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The sample size of 400 as determined using Slovin’s formula from a population of

369,222 people.

Formula:

n = 369,222/ 1 + [(369,222)(0.052)]

n = 369,222/924.055

n = 399.56 or 400

where:

n = sample Size

N = population

e = margin of Error

Stratified random sampling technique was used in this study. It ensures an equal

representation of each identified strata. The total population is divided into strata. Individuals

to be included in the sample are then selected from these strata. They are grouped

according to barangays such as Balite, Burgos, Geronimo, Macabud, Manggahan, Mascap,

Puray, Rosario, San Isidro, San Jose, and San Rafael.


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Table 2

Population of Each Barangay and their Corresponding Sample Size

Barangay Population Sample size

Balite 9,983 11

Burgos 44,100 48

Geronimo 5,554 6

Macabud 9,707 11

Manggahan 13,913 15

Mascap 4,699 5

Puray 3,921 4

Rosario 7,244 8

San Isidro 117,277 127

San Jose 124,868 135

San Rafael 27,956 30

Rodriguez 369,222 400

Description of Respondents

The respondents of the study were 400 individual customers of convenience stores

from 11 barangays in Rodriguez, Rizal. The respondents were appropriate in the study

because they are currently expanding their knowledge and experience about convenience

stores. Since they reside in rural area, they don’t usually have convenience store located

nearby to their specific location compared to urban areas where convenience stores are
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located close to each other that residents in urban area have great knowledge and

experience about convenience store

Research Instrument

The questionnaire was the main source of information for the assessment of the

respondents on the benefits of convenience stores to Rodriguez, Rizal. It was relevant that

by gathering information from respondents, we can statistically analyze the benefits of

convenience stores through their given responses.

The self-prepared questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 presented the

profile of the respondents such as age, sex, frequency of going, purpose, commonly bought

items and amount spent. Part 2 consists of questions that were intended to assess the

benefits of convenience stores to Rodriguez, Rizal.

The questionnaire was validated by an expert. Validation was done to check the

concreteness and understandability of the questionnaire. Through a recommendation of a

colleague, the researchers had Mr. Ayrton G. Rubio, CPA to validate and if necessary, make

changes to the research instrument. Mr. Ayrton G. Rubio, CPA is a graduate of Bachelor of

Science in Accountancy from La Consolacion College Manila and is currently working as an

accounting assistant at Metrobank, Makati. Metrobank is the second largest bank in the

Philippines. It offers various financial services, from regular banking to insurance.

Data-Gathering Procedure

The primary data that was used in the research were from the customers of

convenience stores and nearby residences through survey-questionnaire forms designed by


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the researchers. The researchers expected that they are the appropriate respondents of this

study because they fit the profile of the target respondents and they can clearly described

the benefits of convenience stores to Rodriguez, Rizal they experiences. In order for the

researcher to conduct the survey, the researcher first asked the customer if he/she is

currently buying or going to convenience store in their barangay. If yes, he/she was entitled

as a part of the population of the study. It takes a little time for them to decide whether to

answer the questionnaire or not. The researchers went to different convenience stores and

nearby residences in Rodriguez, Rizal to conduct the survey through personal interaction

with the respondents and giving of questionnaires. The survey was conducted in the month

of August 2018.

The researchers also used secondary data from the National Statistics Office (NSO)

of the Philippines to identify the population of residence that was used to identify the sample

size for the study. Technical manuals and hand-outs, online books and other related

materials were likewise scrutinized prior to the preparation of the research output.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data collected in this study were organized and classified based on the research

design and problems formulated. The formulas used in this study was validated by a

statistician. The data were coded, tallied and tabulated using the Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences (SPSS) to facilitate the presentation and interpretation of the results using

the following:
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1. Frequency and Percentage

The percentage and frequency distributions were used to classify the respondents

according to personal background variables such as age and sex. The frequency also

presented the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the

questionnaire. However, the percentage of that item is computed by dividing it with the

simple total number of respondents who participated in the survey. The formula used in the

application of this technique is:

% = (f/n) x 100

Where

% = percentage

f = frequency

n = number of cases or total sample

2. Mean

It is the average of the values in the sample. The sum of all the values in a set of data is

divided by the total number in the set.

Mean = (x1 + x2 + …. + Xn)


n

where:

x = sample mean

Xi = values in the set

n = sample size, total number of values in the set


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3. Weighted Mean

Another statistical technique used by the researcher was the weighted mean. It was

used to determine the average responses of the different options provided in the parts of the

questionnaire used. The method was used in relation to the Likert Scale. It was solved by

the formula:

�=Σfx/n
𝒙𝒙
where:
𝑥𝑥̅ = weighted mean
Σfx = the sum of all the products of f and x, f being the frequency of each weight and x
as the weight of each operation
n = total number of the respondents

4. ANOVA (One -Way Analysis of Variance)


This provides a statistical test whether there is a significant difference among the

means of three or more independent groups.

Formula:

𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
F=
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴

Where:
F = ANOVA Coefficient
MST = Mean sum of squares to treatment
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error
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Formula for MST:


𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
MST =
𝒑𝒑−𝟏𝟏

SST = Σn(x-𝒙𝒙
�)2

Where:
SST = Sum of squares due to treatment

p = Total number of populations


n = Total number of samples in a population

Formula for MSE:


𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
MSE =
𝑵𝑵−𝒑𝒑

SSE = Σ(n-1)S2

Where:
SSE = sum of squares due to error
S = Standard deviation of the samples
N = Total number of observations
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5. Likert Scale

Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires, and is the

most widely used scale in survey research. When responding to a Likert questionnaire

item, respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement. The responses were

expressed in a 5-point-scale as follows:

Table 3

Likert Scale

Scale Verbal Interpretation Weighs

5 Strongly Agree 4.21 – 5.00

4 Moderately Agree 3.41 – 4.20

3 Neutral 2.61 – 3.40

2 Moderately Disagree 1.81 – 2.60

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.80

6. Cronbach’s Alpha

Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a

set of items are as a group. It is considered to be a measure of scale reliability. A "high"

value for alpha does not imply that the measure is unidimensional. Cronbach’s alpha can

be written as a function of the number of test items and the average inter-correlation

among the items.


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Below, for conceptual purposes, we show the formula for the standardized

Cronbach’s alpha:

where:

N = equal to the number of items,

𝑐𝑐̅=- is the average inter-item covariance among the items

𝑣𝑣̅ = equals the average variance.

The reliability coefficient of .70 or higher is considered “acceptable” in most

social science research situations.

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