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A Review on
n Unit Sixing, Optimization and
Energy Management oof HRES
Dipti
M.Tech Scholar
Scholar, Electrical Engineering Department,
E-Max School of Engineering
gineering and Applied Research
Research, Gadhauli, Ambala, Haryana,
Haryana India
ABSTRACT
It has become imperative for the power and energy increase in the demand for energy and in particular
pa
engineers to look out for the renewable energy electricity. This has led to a huge supply–demand
supply gap
sources such as sun, wind, geothermal, ocean and in the power sector. The scarcity of conventional
biomass as sustainable, cost-effective
effective and energy resources, rise in the fuel prices and harmful
environment friendly alternatives for conventional emissions from the burning of fossil fuels has made
energy sources. However, the non-availability
availability of these power generation from conventional energy
en sources
renewable energy resources all the time throughout unsustainable and unviable. It is envisage that this
the year has led to research in thee area of hybrid supply–demand
demand gap will continue to rise
renewable energy systems. In the past few years, a lot exponentially unless it is met by some other means of
of research has taken place in the design, power generation. Inaccessibility of the grid power to
optimization, operation and control of the renewable the remote places and the lack of rural electrification
e
hybrid energy systems. It is indeed evident that this have prompted for alternative sources of energy. The
area is still emerging and vast in scope. The main aim renewable energy resources, such as wind, sun, water,
of this paper is to review the research on the unit sea and biomass, have become better alternatives for
sizing, optimization, energy management and conventional energy resources. Hybrid Renewable
modeling of the hybrid renewable energy system Energy Systems (HRES) is composed of one
components. Developments in research on modeling renewable and one conventional energy source or
of hybrid energy resources (PV systems), ba backup more than one renewable with or without
energy systems (Fuel Cell, Battery, UltraUltra-capacitor, conventional energy sources, that works in standalone
Diesel Generator), power conditioning units (MPPT or grid connected mode [1]. HRES is becoming
converters, Buck/Boost converters, Battery chargers) popular for stand-alone
alone power generation in isolated
and techniques for energy flow management have sites duee to the advances in renewable energy
been discussed in detail. In this paper, an atte
attempt has technologies and power electronic converters which
been made to present a comprehensive review of the are used to convert the unregulated power generated
research in this area in the past one decade. from renewable sources into useful power at the load
end. The important feature of HRES is to combine
Keywords: Battery energy storage systems, two or more renewable
enewable power generation technologies
photovoltaic, renewable, solar, proportional integral to make best use of their operating characteristics and
regulator, power quality. to obtain efficiencies higher than that could be
obtained from a single power source. Hybrid systems
I. INTRODUCTION can address limitations in terms of fuel flexibility,
The rapid industrialization over the past three decades efficiency,
ency, reliability, emissions and economics. A
due to globalization, inventions in new technologies generalized model of HRES is illustrated with a block
and increased household energy consumption of the diagram in Fig. 1, where either one or both of the
urban population has resulted in the unprecedented renewable sources (solar PV/wind) can be used in
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
than DG, and second benefit would be reduction of aspects in the subsequent sections, i.e. unit sizing and
power losses, since the FC power plant can be placed optimization of the HRES, modeling of the major
at or near the load center to take advantage of its low components used in hybrid PV systems with FC, DG,
noise and emissions. Another important advantage in Battery or UCas backup, modeling of power
using FC is its fuel flexibility. However, the most conditioning units, optimal energy flow management
common fuel used is hydrogen. Hydrogen can be and at last the challenges faced by HRES and future
derived from natural gas, ethanol, methanol, biogas, trends that can help in improving the system. The
and coal gas, propane, naphtha or other similar sizing and optimization study is essential before
hydrocarbons through reforming. This type of hybrid setting up or installation of a HRES. It gives a fair
system is particularly useful in spaceship, idea of the size of the individual components and
transportation and stationary applications. Hydrogen hence plays an important role in the initial capital
prices are likely to drop in future to about double investment. The modeling of components is highly
price of natural gas as hydrogen is becoming a significant in understanding the physical mechanisms
commodity. The decisive economical factor is the and power generation ability of the components. It is
effective cost per kWh. Today’s FCs is already useful for simulation studies. The optimal energy flow
competitive in comparison to DG, offering a huge up- study devises techniques and schemes to operate the
side potential with the expected cost decrease in system at minimum cost but with high reliability.
hydrogen and cost increase in diesel. If the whole Lastly, the challenges bring forward the gaps in
system is properly designed, then FC results in research areas and the discussion on future trends is
reduced maintenance effort and cost compared with a vital for improving the overall technology of the
DG [14]. The review article discusses four main HRES.
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
increase the system cost whereas under sizing can et al. [20] proposed a strategy to minimize the total
lead to failure of power supply. Thus, sufficient care system cost subject to the constraint of LPSP using
should be taken to design a reliable system at GA. Moriana et al. [21] also used LPSP as a reliability
minimum cost. A classification chart that groups and index for sizing the storage unit in a wind/PV system.
classifies the various sizing procedures is illustrated in Nelson et al. [22] considered an LPSP less than or
Fig. 2. This broad classification is based on the equal to 0.0003 which corresponds to a loss of power
availability and non-availability of weather data, such of 1 day in 10 years for sizing the PV modules and
as irradiance, clearness index and wind speed [15]. hydrogen tanks in a wind/PV/FC system. In remote
When weather data is available, conventional sizing inaccessible sites, weather data collection is difficult.
approaches are used and are classified on the basis of Hence researchers devised AI based techniques to size
concept of energy balance and reliability of supply. the PV systems. Mellit et al. [16] discussed various AI
However, conventional techniques need long term methods for sizing of PV systems. Some of the AI
meteorological data for sizing of PV systems, which techniques are ANN, FL, GA or a hybrid of such
may not be available in remote isolated sites. Thus, methods. These methods can tolerate certain degree of
non-availability of weather data in remote sites has error in the input data; generate fast results once
urged the researchers to look into Artificial trained from examples and model complex non-linear
Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as Artificial Neural processes with ease. ANN is a collection of
Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Logic (FL), Genetic interconnected processing units where each incoming
Algorithms (GA) or a hybrid of such techniques [16]. connection has an input value and a weight attached
Conventional sizing methods are in use for more than to it. The output is a function of the summed units.
two decades and give accurate results when actual ANNs can then be trained with respect to data sets,
weather data is available. One of the simple ways of and once trained, new patterns may be presented to
sizing components is based on the concept of energy them for prediction or classification. FL allows the
balance. The daily average available energy from the application of a ‘human language’ to describe the
sun and the daily average load demand are balanced problems and their fuzzy solutions. When input
to determine the number of modules needed. The parameters are highly variable and unstable, fuzzy
available energy from the sun can be determined from controllers can be used as they are more robust and
solar irradiance data. Sizing based on energy balance cheaper than conventional PID controllers. Hybrid
takes into consideration the path losses and methods use a combination of two or more AI
efficiencies of the source, converters and controllers. techniques for sizing the system. Mellit et al. [23]
Li et al. [17] proposed an algorithm to determine the considered the latitude and longitude of the site as
minimal system configuration using an iterative inputs and estimated two outputs based on an ANN
technique based on energy balance. The optimal sizes model for sizing the PV system. The output
of the system components for a hybrid PV/FC/Battery parameters allowed successful sizing of the number of
system producing onsite hydrogen were determined in PV modules and batteries with a relative error less
[18]. Sizing of batteries were done by carefully than 6%. Similar applications of various AI
choosing the days of autonomy, a vital parameter in techniques in sizing and optimization of HRES are
battery sizing. FC and electrolyzer sizing were done listed in Table 1. Sizing of the components is
taking marginal safety. Some of the sizing procedures generally accompanied by optimizing the system
in the literature consider the reliability of electricity components or other parameters, such as investment
supply as an important factor. This reliability is cost, output energy cost or consumption of fuel [29].
determined by estimating the loss of load probability Optimization is generally carried with the objective of
(LOLP) which is the ratio between estimated energy minimizing the Net Present Cost (NPC) or by
deficit and the energy demand over the total time of minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) [30].
operation [15]. Other similar concepts are loss of Wang and Singh [31] proposed a constrained mixed-
power probability (LOPP), loss of power supply integer multi objective particle swarm optimization
probability (LPSP) and load coverage rate (LCR). (PSO) method to minimize the system cost and
Such sizing techniques are used in applications where simultaneously maximize the system reliability. The
a high degree of reliability is required. Ardakani et al. unit sizing and optimization by minimizing the NPC
[19] used a reliability index called equivalent loss using HOMER for a hybrid PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery
factor (ELF) for optimizing the size of the system and hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery system has been
components in a hybrid wind/PV/Battery system. Xu carried out in [32] and [33], respectively. Ashok [34]
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
used non-linear constrained optimization techniques available today in order to model, size and optimize
to minimize the annual operating cost for a hybrid the hybrid system. An overview of such simulation
PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery system including a micro- and/or optimization tools is discussed in [29, 30]. A
hydro. The renewable energy fraction was calculated brief description of a few popular simulation tools is
to be 100% and the need for DG was hence listed in Table 2.
eliminated. Several simulation tools are readily
III. Optimal energy flow management in hybrid intermittent and dependent on several uncontrolled
systems conditions. The dynamic interaction between various
The An optimal energy flow management among the energy sources and the loads often requires a careful
various energy sources in HRES is necessary since, study of the transient response of such systems. The
the power output from renewable sources is energy management strategy should ensure high
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
system efficiency and high reliability with least cost. a PMS for a PV/FC/Battery hybrid system based on
The main objective of the technique should be to the cost of battery and FC. The authors have aimed at
supply the peak load demand at all times. In hybrid PV reducing the number of change over between FC and
systems, FCs serve as long term energy storage option battery by introduction of measuring and time delay
and are in demand because of multiple advantages. elements to the conventional strategy. Jiang presented
However the slow dynamics of FCs and its an effective energy management strategy and
degradation due to frequent start-up and shut down simulated in virtual test bed (VTB) environment for a
cycles is a major disadvantage. Hence batteries are PV/FC/Battery system connected to the dc bus through
used in such hybrid systems to take care of power appropriate dc–dc power converters and controls. The
deficits and to act as a short term energy storage PV-Battery subsystem was controlled in two modes,
medium. The combination of FCs and batteries along namely the MPPT mode and the bus (battery) voltage
with PV helps in ensuring uninterrupted power supply limit (BVL) mode. The BVL mode prevents the
to the load. The key parameters that influence or help battery from overcharging and the MPPT mode draws
in deciding the optimal energy management strategy maximum power from the PV module.
have been summarized as follows:
Useful electrical energy available from the primary IV. Conclusions
renewable energy sources, such as solar PV and This review article presents comprehensive overview
wind turbines. of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) with
Capital cost, operating cost, lifetime and days of emphasize on solar photovoltaic based stand-alone
autonomy of storage devices, such as batteries, applications. Various significant aspects of such
ultra-capacitors and FCs. systems, such as unit sizing and optimization,
State of charge of storage devices or the pressure modeling of system components and optimal energy
level of hydrogen tanks in case of hydrogen energy flow management strategies, are specifically
systems. reviewed. Different sizing techniques have been
The number of start-up and shut down cycles for reviewed under classification based on availability of
FCs and electrolyzer. weather data. Developments in research on modeling
Fuel price in case of hybrid systems involving DG. of hybrid energy resources (PV systems), backup
energy systems (fuel cell, battery, ultra-capacitor,
The literature on energy management schemes is quite diesel generator) and power conditioning units (MPPT
extensive and includes various configurations of the converters, buck/boost converters, battery chargers)
hybrid systems involving solar PV. Ipsakis et al. have been reviewed. The equivalent models including
proposed three power management strategies (PMS) several physical mechanisms of these system
for a hybrid PV/Wind/FC/Battery system with components have been extensively discussed with a
hydrogen production using electrolyzers. The PMSs broad classification in modeling section. The section
are compared based on a sensitivity analysis by on energy flow management has covered significant
considering several parameters such as SOC of references on various methods for optimal operation
batteries and output power from FC. The key decision and control of HRES. The issues on economic
factors in the PMSs are the power delivered by the viability and grid interconnection are the major
renewable energy sources and the SOC of the challenges to make the HRES adaptable and
batteries. These PMSs strongly affect the lifetime of sustainable. The high capital cost and low demand in
various subsystems, mainly the FC and electrolyzer. solar photovoltaic and fuel cells had slowed down the
Three stand-alone hybrid PV systems (PV/Battery, large scale implementation of such hybrid systems in
PV/FC, PV/FC/Battery) using different energy storage the past. However, recent global boost to renewable
technologies are discussed, analyzed and compared in energy markets has dramatically encouraged research
[17]. The energy management strategy here is based and development in this sector. Future trends include
on the system energy balance throughout the year and cutting edge technology development to increase the
a trade-off between maximum system efficiency and efficiency of such hybrid systems and encouragement
minimum system cost has been implemented. The in terms of its implementation. HRES has an immense
PV/FC/Battery hybrid system was found to have potential to meet the load demand of remote, isolated
higher system efficiency with lower cost and also sites and can contribute significantly to both rural as
required lesser number of PV modules as compared to well as urban development. This in turn reduces the
the other two configurations. Kang and Won suggested central generation capacity and increases overall
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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