HEAT EXCHANGER

POLITEKNIK PERKAPALAN NEGERI SURABAYA

Heat Transfer Mechanism
HEAT EXCHANGER:
A Heat Exchanger may be defined as a Mechanical device which
transfer the heat from hot fluid to cold fluid, with maximum rate,
with minimum investment and with running cost.
Notable examples are:
a) Boilers, super heater and reheaters,
b) Radiators of automobiles,
c) Oil coolers of heat engine,
d) Evaporator and condensor of refrigeration system ,
e) Regenerator of gas turbine power plants,
f) Water and air coolers or heaters,

g) Several other industrial processes.

Application Heat Exchanger in Waste
Treatment

uses the example: paper factory, Operators of biogas plants

Application Heat Exchanger in Waste
Treatment
Spiral Heat Exchangers Uses: green anaerobic digestion
processes that produce biogas from
organic wastes such as livestock
manure, food by-products, fats, oils,
and grease.
Application Heat Exchanger in Waste
Treatment
Classification of Heat Exchangers:

Many types of heat exchangers have been developed to meet the

widely varying applications which are classification based on :

 Operating principle ( nature of heat exchanger process),

 Relative direction of fluid motion,

 Design and constructional features,

 Physical state of fluid , etc.

A) According to operating principle heat transfer
process:

According to heat exchange process

Non Direct contact type of Direct contact type of heat

heat exchanger exchanger

Recuperator Regeneration Examples:

Examples: examples: 1.cooling tower
1.Radiator 1.Open hearth furnace 2.condensor etc.
2.Oil heaters etc. 2.Glass melting furnace etc.
A1) Direct contact type heat exchanger:
In direct contact type or open
type of heat exchangers the heat
transfer take place between two
fluids by direct contact between
them.
 There is simultaneous transfer of
heat and mass refer fig. 1
 The rate of heat transfer is
maximum in such case.
 The use of direct contact type heat
exchanger is limited to the
situation where mixing between
the fluids is either desirable or
harmless.
B)According to the direction of fluid motion

Parallel flow or
unidirectional flow Cross flow
or concurrent flow Counter flow or Examples:
Examples: counter current flow 1.Cooling units of
1.Oil coolers Examples: refrigeration system
2. Oil heaters 1. Used almost in all 2.Automobile radiator
engineering application
3.Water heaters
B1)Parallel flow/unidirectional flow:
 In case of parallel floe heat exchanger,
both the fluids are flowing in the same
directions.
 Fig.4 represented the variations in
temperature along the length of heat
exchanger.
 Since this type of heat exchanger needs a
large area of heat transfer, therefore , it is
rarely used in practice.
 As the two fluids are separated by a wall,
this type of heat exchanger may be called
parallel flow recuperator.
B2) Counter flow/ Counter current heat exchanger:
 In case of counter flow heat
exchanger , both the fluids are
flowing in the opposite
directions.
 The arrangement and
temperatures variations along
the length of heat exchange for
such heat exchangers are shown
in fig.
B3)Cross flow heat exchanger:
 Fig. shows schematic diagrams
of common arrangements of
cross flow heat exchangers,
both fluids are directed at right
angles to each others.
 Fig.(a) represents the case in
which there is no mixing of
fluids streams which is
flowing over the tube(i.e.
example: automobile radiator).
Fig(b) represent the mixing of

fluid streams at one side (i.e. over

tubes) (Example : condensor of

refrigerating system , where air

stream will mix together and

refrigerent stream does not mix).

C) Mechanical design of heat exchanger surface
It is classified as given below:

1) Concentric tube type heat exchangers,

2) Shell and tube,

3) Multiple shell and tube passes,

4) Compact heat exchangers,

5) Finned tube type

C1) Concentric tube type heat exchangers
 Fig. represents concentric tube

type of heat exchanger.

These are also called tubular

heat exchangers or tube in tube

type of heat exchangers or

double pipe heat exchanger.

C2) Shell and tube type heat exchangers:

In shell and tube type heat exchangers, one fluid with flow through shell and other
will flow through tube.
There is no direct contact between two fluids and the heat will transfer.
 C2) Shell and tube type heat exchangers

Multiple shell and tube passes are used for enhancing the overall heat

transfer area.

Multiple type pass heat exchangers are those which re route the fluid

through tubes in opposite direction.

Examples are surface condensor in thermal power plants

Multiple shell and tube passes

1,2 Heat Exchanger

2,4 Heat Exchanger

C3) Compact heat exchangers
 These are special type of heat exchangers in which heat transfer surface area

per unit volume is very large.

 They are generally employed when convective heat transfer associated with

one of the fluids is much smaller than that of associated with the other

fluids.

 These are usually cross floe heat exchangers.

.
Compact heat exchangers
C4) FINNED TUBE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS:
When very high rate of heat transfer is required, fins are placed on the

one side of heat exchanger which is called finned tube type of heat

exchangers.

The use of fins enhance heat transfer area and thereby heat exchanges.

These heat exchangers are in engine cylinder, Gas turbines,

refrigerators, electronics equipments, air conditioning systems etc.,

radiator of an automobiles is a example of said heat exchanger.

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
Others Type of Heat Exchanger
Spiral He Kettle Reboiler
 D) Physical state of fluids

: Condensors Evaporators
D1) Condensors:
In condensors, the temperature of hot fluid
remains same for the entire length of the heat
exchanger but the temperature of cold fluid
increases gradually along the length of heat
exchanger.
Refer fig.
The hot fluid reject latent heat which is
absorbed by the cold fluid.
In case of condensor of thermal power plant,
the hot fluid is steam and the cold fluid is
cooling water which is gaining the heat and Fig. Temperature distribution for condensor
rejecting the heat in cooling towers.
D2)Evaporators:
In evaporators, the temperature of cold

fluid remains same and the hot fluid

temperature drops.

The cold fluids receives latent heat from

the hot fluid.

In case of thermal power plants, the flue

gases(hot fluids) reject the heat and the Fig. Temperature distribution for evaporator

heat and the same is gain by the cold fluid

(i.e. water ) in boilers.