam had left field notes (1903, 1905). There were also brief materials left
by A. L. Kroeber (1907, 1925), C. E. Kelsey (1906), Richard van Valkenburg
and Malcolm Farmer (1934), and J. W. Hudson (ca. 1899-1902). These smaller

437

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438 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS 33 NO. 4

corpora were helpful in deciphering the Harrington

tained some of the same words. In addition, I soon learned that there were
actually two sets of Harrington notes: those then at Berkeley, and others held
by the National Anthropological Archives at the Smithsonian Institution. The
latter was a partial copy of the first, partly typewritten and revised.2 Com-
paring Harrington's earlier transcriptions to his later ones also helped in my
study.

3. Problems with the Harrington corpus in general. The first problem

I faced in attempting to understand the transcriptions was the difficulty of
interpreting Harrington's handwriting. After a brief period of adjustment I
could decipher most of his writing, but there were also other problems, well
known to Harrington researchers, which of course made the whole enterprise
more difficult: polyglot glosses (he usually used mixed English and non-
standard Spanish, but occasionally also Venturefio, Latin, or German),
idiosyncratic abbreviations, gaps in elicitation, and undated notes from
unnamed consultants, which I will not discuss at length here.
Once I understood what symbols were written on the pages, I faced the
problem not only of defining each symbol, but of interpreting the countless
instances where the same word or stem had been transcribed in more than one
spelling. I needed to determine whether the variants represented dialect
variation among different Kitanemuk speakers, rule-governed phonological
variation, free variation, a change of transcription practice by Harrington, a
narrower versus a broader transcription, earlier versus later transcription sys-
tems,3 or variations in Harrington's hearing of certain sounds on different
occasions. The possibilities were very difficult to sort out, but I resolved most
of the representations satisfactorily, using a variety of methods which I will
describe below.

4. Phonetic symbols used by Harrington. Harrington used a fairly large

number of symbols to transcribe Kitanemuk. The more frequent ones are a
ranged in table i. He also used the symbols and markings described below.

Table 1. Harrington's Symbols

p t ts tf, tfr k, k, k4 kw ' i a u

v s f, Jr q h, ' e o
m n a

l
w j

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 1991 ALICE J. ANDERTON 439

* a (alpha)
* . (small circle under sonorants, as in waravk /waravk 'intensive adverb'
This apparently indicates devoicing of an otherwise voiced sonorant. Thi
symbol also appears, inconsistently, under the r of tSr, Sr, presumably to
indicate the voiceless r release of retroflex consonants. Laird reports Har-
rington used it in his Chemehuevi notes to indicate voiceless vowels (Laird
1984:322).
* V.V (period between two vowels)
This occurs rarely; e.g., ha.its 'reed sp.' (also transcribed hdjits, hdits,
hafts and ha 9jts). Its meaning can only be guessed at; it may mark a hiatus
(indicating that neither vowel has become a glide), or the absence of a
glottal stop separating two vowels. Note, however, that contiguous vowel
are more often transcribed without the period than with it, including iu, ia,
io,a a, ai, ea, ua, ui, oa, oi, aa, ao.
* Breve under a vowel
The symbol appears to indicate the less prominent part of a dipht
Laird reports Harrington used it in his Chemehuevi notes to indicate
els that are elided in rapid speech (Laird 1984:322).
* Inferior hooks opening to the right
These hooks are occasionally used on vowels; they apparently indi
vowels that are slightly more open than usual, as in modern IPA usage
the note in the entry for tivo it 'animal', where open o is equated wit
"open o-Q."5
* Ligatures under consonant symbols
This form of ligature apparently shows only one phonological segment is
involved: tJ.
* Macrons (over both consonants and vowels)
These are used to show length. Segment length is profusely recorded using
macrons, but is non-phonemic. All vowels and most consonants (not s, r, 9)
are sometimes marked long.
* Small raised vowels
Examples of raised vowels include nikonaka9i (also nikonaka?,
ni-konaka 9) 'my necklace' (cf. konakat 'necklace, absolutive'). Harrington
refers to these as "echo vowels." They are apparently very short, probably
voiceless vowels that follow syllables closed by 9.
* (acute accent)
The mark is apparently used to indicate stress.
* The symbol #
The symbol appears very infrequently, and its meaning is not clear.6
* Underlining

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440 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS 33 NO. 4

Prefixes are indicated with underlining: akwavaj 'it [baby] bawls out
suddenly'; here, a- is the 3rd person singular subject prefix.

* A and k
Both symbols appear to represent a backed allophone of k; but transcri
tions vary a great deal in this regard-cf. transcriptions of taka-t 'person':
takat, tikkat, ta9kat, taicat, takat, ta-kat.

A velar allophone of h, q corresponds to IPA [x], not [q].7

fI
The symbol represents the sound of English sh (i.e
ch (i.e., IPA [tf]), according to Laird (1984:322). But
tfr and fr respectively, are apparently retroflex c
have retroflex (or possibly just backed) allophon
Harrington's comment regarding the form wajnif
"s is not fr-like-when in contact with i it never
to be an area where Harrington's transcriptions ar
ca-c 'shaman', which he transcribes as tsatr, trratf
tfritSr. Kathryn Klar (p.c.) reports that Harrin
palatals and retroflex sounds in Obispefio.' Ken
conference paper ("Harrington's Phonetic Sym
Theories," giving examples from Gabrielino, Se
Harrington used "r-coloring"-in symbols like tfr-t

T
The symbol f is used in words that are probably borrowed. It apparently
represents a voiceless 1.

f,d,o andg
These symbols occur only in borrowings from Spanish. They are assumed
to represent the sounds associated with them in IPA usage.
w and h

These letters occur following certain segments; they are assumed to repre-
sent light offglides, probably very faint.

The mark indicates aspiration (in some but not all cases other morphologi-
cal combinations show this to be h).

The mark indicates a glottal stop.

* a

The symbol represents a high-central vowel

sion below).

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 1991 ALICE J. ANDERTON 441

5. Interpretation strategies.

5.1. Comparison to closely related languages. In making educated

guesses as to the meaning of symbols, I considered the phonologies of o
Takic languages. The inventories of the other Takic languages in table 2
port the hypothesis that most of Harrington's basic symbols have appro
mately the expected values.

5.2. Comparison to Harrington's transcription of other languages

whose pronunciation is known. Although Harrington was inconsistent in
his spelling of particular Kitanemuk words, he may have been consistent

Table 2. Inventories of Some Takic Languages

Serrano (Crook 1974)

p t c c k, kw q 9 i ii u
v s x, xw h h
m n n r a,a

1 lY
w r y

Luisefio (Bright 1968)

p t c k, kw q, qw i u
f s s x, xw h e o
v d a
m n
r

I
w y

Cupefio (Bright and H

p t c 6 k kw q 9 i u i: u:
s s x xw h a a: :
v d g a a:
m n ny r1
r

1 ly
w y

Cahuilla (Seiler 1977

p t k,kw q i u ii uu
f s x, xw h e ee oo
v d g a aa
m n fin
r

1 1
w y

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442 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS 33 NO. 4

across neighboring languages in his use of particul

comparison of his notes on other Takic language
confirms a number of his symbol usages. Laird
bols for Chemehuevi, which has also been studied b
that he used the odd k symbol ("square k"), and als
pefio Chumash, which he investigated just before

5.3. Comparison with Kitanemuk transcriptions by others. Zigmond's

symbols, shown in table 3, are somewhat different from Harrington's, but they
confirm his inventory in most respects. In the vowel chart, the symbol u
represents Zigmond's script-style u symbol (the usual Americanist lax u
symbol), corresponding to IPA [co]. Zigmond also used an acute accent over a
vowel to represent stress, in ways that are consistent for the most part with
Harrington's transcriptions. Zigmond told me that his a probably represents a
high-central vowel. He describes a with a small circle beneath as the sound of
ow in English how, or au in German; it corresponds to Harrington's aw in some
entries. The letter a corresponds to [ay] in, e.g., wanaypac. The symbol '
following stops represents aspiration (not contrastive). An alpha (a) stands
for the vowel sound in English nut-presumably IPA [A]; it corresponds to
Harrington's a in some forms such as yak (-yik) 'locative'.
Merriam insisted that the sounds of other languages could be represented
using only English-type spelling and a few diacritics. His system (Merriam
1903, 1905), shown in table 4, leaves much to be desired; still, it seems to
confirm the values of Harrington's basic symbols.

Table 3. Zigmond's Symbols for Kitanemuk

b, p t c g, k, q kw i r, a, u
, v s c s x h, hw
m, mw n ) e, e
r a

1 a
w dy, y

Table 4. Merriam's Symbols

p t ts tr, ch k kw ' i,ee, e u, oo

b , v, s shr ch h e o
m n ng a, ah
r

w y

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 1991 ALICE J. ANDERTON 443

Merriam's raised ch represents

syllable-final position (William B
or breves over them, as well as plain. An acute accent follows stressed sylla-
bles. On one occasion (no"taht 'old woman') he uses what looks like a double
quote; it probably represents aspiration (actually phonological h) closing a
stressed syllable. The high-central vowel of Harrington's and Zigmond's tran-
scription is sometimes represented in Merriam's notes by oo, breve e, o, or u.
Kroeber gives a key to his own transcription system, which also confirms
my conclusions regarding Harrington's (Anderton 1988:659-70).
Table 5 summarizes the correspondences between my orthography (AJA),
the orthographies of Harrington (JPH), Zigmond (MLZ), and Merriam (CHM),
and their probable International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) equivalents.

5.4. Evidence from borrowings from Spanish. Numerous borrowings

from Spanish suggest that many of Harrington's symbols have their usual
values. We know how the Spanish is pronounced. After accounting for the
necessary adaptations to Kitanemuk morpheme structure constraints and
stress assignments, the other symbols can be matched at least approximately

Table 5. Correspondences of the Various Spelling Systems

AJA JPH MLZ CHM IPA

p p p, b p p
t t t t t
c ts c ts c
k k, k, K k, g, q k k, q
kw kw kw kw kw

v v v, v, , b v, 0
S S S S S

c tf, tJr 6 tr, ch, tch tf, tJ

fI, fr shr I, f
h h, q h, x h h, x
w w w w w

y j y, dy y j
r r r r r

1 1 1 1

i i i e, ee,E i
e e e, E e e
a a a a, ah, uh a
i a r,a, u,a u, oo, e, o i
0 O 3 O O

u u u U, 00, u u

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444 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS 33 NO. 4

to their Spanish counterparts. For example, rihir '

as some kind of liquid, substituted for Spanish 1
perhaps occurs only in borrowings from a certain

5.5. Harrington's revisions of his own Kitanemuk transcriptions.

Further examination of Harrington's later set of notes at the Smithsonian may
reveal some systematic changes in transcription, but many of the notes at
Berkeley were simply retyped, retaining the many variant spellings. To date,
the latter set has been helpful primarily as a check on unclear handwriting in
the Berkeley notes.

5.6. Comments by Harrington's former wife on his practice. Carobeth

Laird, who was married to Harrington during the time that he did his Kitane-
muk work, illuminated several issues regarding his transcriptions. She
described his use of the glottal stop, the aspiration mark, S, tf, q, and inferior
hooks on vowels, and his transcription habits in general (Laird 1984:321-23).

5.7. Comments by Harrington himself. In a few cases-his comment

regarding the hook on vowels is an example (see section 4)--Harrington made
explicit statements about the value of his symbols or diacritics. He confirmed
the meaning of macrons over vowels in an entry for tamats 'tooth': "note that
these syllables regularly appear long before -ts." And in a few cases where
consultants were named, the identity of the speakers showed that variant
transcriptions could only have represented free variation (or inaccurate
hearing by Harrington).
The identification of the schwa symbol demonstrates several of the strate-
gies used throughout in deciphering symbols. My assessment that a probably
represents a high-central vowel-closer to [i] than to [a]-is based on the
following:
* The same symbol was used by Zigmond, who remembers it as [i], and
used it in this way in his Kawaiisu notes.9
* Laird's description of Harrington's transcription system for Chemehuevi
confirms this interpretation (Laird, p.c.).
* Klar (p.c.) reports that Harrington used a to represent [i] in Obispeiio
Chumash, which he investigated shortly before Kitanemuk.
* Convenience may have been a consideration (Harrington's special type-
writer has a a, but no i).
* A possible rule of c - [6] before a suggests it is a high rather than a cen-
tral vowel.

* Serrano, the language most closely related to Kitanemuk, has [i] and not
[a].

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 1991 ALICE J. ANDERTON 445

6. Results. In my dissertation I
phonological representation of w
analysis, common linguistic usa
descriptions of other Takic lan
sounds.

In the dictionary I also included the various transcriptions of each form to

facilitate possible reinterpretation by other scholars. I also considered the
spellings used by other publications in the field of Takic linguistics (omitting
those that make an explicit attempt to use primarily English alphabet
symbols).

7. Some unresolved issues. Some areas of Kitanemuk phonology will prob-

ably have to remain unclear. For example, I was unable to find rules to fully
predict either stress (it is apparently most often initial, and perhaps alternat-
ing after that), segment lengthening, backing of k, or the occurrence of echo
vowels (suggestions for possible rules that are consistent with most of the
transcriptions are given in Anderton [1988:39-43, 61-63, and 68-69]). There
is, however, no positive evidence that any of these is phonologically significant.
It is also unknowable whether or not Kitanemuk i is retroflex like the high-
central vowels of Serrano, a very close sister language.

Table 6. Segment Inventory

CONSONANTS VOWELS

labial alveolar palatalo vela

obstruents p t, c 5 k, kw 9 i i u [hi]
fricatives v s s h e o
nasals m n ) a [lo]
rhotic r
lateral 1
glides w y

Notes

1. Harrington's Kitanemuk fieldnotes are in the National Anthropological

chives, Smithsonian Institution, and are available in volume 3 of the microfilm ed
of Harrington's papers (Harrington 1986, reels 098-100, and 181-82). See M
Brickfield (1986:60-64, 147).
2. Both sets of notes are now in the National Anthropological Archives and ha
been integrated in the microfilm edition (Mills and Brickfield 1986:60-64).
3. Carobeth Laird confirms that some odd or inconsistent spellings may be lin

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446 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS 33 NO. 4

tically non-significant: "Linguistic symbols had not bee

worked with Harrington; and had they been, he would hav
them. He was constantly experimenting-constantly strivin
a system of phonetic writing that would be quick, clear, a
sounds he heard. Evidence of this experimentation is sc
texts. I find pages copied over and over, each time with
1984:323).
4. For Harrington's backed k symbol, which resemble
have used here Greek kappa: r.
5. It was pointed out during audience discussion that th
tent with the long-standing practice in Romance linguistic
vowel to indicate an open quality, and a dot to indicate a m
6. An audience member pointed out that Harrington use
in his Barbarefio Chumash notes to indicate very high pit
recordings.
7. This is confirmed by Laird (1984: 323) in her descript
scription system for Chemehuevi, a language that she and
his work with Kitanemuk. It is also reported to be Har
number of other languages (Bright, p.c.; Pamela Munro, p.
8. Robert Oswalt, in "The Coast Yuki and Pomo Notes of
presented to the conference, reported that the large scrip
Harrington for 8, and his tS represents J in that language
9. But note (in the discussion of Zigmond's transcript
that Harrington writes with schwa are written by Zi
remembers using for a lower "wedge"-type vowel, presum
to. As Margaret Langdon points out, one cannot assume
tion of these affricates is actually palatal.

References

Anderton, Alice
1988 The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. Ph.D. diss., Univer
California, Los Angeles.
Bright, William
1968 A Luisefio Dictionary. University of California Publications in Lin
no. 51. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Bright, William, and Jane H. Hill
1967 The Linguistic History of the Cupefio. In Studies in Southwestern
Ethnolinguistics, edited by Dell H. Hymes and William Bittle, 351-71. The
Hague: Mouton.
Crook, Donald
1974 Modal Enclitics in Serrano. Manuscript in Crook's possession.
Harrington, John P.
ca. 1916-17 [Field Notes on Kitanemuk.] Manuscripts, National Anthropological
Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; formerly archived in

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 1991 ALICE J. ANDERTON 447

the Linguistics Department, Un

by Geri Anderson (ca. 1973) an
1986 The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution,
1907-57, Vol. 3. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications.
Microfilm, 182 reels.
Hudson, J. W.
ca. 1899-1902 [Unpublished Field Notes Recorded at Tej6n with Gabrielino Infor-
mants.] Manuscripts, Department of Anthropology, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago.
Kelsey, C. E.
19go6 Some Numerals from the California Indian Languages. Manuscript 424,
University of California-Berkeley Archaeological Research Facility.
Kroeber, A. L.
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